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D KALPANA
Addl. Professor of Pediatric Neurology,
Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
Definition of terms
Differential diagnosis
Points from history/epidemiology
Investigations
Supportive management
Specific management
Autoimmune encephalitis
ENCEPHALOPATHY
• Diffuse disturbance of brain function without inflammation
ENCEPHALITIS
• Dysfunction of brain associated with inflammation
FEBRILE ENCEPHALOPATHY
• a/c onset of fever (<1wk)+alteration of consciousness >12 hrs
Febrile
ENCEPHALOPATHY
Temp >380C
Seizures
Alteration of cerebral function
Focal neurological signs
inflammation
Cellular CSF
Imaging /EEG suggestive of inflammation
Clinically, a case of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) is defined as a person of any age, at any time of year with the acute onset of fever and at least one of:
a) change in mental status (including symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, coma, or inability to talk);
b) New onset of seizures (excluding simple febrile seizures.
( A simple febrile seizure is defined as a seizure that occurs in a child aged 6 months to less than 6 years old, whose only finding is fever and a single generalized convulsion lasting less than 15 minutes, and who recovers consciousness within 60 minutes of the seizure)
Bull World Health Organ 2008, 86(3):178-186.
INFECTIONS
DEMYELINATION - ADEM
AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS
DRUGS/TOXINS
COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISORDERS
SEIZURES –NON CONVULSIVE STATUS
METABOLIC
ICSOL
Viral encephalitis
Herpes simplex type 1. type2
Varicella zoster
HHV6
Epstein Barr virus
Arboviruses – JE,West Nile,Dengue, Chikun
gunya,
Rhabdoviruses-rabies
Orthomyxo –H1N1
Paramyxo –measles
HIV
Bacterial
Meningitis
Brain abscess
Sepsis associated encephalopathy
Leptospirosis
Typhoid
M. tuberculosis
Rickettsial (scrub typhus)
Parasitic
Cerebral malaria
Toxoplasma
Features of infection
Evidence of CNS involvement
Features of raised intracranial tension
Signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation
• HSV is sporadic
• JE epidemicsepidemiology
• Rabiesh/o animal bites
• JE
• Dengue
• Chikun GunyaMosquito bites
• LeptospirosisWorking/playing
in dirty water
• TBMContact withTB
•Maculopaular
•Petechiae/purpura
•Vesicles
•Eschar
•Herpes labialis
Fever with rash
• H1N1Respiratory symptoms
• enteroviruses
• PolioDiarrhoea,vomiting
• Mumps
• EB virus
• HIVParotitis
• Dengue
• leptospirosisMyalgia,arthralgia
Abnormal
behaviour/psychosisHSV
Limbic encephalitis
NCSE
Meningeal signsMENINGITIS
ADEM
meningoencephalitis
Opisthotonic posture
Choreoathetosis
JE,autoimmune
Asymmetric signs and
symptoms
EncephalitisTBM
ADEM
AtaxiaADEM
VZV
Entero virus
Lower cranial nerve
palsiesTBM
VASCULITIS
Brainstem encephalitis
JE,west nile
PapilloedemaICSOL
Hydrocephalus –TBM
Hypertensive
encephalopathy
Visual lossOptic neuritis
Hypertensive
encephalopathy
lymphadenopathy
Hypotension
shock
organomegaly
• EB virus
• leptospira
• dengue
• Chikungunya
• leptospira
• EBVIRUS
• dengue
• Lepto
• HIV
• COLLAGEN
management
SHOCK SEPSIS
INTRCRANIAL INFECTION
• ENCEPHALITIS
• MENINGITIS
• TBM
SEIZURE
• STATUS EPILEPTICUS
• NON CONVULSIVE STATUS
RAISED ICT
• PAIPPEDEMA
• GCS<8
• ASYMMETIC PUPILS
• POSTURING
• ABSENT DOLL’S EYE
METABOLIC
• HYPOGLYCEMIA
• HYPERAMMONEMIA
• ACIDOSIS
• DKA
• DRUGS
CSF STUDY
EEG
IMAGING
CONTRAINDICATIONS
IMAGING BEFORE LP IN RAISED ICT
EMPIRICAL ANTIBIOTICS +ACYCLOVIR IF DELAY OF
SEVERAL HRS IS EXPECTED
NOTE THE OPENING PRESSURE
CELLS
GRAM STAIN,CULTURE
PROTEIN
SUGAR
VIROLOGICAL STUDIES –PCR,IgM
TBPCR
LACTATE
• PMN
• High protein, low sugar, gram stainBACTERIAL MENINGITIS
• Few lymphocytes
• Normal protein
• Normal sugar
ASEPTIC MENINGITIS
• lymphocytic
• Normal sugar, normal to slightly raised protein
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
• Opalescent, cob web
• Lymphocytic
• High protein. Low sugar
TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS
Take at least 5 ml of CSF
Be sure that it is not mixed with blood
Sensitivity and specificity are relatively good
Can be negative very early in HSV and after
