Hardware & softwares

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

Hardware and Software

Chapter 2

Learning Objectives

– Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system.

– List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.

– Outline the role of the operating system and discuss how operating systems have evolved over time.

– Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software.

Computer System Components

Math calculations

Access, decode, coordinate instructions

Hold program instructions and data

Hardware Components in Action

• Instruction phase– Step 1: Fetch instruction– Step 2: Decode instruction

• Execution phase– Step 3: Execute the instruction– Step 4: Store the results

Execution of an Instruction

Processing and Memory Devices

Processing Characteristics and Functions

• Machine cycle time: Time to execute the instruction phase

• Clock speed: – Rate at which electronic pulses are produces.– Measured in MHz

• Wordlength– Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1– Unit for moving data– Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in

a unit time– 32-64 bit processors

Moore’s Law

• Number of transistors doubles every 18 months

Number of Bytes

Types of Memory (1)

• Random access memory (RAM)– Volatile– Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM– Dynamic Ram (DRAM)– Synchronous DRAM:

• Faster transfer speed between memory and processor

Types of Memory (2)

Read-only memory (ROM)– Non-volatile– Permanent data and instructions from

manufacturer– Types

• PROM: Programmable• EPROM: Erasable programmable

Basic Types of Memory Chips

Secondary Storage and Output Devices

Cost Comparisons for Various Forms of Data Storage

Secondary Storage Access Methods

• Sequential access– Access in the same order it was written– Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you

need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first.

• Direct access– Directly access the location– Faster than sequential access

• Sequential access storage devices (SASD)• Direct access storage devices (DASD)

Secondary Storage Devices (1)

• Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD• Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD• RAID: Redundant array of independent

inexpensive disks– Data stored more than once in one of the disks– Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved

• SAN: Storage area network– Consist of many storage devices

• Optical discs, DASD– CD-ROM

Secondary Storage Devices (2)

• Magneto-optical discs• Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB

storage• Memory cards

– Installed in a slot– Portable

• Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges– Portable– Zip drives

Types of Secondary Storage

Hard Disc

Storage Area Network

Digital Versatile Disc Player

Expandable Storage

Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices

Input Devices

• Personal computer input devices– Keyboard– Mouse

• Voice-recognition devices– Microphone– Software to convert voice into bits

• Digital computer cameras– Record images and video

• Terminals– Connects to a powerful server for computations

• Scanning devices– Page– Handheld

• Touch-sensitive Screens

A PC Equipped with a Computer Camera

Output Devices

• Display Monitors– Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)– Wide– Lights up pixels

• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)– Flat panel

• Printers and Plotters– Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute)

• Music Devices– MP3 Players

Laser Printer

Types of Computer Systems

Overview of Software

• Computer programs: Sequences of instructions• Documentation: Describe program functions• Systems software: Coordinate the activities of

the hardware• Computer system platform:

– Hardware configuration + systems software

• Application software: Programs that help users with certain tasks

Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

Systems Software

Operating Systems

• Perform common computer hardware functions– Ex: Get input from keyboard

• Provide a user interface– Command-based user interface (ms-dos)– Graphical-user interface (windows)

• Provide a degree of hardware independence– Application program interface

• Manage system memory– Convert logical view to physical view

Operating Systems

• Manage processing tasks– Allocate computer resources– Multitasking (run more than once application at a

time)– Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system)

• Provide networking capability– Enable connection to the Internet

• Control access to system resources– Authentication

• Manage files– Access to files

Role of the Operating System

Application Program Interface

An Example of the Operating System Controlling Physical Access to Data

Popular Operating Systems

Workgroup Operating Systems

• Windows 2000 Server• Unix• Netware• Red Hat Linux• Mac OS X Server

Consumer Appliance Operating Systems

• Windows CE .NET• Windows XP Embedded• Handheld PC• Pocket PC• Palm OS

Application Software

Sources of Software

Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

Examples of Personal Productivity Software

TurboTax

Quicken

Word Processing Program

Spreadsheet Program

Database Program

Graphics Program

Software Suites

Enterprise Application Software

Use of Integrated Supply Chain Management Software

Selected Enterprise Resource Planning Vendors

Summary of Programming Languages

• First: Computer interactions written in machine code– Machine language

• Second:– Abbreviations for common operations– Assembler converts code to machine language– Assembly language

• Third– Instructions are English-like– Compliers convert code to machine language– Fortran: Good for scientific computing– Cobol: Good file handling– Java: Good for Web applications

Summary of Programming Languages

• Fourth– Even easy for non-programmers– Tell what to do, not how to do it– Focus, Powerhouse

• Visual Programming Languages– Point-and-click– Drag-and-drop – Useful for user interfaces– Visual Basic, Visual C++

• Object-oriented Languages– Objects contain data, methods to operate data– C++, Java

Summary

• Hardware devices work together to perform input, processing, data storage, and output.

• There are two main categories of software: systems software and application software.

• An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware to support users’ computing needs.

• Application software may be proprietary or off-the-shelf.

• There are five generations of programming languages, plus object-oriented programming languages.

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