Ever wonder why the colors have some metals like ironsilver and copper gradually change with time? Even when using inferior rust converters?This is caused due to corrosion when these metals are exposedair and moisture they get corroded.We will talk about corrosion on these metals. It is important to note that some rust converter products such as gemplers, crc, evaporust, eastwood, backstar rust converter all do a pretty good job with converting rust to an inert polymer.

We will try to get these products tested in the test tube study mentioned here.will learn more about corrosion when silver objects are exposedair they slowly turned black silver react to the sulfur in the air to form acoatingsilver sulfide the reaction of copper with moist carbon dioxide in the presentair is copper carbonate which is a green coat formed on the copper substance whenit loses its shiny brown surfaceresting environ occurs when iron is exposed to moist air for a long timefor me brown flaky substance now.

Let's reform in activity to check the conditions in which the restingiron takes place place clean iron nails in three test tubes that are labeled asbe and see some water should be poured into test tubesand a court should be placed on oil distilled water and about one millimeteroil should be added to test to be and covered with the cork.the heirs prevented from dissolved in water due to the oil which floats on thewater.a small amount and chloride should be added to test it seeand it should be court the moisture which will be present in this test itwill be absorbed by the chloride. Some rust converters will block this from happening.the test you should be left undisturbed for a few days and then absurdnote that the nails in test you aare exposed to both air and water the nails in test to be exposed.only two water and that mates in test tubes CE are exposed to dry air.

So it's clear from this experiment that bothair and water are needed for the resting iron by keepingand substances away from both air and water we can prevent them from rest.

Beware of OSHA Guidelines when working with chemicals in the field and at home.

Testing cathodic protection that is a lot like what a rust converter can do to rust.

a reduction to cathodic protection as intended for justanybody who wants a basic understandinghave what cathodic protection is and really is an orientation for what is cathodic protection? Well its quite different fight protectionism how it worksand quite simply the deficit by protection is it's a means to preventcorrosion in metalsokay it's not the only means to prevent corrosion but it's a means to preventcorrosionand it's a means to prevent corrosion of metals by using electrical current actif we can use electrical DC current properly appliedit will stop the corrosion reaction completely so if by corrections donecorrectly it will completely stopcorrosion I and I think it's important noticesome cathodic protection will slow down corrosionso interior Summers is only have this asset now I want the last yearsthey don't need a fall percent like Texas solution a maybe I'll get awaywithless than a hundred percent

like solution sowhat is corrosion and as you can see from the slide here corrosionis I'm it's a reactionand with very few exceptions

all metals take a lot of energy to put into them to be able to use themokay you don't go out you find a carbon steel pieces rebarwhat you aren't you mine is mine iron oxide not to turn at iron oxideinto a metal that you can use that's true for a pic basically every medalthere are few exceptions goldsilver the two notable exceptions gold actually metal nature's founders an oxide has to beprocessedand that processing the process put a lot of energyinto metal

but that's not natural nature wants to take that energyback out okay so if you take a metal has been refinedin a steel mill or refinery its natural statehas been changed you bought a lot of energy into that metalcrushes just the process of nature take that energy back outand as a picture evera rusty or car that's what happens wannaprocess models are left out the environment long enough

they'll return to a more natural state in this case iron oxide or rustis the processor energy leaking out so identify protectionmiss a means to stop the energy from leaking out of the structure

how does it work??

the rust converter reaction basically is what we calla oxidation reduction reaction like in a rust converter,it's a chemical reaction where the metal reacts with the environmentto reduce it to an oxide for metal oxide forif you look at the micro level what you see here isone side is this the structures could bethe wall in the tank bottom for example or could be the the surface that car wejust saw the rusty surface the carone section to that structures will call an Arctic

slightly less negative electrically then the next sessionand that current will flow from that an odd exceptionto the more positive section the cathodic area and corrosion occurs wherethatcurrent leaves the structure okay we call this acorrosion sell or a galvanic corrosion cell and this is what happens in natureif you look at that rusty ok are you'll see there's rust spots in the spottersno rustover time that moves event for the whole thing turns to rustto the point where you stick your fingers through your the sender a rustyor car where you can use a rust converter

but this is happening on a micro level throughout the whole structurecurrent leaving in one area and where it leaves that's the corrosion reactionand current landing in another area notwetlands are no corrosion going on at least at that time now latertermite discharge of here and move somewhere else does thecuz reaction keep going and as the electrochemical properties changeit moves where the reaction occurs but if you ever look at something is rustyit won't be just homogeneous rah still be rusty spots here and there are nospots are rusty

Not really long enough the rust spots will willstart my great move that we actually started migrating movebefore elements to that your micro corrosion cell that I showedthat's really see if you live up here in the Northeast remember that because wehave acne grocery stores and if those are your cartoon bus remember the Acme aroadrunner and know the Acme a brand dynamiteThe acronym you need to remember for work rose anode a cathode

a metallic path an electrolyte now go through body to those meanI but if you can eliminate anyone who's for you'll stop at grocery actionlet's go back to our slide here academic ofback to the previous like here my anodemy cathode and my metallic paththe structure itself provides that its inherent and I'mpiece of metal it already has an odor is a

cathode has a metallic pathall you really need is this electrolyte electrolyte this fancy word for sayingsomething or current can flowand in most cases that water its soilin the atmosphere that rusty car we looked at that rustic art on is a thinfilm oflove condensation to create an environment where corrosion can occurif you take and Newbury St oak wineand go back and look for a hundred years later still points gone cuz or dissolvethere's enough water for moisture in the soilrise electrolyte don't have the waters likeliestUniversity were are so we'reto is there ride the is very virtually zeroyour in fact if you took our foot on the moonthere is no electrolyteso in fact is mankind were white be wiped off the face there tomorrow thelast vestiges of humankind private the flag on the moon because it will nevercorrode no never go awayit just sits there are so so yes if you'reif you have no electrolyte there's no corrosionokay unfortunately here on earth there's corrosionand the hotter is the warmer it is the morehumidity is faster corrosion rates can always besoap if you get nothing else at this presentationif you can just in bed this picture in your mindthis is how cathodic protection works everything else is detailsbasically the way cuz I protection works is we take a nanothis is an external device replace it in the electrolyteand create a circuit where current flows from the anode that we put into thecircuitthrough the electrolyte to the surface in the structuremember I said where current lands there's no corrosion our currentdischarge is where the corrosion occurswe're moving the corrosion to this Annaguy so by putting currentonto the structure flowing electrons onto the structure we've moved acrossnine tensely made the slideshow corrosion you're not putting metal back. Like when you use a rust converter.

