Chapter 008

Williams' Basic Nutrition & Diet Therapy

Chapter 8

Minerals

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14th Edition

Lesson 8.1: Nature of Body Minerals

1. The human body requires a variety of minerals to perform numerous metabolic tasks.

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Nature of Body Minerals (p. 128)

Building blocks of life Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen

25 elements also are essential to human life

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Classes of Body Minerals(p. 128)

Classes of body minerals Major minerals: recommended intake of more than 100

mg/day• Calcium• Phosphorus• Sodium• Potassium• Magnesium• Chloride• Sulfur

Trace minerals• 18 elements• Recommended intake of less than 100 mg/day

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Classes of Body Minerals(p. 129)

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Functions of Minerals (p. 129)

Functions of minerals Building tissue Activating, regulating, transmitting, and controlling

metabolic processes

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Mineral Metabolism (p. 129)

Mineral metabolism Digestion: minerals do not require much digestion Absorption: rate determined by food form, body

need, tissue health Transport: enter through portal circulation, bound

to proteins Tissue uptake: controlled by hormones, excess

excreted in urine Occurrence in the body: basic forms are free ions

and covalently bound

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Lesson 8.2: Major Minerals

2. A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health.

3. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.

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Major Minerals (p. 130)

Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Chloride Magnesium Sulfur

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Calcium (p. 130)

Functions Bone and tooth formation Blood clotting Muscle and nerve action Metabolic reactions: absorption of B12, activation of

pancreatic lipase, secretion of insulin, cell membrane permeability

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Calcium (cont’d) (p. 130)

Requirements: 1000 mg/day for men and women 19 to 50

Deficiency states Osteoporosis

Toxicity symptoms: hypercalcemia Food sources

Milk is the major food source Green vegetables, fish with bones, fortified food

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Calcium (cont’d) (p. 131)

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Case Study

Mrs. K is a 62-year-old white female who is 62 inches tall and weighs 110 lbs. Her recent bone density test was borderline. She doesn’t care for milk but does like yogurts, cheese, and green leafy vegetables. She tries to walk between 1 to 2 miles most days of the week.

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Case Study (cont’d)

Would you say that Mrs. K. is at risk for osteoporosis? Why or why not?

Review the radiological image on slide 12

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Phosphorus (p. 132)

Functions Bone and tooth formation Energy metabolism: oxidation of carbohydrate, fat,

and protein; protein construction; cell function; genetic inheritance

Acid–base balance

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Phosphorus (cont’d) (p. 133)

Requirements: 700 mg/day Deficiency states: hypophosphatemia Toxicity symptoms Food sources

Milk, milk products, fish, eggs

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Case Study (cont’d)

What role does phosphorus play in bone formation? What recommendations should be made to Mrs. K.?

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Sodium (p. 135)

Functions Water balance Muscle action Nutrient absorption

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Sodium (cont’d) (p. 136)

Requirements AI: 1.5 g/day UL: 2.3 g/day

Deficiency states: hyponatremia Toxicity symptoms: salt sensitivity and

hypertension, hypernatremia Food sources

Table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food

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Potassium (p. 137)

Functions Water balance Metabolic reactions

• Energy production• Conversion of blood glucose to glycogen• Synthesis of muscle protein

Muscle action Insulin release Blood pressure: role in hypertension

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Potassium (cont’d) (p. 137)

Requirements: AI: 4.7 g/day Deficiency states: hypokalemia Toxicity symptoms: hyperkalemia Food sources

Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meats

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Chloride (p. 138)

Functions Digestion: component of hydrochloric acid Respiration: chloride shift

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Chloride (cont’d) (p. 138)

Requirements: AI: 2.3 g/day Deficiency states: through vomiting Toxicity symptoms: from severe dehydration Food sources: table salt

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Magnesium (p. 139)

Functions General metabolism: necessary catalyst for ~300+

reactions in cells Protein synthesis: activates amino acids, role in

synthesis and maintenance of DNA Muscle action Basal metabolic rate: influences secretion of

thyroxine

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Magnesium (cont’d) (p. 139)

Requirements: ~300 to 400 mg/day Deficiency states: hypomagnesemia, rare

with balanced diet Toxicity symptoms: excessive supplements

may produce GI symptoms Food sources

Nuts, soybeans, cocoa, seafood, peas, green vegetables

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Sulfur (p. 140)

Functions Hair, skin, nails

General metabolic functions High-energy bond Transfer energy

Vitamin structure: component of thiamin and biotin

Collagen structure

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Sulfur (cont’d) (p. 140)

Requirements: not stated, obtained through amino acids methionine and cysteine

Deficiency states: not reported Toxicity symptoms: unlikely Food sources: animal proteins

Meat, nuts, soy, fish, cheese, eggs

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Lesson 8.3: Trace Minerals

4. A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health.

5. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.

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Trace Minerals (p. 140)

Iron Iodine Zinc Selenium Fluoride Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Other essential trace minerals

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Iron (p. 140)

Functions Hemoglobin synthesis General metabolism:

• Proper glucose metabolism• Antibody production• Drug detoxification in the liver• Collagen and purine synthesis• Conversion of carotene to vitamin A

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Iron (cont’d) (p. 140)

Requirements 8 to 11 mg/day for males 8 to 18 mg/day for females

Deficiency states: anemia Toxicity symptoms

Overdose from supplements Hemochromatosis

Food sources Heme Nonheme

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Iodine (p. 144)

Functions: participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine

Requirements: 150 mcg/day

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Iodine (cont’d) (p. 145)

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Iodine (cont’d) (p. 144)

Functions: participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine

Requirements: 150 mcg/day

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Iodine (cont’d) (p. 145)

Deficiency states Goiter Cretinism Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism

Toxicity symptoms Food sources

Iodized table salt, seafood; depends on soil content

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Zinc (p. 146)

Functions Enzyme constituent Immune system Other functions

Requirements 11 mg/day for males 8 mg/day for females

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Zinc (cont’d) (p. 147)

Deficiency states Poor wound healing Impaired taste and smell

Toxicity symptoms Food sources

Meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains

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Selenium (p. 148)

Functions Aids in protection from free radicals

Requirements RDA: 55 mcg/day

Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources

Seafood, kidney, liver; depends on soil content

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Fluoride, Copper, Manganese(p. 149)

Fluoride Functions by preventing dental caries Exceeding UL may cause fluorosis

Copper “Iron twin”

Manganese Inhalation toxicity

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Chromium, Molybdenum, Other Essential Trace Minerals (p. 150)

Chromium Previously thought to reduce insulin resistance

Molybdenum Inadequate dietary intake improbable

Other essential trace minerals Aluminum, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, tin,

vanadium

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Mineral Supplementation (p. 151)

Life cycle needs Pregnancy and lactation: for both fetus and

mother Adolescence: rapid bone growth Adulthood: postmenopausal women

Clinical needs Iron-deficiency anemia Zinc deficiency

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