Muslim Expansion

AMDGWorld History 1

Mr. Maguire

The Rightly Guided Caliphs- Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali 632-661

Umayyad Dynasty 661-750Took over after Ali was assassinatedContinuation of conquests, cap. DamascusConstantinople, Tours, revolts, civil war = END

Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258744 Iranian revolt against Umayyad High point of classical Islamic cultureStopped conquests, focused on

culture/economyBaghdad center of intellectual world

Rebellions (local)Political fragmentation Regional cultures from expansion

Invasions (outside)Byzantines- constant warfareTurks- rising power in the regionCrusaders- “holy war” of W. EuropeMongols- pressure from the East

Military society created as a result of invasions, sets up a new era for expansion

OriginsTurkish nomads, raided decaying Byzantines,

Osman most famous warlord Creation of an Empire

Turks sack Constantinople in 1453, largest empire in the world by 1574

The Golden AgeSuleiman the Magnificent, hugely successful leader

Administration and ArmyAdministrative and legal structure, devshirme

system of semi-slavery, creates Janissaries (elite soldiers)

CultureArchitecture, poetry, painting, history, & calligraphy

Origins Chaos led to apocalyptic religious fervor, Shiite

Sufis Shiite Conversion

Iran largely Sunni before this time, nearly all converted, led by Ismail (r. 1501-1524)

The Golden Age of Shah Abbas I (1588-1629) Political/cultural height, Persian culture thrives

Fall of Safavids Series of weak rulers until Nadir Shah, who

defeated the Turks and Mughals, assassinated in 1747

Regional warlords establish the Qajar Dynasty

Persian word for “Mongol” “Gunpowder Empire” Islamic dynasty Babur (1504-1530)

Afghani descendant of Genghis and Timur Noted for scholarship, military, science, and art Conquered N. India through modernization of

army, EX: Battle of Panipat Akbar (1542-1605)

Babur’s grandson Subdued N. India and Afghanistan, centralized

govt. Religiously tolerant, son tutored by a Jesuit! Led a golden age of Indian Islamic culture

In 17th century, Indian Islamic art, architecture, and literature flourish

Islamic Persian culture + indigenous Hindu culture

Jahangir- let Nur Jahan (wife) run the show Shah Jahan- Mughal emperor who built the

Taj Mahal to honor Mumtaz Mahal (wife) Aurangzeb- Tyranny, taxes, and failed

conquests = collapse of Mughal power 18th century- Great Britain sees an opening

for conquering India, ends Mughal reign