So if we take and structures been out there for ten or fifteen years in thefieldand we provide protection on it is not be returned back to itsritual state all we do is stop the corrosion from occurring any furtherKwill eventually and it has a life and if it's not putting out enough current toin their tomato crop how much is enough current in all those are detailsjust keep in mind current flowing from the anodethrough the electrolyte to the surface the structure we're trying to protect

will protect the surface from rustingare corroding back

one other comment here if the structure is in such bad conditionthat its mostly rust and very little meat leftvery little solid metal and you because I protection on itit could still fail okayso if somebody would come to us at that is above ground storage tank I'm worriedabout my tank bottom that in contact with soil and I'm worried about thecorrosion that take part in the tank leakingvery common application for because I protection

and you talk to me find out that takes years old that they did justsurvey have the floor the tank they found the cat - percent corrosionbring CP on it probably won't keep it from leaking in fact it might actuallyencourage leaking

is what does happen is you flow current under their that rust particleswill start to be pushed away a little bit and now I got left is nothingbut real thin piece a battle maybe so that's one caveat thereis if the structures in such bad shape thateven if you stop the corrosion from occurring he further it's already goneokay so at some point you very to repair it puts EP on it and have it lastforever from that point

but if you get a structure that's had some minor corrosionand you put CP on it you'll stop the corrosion and yourmaintain like that structure for as long as on the CP systems properly operatethat's a great question I repeat that if this was the wall over pipeand corrosion on the outside the pipe does that affect actual cracked theinside the pipe

the answer is No okay psychics only worksby stopping current from leaving the structure by putting current onto thesurface in the structureokay now talk about some analogies here think help you visualize that processbut I can't put current on the inside of the pipe and was at the anode in thepipe.

which have a product for that for certain applications where you guys haveanodes inside the pipethat bro current to the inside the pipe to protect from internal corrosionI guess cannow if you're talking about a pipe in the groundand you've got a an outsource current doesn't flowexactly straight line current will flow in around the whole pipes you canprotect the entire.

exterior the pipe from a nano this remote as long as far enough awaynow talk about that weekend distribution current distributionthe car will act to flow around something as opposed toa light where he puts on from like that but we'll go but beyondand talk not like that with my next analogy I'ma lot of people have a really hard time visualizing electricityyou can't really see it okay and andso electrical discussions it's hard for pulitzer prize is hard for me causeactual I sometimesfile it is now geez the first now judges likeif I can light up the surface a structure with currentI could stop it from corroding okay so a lot of times when I think about the factthat I thinkhow do I light up the structure I and also my light sourceokay so clearly if you take a light bar a flashlight you put really close toWall.

you're only to light up a small area the wall remove the backing a light up moreokay that to you for now drink by production snags perfect analogy is asec current will flow around thingsbut a good analogy considers so I I use the light now I Tabout lighting up a structure okayand then question just be honest I get the light distributed everywhere and toget enough like causes a third

Russia wants to assert my light is not growing anymoreokay some like that's below that Russia will slow down the corrosion rateanyways good like to use that analogyanother now jackie is the stadium analogyand in the stadium analogy again we talked electrons flowing onto thesurface corrosion the term oxidation-reduction reaction.

If your chemistry percent is basicallyyou talk about losing electrons losing part positive charges as part that

reaction

okay I was negative charges should beso if you can bombard the surface with electronsthe structure can't give up electrons except metals want to do they want togive up electrons

and react with the environment great rust okayso if you bombarding the surface with electrons you can't give up electronjust like trying to walk into a very crowded stadium at the end the gamewhen everybody's leaving okay it's really hard to get in becauseeverybody's leaving

the same thing is true with the red reaction for corrosion if I'm bombardingthe surface withelectrons electrons can't leave the surfacelet's take a look at a pipeline example Ihere's a pipeline with no cuz I protection on itokay and as you see along the pipeline typically buried still has a potentialsomewhere around minus $ million votes okayit varies little bit Michael Moore might be a little less and he took a pair pipewhen you put in the groundyou finders variations along a pipeline naturally-occurring cuz I still was notexactly the same everywhere the soil virus not exactly the same everywheresorry minor differences in the potential everywhere you go froma minor positive to a minor negative you create thisa current flow okay so along with pipeline have all these lil micro cellswhere galvanic corrosion worker we call that galvanic corrosionI so there's no Chi perfection on a bare pipelineyour stuff corrosion now in real life we don't put a lot of their pipelines andwe typically will coat the pipelinesall that does is is provide a barrier so thatthe pipe steals no longer touch with the environment but no coding is perfect soeven if it was cold pipelines still havethis phenomenon who just be at those areas where the coating was a perfectbut if you put if I protection on that pipeline and I now have an anode likeMac or when he ran out for example okayand I run that pair love the pipeline I'm just charging current of thepipelineare of the anode onto the pipelineand lighting that pipeline up I'm flowing electrons onto the pipelineI'll stop the corrosion what happens is the entire steel structural become morenegative it if you're throwingnegative charges onto a structure you to some local polarizeokay with our polarization quite a bit type texan polarization just means I'mmaking it more

negative by shower electron I stopped the showerelectron you go back to his normal or native state as largerthrowing electrons I'd like %uh like visualize that is like inif if your Star Trek person who got shields upwould look like to Internet power supply with star flanker nonwere put to shield on that pipeline as long as she'll drop as long as thepowers go on

that pipe was not gonna corrode that we're doing here signup see thispipeline is gone from you- - sixty miles with all these little micro differences inpotential I'm sure the whole thing so much current that that now so the wholething is a -guy and there's no way current discharge of that pie because it's got currentflowing onto itwith your next slide this is a a slide shows corrosion rateverses applied current so this is me lighting upthat structure and you see the corrosion rate goes basically crucial nevergoes to

but it gets so low that a thousand years from now you will notice the differenceok I I'm as long as thesee pieces ran the whole thousand years the couple place in CP system and put anew instance they don't last that long- years is reasonable for a corrosion system

I but you can see the corrosion rate drops as we start to apply currentnow for some metals I mean we get intodetailed design talk on specific occasions we worry about this case likefor some metals their reach the point where he started playing too muchcurrent national cause damage the mailokay so that's that's the Sun over here I search onthe crows resource increase at some point if you start apply too muchcurrent but the goal is to apply not currently the crows rate down to whereit's functionally add up when we say it's cathartic Lee protectedwe use the term criteria what constitutes enoughcathodic protection at what point do I have enough light on the structurethat that corrosion rate is effectively zerookay other several criteriathat we use for corrosion like sectionI'm there's international criteria scripture in the US Canada and the

