Ibdp chapter 10-organic chemistry - (sample)

chandan.iitg2002@gmail.com

CHEMISTRY

IB - ASL

By Chandan PandeyB.Tech (Mechanical Engineering) – IIT Guwahati

CH - 10

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10ORGANIC CHEMISTRYIntroductionAlkanesAlkenesAlcoholsHalogenoalkanesReaction pathways

Introduction (AHL)Nucleophilic substitution reactions (AHL)Elimination reactions (AHL)Condensation reactions (AHL)Reaction pathways (AHL)Stereoisomerism (AHL)

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10ORGANIC CHEMISTRYIntroductionAlkanesAlkenesAlcoholsHalogenoalkanesReaction pathways

Introduction (AHL)Nucleophilic substitution reactions (AHL)Elimination reactions (AHL)Condensation reactions (AHL)Reaction pathways (AHL)Stereoisomerism (AHL)

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10

ALKANES

10 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

ALKANE = CnH2n+2

General Molecular Formula

Homologous Series

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

MOLECULAR FORMULA OF “ALKANE”

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

If n=1

CnH2n+2 C1H4 CH4

Methane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

If n=2

CnH2n+2 C2H6

Ethane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

If n=3

CnH2n+2 C3H8

Propane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

If n=4

CnH2n+2 C4H10

Butane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

If n=5

CnH2n+2 C5H12

Pentane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

If n=6

CnH2n+2 C6H14

Hexane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF “ALKANE”

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

C1

H

H

H H

Methane

Meth = 1 Carbon

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

C1

H

H

H H

Methane

CH4

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

C1

H

H

H2

H

H

HC

Ethane

Eth = 2 Carbons

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CHANDAN PANDEY

chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

C1

H

H

H2

H

H

HCEthane

CH3 CH3

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C2

H

H3

H

H

HC

Propane

C1

H

H

HProp = 3 Carbons

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Propane

C2

H

H3

H

H

HCC1

H

H

H

CH3 CH2 CH3

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C2

H

H4

H

H

HC

Butane

C1

H

H

H

C3

H

HBut = 4 Carbons

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Butane

C2

H

H4

H

H

HCC1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanesMethylpropane

C2

H

C1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

H

H

H HCMethyl

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Methylpropane

C2

H

C1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

H

H

H HCIsobutane

2-Methylpropane

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Methylpropane Isobutane 2-Methylpropane

CH3 CH

CH3

CH3

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H

H

H

H

H

Pentane

H

H

H

H

H2 51 3 4

H

H

C CC C C

Pent = 5 Carbons

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Pentane

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H2 51 3 4

H

H

C CC C C

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanesMethylbutane

C2

H

C1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

H

H HCMethyl

C4

H

H

H

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

C2

H

C1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

H

H HC

C4

H

H

H

Methylbutane Isopentane

2-Methylbutane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanesDimethylpropane

C2C1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

H

H

H HCMethyl

H HCH

Methyl

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanesDimethylpropane

C2C1

H

H

H

C3

H

H

H

H

H HC

H HCH

Neopentane

2,2-Dimethylpentane

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanesDimethylpropane

Neopentane

2,2-Dimethylpentane

CH3 C

CH3

CH3

CH3

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CHANDAN PANDEY

chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkanes

CHEMICAL REACTION OF “ALKANE”

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10ORGANIC CHEMISTRYIntroductionAlkanesAlkenesAlcoholsHalogenoalkanesReaction pathways

Introduction (AHL)Nucleophilic substitution reactions (AHL)Elimination reactions (AHL)Condensation reactions (AHL)Reaction pathways (AHL)Stereoisomerism (AHL)

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10

ALKENES

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

ALKENE = CnH2n

General Molecular Formula

Homologous Series

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MOLECULAR FORMULA OF “ALKENE”

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If n=2

CnH2n C2H4

Ethene

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If n=3

CnH2n C3H6

Propene

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If n=4

CnH2n C4H8

Butene

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If n=5

CnH2n C5H10

Pentene

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If n=6

CnH2n C6H12

Hexene

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STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF “ALKENE”

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

C1

H

H2

H

H

C

Ethene

Eth = 2 Carbonsene = 1 pi bond

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenesEthene

C1

H

H2

H

H

CC2H4

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C1

H

H2

H

C

Propene

Prop = 3 Carbonsene = 1 pi bond 3

H

H

C H

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C3H6 C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C H

