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FEED FORMULATION
Lito A. Apelo
Fishermen’s Training Institute
Khabura, Sultanate of Oman
Factors to Consider in Farming
Fish Species Healthy fry/fish seeds
Optimum stocking density
Proper pond preparation
Correct water management
Feeds and feeding system
Pest/predator control and proper
fertilization
Proper stocking procedure
Food and Feeding Habits of
Fish Feeding habits of fishes differ from species to
species
Fishes can be classified according to what they often eat
They are herbivores when they eat mostly plant sources nutrients
They are carnivores if they eat more animal than plant sources
They are omnivores if they eat both plant and animal sources
Those that eat detritus are called detritivores
Most fishes are carnivores
Sea bass, shrimps and groupers are carnivores
Siganids(rabbitfish) are herbivores
Tilapia and milkfish are omnivores
Milkfish eat more during the day
Shrimps eat more during the night(Nocturnal)
Sea bass & milkfish gulp their food
Shrimps are nibblers
Thus the type of food, amount of food, frequency of feeding and time of feeding will depend on the specie being fed
Shrimps generally eat more at night-more food should be offered in the late afternoon or evening than during the morning feeding
Finfishes eat more during the day as the sun rises-more food should be given early in the morning
Shrimps nibble their food slowly, therefore pellets have to be more water stable
Feeds should be water stable such that they do not disintegrate readily and pollute the water environment
Leaching of nutrients is minimized by having a water-stable pellet
Fishes not only use their eyes to find food, but have chemoreceptors to locate them. Therefore, feeds should also be attractive if they are to be consumed in the right time
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
OF FISHES
Protein and amino acids
Lipids and fatty acids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
Proteins and amino acids Most important for growth
Helps maintain life
Gives heat and energy
Estimated protein requirement for finfishes range between 30% to 55%
Amino acids are known as the building blocks for protein
There are 18 amino acids that form protein, of which, 10 are considered indispensable or essential for fish growth(if 1 is not present, the formation of protein can be delayed or reduced resulting in a poor or less effective diet)
SOURCES OF PROTEIN
Can be found in animals and plants
Animal protein sources include fish meal, fish heads, shrimp head, squid meal, squid liver, meat & bone meal, mussel meat, chicken entrails, snails and earthworm meals.
Plan protein sources include yeast, defatted soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower seed meal, peanut meal and cowpea meal
Lipids and fatty acids
Gives energy and essential fat acids
needed for growth
Carriers of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E
and K
Finfishes need between 5-10% lipids
Shrimps need around 0.5-1%
cholesterol and 2-4% lecithin in their
diets
SOURCES OF FATS
Cod liver oil and other fish liver oils
Pollack residue oil
Squid oil
Soybean oil
Corn oil
Sunflower seed oil
Palm oil
Carbohydrates
Like fats, carbohydrates are “sparer's
of protein”-when there is a lack of
these 2 nutrients, protein is used for
energy instead of carbohydrates, for
growth
Also acts as binders in the diet
SOURCES OF
CARBOHYDRATES Corn flour
Potato flour
Sago palm starch
Wheat flour
Rice flour
Copra(coconut) meal
Rice bran
Corn meal
Bread flour
Algae and carrageenan are better used as binding agents rather than as primary source of energy
Vitamins
Required in small amounts
Are regulators of body processes
Needed for proper utilization of
protein, carbohydrates and fats
Helps build resistance to infection
Types of VitaminsWater soluble vitamins
Ascorbic acid(Vitamin C)
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid
Niacin
Biotin
Folic acid
Cyanocobalamin
Myo-inositol
Choline
Lipoic acid
Fat Soluble
Vitamins A, D, E and K
Generally, lack of these vitamins in a
diet can cause poor appetite, slow
growth and low survival
Vitamin levels added to fish diets are
higher than required because
allowance should be made for
leaching out in water, destruction
during preparation and storage,
possible presence of anti-nutritional
factors in some feed ingredients and
the fact that vitamin contents of feed
stuffs are quite variable
Minerals
Needed for bone development, teeth,
scales and exoskeleton
Necessary for proper acid-base
balance in body fluids
In shrimps, a 1:1 ratio of calcium to
phosphorous is needed to prevent
“soft-shell” syndrome
Macronutrient minerals include:
Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Trace minerals elements:
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Cobalt
Chromium
Fish meal, whole grain cereals and meat meals are good sources of minerals. Iodine is obtained from seaweeds.
Complete Diet usually
contains: Protein source
Lipid source
Carbohydrates source
Vitamins
Minerals
Binder
Additives such as attractants,
antioxidants, enzymes, hormones,
fungicides, etc.
Most feed ingredients for fish are also used in poultry and livestock. Although there are many formulations available, there is no “Best” diet. The farmer can try as many formulations and compare their effectiveness under his own pond conditions.Feeding depends on the number of fish stocked. In the extensive culture method, fertilization for luxuriant growth of natural food may be sufficient, but as the stocking density increases, supplemental feeding might be needed.
It is wise to choose locally available
feed ingredients, as long as they are
available at all times and are cheaper to
use than commercial feeds. Ideally,
these feed ingredients should be
analyzed for their chemical composition
before they are to be included in the
diet.
END OF PRESENTATION….
THANK YOU…………………
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