Globalization in world history

Globalization in World History

Risha JamalHifza Junaid

Introduction

Globalization in its literal sense is

the process of transformation of

local phenomenon into global ones.

A process by which the people of

the world are unified into a single

society and function together.

The Term

The term globalization

is quite new, widely

introduced and

commonly used only

in the late 1980s/early

1990s.

Aspects Of Globalization

International Monetary Fund

(IMF) identified four basic

aspects of globalization:

trade and transactions,

capital and investment

movements, migration and

movement of people and the

dissemination of knowledge.

Eras of Globalization

Globalization 1

1492 - 1800

Globalization 2

1800 - 2000

Globalization 3

2000 - present

• One division of its history is done by Thomas

L. Friedman, who divides globalization’s

history in three parts.

Eras Of Globalization However, a more popular division is done by A.G.Hopkins,

who has divided the history into three parts, as well.Archaic

Globalization

Earliest forms – 1600s

Proto-globalizati

on1600 - 1800

Modern Globalizatio

n1800s - present

Archaic Globalization

States began to interact and trade with others

within close proximity as a way to acquire coveted

goods that were considered a luxury.

Merchants became connected and aware of others.

The spread of goods, commodities and cultures to

other regions.

Earliest forms – 1600s


There were three main prerequisites for

globalization to occur.

Prerequisites

• West adapts ideas and principles from the East.

Eastern Origins

• Difficult to wander too far away.

• Interaction in Asia, Middle East, North Africa, Europe.

Distance

• States became dependent on each other.

Inter-dependen

cy


The result of increased interaction.

Universalizing of kingship –

Traveling men found prized possessions

from far away lands.

Pilgrimages – Increased exchange

of cultures, especially.

Trading & desire for better health –

Spices, precious stones, medicinal

drugs were exchanged.


Three major trade routes: Silk road, Syria to

Baghdad route and the route through Egypt.

There were two major empires; the Roman and

the Chinese empires that were specifically

influential in trade.

Trade Routes and Empires

Silk Route


Mapping came of age by

around, with increasingly

accurate representations of

Asia, Europe and much of

Africa.

Long distance travel

resulted in caravans for

protection of goods and a

common rate of exchange

for trading, eventually

leading to banking.

As a Result


Printing press by Johannes

Gutenberg made books cheaper

and easily accessible. Secular

books were printed.

More information dissemination

lead to Renaissance and

developments in all fields of life.

Christopher Columbus discovers

the “New World.”

As a Result

Johannes Gutenberg

Proto-Globalization

Phase of increasing trade

links and cultural

exchange that

characterized the period

immediately preceding

the advent of so-called

'modern globalization' in

the 19th century.

Proto-Globalization This period is marked by trade arrangements

(East India Company), the shift of domination to

Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts

between powerful nations and rise of new

commodities.

Proto-Globalization

Switch from inter-nation trading of rarities to the

trading of commodities.

Shift of expansionism by large nations to Western

Europe, nations began competing in an effort to

achieve world domination.

Changes in Trade and Wars

Anglo-Dutch Wars

• Between England and Holland

• 1652 - 1654

French and Indian Wars

• Between Britain and France

• Ended in 1763

American Revolutionary

War• Between

England and thirteen colonies of N.America

• 1775 - 1783

Proto-Globalization

One of the main reasons for the rise of commodities

was the rise in the slave trade, specifically the

Atlantic slave trade.

Due to increase in production, labor shortage rose

and so did the use of slaves.

The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume,

were: the Portuguese, the British, the French, the

Spanish, the Dutch, and the Americans.

Current estimates are that about 12 million were

slaves shipped across the Atlantic.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Proto-Globalization

Rise in commodity trade lead to a rise in

plantation economy.

Colonies were formed and that resulted in

exchange of culture especially in the Americas.

Global Disease increased.

Exchange of food items.

As a Result

Proto-Globalization

New technologies were invented as the need arose.

Guns, and particularly the naval cannon, played a

major role.

Increasing the size and versatility of ocean-

going ships was a key gain.

Calculation of direction and speed of wind and

ship.

Better and more efficient printing presses.

As a Result

Modern Globalization

Also known as contemporary

globalization.

Industrial Revolution gave it a jump

start.

Shaped by 19th century Imperialism.

Transport Revolution.

1800 - present


After WWII, Bretton Woods Conference took place

where the framework of international monetary

policy, commerce and finance was laid.

This lead to the founding of several international

institutions intended to facilitate economic

growth and lowered trade barriers.

Lead to the formation of GATT and later, WTO.


Created after failure of League of

Nations in 1945.

Platform for all countries in the

world to discuss all aspects of

government.

UNO

• Health, politics, economics.

• International Labor

Organization.

• Universal Declaration of

Human Rights.


Internet facilitated the expansion of

the movement toward a global village.

Creation of cheaper, faster and easier

means of communication, the

provision of a vast pool of information.

E-commerce.

Created a “global audience.”

Social media - Focus now on individual

contact.

Internet and its effects


Exports nearly doubled from 8.5% from total

Gross World Product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001.

Aviation became affordable to middle classes

in developed countries in the ‘70s.

1990 – the growth of low – cost

communication networks accelerated the rate

of communication between countries.

As a Result


In late 19th and early 20th century

the connectivity of the world’s

economies and cultures grew.

Exchange of various commodities

and ideas that were unique to one

culture, became accessible to

others.

Rise of the East.

Diseases – the SARS virus spread

between three continents at an

alarming speed.

As a Result

Thank you!!

Automotive

Globalization in world history