SCHOOLSCHOOLSCHOOLSCHOOL OFOFOFOF ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE, BUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDING ANDANDANDAND DESIGNDESIGNDESIGNDESIGN

BACHELORBACHELORBACHELORBACHELOR OFOFOFOF QUANTITYQUANTITYQUANTITYQUANTITY SURVEYINGSURVEYINGSURVEYINGSURVEYING (HONOURS)(HONOURS)(HONOURS)(HONOURS)

Construction Technology 1 (QSB 1514 / BLD60104)

Group Assignment -

No. Name Student ID

1 Chua Jia Cheng 0315160

2 Tan Chuu Yee 0315097

3 Tan Kai Sin 0315213

4 Tan Wen Hao 0313690

5 Wong Yun Shi 0315225

TableTableTableTable ofofofof ContentsContentsContentsContents

No. Titles Page

1 Introduction of Suriamas Condominium 1

2 Foundation 2

3 Slab 6

4 Roof 10

5 References 12

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction ofofofof SuriamasSuriamasSuriamasSuriamas CondominiumCondominiumCondominiumCondominium

( Image credit to http://www.iproperty.com.my/condominiums/condo_gallery.aspx?bid=1604 )

Suriamas condominium is a condominium that contains 675 units and divided into 3 blocks

with 16 storeys high. It is located at Banadar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Bandar Sunway is

the country's first resort-like township. ( Sophia, n.d ) Therefore, Bandar Sunway is now a hot

place in Klang Valley. There are entertainment, commercial and education buildings around this

area. Thus, the main function of Suriamas Condominium is to provide the citizens that work or

study at this area to live.

Surimas Condominium is a good place to stay because it has many facilities. For example,

playground, gym, convenience shop and so on.

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FoundationFoundationFoundationFoundation

The foundation of Surimas Condominium is pile foundation. Pile foundation is a type of

strong and deep foundation. Suriamas Condominium is located at Bandar Sunway which is

formerly a tin-mining area. ( Chakra, n.d. ) The type of soil is non cohesive. It is medium

textured sandy soil which is low bearing capacity. Pile Foundation is used in this project because

the pile can transmits the load deeper into the subsoil where denser material can be found, and

the capacity is grater, so it can prevent collapse, uplift and able to support high load, for example,

16 stores. ( Northumbria University, n.d. )

Next, the type of piles used by Surimas Condominium is precast reinforced concrete piles.

Precast reinforced concrete pile is used in this building because it is durable than timber pile.

Concrete pile is also waterproof and stable in squeezing ground, for example, soft clay. Besides,

concrete pile is corrosion resistance while timber pile easy to decay by insect or water. Precast

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concrete pile is chosen because save time and cast in place concrete pile has limited length. ( The

Constructor, 2012 )

Moreover, end bearing pile is chosen for Surimas Condominium. In this case, the pile will act

as the column, the pile will be driven into ground, penetrate dense sand or gravel until the

bedrock. The load will transmit through the pile and supported by the bedrock. Friction pile

cannot be used in this case because, it obtains its support by skin friction which is usually

embedded in cohesive soil wich usually is firm clay. ( The Construction Civil, 2012 ) However,

the type of soil of Surimas Condominium is non cohesive soil. Therefore, end bearing pile is

more suitable for this building.

Raft foundation

Raft foundation basically covers the whole building and usually extends beyond it. It’s used

when column or other structural loads are close together and raft foundation is slab up to 300mm

thick and its thicken under load bearing wall. Normally construction use raft foundation because

it is the best suited for use on soft natural ground or mining areas but its cost expensive. The two

types of raft foundation commonly used are the flat raft and the wide toe raft. In addition, raft

foundation is used when the structural wall that is very close to each other and could cause

overlapping or when the soil is loose and soft.

Raft foundation is not being used for Suriamas because raft foundation covers the whole ground

area of the building which can be very costly due to its large surface area. Special treatment is

needed for point load in raft foundation although it only needs a little excavation work. Raft

foundation acts as single unit, therefore eliminating differential settlement.

Due to its capacity to resist heavy loads under poor soil condition, pile foundation in commonly

used in high rise building. However, the design of pile foundation is costly and more time is

spent on construction compared to pile-raft foundation.