United States use basically the same type criteria I there's no recession called and the international corrosion societythis be the National Association corrosion but they've gone globaland they don't like to be called nationally more

I'm so it's combine ace but Ibasis has to find three criteria Nexus first two are basically the sameor something on a % offnumber I said that this natural potential still an expiry generalsaround miles novelsif you can shift it to being negative member I City brokered onto itbecomes more negativeif you can shift it to negative it's perfectokay we is on an off base their same onmeans that when you have the CP system on

is nearly fifty of means many turned off it stillnegative okay and there'stechnical issues about what the differences between on the forfor persists customers to say are baseless anchored here negative the other critters a hundred mobile shift if you can get a hundred normal topolarization from his native stateto its statements without a protectedyou'll stop at grocery now you'll say day city s more thannovels that's true

general state okay armthe sometimes still in bed still to be - my oval shift manager at actually tested before you put the CP onhave a native state potential and then you're going tocompare that to a protected potentialom to post or use quite a bit the industry onthe key concept there is I don't know how I am NOT likeokay to light up the structure I we talk about too much currentover protection can have some adverse affects this is especially true oncertain models like stainless steels titaniumexotic as carbon steel I'm it's almost

is virtually impossible for too much going on but there's a practical issuethere too at some point he'syou're just wasting current once is protected wipe for a lot morejuice on to it like a lot more light on to it okay so while it is prettyon immune to overcurrent a point to its gonna the fractal aspect of why would you do thatdoesn't make sense to put too much currentyou see this point presentation I ask everybodydo you have exact action system in your house now those are you heard me ask aquestiondon't raise your hand but that just forfor grounds cost you know you're new here do you know if your cartridgesystem houseup okay water exactlyinsiders almost every water heater there is expectation systembecause the water circulates ano in a boiler water heaters pretty corrosivewater

make those heat water heater tanks our carbon steeland they put an anode side there the and will protect that carbon steel for longas you know classand the the the recall thing is that in calculate how long they think thatoutlastedand they base their weren't on that so if you go to Home Depot and you buy a year warranty hot water heaterthat an order size the last about ten years after less than years casinoscan take some time for the corrosion to cause a failureand if you go on by when this guy -year life it's gotta be ran outsidenearby commercial water heater they actually have a threading threadedconnection you got your place the anode

because they know that the they're more expensive the client and replaces and asa maintenance basesand in theory that water heater should last as long as they keep replacing an Asomewhat Amazon the basic CP system componentsnow you understand how could i text work what do we do to make it work where weneedon obviously we need something to protectwe need a structure we're going to protect we protect lottery structureswe talk about designing CP systems will later we're going to ask questions aboutthe structurebut you need something protect in electrolyte got a callthe other day from II client in Brazil actually in they were doing aoffshore windmills to generate electricityand they want to protect the fans on the windmillbecause it grosses saliency water environment I said well you know wecan't put that I protectionon the blades have your when males because there's no electrolyte thereyes you're gonna get sea water spray on minutes gone cause corrosion issuesbut I can't put an anode in the electrolyte its low current throughthe electrolyte protect the steel so they had to go some other type acorrosion protectionwe don't do well with atmospheric applications because the air does notallowthe conduction of electricity but we're great if you've got something in waterseawater or soil most for applications in those electrolytes were to electrolyte the other one is concrete we actuallyprotect metal and concrete reinforcing steelI am Sony a structure to protect the electrolyte the current can flow through

obviously you need some sort of an an ode to deliver current is my lightsthe earth mine up the structure I'm and then there's some cabling in thereto connect the collector that metallic path that circuit okayso you have to something connecting the anode to the structureafternoon multiple connections are the anode to the structureand finally I always emphasize this with with people in the provision for testingit because if Iif you gonna could expect action system and you want to go to make sure thatit's working properly and testing it so we put provision for testingand Justin a schematic standpointI'm here the the orange colors electrical current flowing exist just abig circle

okay if you have a rectifier a power supply current flows of the power supplythrough the cabling system there maybe junction boxesconnecting the cables to the anode systemthrough the electrolyte to the structure back through cablesback to the REC fire it's a circuit now if you were to cut those cablesit's an open circuit current will flow just like in your house if you cut thetables to your lights lights are gonna turn on okayso that's the basic schematic avoid a CP systemnow we have all-time flavors and structures we protect tanks we protectsea walls we protect jetties we protectI pipelines if all other types of anodesbut that's basically how this the system looks from an overviewand in some cases direct fireI'll talk about that in a few minutes about not govern an existing wereactually yourusing a system that doesn't need a power supply but IMO in many casesa power supply is neither for for especially for larger structures or orstructures thatyou won't have a longer life on just doesn't go through a quick example alook if I protection system ok Ia real-world ap ap ap actual application hear what you see this is a very commonand any type of love near shore or at on the shorefacility call the seawall basically taking sheet piles ismetal I'm sheets the pound them into the groundokay and that separates the the waterfirms from the left side the nice thing about that is now you can dredgethis the that area and ironing for boats up name you can you can make that verydeep evenso if you've got a LNG terminal where you bring and large LNG tankersunited as runners-up the short have hit the sand you got to create a channel adeep channel where you can birththe LNG tanker see was a very common to do thaton so what you see here is a typicalseawall and if you can see it closely you can see rule over rust on thatthe atmosphere excited to see you all okay russ's answering thing becausefor certain steel structures rust become the coding and econ slows down thecorrosionafter that okay you can also paint that but with the bigger concern infor the structure is what's happening in the soil sideand what's happening worth buried and in the water we've got the sea wallstructureokay there's actually a couple places were concerned aboutthere's the land side to the seawall where the sheet piles driven and thelandand you have Soil Sci corrosion okaythere's the very bottom is she polishes and so on both sides to this below thewater leveland then there's that area there the water is okay is also small area wherethere's athe atmosphere and is tied to go up and down that could change in its heightokay that's the area you can one visually inspectas easy as to get to repair if you were to have corrosionand to you can paint that where many cases the the Oct the iron oxideactually becomes aa coating in effect the the rust you get a Stanley Rusnak to become the coatingand it's very common and in the type of steel that they're using free she passedbut you can't inspect the landside be very difficult to to visually inspectLawnside for corrosionhe certainly can't do anything you know it's very difficult on the watersideyour thing is a lot of times with the structuresis if they start to fall apart it can be very difficultto get in effect repairs to them socket type texan's very commonly applied tothese type structuresand one way to do that is with what we call it the pan out sister a deep wellsystemon and outdiscussed a little more his presentation but as you can see here I've got currentflowing from my an outsourceto the soil side and hopefully up into the watersideprotecting the whole structure from one large system guyso it's a very typical comment to buy protection systemthe heart any CP system is the anode system itselfact and there are two types of anodesthere's galvanic anodes often refer to a sacrificial anodes this year so it's asacrificial anodethey're referring to a galvanic Anna it's not the correct term technicallyand in fact Hall and Oates have a finite lifeokay there's now an audit has infinite life onso all an artifact sacrifice themselvesto protect the structure type tagged and into their life that be replacedbut the governor Dan Oates have no power supply to associate with them

