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Dr James Tate, Institute for Transport Studies
BACKGROUNDEmission Factor Estimates (2010)
Carslaw, D., Beevers, S., Tate, J., Westmoreland, E., Williams, M. 2011. Recent evidence concerning higher NOx emissions from passengercars and light duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, December 2011, pg 7053-7063, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.063
BACKGROUNDInfluence ofVehicle Specific Power (2013)
Carslaw, D., Williams, M., Tate, J., Beevers, S. 2013. The importance of high vehicle power for passenger caremissions. Atmospheric Environment, 68, April 2013, pp 8-16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.033
PETROL DIESEL
OVERVIEWThe Real fleet & their Real Driving Emissions
Remote Sensing▶ Method
▶ Results
ABERDEEN Spring 2015 Real Fleet
Real Emissions
ZURICH Spring 2015
Laboratory testing Euro 6 /VI▶ Transport for London
Analysing Laboratory + Remote Sensing measurements
Outlook
Camera(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser(Common
Configurations)
Camera(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser(Common
Configurations)
ESP RSD-4600 instrument (www.esp-global.com)
UVIR
REMOTE SENSINGMethod
ABERDEENPassenger car results Particulate Matter
Die
sel_
E0
Die
sel_
E1
Die
sel_
E2
Die
sel_
E3
Die
sel_
E4
Die
sel_
E5
Die
sel_
E6
Petr
ol_
E0
Petr
ol_
E1
Petr
ol_
E2
Petr
ol_
E3
Petr
ol_
E4
Petr
ol_
E5
Petr
ol_
E6
qH
ybrid_E
4
qH
ybrid_E
5
qH
ybrid_E
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PM
(index.
km1
)
CO2
PM10
NOX
ABERDEENPassenger car results NOX
Die
sel_
E0
Die
sel_
E1
Die
sel_
E2
Die
sel_
E3
Die
sel_
E4
Die
sel_
E5
Die
sel_
E6
Petr
ol_
E0
Petr
ol_
E1
Petr
ol_
E2
Petr
ol_
E3
Petr
ol_
E4
Petr
ol_
E5
Petr
ol_
E6
qH
ybrid_E
4
qH
ybrid_E
5
qH
ybrid_E
6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
NO
X(g
ram
s.km
1
)
CO2
PM10
NOX
#DIESELGATENOX emissions of 2.0 litre diesels by marque &Year registrationSurveys 2015: Aberdeen & Leeds
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Year of registration
NO
X(g
ram
s.k
m
1)
Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
Emission standard
October 2015
#DIESELGATENOX emissions of common marques & models
Euro Standard
NO
X(g
ram
s.k
m1)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5AUDI
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
BMW FORD
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
LANDROVER MERCEDES
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
PEUGEOT SKODA
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
VAUXHALL VOLKSWAGEN
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5VOLVO
October 2015
12
thM
ay2016
ABERDEENHGV results NOX
Art
ic_E
2
Art
ic_E
3
Art
ic_E
4
Art
ic_E
5
Art
ic_E
6
Rig
id_E
2
Rig
id_E
3
Rig
id_E
4
Rig
id_E
5
Rig
id_E
6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350N
OX/
CO
2ra
tio*
10000
Laboratory test so direct comparisons between vehicles can be made
Transport for London (TfL) testing over a ‘REAL’ London Drive Cycle developedfrom a sample of vehicle tracking data
Time periods:AM peak, Inter-peak, Free-flow
Road types: urban, suburban, motorway (urban)
TOTAL = 140 kms
Time (seconds)
Speed
(km
/h)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120motorway
0
20
40
60
80
100
120suburban
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 500 1000 1500 2000
urban
LABORATORYTESTINGTaking the road into the Laboratory
12 PASSENGER CARS: tested over the entire LDC (140 kms)
▶ Powertrains | petrol (2), diesel (9) and petrol-HEV (1);
▶ Exhaust after-treatments | 3 way Cat, LNT and SCR;
▶ Market segments | Compact, Supermini, Small family, Family/MPV, SUV/4x4,Prestige/sports and Hybrid; and
▶ Marques | BMW, Fiat, Lexus, Mercedes, Peugeot,Volvo andVolkswagen.
3 HEAVY-GOODS VEHICLES: tested over the suburban sub-cycles only
▶ Rigid HGV N2 7500kg
▶ Rigid HGV N3 18000kg
▶ Artic HGV N3 40000kg
▶ LADEN and UN-LADEN
1 Millbrook Vehicle Emission testing laboratories that meet therequirements of Directive 2007/46 EC Article 41, Section 3and have been designated as a Category A Technical Servicefor Individual Vehicle Approvals (IVA).
EURO 6 /VITaking the road into the Laboratory
10
0
12
0
14
0
16
0
18
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Average CO2 (as % of type-approval [g/km])
Avera
ge
NO
X[
g/k
m]
Euro 5b/b+ diesel limit
Euro 6b/c diesel limit
Petrol-Hybrid
CompactPrestige/sports
Small familySmall family
Family/MPV
Family/MPV
Small familySUV/4x4
Supermini
Prestige/sports
Family/MPV
EURO 6 Passenger carsTaking the road into the Laboratory
Moody, A., Tate, J. 2016. In service CO2 and NOX emissions of Euro 6/VI cars, light- and heavy-duty goods vehicles in real Londondriving: Taking the road into the Laboratory. The 21st Transport and Air Pollution (TAP) Conference, Lyon, France, May 24-26, 2016.
15
EURO 6 Passenger carsTaking the road into the Laboratory
VSP (kW.ton1
)
NO
X*1
00
00
/CO
2
0
5
10
15
0 10 20 30
DIESEL-LNT
0 10 20 30
DIESEL-SCR
16
EURO 6 Passenger carsLaboratory & Remote Sensing data
17
aN
2rigid
0%
load
aN
3rigid
0%
load
bN
2rigid
100%
load
bN
3rigid
100%
load
cR
SD
rigid
d
dN
3art
ic0%
load
dN
3art
ic100%
load
zR
SD
art
ic
0
20
40
60
80
NO
X/
CO
2ra
tio
*10000
https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf
EURO 6 HGVsLaboratory & Remote Sensing comparison
Remote Sensing RDEOUTLOOK
Euro 6c diesel analysis
Continuous operation step change in sample size
European Remote Sensing data sharing initiative
Compliment Laboratory & PEMS studies
Apply BIG data analysis techniques e.g.
▶ Screen “polluting” marques & models for laboratory or PEMS testing
▶ Impact of engine “down-” & “right-” sizing
▶ Influence ambient TEMP & Relative Humidity (RH)
In-service DETERIORATION diesel after-treatment systems
SCR performance with age
Falling primary NO2 emission fraction
Dr James Tate, Institute for Transport Studies