Trench foundation

Trench foundation basically more in reducing the width of trench, quantity of excavation,

backfill and surplus soil removal also reduced. It’s is the deeper foundation provides greater

resistance to fracture from unequal settlement. As research, trench fill foundation is extra

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economical than raft foundation. Some trenches are created as a result of erosion by running

water or by glaciers. Glaciers which means by have long since disappeared. In ‘trench-fill’

narrow trenches are drug to the required foundation depth and completely filled with concrete.

Therefore, the method minimises the amount of excavation as access to lay blocks or bricks in

the trench is no longer required. Strips excavated through poor ground to reach suitable bearing

layers can prove difficult due to variability of the trench sides, mostly at changes in direction of

the strip. This can be overcome by using proper trench supports. However, the problem can often

be more economically supported by good design. Thus, if the builder spots that there may be

ground motion then they will counsel that the sides of the trench should be lined with a

compressible material and mesh reinforcement.

Compare and contrast between Piled, Raft and Trench Fill foundation

Piled foundation Raft foundation Trench fill foundation

� When used outsideurban areas,usually the volumea bit so the pricewill be much moreexpensive

� The foundation needto be protect bylaying concretepaving around thebuilding that’s whycost expensive

� The extra cost of theconcrete is cancelledout by the cost ofthe blocks and thelabour cost to get itup to floor level. So,it may be cheaperand economical

� Creation processwill causevibration and noiseso very disturbingenvironment.

� Susceptible to edgeerosion occurs if nottreated properly

� They are quicker toprepare than deepstrip foundations.This means thatthere is less troubleonce the buildingwork starts and notas much labour timewill be needed

� For areas that arewithin a smallpath, workmanshipdifficult because oftransport factors

� Weak whensupporting pointloads, specifictreatment required

� It’s able to reachsuitable bearinglayers that can provedifficult due tovariability of thetrench sides/smallpath

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� New usage inurban andsurrounding areas

� Individual footingswould cover morethan about half of theconstruction area andits only required alittle excavation

� It is also usuallyused where there aretrees growingnearby and if thesoil in the area isloose

� Pile bearingcapacity on the useof a group orgroups (single poleload was preventedby two or morecolumns) verystrong

� The amount ofconcrete use eitherdig a footing600mm wide and ametre deep andprobably and putonly 300mm ofconcrete in or put in900mm of concrete

� Foundationbearing capacity ofsoil can reach themost hard

� Can cope with mixedor poor groundcondition and reducesdifferential settlement

� High recommendedof high water table,quick build and lesschance of falling

Alternative of foundation

The type of foundation of Suriamas Condominium can be replaced by piled raft foundation.

Piled raft foundation is the combination of pile foundation and raft foundation. Nowadays, the

number of residences of Suriamas Condominium keep on increasing, a unit who is planned for 4

people to stay is now become 6 or more people live in one unit and most of them are having their

own cars. It meanes the superimposed load of the building is increasing, thus, it need a more

stronger foundation that can support more load. Therefore, piled raft foundation is a good choice

as the raft can help to transfer the load to the ground and it is supported by the piles. Furthermore,

the presence of raft in piled raft foundation can provide redundancy to the piles. In Bandar

Sunway, it will rains heavily or rains continuously, hence the water is drained into the foundation

and cause the erosion of piles. However, the raft can allows some measure of re-distributions of

the load from the weaker piles to the healthy piles. In short, the raft help to reduce the influence

of the weaker piles in the foundations. ( Poulos, Small, & Chow, n.d , para 2 ). It make the whole

foundation become more durable and safer. In a nut shell, piled raft foundation is an alternative

to replace pile foundation of the Suriamas Condominium.

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SlabSlabSlabSlab

Suria Mas uses a In Situ concrete suspended floors. An in situ concrete floor is construct with

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reinforced concrete and is design to carry it's own weight and any imposed a loading, spanning

between structures. The benefit of using this type of slab is that it only needs a very low

maintenance cost, it has less joints, and is able to absorb tensile which could prevent and

minimize the cracking in the floor slab. There are two types of in situ concrete suspended floors

which are one-way and two ways between supports. Suria Mas is a big building which have 16

floors so in this case Suria Mas uses the one way slab because it's slab is uniformly thick and

have reinforcement bars in one direction and parallel supporting beams and could withstand the

walls and beams of Suria Mas, One way slab which is designed with a layer of steel fabric

reinforcement has the ability to prevent and avoid the surface from cracking which make it more

greater for the condo to use this slab.

A research of the comparison of reinforced precast concrete floor slab, reinforced cast in-situ

concrete floor slab and timber floor ware conducted. Details are shown in the table below.

