ניר הר בתי גידול אלונים עבודת דוקטור - מלא 2008
Preview:
Citation preview
- 1. Rock-soil system and water regime dynamics in the habitat as
the mainecological factors of Quercus ithaburensis and Quercus
calliprinosin Alonim-Menashe region Thesis submitted for the degree
ofDoctor of Philosophy Nir Herr May 2008
- 2. ' , , ' , , PDF , 1. , , ; . . . 2. .PDF . PDF 3. . . (
,Ink-jet paper ) ( ). .(portrait) , . 4. . ( , 100% ).5. , ,
'.049504037 050 : 4017849 . nir.herr@mail.huji.ac.il
- 3. , , , . . . . . . . , . Paradigm . . , . , . . . ., . . . ,
. . ' , . . ., , ' , . , .. , , . , , , , ', , , , , , , , ,... , ,
... , , , ... , , , , , ... . . , , . . : , , , . : , , , , . .. :
, , , , : , . . . ,
- 4. , , . , 1.5 . , , , , . , , . , . , , . , , , . . () , . , ,
). ( , , . . , . , . . , , . , : ( 1) , ; ( 2) ; ( 3) , , , ; ( 4)
; ( 5) . . , ( 1) , , . , . ( 2) (GIS , (8.5 '. ( 3) 4.5 (GPR) , ,
, 3.5 ' , , . ( 4) : , , , . ( 5) , ( 6) . ( 7)
- 5. . , . ( 8) 4 ', ,, , . ( 9) , , , .(VPD) , . ( 10 ) . , : .
, , . , . , . , , . , , , . . , . , , , . . , . , , . , 3 '. ( , ,
(Topp, . . , . 8 . ,(Covariance) , , ., , , . . , , . 2.5 ' 1.5 .
1.25 ' 0.35, , . , . . 2.5 ' 1.5
- 6. , . , 25 35 ( 2002 ) , . 0.1 ,( . ( 2003120 35, 275 , . 25 ,
175 . . 0.01 .3 ' 2 , 2/3 . . 4 5 '. .. , . , . , . , 1.3 . , , ,.
, , . , . . 1 , , . ,. . 644 ( 112% 221 . 577 ). . 33% 34% , . 4%
() , 28% 197 .152 , ; ; ; , , ; , . , , .
- 7. ' Contents1. 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1
1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1
2
-------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.1
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.2
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.3
4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.4
4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
: 6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
: 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.1.5
8
------------------------------------------------------------------------.
8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2
9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.1
9
------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.2
10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
10
----------------------------------------------------------------------.
11 ------------------------------------------------------. 11
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.3
14 ------------------------------------------. 14
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
14
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
15
---------------------------------------------------------------------.
15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
16
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.2.4
16 -----------------------------------. -- 16
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
18
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
- 18
-------------------------------------------------------------------.
, 18
--------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.3
20
-------------------------------------------------------------------1.3
, 21
--------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.1
21
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.2
21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.3
21
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 8. 2. 22
----------------------------------------------------------------------------2.1
22
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2
22 -------------------------------2.3 23
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.1
23
------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.2
24
------------------------------------------------------------2.3.3
24 -----------------------------------------------------2.4 25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------2.4.1
, , 25
---------------------------------------------------------------2.4.2
26
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.5
27
---------------------------------------------------------------------------.
() 27
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
27
--------------------------------------------------------------------.
27
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
28
--------------------------------------------------------------------.
28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
28
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6
29
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7
29 ---------------------------------------------------------2.7.1
29
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7.2
30 -------------------------------------------------------------. ,
30 --------------------------30
----------------------------------------------------------------
(Heat pulse) . . () 31
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7.3
- () 31 -------------------------------------------------------. 31
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
- 31
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.
32
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1
32
-----------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.1
32 -------------------------------------------3.1.2 33
----------------------------------------------3.1.2.1 - 33
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
: 33 ------. - -: , 34 --------3.1.2.2 34
---------------------------------. : 34
------------------------------------------------. : -, , , 35
-------------. : 35 -----------3.1.2.3 36
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
36
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
- 37
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
39 ------------------------------------------------------3.1.3 40
----------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2
41 ------------------------------------------------3.2.1 41
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2
- 41
-----------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2.1
41
------------------------------------------------------------------.
