Framing research question and formulating hypothesis for

FRAMING RESEARCH QUESTION AND FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS FORTESTING: CRITICAL STEP IN RESEARCH

Presented by : Dr AMBILI NANUKUTTAN 2nd YEAR POST GRADUATE1

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CONTENTS Why this Article was chosen

Introduction

Research Question Designing

Background Questions

Foreground Questions

PICO

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Selecting

Scheduling

Saving

Research Question and Hypothesis

Types of Hypothesis

Conclusion

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WHY THIS ARTICLE WAS CHOSENIn this advancing world with day to day newer achievements in each and every field , its very difficult to practice without updating present knowledge or any topic of interest.

To get updated and to improve knowledge for taking better decision and action, unknown answers has to be answered and is done by setting up research question. A successful research will largely depend on its research question.

INTRODUCTION

New advances

Need to update

Conduct research

Depending on various aspects of healthcare

Need for successful research and hypothesis5

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RESEARCH QUESTION DESIGNING

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http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tutorial/2-1.asp

A Research Question is a statement that identifies the phenomenon to be studied.

To develop a strong research question : Know the field and its literature well Important research questions in the field Areas that need further exploration Should lead to greater understanding

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Knowledge about any other research already been conducted in this topic area

Has this study been done before Is the timing right for this question to be

answered Would funding sources be interested Is the target community interested Will the study have a significant impact on the

field

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Goel et al. Framing Research Question and Formulating Hypothesis for Testing: Critical Step in Research. Ind. J. Youth Adol. Health 2016; 3(1)

Already possess the required knowledge- only reinforcement is required which is termed as “cognitive resonance”.

When we do not possess the required knowledge. - A response is created within ourselves, which is termed as “cognitive dissonance”

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http://www.nonjudgmentday.org/judgment-card-gallery--blog/a-guide-to-cognitive-resonance

Cognitive resonance: Brain is only a receiver. In this universe there is a core from which we gain knowledge, inspiration, and strength.

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McLeod, S. A. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html

Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc.

For example, when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition).

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McLeod, S. A. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html

Forced compliance behavior, Decision-making, Effort.

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BACKGROUND QUESTIONS

Basic questions Concerned to the general knowledge about the

condition Should have two components Question root Health condition

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WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background and Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a successful search strategy for EBM searching .UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRRAND JOHANNESBURG

Background questions usually concern conditions, and consist of two parts:

The root question (5WH)

[who, what, when, where, why, how]

Problem

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FOREGROUND QUESTIONS

Knowing these will help us in making better decisions concerning specific situations.

Arise in central issues around the clinical work like about clinical findings of the patient.

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WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background and Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a successful search strategy for EBM searching .UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRRAND JOHANNESBURG

Foreground Questions Concern choices, are specific to decision-making,

and are asked by more experienced clinicians who are able to use the specialized knowledge typical of experts in the subject field

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WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background and Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a successful search strategy for EBM searching .UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRRAND JOHANNESBURG

What is diabetes mellitus? --B To what extend does diabetes effects

periodontium? --F

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PICO

Population or problem Intervention/ treatment of interest Comparison/ control Outcome

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  Example:

P (Problem or Patient or Population)

hospital acquired infection

I (intervention/indicator)

hand washing

C (comparison) no hand washing; other solution; masks

O (outcome of interest) reduced infection

Guide to locating health evidence.

Framing the Research Question– Does hand washing among healthcare workers reduce hospital acquired infections? 

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Guide to locating health evidence.

Foreground questions needs to be framed by –

Identifying the PICO (T)

(T)= time factor, type of study (optional)

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Users guide to the Medical Literature-Manual for evidence based clinical practice.

Types of Clinical Questions Therapy Harm Differential diagnosis Diagnosis Prognosis

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SELECTING Feasible Interesting Novel Ethical Relevant

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FINER

F: FeasibilitySufficient resources in terms of time, staff, and funding Use of appropriate study design Manageable in scope Adequate sample size Trained research staff

I: Interesting Interesting as a researcher or collaborator Investigator’s motivation to make it interesting

N: Novel Thorough literature search New findings or extension of previous findings Guidance from mentors and experts

E: Ethical Following ethical guidelines Regulatory approval from Institutional Review Board

R: Relevant Influence on clinical practice Furthering research and health policy

Aslam S ,Emmanuel P.Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2010 Jan-Jun; 31(1): 47–50.

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SCHEDULING

Deciding whether it is appropriate to have our question answered at this very time

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SAVING

Unsaved questions become unanswered questions.

So we must record the questions for later retrieval and searching.

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RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESIS

Well-defined research question will lead the researcher to select an appropriate study design and methodology.

Hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured estimation or association between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.

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Oral health epidemiology. Principles and practice- Amit Chattopadhyay

Research hypotheses:

Specific ClearSequential sets of questions addressed

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http://www.managementstudyguide.com/select-the-correct-hypothesis-test.htm

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is one of the statistical method used to confirm the effect that critical few inputs have on the outputs. Hypothesis testing must be used when the inputs are measured discretely.

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Oral health epidemiology. Principles and practice- Amit Chattopadhyay

Hypothesis Generating

The recognition that the study was not designed for testing the involved questions in post hoc analysis.

Indicates that they can be used only as indicators of potentially new information.

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http://www.managementstudyguide.com/select-the-correct-hypothesis-test.htm

Criteria for selecting a hypothesis:

The Number of Groups Being Tested Whether the Y’s are Discrete or Continuous Population Parameter Being Compared

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TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Null Hypothesis: When a hypothesis is stated negatively, it is called

a null hypothesis “no difference,” “no association” hypothesis

Alternate Hypothesis: It is the hypothesis that describes the researcher’s

statement that there exists a difference

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RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS - BOOKLETH1: Alternative Hypothesis we are attempting to demonstrate (or support)

Attributive - Descriptive Associative - Predictive Causal - Causal(Understanding)

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http://www.managementstudyguide.com/select-the-correct-hypothesis-test.htm

Alternate hypothesis can be: Directional Non Directional

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Banerjee et al.Hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors.Ind Psychiatry J. 2009 Jul-Dec; 18(2): 127–131.

Types of hypotheses

Null and alternative hypotheses One- and two-tailed alternative hypotheses

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www.studylecturenotes.com

Types of hypothesis:

Simple Complex Empirical Null Alternative Logical Statistical

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CONCLUSION

For getting specific and correct answer to a specific question, it is necessary to have a good

research question. To design a good research question, PICO criteria is used and for selecting a question, FINER criteria is used. Scheduling and saving questions are also important to save time and other resources.

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REFERENCES http://www.theresearchassistant.com/tu

torial/2-1.asp

Goel et al. Framing Research Question and Formulating Hypothesis for Testing: Critical Step in Research. Ind. J. Youth Adol. Health 2016; 3(1)

http://www.nonjudgmentday.org/judgment-card-gallery--blog/a-guide-to-cognitive-resonance

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McLeod, S. A. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html

WHSL Asking the Clinical Question: Background and Foreground Questions:A guide to creating a successful search strategy for EBM searching .UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRRAND JOHANNESBURG

Guide to locating health evidence.

Users guide to the Medical Literature-Manual for evidence based clinical practice.

39

Aslam S ,Emmanuel P.Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian J Sex Transm Dis. 2010 Jan-Jun; 31(1): 47–50.

www.studylecturenotes.com

http://www.managementstudyguide.com/select-the-correct-hypothesis-test.htm

Oral health epidemiology. Principles and practice- Amit Chattopadhyay

Research hypotheses - booklet