CLINICAL ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

C LINICAL ANATOMY OF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FATIMA TRUNKWALA

GROUP 216

Introduction

• Conducting portionNose, Pharynx , Larynx ,

Trachea and Bronchi

• Respiratory portionRespiratory bronchioles ,

Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

Nose

• Nasal cavity

Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous

• Paranasal Sinuses

air-filled space within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid

bones of the skull

Pharynx

• Funnel shaped tube that lies posterior to the nasal cavity

• Common passageway for air and food and it provides a resonating chamber

for speech sounds

• It is composed of:

Nasopharynx – uppermost portion

Oropharynx – middle portion

Laryngopharynx – lowermost portion

Larynx

• It is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx.

• It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords.

• It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue

Trachea

• It is a tubular passageway for air, located anterior to the esophagus

• It extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra where it divides into

the right and left bronchi

• The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated mucous membrane

• Tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings

Lungs

• Main and primary organ of the respiratory System

• Consists of lobes

Right lung has three lobes.

Left lung has two lobes.

Bronchial Tree

• The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes leadding from the trachea to

the alveoli.

• Bronchial tree begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.

• Branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea are right and left primary

bronchi; these further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts

which terminate in alveoli.

The Alveoli

• Primary exchange of gases occur

• Cup-shaped out pouching lined by epithelium and supported by a thin

elastic basement membrane.

• Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening.

Congenital Anomalies of respiratory system

• TRACHEAL STENOSIS

• TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA

• BRONCHIAL ATRESIA

• LUNG AGENESIS

Tracheal stenosis

• Rare

• Focal (30%), Generalized (30%), Funnel shaped (20%).

• Affects Lower 1/3rd of distal airway

TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA

• Type A: Corresponds to pure esophageal atresia without fistula.

• Type B: is esophageal atresia with fistula between the proximal pouch and the trachea.

• Type C: is esophageal atresia and fistula from the trachea or the main bronchus to the distal esophageal

segment. (most common)

• Type D: is esophageal atresia with both proximal and distal fistulas

• Type E: is tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia.

Bronchial Atresia

• Focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental bronchus that

lacks communication with the central airways.

• Upper lobe bronchi are frequently affected

Lung Agenesis

• Teratogenic;

• 4th week of Gestation

• Usually Unilateral

• More than 50% of children with pulmonary agenesis have associated

congenital anomalies that involve the cardiovascular

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