Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction

Cognition

• Middle English cognicion, from Anglo-French, from

Latin cognition-, cognitio, from cognoscere to become

acquainted with, know, from co- + gnoscere to come to

know

• The act or process of knowing; perception.

• the product of such a process; something thus known,

perceived,

• Faculty for processing information

• Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism become

aware of or obtain knowledge (MeSH)

• A conscious intellectual act , mental process of knowing

learning, thinking, judging

Neuro Science

Cognitive Neuroscience

Knowledge can be acquired by….

Surfing Diving

Begin with beginning

•Trepanning done in South America over 10,000 years•To let the bad spirit out that tormented the brains

•Surgical Papyrus the oldest medical writing 1600 BC•the first known descriptions of cranial sutures, the external brain surface, brain liquor (CSF) and intracranial pulsation•Head and spine trauma and their effect

Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC)

•Brain as the site of sensation

•Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to

the brain where sensory modalities had its own

localization

Brain and Heart

Hippocrates 460-377 BC

“Men ought to know that from the brain and from the brain only arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and

jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grieves and tears”.

Aristotle 384-322 B.C

“the heart as the organ of thinking, of perception and feelings,”

“brain could cool the passion of heart”

Galen 130-200 AD

Brain as hollow organ

• The first pair of ventricles were the

seat of the “common senses”. They

would make the analysis of the

information originated in the sense

organs.

•The resultant images were carried

to the middle ventricle, the seat of

reason, thinking and wisdom.

•Then came into action the last

ventricle, the seat of memory”

Leonardo Da Vinci April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519

Renaissance

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE)

Descartes, Brain and Mind

•“most active and quickest particles of the blood” were taken by the arteries from the heart to the brain, where they were transformed in a very subtle air or wind, a very pure and active flame: the “animal spirits”  •that filaments in the nerves (supposed to be tubes) could move little valvules, opening pores that would allow the flowing or the animal spirits. 

Sleeping and Waking

Descartes 1662

Phrenology 1806

Lobar Localization

Paul Broca 1868

Bioelectricity

Discovery of Neuron

Ramony Cajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble

Nerve Cell

Supporting cells

Ion distribution across cell membrane

A. Effect of concentration difference

B. Electrical potential difference affecting negative ions

C. Pressure difference

Ion movement across cell

Resting membrane Potential

Action Potential

Propagation of AP

The Refractory Period

Synapse

Electrical synapse

Chemical Synapse

Neurotransmitter release

Post synaptic receptor

Depolarization of Post Synaptic Neuron

Repolarization

Excitatory and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

Neurotransmitters

1. The substance must be present within the presynaptic neuron

2. The substance must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization, and the release must be Ca2+-dependent.

3. Specific receptors for the substance must be present on the postsynaptic cell

Brain Development

Anatomical planes

Anterior

Posterior

Lateral

Medial

Anatomical Planes

Cerebrum

Functional Organization

Functional Organization of NS

Motor System

Motor System

Autonomic Nervous System

Sensory System

Pain temp touch Position and vibration sense

Smell and Taste

Hearing

Vision

Consciousness

Sleeping

Language and Communication

Memory

Intelligence