now talk about that just a second impressed current anodesthat's what mostly we manufacture that's what we manufacture rust converter impressedturnout systems

Press turnout systems have power suppliesokay have pros and cons to each year go through than just a minutebut again galvanic a sacrificial no external power supplyimpressed current input is bigger power supply on them is a system warrantsthis chart here shows what's called electro potential of common metalsand the state's buried soil and what you'll see here ismagnesium aluminum and zinc are naturallymore negative then stealokay also point out the copper is much more positive than steeland even notice I silver gold platinum actually a positive metalsbecause noble metals they don't corrodeif you took a gold coin in Newbury itin the soil and archaeologist come around two thousand years later to finda gold coinif the guy still coin and you buried itfive years later Prime not gonna find anything okay will complete hiscompletely rusted away and dissolved into the soilokay.

Magnesium is is more negative would would would have a tendency to twoto consume even faster if you couple magnesiumto steal current flows from the more negative to the more positivecurl flow of the magnesium we're currently is a metals where corrosionoccursmagnesium will consume or sacrifice itselfin this galvanic reaction okay occur will flow from the magnesium to thesteelhow much karol flow that's gonna be a function ofwhat the resistances voltage differences textmechanism has a natural potential still has a certain potential remember when weflow currently at the still potentials gonna change is gonna polarized becomemore negativeso that difference in voltage potentialwe call the driving force okay that's

How much we can push current of that magnesium?

so the advantagesa galvanic an assist in a lot people will come to us and say I wanna seepieces my galvanic sistersacrificial systems that are poor powersupply and atgreat we can do that maybe if it works rightor very limited because we have a very small driving forceless than between magnesiumand polarized steel okay so it's less than where's with the power supply many the paris by with we supply or votesmagnitude the border more more driving forceyour marker not American lighting up the structure with enough lightpolarizer butthere are occasions where many cement works just greattake a bunch of these and typically come in casting getsI've hunks about basically pound magnesium out very common in ourindustry

sorry to companies may have your period next thing you try protector on awire over to reconnect them so your circuitnot -pound bag and I will start to consume and start flow current under thesteel best it can if everything works out greatno work some cases it's just not enough for you need to man upso governor Dan Oates no need for powerin many cases their lower costs because you don't have a power supplyand in theory little or no maintenancethey have to physically connected

by he saidyes to my knees ass be connected to the pipe often they do it throughattestation so you can actuallymeasure how much current slowing of it as the only really waited to knowif then as the working or not about gonna wait nowseizes where now it also is waiting asked me how long the analyte will bebecause we know how much the magnesium will consume for everything upcurrent discharge of it so just like a light pole reversal mekilowatt-hours

an anode is rated for somebody am powersso if you know it's do in million volts andare two in a milli amps excuse me when you measure ityou calculate how long it's going to last based on how much weight hasdisadvantagesgalvanic anodes very low outputsmall driving force low output icon goldilocks anodesthe only work when the temperature you knowmember goldilocks story that the poor just too hot for just two to calledget company cannot only work when the circumstances line up perfectlysource to these meaning the current can flow too fast as hell to consume toofast

is there is a serious too high you not big enough current often protectanythingokay to structures to be aching knees too much current they're not gonna workbetween the two men have remained up putting inthousands of pounds at these as not cost-effective anymoreok I so icon goldilocks and i think is important when we talk to people aboutCPA

I that we were we we make sure they understand that there's no free lunchyes you don't need a power supply but they are limited to where they'rethey work and work well and that's where an expert can come and look at they tendto have short urlnow an odd life I don't have a large choice is for what and a material it isthere's a three medals magnesium aluminum zinc they're more negative st.I can't use anything elseok I on there's no power switchso what i install that and I discussed are distracting current based on theresistance in the soil and and andvehicles I R talk but that low bat but there's no adjustmentokay I put it and it starts working

really don't have a lot of love way of controlling itso I didn't is a design quite right or the design has was based on some flightdataand you put an there's no real adjustment with aimpressed current system with the rectifier power supply I have a switchI could turn up the power I can turn down the powercases there's a disadvantage there with that up beware copper grounding systemsif you remember copper was at -on that chart me as much more negative are much more positivewhen you're when you have copper and steel mixed togetherin a structure or if there's a piece of pipe pipeline there's a copper groundingsystem nearby

and their electrically connected that an outgoing trifecta copper firstbecause it's more there's a bigger driving force is more it's more positivewas not try to bring it up wears the same potential steel for comfort forflounder still quite a bitwhen is a parent with with government again it is they can never protect thecopper fast enough copper just sucks up currentfor copper does it's a grounding system and coppertake current really quickly takes a lot of current to shift the potential coppera lot more current that steelso you'll be where copper grounding systems as much harder to testand are powered by psychical powers by measure thingsso coming to town systems there's a misconception I think in with a lot of people in in various industries that use rust converter.

