By: Elena Anderson

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Nationalities

2. Stem- changers

3. Use of Para

4. IOP

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmatives & Negatives

8. Superlatives

9. Reflexives

10. Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement

11. Negative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement

12. Sequencing Events

STEM-CHANGERS

Dormir

oue

Yo

• duermo

Tú

• Duermes

El,ella,ud

• Duerme

Nosotros• Dormemos

Ellos,ellas,uds.

• duermen

Pedir

ei

Yo

• Pido

Tú• Pides

El,ella,ud

• Pide

Nosotros

• Pedemos

Ellos,ellas,uds.

• piden

Pensare

eie

Yo

• pienso

Tú

• Pienses

El,ella,ud

• Piense

Nosotros

• Pensemos

Ellos,ellas,uds.

• piensen

Jugar

uue

Yo

• Juego

Tú

• Juegas

El,ella,ud

• Juega

Nosotros

• Jugamos

Ellos,ellas.uds

• juegan

PARA

Indicates the recipients of an item

Compro el regalo para tú mama

Indicates an implied purpose

Tengo dinero para(comprar) algo

Indicates a purpose

Vamos al resturante para comer

IOP

To whom, for whom

Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects.

IOP = 3 places

Before conjucated verb

Attatch to an infinative

Attatch to a gerund “ing”

Ex. Carlos acaba de vender le una revista a Rose

O: Carlos le acaba de vender una revista Rose

Singular Plural

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT

1. Attach the pronoun to the

infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a

progressive tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an

affirmative command

4. Place the pronoun before a

conjugated verb

GUSTAR

(Like/please)

Use gusta before a singular noun.

Gusta is always singular with infinitives.

Gustan used before a plural noun.

Me gusta

Te gusta

Le gusta

Nos gusta

Os gusta

Les gusta

Me gustan

Te gustan

Le gustan

Nos gustan

Os gustan

Les gustan

Gustar (singular) Gustar (plural)

AFFIRMATIVES & NEGATIVES

Affirmative Words Negative Words

Algo something Nada nothing

Alguien someone Nadie no one

Algun/alguno(a) same Ningun/ninguno(a) none, not any

Siempre always Nunca never

Tambien also Tampoco none, either

When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word

Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns

• Algunoalgun ninguno nungun

If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be a negative. A double negative is required in Spanish when no precedes the verb.

No quiero nada

However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before the verb, a second negative is not needed Nadie quiere postre.

SUPERLATIVES

The suffix –isimo, -isimos, -isima, and –ismas are added to an adjective or adverb

Is equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb.

Malo>malisimo

Muchas>muchisimas

Dificil>difilismo

Adjective and adverb ending in c, g, z change spelling to qi, gu, and c respectively

Rico>riquismo

Larga>larguisima

Feliz>felicismo

Adjective that ends in –n or-r form by adding –cisimo(a)

Joven>jovencismo

Trabajador>trabajadorcismo

REFLEXIVES To describe people

doing things for themselves, use reflexive verbs.

Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb

Me

Te

Se

Nos

Se

Reflexive

Pronouns

oMany verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the action.

Reflexive Not reflexive

Pepa se lava

• Pepa washes

herself

Pepa lava el carro

•Pepa washes the

car

When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb after a conjugated, be sure to use correct reflexive pronoun

Quiero levantar me temprano.

I want to get up early

Me quiero levantar temprano.

You can also put the

reflexive pronoun in front

of the conjugated verb

AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/PRONOUN PLACEMENT

Give instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative túcommands of regular verbs.

Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form. caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!

comer ¡come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa

abrir ¡abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

Infinitive Affirmative tu

commands

Decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir sal

ser se

Tener

venir

Ten

ven

• Tu commands

• Affirmative drop the “s”

Pronoun Placement

1. Affirmative

2. Gerund

3. Before conjugated

verb

4. Affirmative

command

•When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command.

•Cruzalo

NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/PRONOUN

PLACEMENT

Negative tú commands

1. Put in yo form

2. Change the vowel 1. ar e er,ira

3. Add “s”

Dar/decir No Des/digas

Ir No Vayas

Ser No Seas

Hacer No Hagas

Estar No Estes

Saber No Sepas/sagalas

Tener No Tengas

Venir No vengas

Negative Irregular Commands

oPronoun PlacementoAffirmativeoGerundoBefore conjugated verboAffirmative command

oEx. oComela no la comasoTocala no la toquesoCantala cantamela

SEQUENCING OF EVENTS

Sequencing event help arrange events from when they take place

Primero Entonces Luego/despues Por fin

First then Before/ after finally

Antes de/ despues de

Before / after

Por la manana/ tarde/ noche

In/ during the…

(No specific time)

Los lunes, etc..

Monday