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Respiratory System: Exchange of GasesCh. 10 Human Respiratory System
Figure 10.1
NosePassageway for air
MouthPassageway for food and air
EpiglottisCovers larynxduring swallowing
Pleural membranesCover the lungs and linethe chest cavity
LungOrgan of gasexchange
Intercostal muscleMoves ribs duringrespiration
Nasal cavityFilters, warms, andmoistens air
Larynx (Voice box)Production of sound
Trachea (Windpipe)Main airway
BronchiBranching airways
Pharynx (Throat)Common passagewayfor air, food, and liquid
AlveoliAir sacs forgas exchange
Right lung Left lungRib
DiaphragmSkeletal muscleof respiration
UP
PE
R R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
YT
RA
CT
LO
WE
R R
ES
PIR
AT
OR
YT
RA
CT
The Upper Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.2
Nasal cavity
External nose
Nostril
Tongue
Larynx
Esophagus
Epiglottis
Glottis
Pharynx
Opening of theauditory tube
Sinuses
Trachea
The Lower Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.3
Trachea
Bronchioles
Leftbronchus
Clustersof alveoli
Larynx
Rightbronchus
Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli
Figure 10.8a (1 of 3)
Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli
Figure 10.8a (2 of 3) and (3 of 3)
Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9
Measurement of Lung Capacity
Figure 10.10a
How O2 and CO2 are Transported in Blood
Figure 10.12 (1 of 2)
How O2 and CO2 are Transported in Blood
Figure 10.12 (2 of 2)
Regulation of Breathing
Figure 10.13
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3. Air pressure inside the lungs is decreased by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity; due to surface tension between the two layers of pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand.
4. Muscles involved in expanding the thoracic cavity include the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.
Respiratory muscles contract create negative pressure within the lungs (vacuum) and draw air into the lungs this is an “Active process”
5. As the lungs expand in size, surfactant keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other so they do not collapse when internal air pressure is low.
a. If either carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion
concentrations rise, the central chemoreceptors signal the respiratory center, and breathing rate increases.
3. Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch sense changes in blood oxygen concentration, transmit impulses to the respiratory center, and breathing rate and tidal volume increase.
Oxyhemoglobin“Oxygen loading” occurs in lungs
“Carbon dioxide unloading”Carbonic Anhydrase occurs in lungs
“Bicarbonate ion formation”Carbonic Anhydrase occurs in tissues
“Oxygen unloading”occurs in tissues
