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Forage and Fodder Tree Selection for Future Challenges—Linking Genebanks to Forage Use, Addis Ababa, 16-20 March 2015
Forage and fodder tree selection for future challenges: Linking users to
genebanksDaniel Debouck, Jean Hanson, Ahmed Amri and Alice Muchugi
purpose(s) of genetic collections
contents of genetic collections
uses (distribution) of genetic collections
Contents
Forage diversity
Grasses
90% of cultivated genera originated
in sub Saharan Africa
Over 1000 species used as feed
Forage legumes and other
herbaceous plants
Most important legumes species
originated in the Americas or the
Mediterranean regions
Food feed crops – Cowpea, Lablab
are African
Fodder shrubs and trees
Most commonly grown
originated in Central America
and sub Saharan Africa
Problems of anti-nutritional
factors
Purpose of CIAT tropical forage collection
to make tropical forage options available to small-holder farmers in lowland tropics
as ground cover
against drought
as living fence
against flooding
Composition of CIAT forage collection
Forages with highest numbers in CIAT genebank
Genus Species No. of Accessions
Stylosanthes guianensis 1,485
Centrosema molle 1,109
Zornia sp. 789
Stylosanthes scabra 765
Desmodium incanum 697
Panicum maximum 514
Aeschynomene americana 451
Desmodium barbatum 446
Desmodium heterocarpon 442
Galactia striata 402
Macroptilium atropurpureum 380
Centrosema macrocarpum 380
Stylosanthes hamata 361
Centrosema virginianum 353
Calopogonium mucunoides 347
Stylosanthes capitata 342
Brachiaria brizantha 307
Centrosema brasilianum 285
Desmodium tortuosum 270
Desmodium gangeticum 269
Stylosanthes viscosa 269
Macroptilium lathyroides 260
Teramnus uncinatus 249
Stylosanthes humilis 249
Pueraria phaseoloides 231
Centrosema plumieri 216
Macroptilium gracile 200
Vigna vexillata 200
Total species: 734
“Top 10” species: 7,100 accessions (31%)
“Top 20” species: 10,394 accessions (45%)
Providing countries: 75
Total accessions: 23,140
subtotal legume accessions: 21,082
subtotal grass accessions: 2,058
Holdings of forage legumes and grasses at ICARDAGenus Family No of acc.
Medicago (Annuals) Fabaceae 8706
Vicia Fabaceae 6229
Pisum Fabaceae 6113
Trifolium Fabaceae 5152
Lathyrus Fabaceae 4220
Astragalus Fabaceae 979
Medicago (Perennials) Fabaceae 853
Onobrychis Fabaceae 744
Scorpiurus Fabaceae 507
Hippocrepis Fabaceae 326
Trigonella Fabaceae 286
Lotus Fabaceae 266
Coronilla Fabaceae 248
Hymenocarpos Fabaceae 236
Melilotus Fabaceae 225
Lupinus Fabaceae 134
Hedysarum Fabaceae 81
Anthyllis Fabaceae 47
Biserrula Fabaceae 40
Ononis Fabaceae 34
Ornithopus Fabaceae 34
Glycyrrhiza Fabaceae 30
Phaseolus Fabaceae 30
Other legumes Fabaceae 44
Avena Poaceae 618
Brachypodium Poaceae 95
Dactylis Poaceae 36
Stipa Poaceae 36
Taeniatherum Poaceae 33
Dasypyrum Poaceae 29
Thinopyrum Poaceae 26
Bromus Poaceae 22
Elymus Poaceae 22
Lolium Poaceae 19
Crithopsis Poaceae 16
Secale Poaceae 10
Others Poaceae 65
Plantago Plantaginaceae 52
Others Others 191
Total 36834
Holdings status of fodder tree accessions at ICRAF
Species Family Accessions
Faidherbia albida Fabaceae 822Calliandra calothyrsus Fabaceae 267Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae 215
Acacia tortilis Fabaceae 202
Acacia nilotica Fabaceae 111
Sesbania sesban Fabaceae 90Leucaena diversifolia Fabaceae 67Acacia seyal Fabaceae 47Leucaena trichandra Fabaceae 38Adansonia digitata Malvaceae 36
Leucaena esculenta Fabaceae 29
Acacia senegal Fabaceae 9
Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae 7
Acacia angustissima Fabaceae 7Leucaena pallida Fabaceae 4Prosopis africana Fabaceae 4Tamarindus indica Fabaceae 4
Others Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rhamnaceae 23Total 1,982
Focus of ILRI forage diversity activities
Forages for smallholder livestock systems
• 18640 accessions
• ≈1400 species
• ≈ 600 genera
19%
24%56%
1%
fodder trees
grasses
forage legumes
other forages
Major genera represented in the ILRI genebank
genus num
Trifolium 1512
Vigna 1138
Stylosanthes 1126
Leucaena 773
Sesbania 653
Indigofera 597
Brachiaria 535
Neonotonia 500
Rhynchosia 479
Alysicarpus 460
Macroptilium 419
Panicum 399
Tephrosia 352
Lablab 340
Triticale 339
Teramnus 317
Centrosema 296
Cenchrus 293
Phaseolus 265
Zornia 258
What has been distributed from the CIAT in-trust forage collection?