that the government systems arebecause I have no powers by there's no maintenance but I make the argumentthat it's also harder to test and you really never have that congress of a power supply I can have somebody go by the power supplyonce a month look at the Pan don't say yup it still kicking up currentstill kicking out what's an app's nothing's changed still workingthe Governing Council Smith Barry the pipeline is buriedits forgot about five years later and nobody's testing I got a call yesterdayfor guys got a pipeline project would go back and ask themhave you had a test is now do you know it's working nowhave had a rectifier powered by take a look at our sponsors yep it's stillworking is still workingyes when the because theyinto the that they her youryou could put test facilities and pick up and down system we design go bang outjust as we do do thatbut it does require some level love sophistication to test itabove and beyond just looking at a power supply in saying yes it's still where itwas last monthokay so with those systems you do require a little more specific actiontesting thembut yes we do definitely I mentioned earlier components you wanna haveprovisions for testingbut you know they're on until their consumed and then there they failstop unimpressed current and it's a little bit Ithere's like a conventional anodes and these the the Nexus either conventionalas these tend to be very large anodethe consumer relatively fast rates okaysort of pounds per ampere so we still need a pretty large anodeto journal our current the first one is our call graphite anodea slurry a piece of graphite as a cable connection to itstake in the ground and rancor of it it consumes a rateabout two pounds per ampere and you can generateabout half a nap per square foot a surface areaok I

the next generation of an a star uses in nineteen fifties estar come out withthesehigh so I can cast iron out back for that even they would take all railroadtiesthey cook them in the ground for powers by min pecan of the railroad tiesbut they came over for my scarf high silicon cast iron to special formulationused in an odd production of cast ironstill in use today quite common I saw kick-ass star Anna itsI their hunks or Saunders have cast ironthey consume read about one pound per ampere so slow but better demographicprices better

graphite are and they can'tkick out twice as much current for same square footage but onewanna am per square footthen in the nineteen eighties her sixties and the moving in the s westart using precious metalanodes and these precious metal Annan'son they're much smaller and oatskick out a lot more current have a lot longer lifeokay he's a real high-tech anodes first love platinumlot of issues a platinum anodes a Mac or was at the forefrontusing platinum and it for a long time I lot experience when we still use andsome selected caseswhy Ranger configurations basically become a verythen layer of platinum

micron levels of platinumover some sort of a substrate some forever metal that holds the Platinum onthe climate here's to and onthey consider a about micrograms per amperemilligrams per ampere very low constant concern not not compound for happier nowtalk aboutmilligrams per ampere and they can take out $ off per square foot is posed toone or twowonder half an hour per square foot so I get a lot more current offer themI'm sure a lot more current offer a smaller and a packageand the last longer and they make we started with the mixed metal oxide andoutsa wide range of configurations andI'm toa wide range configurations andthese have almost no consumption rate actually miss boxer and other uniquepiece and that's what Mac or does nowall the answer we produced with exceptions some the platinum and as weproduced.

Mixed metal oxide based and its mixed metal oxideI'm actually is more the catalyst than an hourall the other as we talk about really give up or consumephysically consume this is a dimensionally stable and noover to it allows the corrosion reaction to occur are alas current to justto start of it in the presence or voltage gradientto me rephrase again if you have a vote to trim your power supplies during avoltage differentialover that anode you'll start taking of currentis not actually part of is not giving up itself to kick off current like alike a commensal outward but it it usesthe environment to generate current with the current generator but has a finitelife at some pointit ceases the workers manner okay but these things last a very long timeworries that

specialize in building national oxide no because youexceptionally long lifeexcept for high-reliability and generatelarge mount a current for a small and outthat's your thing the anode I miss my lock size actual coding over titaniumsubstrate so we take titanium metalthat metal can be in a wide-ranging configurations actually won my letterslike to talk about configurationsI'm like a cast iron and over based your casting a cylinderlong rod okay and you can only cast a lot ofneed structures we can we can cast metal oxide or we canwe can make coat Meek Mill oxide on a wide range %uh structuresfears ribbons wires we do a lot a wire and always very thin wire color wouldmake my rods to plates

mass chicken wire mash for example you brown concrete us is a wide range ofconfigurationsthat you can use me a lot of them some the other components in an assistantwhile on these bodiesthese are private up we often use a backfill around the Annamy back to Liz it's a nice low resistance environment that we're goingto start coming off the anodeit's nice that the current destruction to a nicelow resistance environment what that does is it it's like when you have alight bulb in your houselike bob is actually at filament element andincandescent light bulb but then there's a housing around it so that the likedischarges really of that housing well that's at the core back to work for CokeLaskar district evenly of the entire Anna so the entire wears evenlyand then it distracts from the coke into the soilanother oh man professor impressed current systems is the power supplyI was in the Gulf an existing we talk about that no part by don't have awrecked carbut this is a common backfire at first comment all shapes and sizesand an FBI AC electricity generator power supplyok I pipelines remote areas where there's no lack of powerwe can use it like for Jenner a generator allottees gas pipelines arethey've got gas flowing through many where farewell had cited the net poweron their day the guy gas wellhead but there's no AC power to it well they'reproducing gas they have natural gas you people generator there that burns anatural gascreates electricity to run your CP system solar powerwith batteries your solar power panel