41
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
42
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 9. 3.2.2.2 42
---------------------------------------------------------------. 42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
42
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2.3
42
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.2.4
- 43 ------------------------------------------------3.2.3 43
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4
43
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.1
43
------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.2
44
------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.3
() 44 ------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.4
44
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------45
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. 246
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. 1. 46
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
46
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
- 47 ------------------------------------------------------3.2.4.5
47
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.5
48
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.5.1
-: 48 -------------------------------- 49
--------------------------------- (GPR) 3.2.5.2 3.2.5.3 51
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------.
51
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
52 -----------------------------------. 53
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2.5.4
53
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
53
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
53
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
54
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3
55
--------------------------------------------------------------3.3.1
55
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.2
56
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3.3
, 57
----------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4
, 57 ----------------------------------3.4.1 57
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.1.1
57
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57
---------------------------------------------------------------- .
2. 57
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
58
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.1.2
58 -------------------------------------------------------3.4.2 59
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.3
60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.3.1
60
-------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.3.2
61 ----------------. 61
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
61
-------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.4
61 ---------------------------------------. 61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 10. . 6 61
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
6 62
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
62
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
62
--------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.5
63 ---------------------------------------------------------3.4.5.1
63
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
63
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
- () 64
---------------------------------------------------------------3.4.5.2
- 64 -------------------------------------------------------3.4.6 ,
64
----------------------------------------------------------3.4.6.1
1: 64 ---------3.4.6.2 65
---------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5
67 ------------------------------------------------3.5.1 67
---------------------------------------------. 67
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
67
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5.2
, 68 ----------------------------------------------3.5.2.1 68
-------------------------------------3.5.2.2 68
--------------------------------------------. 68
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
69 ----------------------------------------------------------3.5.3
70
---------------------------------------------------------------------------.
70
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
70
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
71
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
71
------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
72
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1
72 --------------------------------. 72
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
73 --------------------------------------------------4.2 74
----------------------------------------------. 74
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
75
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3
- 76 -------------------------------------------------4.4 -- 78
----------------------------------. 78
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
80
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5
80 --------------------4.6 82 ---------------------------------4.7
82
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
English contents and summary
- 11. 11. 1.1 * , *, , (Quercus ithaburensis) . *, * * 2000 ). *
, 1.5 ( ', 1998 , . , . , (, 2000 ). , . * .( (, 2002 , : , * *. ,
, * , , . . , . . , , . , . * .( (, 1998 . , , . , , . , . . , . ,
: , , , , , , , , , . , .
- 12. 21.2 1.2.1 1.2.1.1 ( , 2006 ) ( 1.1 ). (*) ). ( (, 1970 ).
( 1995 ), (, 1978 ) .(( 1955 ) (, 1962 ,(ConardKitchener, 1880) .
300 ' , , 400 '. ). , ( ( 21 : ( 1. ' ( 2005 ) ; ( 3) ; ( 2) , . (
6) ; ( 5) ; ( 4) ). ( ., 1.2.1.2 .(Fleischer, 2003 ;1.1 ( , , .
Krenkel, ;1962 , (, 1955 ; , , 1'). ) (Arad, 1965 ;1924 . , , . , ,
, ,. .(Arad, 1965 ;1988 , (, 1955 ; ' 2007 ; . ) ; . ( 2006 . , , )
* ( .) (**, , , *. , , ( ), , (, 1991 ). .( , 1984 (, * . 1000 '
600 , , ( 1.1 ). , , 2000 ). ( , , . ) (), , (, , (, 1991 ; 1'). ,
.
- 13. 9000-1000-2000 Fleischer(2003) Gafsou210740 - 720. : (') '
' ( ) - : 6 : 1.1 , ,
- 14. 3 * . 1', 1'): * ( , , . ' * ) , , * ( ). , ( . *, * (,
1959 ). , , , .(Arad 1965; Sneh et al., 1998 ;1996 ,' (, 1962 ; ,
1979 ; Greenberg (1963)( 1954 ), ( 1962 ) ). 55 ( 37 ,Sneh (1988)
1965 ). ) Arad ( 1955 ) : . Fleischer (2002) Sneh et al.(2000)*.
150 ' * . . , * , . . , 1'). (, 1962 ; , 1998 ; 1.2 , ( ). ,
(.(Arad, 1965 ,., () ( ( 3.5, ( 1.2 ). . . , , . , .( ( 1.2 , ) * (
, , 1993 ; ', 1994 ). ( ', 1986 ; , , . . * .(Arad, 1965; Bucbinder
et al., 2005 ;1996 ' ( . . , , .(Sneh et al, 2000) ( ( . . :17.5 .