Total accessions (1980-2014): 13,506 (58.4%)
Total samples (1980-2014): 89,573
Accessions distributed to CIAT users (1980-2014): 9,886 (and 40,288 samples)
Accessions distributed to external users (1980-2014): 11,022 (and 49,285 samples)
Countries receiving germplasm (1980-2014): 110
Countries providing germplasm (1980-2014): 75
Top five countries receiving germplasm (1980-2014) (samples, on a total of 89,573, or 29.2%):
Colombia 16,062 17.9%
Brazil 4,513 5.0%
Peru 2,083 2.3%
Venezuela 1,845 2.1%
Mexico 1,661 1.8%
Time periods Total accessions internal users Total accessions external users
1980-1984 2,707 2,520
1985-1994 7,386 6,781
1995-2004 2,640 3,211
2005-2014 837 3,440
CIAT total samples distributed 1980-2014
Colombia
rest of LAC
Africa
SSE Asia
rest of the World
Colombia: 16,062 (32.6%)
rest of Latin America: 18,829 (38.2%)
Africa: 4,299 (8.7%)
South Southeast Asia: 2,608 (5.3%)
rest of the World: 7,487 (15.2%)
countries of Africa and SSE Asia do not use the collection as LAC countries!
demand of internal of users has slowed down as compared to external users
What has been distributed from the CIAT in-trust forage collection?
for which users (accessions)?
1980-1989
NARS
Universities
Farmers
CGIAR
Reg Org
Com Co.
2005-2014at the beginning most recent period
farmers have become the most important users, on top of NARS!
question: have NARS reduced their work as compared to universities?
question: has CGIAR reduced its work between the two periods?
question: has the commercial sector increased its work between the two periods?
58.3%
21.8%
18.1%
21.7%
11.1%
43%
7.2%
1.3%1.2%8.4%
What has been distributed from the CIAT in-trust forage collection?
for which purposes (accessions)?
1980-1989
Agronomy
Basic research
Training
Applied research
2005-2014
at the beginning most recent period
Breeding
question: have agronomy and training lost importance between the two periods?
applied research (e.g. entomology) has gained importance over time
basic research (e.g. legume/ grass taxonomy) has not lost momentum
breeding of a few forage species has gained importance over time
53%
1.4%
19.8%65.5%
17.4%
17%
14.9%9.7%
Seed distributed by ICARDA genebank (2009-2014)
Year Collaborators
outside
ICARDA
Collaborators
inside
ICARDA
Safety
duplication
Svalbard
Repatriatio
n
Used for
GRS
activities
Total
prepared
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total
2251
280
2245
1109
923
76
-
6884
1639
131
80
578
180
5826
-
8434
4963
15568
-
-
162
-
241
20934
53
-
1279
4
-
-
176
1512
3276
3735
2171
500
907
485
1938
13012
12182
19714
5775
2191
2172
6287
2355
50776
Seed samples distributed by ICRAF Genebank (2006-2014)
Year ExternalInternal (ICRAF) Grand Total
2006 23 0 232007 68 0 682008 71 2 732009 107 0 1072010 127 2 1292011 116 4 1202012 155 14 1792013 159 13 1722014 234 70 304Grand Total 1,060 105 1,175
Number of samples per species distributed by ICRAF Genebank (2006-2014)
Species\Years 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Grand Total
Calliandra calothyrsus 6 21 29 32 18 14 42 55 33 250
Leucaena trichandra 4 12 13 17 11 13 26 41 29 166
Gliricidia sepium 2 4 5 5 31 30 44 18 21 160
Sesbania sesban 2 8 12 12 18 13 13 21 23 122
Faidherbia albida 0 0 0 10 27 24 14 3 12 90
Chamaecytisus palmensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 18 9 32
Leucaena diversifolia 3 5 1 7 7 1 3 0 1 28
Acacia senegal 0 4 1 5 1 4 7 5 1 28
Tamarindus indica 3 4 3 3 2 3 6 1 1 26
Ziziphus mauritiana 1 0 5 2 1 5 2 2 3 21
Leucaena leucocephala 0 0 0 5 5 4 3 1 1 19
Adansonia digitata 0 2 1 3 2 2 4 3 0 17
Others 2 8 3 6 6 7 10 4 170 216
Total 23 68 73 107 129 120 179 172 57 1,175
Distribution from the ILRI genebank by user
19%
4%
9%
65%
3%
aris
commercial
farmers
nars
other
Distribution from the ILRI genebank by region
How can we increase the use of the CIAT in-trust forage collection?
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/urg
numbers of visits:
8,289 7,917
12,750
10,4369,400
5,858
to enable requests from cell phones!
to put at forefront data useful to users
ICARDA new collected Forages, pastures and rangeland species, 2009-2014
CropSamples collected
Annual Medics349
Clover633
Grasspea96
Pastures and rangeland 787
Pea28
Vetch149
Total2003
Activities to support forage use in ILRI
• Diversity in Napier grass
– Phenotyping for biomass under drought– Genotyping using SSRs
• Diversity in Buffel grass
• Phenotyping for biomass under drought and cold environments
• Nutritional diversity
– Improved diagnostics for forage diseases
– Forage seed production of promising genotypes
– Forage seed agribusiness development
Concluding remarks
the four genebanks keep large options in legumes unmatched elsewherer
(tremendous assets in post CBD context, when N fertilizers are expensive)
the four genebanks do not distribute to the expected high levels
the distribution is regional and with a strong neighborhood effect
users have been shifting over time, with farmers and commercial sector gaining
purposes have shifted over time, with agronomy declining and breeding gaining
there is a need for another mindset in genebanks: not curators, but users!
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