GRAMMAR

BOOK

By: Elena Anderson

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Nationalities

2. Stem- changers

3. Use of Para

4. IOP

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmatives & Negatives

8. Superlatives

9. Reflexives

10. Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement

11. Negative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement

12. Sequencing Events

13. Preterite

14. Trigger words

15. -car, -gar, -zar

16. Deber + infinitive

17. Modal verbs

18. Present progressives

19. Adverbs

STEM-CHANGERSDormir

oue

Yo• duermo

Tú• Duermes

El,ella,ud• Duerme

Nosotros• Dormemos

Ellos,ellas,uds.• duermen

Pedirei

Yo• Pido

Tú• Pides

El,ella,ud• Pide

Nosotros• Pedemos

Ellos,ellas,uds.• piden

Pensareeie

Yo• pienso

Tú• Pienses

El,ella,ud• Piense

Nosotros• Pensemos

Ellos,ellas,uds.• piensen

Jugaruue

Yo• Juego

Tú• Juegas

El,ella,ud• Juega

Nosotros• Jugamos

Ellos,ellas.uds• juegan

PARA

Indicates the recipients of an item

Compro el regalo para tú mama

Indicates an implied purpose Tengo dinero para(comprar) algo

Indicates a purpose Vamos al resturante para comer

IOP

To whom, for whom Indirect object pronouns replace or

accompany indirect objects. IOP = 3 places

Before conjucated verb Attatch to an infinative Attatch to a gerund “ing”

Ex. Carlos acaba de vender le una revista a Rose O: Carlos le acaba de vender una revista Rose

Singular Plural

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT

1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

GUSTAR

(Like/please) Use gusta before a singular noun. Gusta is always singular with infinitives. Gustan used before a plural noun.

Me gusta

Te gusta

Le gusta

Nos gusta

Os gusta

Les gusta

Me gustan

Te gustan

Le gustan

Nos gustan

Os gustan

Les gustan

Gustar (singular) Gustar (plural)

AFFIRMATIVES & NEGATIVES

Affirmative Words Negative Words

Algo something Nada nothing

Alguien someone Nadie no one

Algun/alguno(a) same Ningun/ninguno(a) none, not any

Siempre always Nunca never

Tambien also Tampoco none, either

When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word

Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns• Algunoalgun ninguno nungun

If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be a negative. A double negative is required in Spanish when no precedes the verb.

No quiero nada However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes before the verb, a second negative is not needed

Nadie quiere postre.

SUPERLATIVES

The suffix –isimo, -isimos, -isima, and –ismas are added to an adjective or adverb

Is equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb. Malo>malisimo Muchas>muchisimas Dificil>difilismo

Adjective and adverb ending in c, g, z change spelling to qi, gu, and c respectively Rico>riquismo Larga>larguisima Feliz>felicismo

Adjective that ends in –n or-r form by adding – cisimo(a) Joven>jovencismo Trabajador>trabajadorcismo

REFLEXIVES To describe people

doing things for themselves, use reflexive verbs.

Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb

Me

Te

Se

Nos

Se

Reflexive Pronouns

oMany verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action does not receive the action.Reflexive Not reflexive

Pepa se lava• Pepa washes herself

Pepa lava el carro•Pepa washes the car

When you use the infinitive form of a reflexive verb after a conjugated, be sure to use correct reflexive pronoun

Quiero levantar me temprano.

I want to get up early

Me quiero levantar temprano.

You can also put the reflexive pronoun in front of the conjugated verb

AFFIRMATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/PRONOUN PLACEMENT Give instructions or commands to someone by using the

Affirmative tú commands of regular verbs. Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form. caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!

comer ¡come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa

abrir ¡abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

Infinitive Affirmative tu commands

Decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir sal

ser se

Tenervenir

Tenven

• Tu commands • Affirmative drop the “s”

Pronoun Placement 1. Affirmative 2. Gerund3. Before

conjugated verb4. Affirmative

command

•When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command.• Cruzalo

NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS/IRREGULARS/PRONOUN PLACEMENT

Negative tú commands1. Put in yo form2. Change the vowel

1. ar e er,ir a

3. Add “s”

Dar/decir No Des/digas

Ir No Vayas

Ser No Seas

Hacer No Hagas

Estar No Estes

Saber No Sepas/sagalas

Tener No Tengas

Venir No vengas

Negative Irregular Commands

oPronoun Placemento Affirmativeo Gerundo Before conjugated verbo Affirmative command

o Ex. o Comela no la comaso Tocala no la toqueso Cantala cantamela

SEQUENCING OF EVENTS

Sequencing event help arrange events from when they take place

Primero Entonces Luego/despues

Por fin

First then Before/ after finally

Antes de/ despues de

Before / after

Por la manana/ tarde/ noche

In/ during the… (No specific time)

Los lunes, etc..

Monday

PR

ETER

ITE

= Past tense

• Perfected action in the past

• Snapshot• beginning

and/or ending

Yo é íTú aste isteÉl/ ella ó ióNosotros amos isteisEllos aron ieron

Esto Es

El Pretérito

TRIGGER WORDS

Un dia Una vez Ayer A noche Hace un año Ya El mes pasado Anteayer Por una hora Por fin A las nocho El cinco de febero

Preterito trigger words from preterito

-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR

Tocar Jugar Comenzar

toqué jugué comencé

Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste

Tocó Jugó Comenzó

Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos

Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

Only in Yo

DEBER + INFINITIVE

The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do, use a conjugated form of deber eith the infinitive of another verb.

Debo barrer el suelo. Debes limpiar la cocina Debe sacar la basura

Deber Should/ ought to

Debo Debemos

Debes Debeis

Debe Deben

Remember you can put a pronoun in front of a conjugated verb or attach it to an infinitive

Por que te debo ayudar?

En vez de sacar fotos, debes ayudarme

MODAL VERBS

When verbs are used in model verb combinations, the 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form. You never want to say “no puedo nado”

Deber Should, ought to

Desea To desire

Necesitar To need

Poder Can, could, might, be able to

Querer Want, would like

Saber Know, know how to

Soler Usually, used to

PRESENT PROGRESSIVES Some verbs you know have irregular present participle

forms When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, change

the –iendo to –yendo to form the present participle E I stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem Some other verbs also have a vowel change in the stem Verb Irregular Present

Participle

Leer Leyendo

Oir Oyendo

Traer Trayendo

Pedir Pidiendo

Servir Sirviendo

Decir Diciendo

Dormir Durmiendo

Venir Viniendo

ADVERBS To describe how

something is done, use adverbs. Many adverbs in Spanish are made by changing an existing adjective.

ly= mente

Adjective Adverb

Reciente Recientemente

Frecuente Frequentemente

Facil Facilmente

Normal Normalmente

Especial EspecialmenteWhen an adjective ends in e, I, or z, simply add –mente to the end

For adjectives with o or a endings, add -mente to the feminine form

Adjective Adverb

Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente

Rapido Rapidamente

Lento Lentamente

Tranquilo Tranquilamente

When you use 2 adverbs, drop the –mente to the first one

Lenta y tranquilamente