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Respiratory System: Exchange of GasesCh. 10 Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1

NosePassageway for air

MouthPassageway for food and air

EpiglottisCovers larynxduring swallowing

Pleural membranesCover the lungs and linethe chest cavity

LungOrgan of gasexchange

Intercostal muscleMoves ribs duringrespiration

Nasal cavityFilters, warms, andmoistens air

Larynx (Voice box)Production of sound

Trachea (Windpipe)Main airway

BronchiBranching airways

Pharynx (Throat)Common passagewayfor air, food, and liquid

AlveoliAir sacs forgas exchange

Right lung Left lungRib

DiaphragmSkeletal muscleof respiration

UP

PE

R R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

YT

RA

CT

LO

WE

R R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

YT

RA

CT

The Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.2

Nasal cavity

External nose

Nostril

Tongue

Larynx

Esophagus

Epiglottis

Glottis

Pharynx

Opening of theauditory tube

Sinuses

Trachea

The Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3

Trachea

Bronchioles

Leftbronchus

Clustersof alveoli

Larynx

Rightbronchus

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8a (1 of 3)

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8a (2 of 3) and (3 of 3)

Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9

Measurement of Lung Capacity

Figure 10.10a

How O2 and CO2 are Transported in Blood

Figure 10.12 (1 of 2)

How O2 and CO2 are Transported in Blood

Figure 10.12 (2 of 2)

Regulation of Breathing

Figure 10.13

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Air pressure inside the lungs is decreased by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity; due to surface tension between the two layers of pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand.

4. Muscles involved in expanding the thoracic cavity include the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

Respiratory muscles contract create negative pressure within the lungs (vacuum) and draw air into the lungs this is an “Active process”

5. As the lungs expand in size, surfactant keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other so they do not collapse when internal air pressure is low.

a. If either carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion

concentrations rise, the central chemoreceptors signal the respiratory center, and breathing rate increases.

3. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch sense changes in blood oxygen concentration, transmit impulses to the respiratory center, and breathing rate and tidal volume increase.

Oxyhemoglobin“Oxygen loading” occurs in lungs

“Carbon dioxide unloading”Carbonic Anhydrase occurs in lungs

“Bicarbonate ion formation”Carbonic Anhydrase occurs in tissues

“Oxygen unloading”occurs in tissues