are several solar power panels I go battery system the batteries DC poweryou got your CP systemyou're off and running with no no electric power letter powersduring the cheapest way to go become a solar power or thermal electricgenerators that burn gasor some for a fuel cell hybrid system the start to get expensivebut if you have no power that might be a way to gosome other components we talk about test stations Bill Maher thingsuses or yellow pipes if you drive along Highway your guy sees all your pipesticking up on the size of highwaysSATC all signs a gas pipeline the test asiansthat's an ability to go in touch the work or electrically connect to thepipetter dig it upI N exit right here in the center picture the center picture you see somewires connected to the pipeline's owner put the pipeline nthey'll makeattachments to the pipe so you can physically test the pipe without aday of the pipeline to make a connection to the pipe at that point sows testestypically they put a new pipeline in a protest Asian every mile now every mileyes place to connect to the pipeline RNon the on right hand side there's a reference electrodereference electrode is just a fixed potential that you could put that inyourshown there's a sack there's a lot we make those here here in our shopI'm put the reference electrode you bury it you put it next to the metalstructurenow that you are coming up the structural are coming up on some rightthere above ground I have to take a voltmetermeasured potential between the structureand the reference out suffix known potential and do your testingthat's how you can test to see if you're getting polarizationyou can turn CP system of way to Adi polarizes completelyyou can measure it an intern CP system onallow overtime for to polarize go back to measure againstyou can measure what that polarization its am I getting enough light to protectthat structurewe're getting a little bit of design theory here this is not intended to makean interview designers SEP system but just to give you an idea of whatinformation we tend to look for and how we go about designing CP systemsguy so there's my legal disclaimer just cuz he said here mississippi cover design don't do it at home in a couple ways you can startI was like to start with the structure tribe attacked that's you allapplication that we showed earlier show the picture that will see you allwhat's the structure what's geometry what's its sizeis that code is it not code is the coding brand new and really high-qualitybecause we have some great coatings today was put in the nineteen fifties inthe coatings technology in nineteen fifties once a good plusit's now for your fifty-years-old coding okaycoatings the last for the great so so we ask questions about thatI'm is electrically continuous you have some structures that there may not be alateral continuitybetween different parts of it okayductile iron pipe systems are really bad for that cause a ductile iron pipedesertersjoint a pipe for joint galore bell to itthe other has got a Gosset to it they the pushin pressure fitting togetherput a gasket between I gasket because let go isolationso you may not have continuity between one section the other that could bereallybad issue when you separate thanked action on it because what happens is youpull right one segmentoccurrence not flowing to the segmented isolated because it's not for thecircuitand now said you have a major opting for current to flow of a viewer CP systemonto the structureis isolated and then back off again his ass to get back to thisto the circuit and workers back of corrosion call thatinterference and usually cause corrosion very quickly if you do thatwhat's the solution you have to have bonded structuresok I or and suck as you may have to dig up the structure and put bondsmenyeah select who are they pay they willattached to both sides have a pizza pie to joinyeah I'm with the seawall you can test for continuityyeah you got one into the pipeline go the other in the pipelinerun a wire between them and see if there's like I know you're notwe will do continuity testing on some structures that see you all a show thoseare generallyindividual segments she theirpiled driven in the ground and connected what you wanna make sure thoseconnectionsare let go so what's a global test measures your country there again freezethe bond across somearm so so there's dismisses their what metal is number I mention her some battles that you don't want to puttoo much light ontobecause you can damage them metal carbon steel is itis it is a copper in the area great worry about coppers there's a lot ofquestions we'll ask about the structure we're trying to protectthe second stageis to evaluate the environment ok Iup around the structuresays about with Russia in effect a slight apologize I'mso we went too far talk about the environment what what's around thatstructure

okay that's that she Powell all that we showed okayis that seawater freshwater because that's allAllegra for river where the water fresh as awhole different animal benefits in seawater is it in seawater up in thenortheastwhere the waters cold and is not much salt in it was it down in the caribbeanworst warm all the time Mira mentioned temperatureaffects corrosion rates affected significantly every ten degrees Celsiusincrease in temperaturedoubles the grocer guyas a general rule of thumb for corrosion rates can't go out really quickly if youget an elevatorthat's why things in hot temperatures always interesting lot faster and thingsin colder temperaturesI'm so it's a lot of questions we asked about the environmentdoes environment changers a steady-state okayif you're back or we're located hereyour Philadelphia the Delaware River changes seasonallyin the summer the salt line moves up the riveryou end up with very low resistance very salty corrosive waterin the winner that's all I tested to move back towardsthe ocean you have a structure to have be more freshwaterlast corrosion less less corrosive Ross a more difficultto flow current through cuz now the resistance the water change a bitso does this does the environment changeover times a seasonalin some places the soilscan change radically justyou know when it's wet season or dry seasonso we ask questions about the environmentI'm the final step to consider is and a placementare there constraints to where I can put the AnnaI'm earlier talked about a flashlight bring a close to all moving it backsometimes you can't move it back sometimes you're physicallyconstrained in the what I can do with where I can put an Aokay if we're working on a a gas wellthe owner owns a hundred-foot by hundred-foot squareplot where his gas well as and around that a former SEALI put an ad in the farmer's field andevery spring East running his tractor through there and and and you know I'vebe careful wherehowdy property and knows where to put the wires will even let me put anaudience feelyou got put a month in that one hundred-foot squareI well casing that he that the that the operators lease from the the field soso there's all kinds of questions about where can i put anodesis open stream I design so after about my questions aboutwas a structure what's the environment around the structureand what's the constraint for what country and as I can use now I can startthinking about designingthe first thing we do when we design a CP systemis we try to evaluate how much current I'm going to needand government lighting up the structure putting enough light on the structure tolight it uphow much like to any we can run some calculations on thatokay on so there's theoretical calculations that we can run todeterminehow much like I need another way to do it well the field testedokay I take a portable or aon goodreportable on power supplyI Drive an anode in the ground or stake in the ground around current offer thatI measure how much shift I get to the structurecall that I a condom and testlet's say I put to absent current of thisis a car battery for that we actually done that will take a car battery willput a stake in the ground will have the car battery upwill provoke me on the structure was up structure shifted Nov altered of based on that I can extrapolatehow much current I need just to shift at a hundred normalokay just got a car tremendous sometimes Kurt mantis were greatmany times we just estimate okay we know that if we put so much current persquare foot a surface areaon dope a car carbon steel structure they were gonna get enough polarizationthe surface structures the biggest issue youryes what we're trying to protect soagain a sample calculation or talk about an above-ground storage tank in a verycommonCP application Mac or a systems that we sell for thisI let's take a foot diameter tank bottomto the pig crew or storage tank to her foot diameter okaylike it see I'm roundup refinery or term or near airport we've got bigfuel storage tanks to her foot diameterexecutives nice easy to miss the rate is and calculate thearea over circle I R squaredokay so we know we've got thirty , square feeta surface area on that tank bottom that sitting on the sand bassK well if we know that I only one million per square footAVP air service area protect that tank bottom I know about , square feeti know it. . amps tubesto protect it having engineers we always over design thanks what's out there werefifty answercapacity I have ask paseando that I can protect that Akbarso with our current density requirements were tightly how much current we needthe current issue cards varies with electrolytes