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C1

H

H2

H

C

Butene

But = 4 Carbonsene = 1 pi bond 3

H

H

C 4

H

H

C H

But-1-ene

1-ene ==> Double bond between C-1 & C-2

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenesButene

C4H8 C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C 4

H

H

C H

But-1-ene

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C1

H

H2

H

C

Butene

But = 4 Carbonsene = 1 pi bond 3

H

H

C 4

H

H

C H

But-2-ene

2-ene ==> Double bond between C-2 & C-3

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C4H8

But-2-ene

C1

H

H2

H

C 3H

H

C 4

H

H

C H

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CHEMICAL REACTION OF “ALKENE”

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Bromination: Reaction with Bromine (Br2)

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C H + Br2 C1

Br

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

Br

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Bromination: Reaction with Bromine (Br2)

Br2

C1

Br

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

BrBr Br

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Hydrohalogenation: Reaction with HCl

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C H + HCl C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

Cl

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Hydrohalogenation: Reaction with HCl

HCl

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

ClH Cl

H will be added to the C having more no. of H in the alkene.

ATTENTION

eg. C1 has 2 H and C2 has 1 HSo, H will go to C1 and Cl will go to C2

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Hydrogenation: Reaction with Hydrogen (H2)

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C H + H2 C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

H

Ni

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Hydrogenation: Reaction with Hydrogen (H2)

H2

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

HH H

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Hydration: Reaction with Water (H2O)

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C H + H2O C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

OH

Reaction is REVERSIBLE

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Hydration: Reaction with Water (H2O)

H2O

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

OHH OH

H will be added to the C having more no. of H in the alkene.

ATTENTION

eg. C1 has 2 H and C2 has 1 HSo, H will go to C1 and OH will go to C2

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Polymerisation of Ethene

CH2 CH2n CH2 CH2 n( )

Polyethene Polymer

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Polymerisation of Ethene

CH2 CH2 n( )

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

1 2 3 n

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Polymerisation of Chloroethene

CH2 CHCln CH2 CHCl n( )

PVC – PolyVinyl Chloride

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Polymerisation of Chloroethene

CH2 CHCl n( )

CH2 CHCl CH2 CHCl CH2 CHCl CH2 CHCl

1 2 3 n

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10ORGANIC CHEMISTRYIntroductionAlkanesAlkenesAlcoholsHalogenoalkanesReaction pathways

Introduction (AHL)Nucleophilic substitution reactions (AHL)Elimination reactions (AHL)Condensation reactions (AHL)Reaction pathways (AHL)Stereoisomerism (AHL)

CHANDAN PANDEY

CHAPTER - 10

ALCOHOLS

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlcohols

ALCOHOL

Functional Group

OH

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlcohol

STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF “ALCOHOL”

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlcohol

C1

H

H

H OH

Methanol

Meth = 1 CarbonOH

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C1

H

H

H OH

Methanol

CH3 OH

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C2

H

H

H1

H

H

C

Ethanol

Eth = 2 Carbons

OH

OH

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C2

H

H

H1

H

H

OHCEthanol

CH3 CH2 OH C2H5 OH

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C2

H

H1

H

H

C

Propanol

C3

H

H

HProp = 3 Carbons

OH

OH

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Propanol

C2

H

H1

H

H

OHCC3

H

H

H

CH3 CH2 CH2 OH C3H7 OH

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C2

H

H1

H

H

OHCC3

H

H

H 1-Propanol

Propan-1-ol

CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

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C2

OH

H

1

H

H

HCC3

H

H

H 2-Propanol

Propan-2-ol

CH3 CH CH3

OH

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CLASS/DEGREE OF “ALCOHOL”

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Primary AlcoholLook for the C with which –OH is bondedCH3 CH2 OH

CH3 CH2 OH CH2

No. of directly bonded Carbons with which –OH is bonded must be one

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlcohol

Secondary AlcoholLook for the C with which –OH is bonded

CH3 CH3

OH

CH No. of directly bonded Carbons with which –OH is bonded must be TWO

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlcohol

Tertiary AlcoholLook for the C with which –OH is bonded

No. of directly bonded Carbons with which –OH is bonded must be THREE

CH3 CH3

OH

C

CH3

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PREPARATION OF “ALCOHOL”

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chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlkenes

Bromination: Reaction with Bromine (Br2)

C1

H

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C H + Br2 C1

Br

H2

H

C 3

H

H

C HH

Br

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CHANDAN PANDEY

chandan.iitg2002@gmail.comAlcohol

CHEMICAL REACTION OF “ALCOHOL”