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Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Introduction CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Circulates substances to
and from the body cells Heart Blood (plasma and cells) Blood vessels RBC- carry oxygen WBC- body’s defence
against infection
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Transports fluid, fats, proteins, and lymphocytes to the bloodstream, and remove microorganisms and other debris from tissues
Lymph (lymph capillaries) Lymph vessels Lymph nodes (B & T cells) Lymphoid organs Interstitial fluid
The relationship between the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Systems.
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic
1. Sepsis (inflammation of body)
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
Pathogen: gram- negative bacteria, gram- positive bacteria Infective bacteria cause RBC to lyse, the release of iron-containing hemoglobin can result to accelerated microbial growth.
Signs and symptoms: fever, rapid heart or respiratory rate, high count of WBC, lymphagitis ( inflamed lymph vessels from the site of infection)
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
2. Endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium)
Pathogen: Streptococci (S. aureus) Symptoms: fever, general weakness,
heart murmur Transmission: arises from focal
infection elsewhere in the body such as tonsil and teeth,
Treatment: antibiotics- pathogens released by tooth extraction or tonsillectomies enter the blood and find their way to the heart
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Bacteria attach to the surface and multiply causing damage that promotes vegetation where bacteria are being protected.
3. Rheumatic fever
Pathogen: Group A beta- hemolytic streptococci
Symptoms: Arthritis, fever, damage to heart valves, inflammation of the heart
Prevention: penicillin to treat streptococcal sore throat - Immune responses to streptococcal infections - Leads to autoimmune complication (allergic reaction to own body)
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
A nodule caused by rheumatic fever
4. Brucellosis (undulant fever)
Pathogen: Brucella ssp. (B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis)
Symptoms: Local Abscess (pus); undulating fever (spikes each evening)
Reservoir: Grazing animals Transmission: Direct contact Treatment: tetracycline, streptomycin Diagnosis: serological tests
- Bacteria enter through breaks in skin, reproduce in macrophages, spread via lymphatics to liver, spleen, or bone marrow
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
5. Anthrax
Pathogen: Bacillus anthrcsis (endospores
survive in soil for 60 years)
Symptoms: Papule(cutaneous); bloody diarrhoea (gastrointestinal
Reservoir: soil, large grazing animals Transmission: direct contact (animal
secretions), ingestion, inhalation Treatment: Ciprofloxacin: doxycycline Diagnosis: isolating and identifying
the bacteria
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Anthrax lesion. Swelling and formation of a black scab that formsaround the infection.
6. Gangrene
Pathogens: Clostridium perfringens (anaerobic)
Symptom: tissue death at infection site
Reservoir: soil Transmission: puncture wound Treatment: surgical removal of
necrotic tissue- Soft tissue death from ischemia (loss of blood supply)
- Entrance through the wall of uterus during improperly performed abortions
Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
7. Rat- bite Fever
Pathogen: Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus
Symptom: fever, chills, muscle and joint pain, rash in extremities
Reservoir: Rats Transmission: Rat bites Treatment: Penicillin
Systemic Disease caused by Bites and Scratch
8. Cat Scratch Disease
Pathogen: Bartonella hensellae Symptoms: Prolonged fever Reservoir: Domestic cat Transmission: Cat scratch or bite Treatment: antibiotics
Systemic Disease caused by Bites and Scratch
9. Plague
Pathogens: Yersinia pestis Vector: rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) Symptom: enlarged lymph nodes (buboes), skin
bruises Reservoir: rodents Transmission: fleas, inhalation Treatment: streptomycin, tetracyclin Diagnosis: isolating and identifying the