and being in this business for a long time and and and the industry's developcertaincurrencies that are typically are standard usedfor steel in soil thats knotsreally badly corrosive moderately crosses soils $ million per square footgoodreally corrosive soils very low resistance wet soilswith lots assaults on that might get on the Gulf Coast or marshy areasyou might need York $ million per square foot if you got steel in seawaterit might be ten millions per square foot if it's still in seawater this reallywarmyou might wanna go to more than that okayso we come up with these these guidelines so it varies depending on thestructure it very proud typeof mentally protectingmember I mention copper really loves current you can throw a lot occurring onthe copperto protect still takes million per square foot to protect coppercase not twenty million per square foot twenty times as much currentas copper lots current nowoften we don't really care about protecting copperbut if the coppers in the same circuit is a steal I've got a protected to beobject to stealso that case sometimes its copper zinc if you're on a power play with the got agrounding grid you try and pick the plant piping the plant piping is notisolated from the ground a greatas very difficult isolate the plant piping the ground a great you have toworry about the ground a great damaging a prime you a lot more currentso you can see current to the copperso you could get some current to go to the steelwe can decide to an out selectionthis requires a pretty good understanding ofhow much design life we need is different and not consume a differentratesand the quantity vanity want to put its gonna be a function of how long you wantthe old system lastfor building a brand new foot diameter crude oil storage tank and youknow that thanks to be in service fifty sixty seventy yearsand your pussy pieces and underneath that tank where you can't get thereagainonce it's built this really almost impossible to get back underneath thattankyour pussy pieces miss design for fifty or sixty yearsso you wanna design life a current distribution in that gets intowhat's a geometry a structure how where the animals need to be located to getcurrent to light up the whole structurewhere my constraints were can't I put anodes I'mwater electrolyte stability does that the environment change over timeI so it's a lot a constraint for comes to picking what and how to useone other issue with our house and its system resistanceokay and oats have a resistance factorbased on their geometry largely okayso it's important selecting an anode has some idea of how much resistance youneeddrive current other through some miscalculationsa bit but the key thing there and would like to really drives with resistance atthe end it is the longer the anodethe lower the resistance to the Anna outwe have some questions that we run through I'm we have great Scot lightequation you used to calculate and resistancenot get and the I'm calculating that too muchI but as you can see from this calculation here five got a four inch byAT&T graphite has a standard size for graphite out for its diameter by inches longprolong anode okay and put in four thousand summers of fort out of theirmissilesrelatively normal soil okay it's notsuper low resistance is not super high resistance itspretty common a slow Rangers it no onesomeone told me they had soil and it was not in the desert no one in the GulfCoastyou know in a marshy area I would use , , summer solstice the gasuntil we had some datathat's a common for resistance that -inch by -inch graphitewhen you're on the basket have about owns resistancewhich means to get one have a current offer that any voltsas because I R are and you cancopley there's other composers this is %uh not get too much into the resistancehereI did mention vehicles I R this is a verybasic electrical omequation the current this discharge the functionsresistance and the voltage appliedagain with the Gulf and again is that the component is very smallbecause I only have a difference between the the National potential one model toanotherwith the power supply I can just the voltage but putting a bigger powersupplyI design my calculationsI'm I mention the hot water heater and the five year warranty in yearwarranties and then calculate how long the outgoing lastthat's part of what we do when we design CP system say we're in it so muchcurrentwe designed it for so much current when other consumption re the anodewe can come up with a design life calculation we can calculate pretty much

how long that house the lastif it operated at the conditions were expected to be operated athow often we designed it for amps go on the fieldfind out that house is fine well that's great now to last longer cuz I'm notrunning as fastor you got the field you find out you know what it wasn't exactly aa foot long she powell's foot-longand take a little more current than we thought I was gonna take or operate thattan system a £mwell that's fine work in most casesbut my last as long as you designed it toso in this application that for it by aliens graphite I talked aboutoperating at three amps has a way to poundsI'm about . years I found that Annaca that the best solutionI don't know that depends on the the actualapplication requirements maybe nine point six years is great or maybe about mannow got forty five years life that's pardesign process this is wrapping up the design basicsICP system designs quantitative meaning there's things I can calculateI kinda happen how much current anything to clear how long the end of the lastbased on the number of an attack put in there and how fast thethe channel consumes I'm however the designs also veryqualitative okay Iwhy CCP designs qualitative Chrisit want to cap a helmet light I need to light up the structure for as long as Iwanna lighted upbut there's also the issue where I put the lights where I put these an urge tomake sure the currents distributing properly to the whole structurehey and that's a qualitative assessment this reallyalmost impossible tooth completely calculate that for every uniqueapplicationsup this is easier than others but in many cases it's it's a pretty complexconsiderationthere are basically three and outregulations ways that we place an out one is called a remote Hannahgoing to that detail your what is called discrete analysts a bunch of individualanodesthat are discreetly placed in selected locationsand the third way to call any ran a as long Annathat nowruns along like parallel to the structure trying to protectschool terminology here ground badthat's a common term in our industry a ground that basically is a place wherein an hour locatedwe talk about shallow ground beds with a run de piano ground bedsshall grab it generally means is located close to the surface- feet depth ade piano ground bed is grounded where we might draw down feet put in a really deep in the earth so they'll spread current along waysso remote ground bed systemRemo ground beds we use that term there's actually some car beingelectrically remotefor far enough away from something you're like the remote meaning thatevery pore structure basically the same distance electricallyfrom the other I use the analogy a stadium lighting at a football stadiumokay I do these presentations are national have this picture of a cricketfieldlit up but now they understand cricket United States armbut India they love cricket some that's why useor soccer stadium turn Englander someplace butself-concept the same I can light up a football stadiumfrom three or four lights for like spur like tension onon four corners and football stadium if they're far enough awayand a high-powered enough I can light up the whole stadium so people can read thenewspaper and read a book they canfree to play book taken play football or whatever for just a few lightsbut that we really high-powered nap before enough wayokay we have an systems are like that are durable system we manufacture hereI'm at our facility it's a deep and out system its intended to go three fourhundred feet down the ground as attended tickle our current from onedeep an outlook a cinematic up forty fifty has a currentokay to now goes to it statewidethis is a typical Tea panel configurationgot holes drilled in the ground and thendown to the bottom holes an active area where to put an O's one or more anodesinto the ground those panels are designed to kick out like prettyexpensive installationwas very effective put locker now and every designer right it can last longtimeart thermal systems are typically designed the last thirty-plus yearskey issues with the panel systemsa you are about a.m.their high output systems okay that's not always goodthere are some issues with high output in a system that has been designedproperly at his right materials you have to use the right constructiontechniques yet put in the right place on if you havechlorides naturally occurring fluoride results in the groundpar the reaction occurs at the anode usual generate corning gasnot a whole lot budgetary some Korean gasquite gas gun attack cabling cause premature failure system that's why fordrama system for user