10 days of treatment
Never stop Acyclovir before repeating once
more after 72hrs – if clinical history, EEG and
imaging are suggestive
Serum/CSF Ig M antibodies useful in JE
Paired samples – 4 fold rise in titre
MRI is preferable to CT scan-
CTis advised in unstable patients, delirious
children who cannot be kept still for 30 min
JE
RABIES
Diffuse slowing suggests encephalopathic
process
PLEDS in HSE
Triphasic waves in metabolic encephalopathy
Non convulsive status epilepticus
Should be suspected in confusion, stupor,
unarousable coma
Subtle features like eye blinking, nystagmus,
perioral twitching, automatisms may be seen
May follow convulsive seizures
EEG is the only diagnostic clue
Response to diazepam can be demonstrated
in simultaneous EEG recording
Generalised/complex partial
Maintain Normothermia
Normoglycemia
Normal electrolyte balance
Normotension
Management of raised ICT
minimal stimulation
Head end elevation
Avoid hypotonic fluids
3% saline
Mannitol 20% solution
hyperventilation
Management of
seizures/status
epilepticus
Identify SIADH and
manage
Rapid correction of
hyponatremia may
lead to central
pontine
myelinolysis
Abnormal /psychotic behaviour – haloperidol+
phenergan
Choreoathetosis – dopa blockers
Dystonia - tetrabenezine, anticholinergics,
muscle relaxants
HSE –ACYCLOVIR I/V 10 mg/kg/dose 8 hrly
x 14 -21 days. (500 mg/m2)Neonates 20
mg/kg/dose
Oral acyclovir has very low bioavailability
Oral valacyclovir can be used
Very costly
Empirical acyclovir
Repeat LP after 72 hrs if initial PCR is
negative – and stop Acyclovir after that.
Other drugs effective - foscarnet
Varicella zoster – acyclovir
HHV 6 - foscarnet +gancyclovir
CMV – gancyclovir
H1N1- oseltamivir
Rickettsia – doxycycline
Mycoplasma – azithromycin
Leptospira – penicillin
Bacterial meningitis – ceftriaxone+ vancomycin
ADEM – steroids, IVIG
Autoimmune encephalitis - immunosuppressants
Even in best centres a definite diagnosis of
encephalitis is reached only in 42% of cases (Granerod et al)
ADEM in 21%
1% autoimmune encephalitis
37% no definite diagnoses
Undiagnosed viral infections
Autoimmune causes
Unidentified metabolic causes
Poorly understood CNS condition
Manifests lethargy –delirium
Pathogenesis bacterial invasion of brain
endotoxins
derangement of neurotransmitter and
amino acid and microvascular changes
Prognosis---serious
May be seen in patient with
1. mechnical ventilation
2.critical ill patient in micu (sedatives, neuromuscular blocking agents, dyselectrolytemia,hepatic failure may contribute)
MANIFESTATION MAY BE HIV VIRUS ITSELF OR ITS NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION D/T OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION LIKE
1. CNS tuberculosis
2. cytomegalo virus encephalitis
3. toxoplasmosis
4. cryptococcal meningitis
5.syphilis
6.tumours (primary CNS lymphoma )or drug related complications
The potentially fatal complication of
falciparum malaria ( most important cause of
unarousable coma in febrile patients in
endemic area )
SUSCEPTIBILITY
- childrens
- pregnant women
- non – immune adults
20 % all severe falciparum malaria requires
ICU admission
Selective cytoadherence and sequestration of parasitized RBC’S in cerebral venules and
toxin release at schizont rupture are possible pathological mechanism
Systemic complications like hypoglycemia may contribute to development of coma
Diagnosis – PS for MP
Treatment – artesunate is better than quinine
often presents with fever
behavioural abnormalities
psychosis
movement disorders
seizures/status
May be paraneoplastic –teratoma ovary in young females
Often no tumour is identified
Antibodies to NMDA ,VGKC receptors
Treatment – IVIG, plasmapheresis
?
?
?
A variety of infective and non infective conditions
in children can present as acute febrile
encephalopathy
Stabilisation of patient and supportive
management helps a lot in reducing morbidity and
mortality
Identification of specific etiology helps in
institution of specific therapy
Awareness of Autoimmune encephalitis is
important – another treatable cause like ADEM
In a significant proportion of cases aetiology is yet
to be identified
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