bacteria- from flea bite, bacteria enters the blood stream and proliferate in the lymph and blood- they have the ability to survive inside phagocytes rather than being destroyed
Vector Transmitted Disease
10. Lyme Disease
Pathogens: Borrelia burgdorferi (spirochete)
Symptom: bull’s eye rash, neurologic symptoms
Reservoir: field mice, deer Transmission: ticks Treatment: antibiotics
Vector Transmitted Disease
11. Typhus
Pathogen: Rickettsia (obligate intracellular parasites )
2 types: 1. Epidemic Typhus 2. Endemic Murine typhus 3. Rocky mountain spotted fever- spread by arthropod vectors
Vector Transmitted Disease
11a. Epidemic typhus (louse borne typhus)
Pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii Symptom: high fever, stupor (reduced
consciousness, difficulty in thinking), rash Reservoir: squirrels Transmission: Pediculus humanus
corporis louse (from the feces and rubbed into a wound)
Treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol
prevention: sanitation
Vector Transmitted Disease
11b. Endemic murine typhus
Pathogens: Rickettsia typhi Symptom: fever, rash Reservoir: rodents Transmission: Xenopsylla cheopsis
flea Treatment: tetracycline,
chloramphenicol
Vector Transmitted Disease
11c. Rocky mountain spotted fever (tick borne typhus)
Pathogens: Ricketssia rickettsii Symptom: rashes, fever, headache Reservoir: ticks, small mammals Transmission: Dermacentor ticks Treatment: tetracycline,
chloramphenicol- this parasite can pass from gen. to gen. through their eggs (transovarian passage)
Vector Transmitted Disease
Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and
Lymphatic Systems
1. Burkitt’s lymphoma
Pathogen: Epstein- Barr virus (EB virus)
Symptoms: Tumor (leads to childhood cancer)
Reservoir: Unknown Transmission: Unknown Treatment: Surgery
- it tends to occur in immuno-compromised patients
Viral Diseases
2. Chingkungunya fever
Pathogens: Chingkungunya virus Symptom: fever, joint pain Reservoir: humans Transmission: mosquitoes (Aedes
aegypti) Treatment: supportive
Viral Diseases
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Protozoan Diseases of Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System
1. Chagas’ Disease (American
trypanosomiasis)
Pathogens: Trypanosoma cruzi (flagellated protozoan)
Symptom: damage to heart muscles or peristaltic movement of gastrointestinal track
Reservoir: rodents, oppossums Transmission: reduviid bug (kissing bug)
feces into the bite wound Treatment: niturtimox , benznidazole
Protozoan Diseases
2. Toxoplasmosis
Pathogen: Toxoplasma gondii (spore-forming protozoans)
Symptoms: Mild diseases: initial infection acquired during pregnancy can be damaging to fetus: serious illness in AIDS patients , brain damage, vision problems
Reservoir: Domestic cats Transmission: ingestion Treatment: Pyrimethamine,
sulfadiazine, and folinic acid
Protozoan Diseases
3. Malaria
Pathogens: Plasmodium ssp. Symptom: fever and chills at
intervals of 2-3 days , vomiting, headache,
Reservoir: humans Transmission: Anopheles mosquito Treatment: Chloroquine
Protozoan Diseases
4. Leishmaniasis
Pathogens: Lieshmania ssp. Symptom: L. donovani- systemic
disease, L. tropica- skin sores, L. braziliensis- disfiguring damage to mucous membranes
Reservoir: small mammals Transmission: sandfly Treatment: antimony compounds
- protozoa reproduce in the liver, spleen, and kidney
Protozoan Diseases
5. Babesiosis
Pathogens: Babesia microti Symptom: fever and chills at
intervals Reservoir: rodents Transmission: Ixodes ticks Treatment: Atovaquone and
azithromycin
Protozoan Diseases
6. Schistosomiasis
Pathogens: Schistosomiasis ssp. Symptom: inflammation and tissue
damage at site of granulomas –
tumorconsiting a mass of granular tissue(ex. Liver, lungs, bladder)
Reservoir: definitive host: humans Transmission: cercariae penetrate skin Treatment: proziquantel, oxamniquine
prevention, sanitation, elimination of host snail
Protozoan Diseases
S. heomatobium- urinary schistosimiasis , inflammation of urinary bladder, ME, Egypt, Africa
S. japonicum- intestinal inflammation, Asia
S. mansoni- intestinal inflammation, America, Carrebean, Puerto Rico
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