PrecastPrecastPrecastPrecast ConcreteConcreteConcreteConcrete FloorFloorFloorFloorSlabSlabSlabSlab

ReinforcedReinforcedReinforcedReinforced CastCastCastCast in-situin-situin-situin-situConcreteConcreteConcreteConcrete FloorFloorFloorFloor SlabSlabSlabSlab TimberTimberTimberTimber FloorFloorFloorFloor SlabSlabSlabSlab

- Economies that canreasonable achievedthrough reduction inthe volume ofconcrete, the weightof reinforcement andthe size offoundations

- Concrete can beassumed as more orless monolithic

- Light footprintwhich is easy on theenvironment(minimizingdestructiveearthworks and costsof storm watersystems)

- Mostenvironmentallyfriendly buildingmaterials

- Elimination of theneed for formwork

- The need for formwork - No formwork isrequired. Easy toconstruct and adjuston site

- Curing time ofconcrete iseliminated thereforethe floor is available

- Construction canproceed independentlyof weather condition.

- Allows the mostefficient placementof heating systems

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Alternative for reinforced cast in situ floor slab

The alternative method to replace reinforced cast in-situ floor slab is the precast concrete floor

slab. First of all, the advantages of precast concrete floor includes as it doesn’t need formwork

and time taken for concrete to cure in the formwork can be eliminated which speed up the

construction time of Suriamas condominium thus saving more cost. Moreover, it has better

quality control in construction works because it is factory make which can provide a greater

quality of slab to withstand the weight of Suriamas condominium.

There are many types of precast concrete floor such as,

1. Precast Hollow Floors

2. Composite Floors

For this, we suggest that the use of precast concrete floor is composite floor. This is because,

composite floors are suitable for multi storey building such as Suriamas Condominium as it

reduces the structure load on the foundation below the building. In addition, composite floors are

the combination of precast unit and in-situ concrete. In composite floors, precast units that are

usually prestressed and reinforced with high yield bars are used to provide the strength of the

floor with the smallest depth practicable so that it can bare the load of Suriamas Condominium.

At the same time, it also act as permanent formwork to the in-situ topping that provides the

for use as a workingplatform at an earlierstage

- It’s not necessary topay for crane on site.

- Perfect choice whenbuilding inpotentially low lying,flood prone areas

- Superior qualitycontrol of product ispossible with factoryproducedcomponents.

- Better workingcondition for thebuilding operatives.

- Easy on the homeowners’ feet and legs(concrete slabs arehard on legs and coldunderfoot)

- Less flexible indesign term

- Embrace various shape - Higher aestheticalvalue compared toconcrete floor

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compressive strength required by Suriamas Condominium. Last but not least, composite floors

will act in the same manner as in-situ floor so it can be designed for more complex loading

which the multiple storey Suriamas condominium needed.

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RoofRoofRoofRoof

( Image obtained fromhttps://www.google.com.my/maps/place/Suriamas+Sunway/@3.0812291,101.6052552,191m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x31cc4c7b16c0d3f1:0xcd6422ff56fcb55f?hl=en )

Roof is the structure which forming the upper covering of the building. It also designed to accept

movement due to changes in temperature and moisture content. The types of roof of Suriamas

condominium are combination flat roof and pitched roof.

Flat roof

Flat roof is a roof with a pitch less than 10 degree and waterproofed with a membrane. Warm

roof was the most common form of flat roof. Flat roof constructed from asphalt or three-ply

modified bitumen with a thin layer of gravel to protect it from UV light. Flat roof consists of a

horizontal base which is fixed to ceiling joints below with waterproofed membrane applied on

top. It was irregular shape, designed to contain standing water and a slight pitch for drainage.

Flat roof was affordable. Besides, it can be done in single day if do replacement of roof.

Pitched roof

Pitched roof is a roof made up of two angled pieces which meet in the middle and gables at the

end. Both sides of the roof are the same, although sometimes it pitched at different angles for

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esthetic reason. Pitched roof have simple shape which have angle of slope to the horizontal lines

between 10 degree until 70 degree. It also creates a useful void for locating cold water storage

system. Pitched rood constructed for useful space in the garret area. The garret area often use for

storage or additional living room. It was flexible and the plans for garret area can be incorporated

into its design.