corn resistant Kynar cablingso this misuse with her but that's all for the designcurrent radiates indiscriminately I put a deep an assist in the ground currentsjust writing of itokay anything it's electrically connected to the circuitis subject to getting current I can't really control workouts went by prettybounce is no power plant about network a pipe to the power plant I got groundingand other stuffthey're all electric enacted I can't control where the current gonna go verywellflat up a lot a current lineup everything just like my Stadium analogyfederov cart like the whole place upI may not have places where is good like commonly used to protectplan varmints were have a real congested underground throw but city Pantojayou through a tunnel light up to current up in from from these the panel's up totheto the surface and try to protect everything trial I love everything otheralso commonly used crack she power loss reserve that ischeap hours to clear coated in a given the ground in a large pair service areaso you start doing the math is very mean a lot a currentokay pas is my second to put the deep an odd systemoffset it from there the C Powell election that diagram earlier put itdeep enough you might affect both sides actually powerwith just one land-based system sometimes end up putting out in thewater is well protectedjust depends on of to use forfor long-distance pipelineslike I said people one and a station and going are miles per annum stationinthey're protecting miles insurrectionnot at all uncommonanother similar I'm Anna to thedeep an assistant car remote horizontal ground bad remote cores are out there isbasically the same thingexcept the seller going down I'm going awayokay so I have a pipeline I can put a bunch of bananas to create myhigh-poweredremote system have to get a far enough away this remoteokay from this case I might be a thousand feet away from the pipelinethis basically is a bunch of an output together into a call around bedhorizontalshall around it now this is because it to let your vote meaning it'sthis pipeline here here here know where we go along a pipelinebasically the same current distanceokay I'm on electromode I will protect a large swath that pipeline just as if I'droll down five hundred feetwith the underground that way very common in places likeappear in the Northeast where we are very shallow bedrocksorry the place in the Northeast if you go five feet twenty feet on the ground your gonna hit rockiraq has not conducted your brand's iraq has nothing with the start of themso there often they'll put shall around bit further awaythey can generate a lot of current thats were im mp is our package canister andoutsin MP's are used for correct that they're commonly used to grantlinear and it can also be used for a remote pours on ground thatdiscrete cannot systems a discrete how systemare fundamentally anodes okay if we use the stadium lighting analogywhere you got one high-powered bank of lightsprotecting a lot these are like floodlightsthey're still pretty high-powered not nearly as high poweredas for stadium lights said to be forty or fifty has me we're talking about amps current a put-onyou know every so many feet twenty feet feet feet you know where yourspace someand their space around the structure so that your lighting up the structure forme to these individual discretelights RMNP czar canister energy use for this purpose as wellokay and typically are put in a five to for deathso you can take an auger iton you drill hole fire for D you drop the anode in the wholego on some distance away put another one inand another one to you got enough %uh to protect the structureyou can't attack them all together in one one strand or youror your rectifier or you can connect themto I'm junction box and power the junction box in Iraq for a bit ultimatethey were all get connected to aone or more rectifiers if you've got enough for them spread around if largefacilityyou may have multiple wreck firepower in banks have these discrete and adsthe issue with the street out just like spotlights around the houseis where I put them how I make sure that their space I'm getting currenteverywhere okay is I don't put the lights on right place to my peers aregetting currentmess more art than a science in factif you take the same application give it three different CP designer Jimmy fordifferent designsokay because everyone's myspace will defer my place in the differentthere's no right answer either works or doesn't work okaythere's a right answer is No one right answerthat's why when you do these discrete on systems it's really important to go backafter the fact test themfor Jeffrey system screen down system speciallyI the other issue a discrete out systems

and here's to the doll diagram over discrete Annain this case is a go at it as a hong kong magnesiuminstalled next to appease a pipe is protecting some area that pipe back toprotecteverywhere bikers it's close enough like my flashlight now-defunct act a certainamount that pieand the protest asians I can test itfor the event again looks like the on the magnesium we stick into usa sack this film with the backfill material andyou buried next to the the structure type attackthe same thing that impressed current anode that's also discreet Annanow you gonna run a cable to a power supply and use the power supply with allthe advantages a power supply has a volume switch to turn up and downI can jury more current offerthis is art mixed metal oxide canister anodegreat an urs lightweight low-cost easy installvery long life quite robust onas a discrete Anna here's a diagram of a discrete out systemthis is a madness is being a simple power plant may be a gas line systemgoing to a housing developmentok I got a mainline come in n and yellow truck lines coming offyou won't protect that so the space anna'sokay how many energy need how far apart they arethats design issues some designers can sit there and I think and in this farapartand hopefully they get it so that you're getting current another flighteverywhere you need to goso I was discreet out systems we went from high-poweredto medium power now require really low powered systemsa linear out systems like fiber optic lighting and we're playing a fiber opticlightyou put your hand around it there's no he coming off that lightit's very low-power okay very low intensitythat rule in Reno is analogous to like fiber optic lightingthey have some significant advantages over screen out now I just placed inparallel to the wholestructure I know I'm closely coupled to it I'm very low output but because it'sclosely coupled I'm gonna be protectingeverywhere that an hour agoI liked it on use that light analogy if I rap like you see in thismiss my poor picture fiber optic light all around for her poorwhy so hopeful look really nicewith housework same way if your call that picture thatthe pipeline system where had sign where to put the anodesthis case almost foolproof designI'm put the entire epilogue part where the pipe ghost the house right next toit is the rust converter, yes.

The house properly sized its gonna light upthat part we is a lot for power plant projects and plant piping products fornew constructionI new construction compressor stations where they're puttinghyping in the stationgreat design because as reported by Penny is putting on a parallel to itin China on the west-east gas pipeline a large pipeline project going on in theworldas a rock face three dow they've gotthousands and thousands meterslove when I ran out on compressor stations following Pikejust like is shown here lot Avengers to this from a %uh CP design system one youknow ityou know that wherever the sea where the animal isthat pipe is close to it is getting currentand also is extremely long life these disease winner and systemsthere have designed by to years easilybecause they're not for now all our current trust you are well nuclear byhere's a picture over winner after installationI'm fairly simple way in the back there was plenty traveler areEngineering Manager I am this is a power plant projectin New Jersey quick story I think I have a few minutes leftup this is the power plant their buildingand they said we want to put d panel system atstadium lights what a pretty bounce is more protectiveone gas lines gonna run around the whole plan everything else the plants plasticpipe

we do have copper grounding system so we know that we're gonna have put a lot ofcurrentin the ground because copper to suck up summerand with a great we can put that the ban on system and but then you have to testitafter some areas because again I don't really control where currents going withthe ballot systemthere some areas that pipeline are getting enough current we have put somemore systems atand we ask a question to build the pipeline yet hour in the militarydictatorto construct the right now to get related we've gone well we manufacturethis linear am a productI could have that too you know in three days

for you back for the pipe if he is late parallel to your pipe you don't worry.

In conclusion Rust converter can work well and do those things that cathodic systems can do over a longer time period.