(, 1990 ). , , ). ( 9 . , . .
- 15. J J JJ JJ J J J , JJ J J J JJJ J JJ - J J J JJ J JJ JJ J J
-JJ J J J J J J J J J J J J J , J J J , ) - ( J J JJ J J J J JJ J J
J J JJ J J J J JJ J J45J J J J J J J J JJ JJ J J J JJ J J J J J J J
J J J -J J JJ J J J J J J J - J J J J J ) J J J ( J J J J J J J JJ
J J : 1.2
- 16. 4 Sandler et al (2004). . , . ( 1995 ) (, 1990 ). , Kafri
(1997) ., ( 1990 ) . ( ) . , * , ), ( . 20 '. 5. , . . , , . () . ,
, . (Picard, 1936) , . , 1.2.1.3 , , . . , . , , . 1.2 ; , 1.1 (, ,
, 1'). , 1970 ). (, 1963 ; , 1970 ; . , ( , , 2005 ), . , 400 ' . .
, ), ( (, 1998 ). , ( ), , . .(Herr et al, 2002 ;1960 , ( , ; ( ,
1960, , , .( , 19701.2.1.4 1:20,000 ( 1963 ). . ( 1998 ) , ). 1980
, . . ) ( 1986 ). ,
- 17. 5 ,( ), ). ( . , Yaalon ( 1.3 ). . - , 1974 ) ) Singer , 3
'.. 20 ;, 2 , . ; , . , ., . , Wieder et al. (1994) ( 1982 )
:40,000 20,000 , , , . ;. : ( 1) . , ,, ; ( 2) , . ( 3) , ; ( 1958
). . , ) ( ). ( , , (, 1992 ). .( , 1992 * ( . . , ( 1972 ) ) Dan
et al.) , ( ). , , . , (, 1962 ; , 1998 ). . . . . .
- 18. 6 1.3 : 1998 , NNH-NO2 KP+4NO-3 Ca
- 19. . ' ( 1979 ). , . .(I , 4 ( 1.3 ; ,
- 20. , * ( ) , . , , B * 50 ( ) ( ).
- 21.
- 22. , ( ( 1986. , . ( , , ). , . . : , , ; , , ;, , ; , , ; .
,, 50 . , 50 1.4 : (1998 (,
- 23. 7 . ., . B * , A . ,
- 24. . : (, 1998 ). . , ( ). ( ) . ( ). , ., ;Singer, 2007 ;1998
, , 1992 ; (: (I 4 ( 1.4 ). , , ., 1.01.02 ( ) 0.85 ( 15 (0.48 1/3
( ) 0.32 ). 0.18 .15 ) 0.121/3* (0.28 . ) 0.23, . ; '' ( ; ), . .
1.82 '; 1.36 '. 1.66 0.8 ; 0.5%0.16 ; 0.07% 22 (11%16 ; 9%)..5 2%2%
; ).7.7 ( 6.8 pH,1725% - Si : .1%Mg ,13% Ca ,26% C ,35% - Fe ,57%
Al , 1') ( * , 5. 1 K ,126 Si ,186 Mg ,2718Na ,12794 Ca :(ppm) .+2
Cl ,5918 SO4 :( ppm) * - - NO2 ,1000.5 - NO3 ,4811 - PO4 ,60.6 F ,
230-4 .0.6 . 0.2
- 25. 8 ) ( . . ,P K , , , , (NO3 ) . , * , . . , , ()( NH4(NO2
)+ .), 49 100 ', () 38 94 . 55 89 83 82 100 ' 571.2.1. 5 . ( ( ,
1983 , ( , 1985 ). , . , '). (, , . . 10% ) ( , 1995,1985 ,
- 26. . , . 1015C . 26 28C24 26C ). (;31C ) 10 ( 8.5 C 11 ; 10 C
() .( ('' 19971.4 . C 30 , 1980 ), 650 () 600( 600 , 550 . . , , ,
.(SteinbergerGazit-Yaari, 1996) 1990 1960 1930 , 1930 ) 2007 70 (
200090 ' 577 , ). 3.4 ( 65 ( , ) 75% ( .65 70%15% , ), 640 , ( ).
7.3 .( ( ' 1995 ; 1986 1240 . . 35 , 40% .
- 27. 9, 182 ( 725 ' 700 ). . . .