Combination of flat & pitched roof

Pitched roof will increases airflow and light filtration for giving more room to move. Combine

with flat roof which have good drainage. ( Nation Patios, n.d )

Comparison of Flat Roof, Mansard Roof and Hip Roof

Flat Roof Mansard Roof Hip Roof

Common in commercialconstruction

Common inhouse,building,restaurant Common in smaller building

Used in hot climate Suitable for all climate Suitable for all climate

Economical to construct Single & economical to build Expensive to build

No space lost below roof Water runoff Good water drainage

Drainage is not automatic Attracting look Less vulnerable to high winds

Leaking More complex to build

High maintenance cost High maintenance cost High maintenance cost

For terrace or sleeping porch More usable attic space No attic space

AlternativeAlternativeAlternativeAlternative forforforfor RoofRoofRoofRoof

The type of roof of Suriamas Condominium can be replaces by mansard roof. It is because it

suitable for all climates. Malaysian does not face problem of high wind therefore Suriamas

suitable to use. Besides, mansard roof has attracting look that will make Suriamas condominium

roof become antique. Suriamas residents basically are either student or family. Therefore the

owner willing to have attic space to build a room. Sometimes, they want attic space for a store

room too. Mansard roof which have this feature that have more attic usable space. Therefore,

Mansard roof was the more suitable alternative type of roof of the Suriamas Condominium.

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ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference

Sophia ( n.d ). Bandar Sunway : Township with a Theme. Retrieved June 1, 2014, fromhttp://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/malaysia/kuala_lumpur/district_in_kuala_lumpur/229/bandar_sunway:_township_with_a_theme.php

Chakra, Agni ( n.d ). Club History. Retrieved June 1, 2014, fromhttp://rotarysunway.org/page.php?pid=6

Northumbria University ( n.d ). Pile foundations. Retrieved June 1, 2014, fromhttp://nuweb2.northumbria.ac.uk/bedemo/Domestic_Foundation/page_13.htm

The Constructor ( 2012 ). Types Of Piles. Retrieved June 2, 2014, fromhttp://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/classification-of-piles/1799/

Onlineessayshub ( n.d ). CONSTRUCTION OF BASEMENT OF A TWENTY STOREYBUILDING IN GOLDCOAST, AUSTRALIA : CONSTRUCTION OF BASEMENT OF HIGHRISE BUILDING : Construction of Basement of High Rise Building. Retrieved June 2, 2014,fromhttp://www.onlineessayshub.com/samples/185-construction-of-basement-of-high-rise-building

Poulos1, H.G. , Small, J.C. & Chow, H. ( n.d ). Piled Raft Foundations for Tall Buildings.Retrieved 2 June 2014 fromhttp://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/78-84_H.G._Poulos_-_Piled_Raft_Foundations_for_Tall_Buildings_1__117.pdf

The Construction Civil ( 2012 ). Types of Piles – Deep Foundations. Retrieved June 2, 2014 fromhttp://www.theconstructioncivil.org/types-of-piles-deep-foundations

Slab. (2012, January 2). Slab. Retrieved June 3, 2014, fromhttp://www.slideshare.net/mtrego9441/slab

National Patios. Pitched & Flat Roof. Retrieved June 10, 2014 fromhttp://www.nationalpatios.com.au/single-skin-roof.html

Hurricane Retrofit Guide ( n.d ) Gable end bracing. Retrieved June 10, 2014 fromhttp://www.floridadisaster.org/hrg/content/roofs/bracing.asp.

The Helpful Engineer (2011, December 1). Flat roofs: Common problems and solutions.Retrieved June 10, 2014 fromhttp://thehelpfulengineer.com/index.php/2011/12/flat-roofs-common-problems-and-solutions/

Malaysia.answers.yahoo.com,. (2009). What are the advantages of using a trench fill foundation(deep strip) as opposed to strip foundations? - Yahoo Answers. Retrieved 16 June 2014, fromhttps://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091002090109AAb2kRe

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Littlerockfamilyhousing.com,. (2014). Advantages and Disadvantages of Use Pile | Little RockFamily Home-Housing Improvement Guidance. Retrieved 16 June 2014, fromhttp://www.littlerockfamilyhousing.com/diy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-use-pile.html

Civil-engg-world.blogspot.com (2014). What is Raft Foundation? Difference between RaftFoundations and Mat Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2014, fromhttp://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2012/06/what-is-raft-foundation-difference.html

Foundation, M. (2013). Raft Foundation - Advantages and Disadvantages of Raft Foundations.Civil Engineers Forum. Retrieved 16 June 2014, fromhttp://civilengineersforum.com/raft-foundation-advantages-disadvantages/

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