1.1

2. Basic Parameters Current: Uniform flow of electrons through a circuit iscalled current. Ampere is unit of Current . Its denoted byI Voltage : Potential Difference between two points orPressure required push the electrons from one point to another. Measured in terms of Volts . Denoted by V2 3. Basic Parameters Resistance : Opposition to flow of electrons inCircuit/Conductor. Measured in terms Ohms. Its denoted byR Impedance : Opposition to flow of Electron in a ACcircuit . Denoted byZ3 4. Ohms Laws Def : At constant temperature, Potential Difference between the two points in directly proportional to current flowing through it .4 5. Basic Components Circuits : Combination of Active & PassiveComponents connected in required fashion to get meaningful result. PASSIVE COMP: Comp. which doesn't have anyinternal capacity to change energy format from one form to another. Types : Resistor, Capacitor, Inductors5 6. Passive Components RESISTORCAPACITORINDUCTOR6 7. Resistor & Types Def : A discrete components which oppose the flow of current . Unit is Ohms Wattage is a power dissipation capacity of Resistor. Types: Fixed Resistor Variable ResistorSchematic Diagram7 8. Fixed Types Def : With irresprective any parameter changing thevalue resistor remains constant or fixed. Colour code ResistorFusable Resistor8 9. Fixed types WIRE WOUND RESISTOR1/81/4 1/212Resistor Network 59 10. Resistor Family Tree RESISTORS LEADEDSMTCARBON FILM+/-5% GENERAL PURPOSEMETAL FILMTHICK FILMMETAL OXIDE FILM+/-1% HIGHER PERFORMANCEWIREWOUNDHIGH POWER>2W HIGH POWER+/-1% +/-5% GENERAL PURPOSETHIN FILM0805) 11 12. Application of Fixed Types Feed Back Circuits Tuner Circuits Voltage Divider Circutis Phase Shift Circuits Tank Circuits Filter Circuits 12 13. Resistor colour Code Technique13 14. Variable Resistor & its types Def: If the value of the resistor can be varied within the given limit, then it is known as variable resistor 14 15. Types of variable resistorPresetRotatory PotentiometerCermatSliding PotentiometersTrimpotRheostat 15 16. Testing Procedure16 17. Testing procedure of variable Resistor Before testing the VR know the value of resistor, select suitablerange in Multimeter. Connect the one probe to variable terminal and another to fixedterminal . Turn the knob of VR in clock wise& Anti clock wise direction . Observe the value in MM.17 18. Application of VR Volume Controller cum On-Off switch in Radio Tuner Circuits 18 19. Introduction to Capacitor 19 20. Capacitor Def : Its two terminaldevice, consisting of two parallel plate separated by dielectric material which has capacity to store energy in the form charges. Measured in terms of : Farads Also indicated by volts Schematic Symbol :20 21. Description of Capacitor It Block DC , Pass AC. Di-electric used are Glass, Paper, Plastic, Mica, Ceramic,Electrolyte, etc., Storage capacity of the capacitor depends on area of theplate, distance between them & type of dielectric used. Voltage rating indicate the maximum voltage which canbe applicable. (VDC) =10-6 f, n = 10-9 f, P=10-12f 21 22. Capacitor Family Tree CAPACITORSELECTROSTATICCERAMICFILMELECTROLYTICALUMINUMTANTALUM Non polarized Polarized AC or DC operation DC operation Lower Capacitance Higher Capacitance 22 23. Markets CAPACITORSELECTROLYTICELECTROSTATICCERAMICFILMBiggest market Lowest Cost 1206 Long LT 0603 & 0402 good choices Better performance at higher cost SMT longer LT ALUMINUMTANTALUMLarge Cap at low cost SMT increasing LT Price flat on TH Large Cap in Small Sizes Long LT Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes 23 24. Fixed Capacitors Def : With irresprective any parameter changing thevalue capacitor remains constant or fixed. Types : Polarized & Non-Polarized. Polarized Capacitor : In which capacitor is either charged in +ve or -ve direction . Schematic Symbol:24 25. Polarized CapacitorAxial Electrolytic CapacitorRadial Electrolytic CapacitorSurface Mount Electrolytic Capacitor 25 26. Polarized CapacitorCAN CapacitorTantalum CapacitorSMD Tantalum CapacitorApplication : Power Supply Circuits, Timer, Coupling Capacitor 26 27. Non-Polarized Caps Def: which can be charged in only direction or doesnthave any polarities. Schematic Symbol: Types :Ceramic Capacitor27 28. Conversion tables Dielectric Y5FCap Value 102 = 1000pFCap Tolerance C = +/-.25pF K = +/-10% D = +/-.5pF M = +/-20% F = +/-1% Z = +80%/-20% G = +/-2% Dielectric J = +/-5% Y5PVoltage 1KV = 1000VDCCap Value 103 = 0.01uFVoltage 1KV = 1000VDCExample shown P/N: NCD102K1KVY5FExample shown P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR 28 29. Metalized Polyester Film CapacitorMetalized Polypropylene CapacitorTransparent Polymer Film CapacitorHigh Voltage Film Capacitor 29 30. High Voltage Ceramic CapacitorMulti Layer Ceramic CapacitorApplication : Phase Shift Ckt, Noise Filter, Snubber, Motor Stators, Signal Processing 30 31. TRIMMERVariable Capacitor GANG CapacitorAPPLICATION : Impedance Matching in Radio , Tuned Ckt, TV Tuners , Oscillators 31 32. Introduction to Inductors 32 33. Inductors DEF: is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. L Schematic Symbol Measured in HENRY Practically available value will be in terms Micro Henry & Milli Henry. Like capacitors, inductors temporarily store energy. Types of Inductance : Self Inductance & Mutual Inductance33 34. Behavior & Description Inductors store energyin a magnetic field, not an electric field. It Pass DC , Block AC. Along with Henry inductance is abbreviated in terms of Current also. Its a coil of wire which can be wound on air or on a Magnetic material. The number of factors affecting inductance value are : Number of coil turns Diameter of coil. Spacing between turns. Size of the wire used. Type of material inside the coil34 35. Types of Inductor Fixed Types: With irrespective any parameter changing,value of inductor remains constant or fixed.Ferrite core Air wound inductor toroidal inductorSMT Inductors 35 36. Axial Power InductorRadial Lead InductorSMD Power InductorBeads Inductor36 37. Variable Inductors DEF : if the value of the inductor can be varied within thespecified limit, then its Variable Inductor.Adjustable Air-Wound InductorVariable Inductor 37 38. Variable Inductor APPLICATION Tuner CKT Impedance matchingAdjustable Inductor 38 39. Transformer Def: it static devices works on the principle of mutualinductance, which transfer the signal from primary winding to secondary winding Schematic Symbol39 40. Description & Types Works on the principle of Mutual Inductance. Basic Type: Step -Down & Step Up. Def : If the secondary windings in greater than primarywinding, then is know as Step Up. Area of application: R&D Lab, Transmission station. Def : If the secondary winding is lesser than Primary winding,then it is know as Step-Down. Area of Application: House Hold Appliance, Labs , Adapter,Mobile Chargers. 40 41. Types of Transformer Isolation TransformerPulse TransformerAuto Transformer or VariacCurrent & Voltage transformerLeakage TransformerIntermediate Frequency Transformers. 41 42. Testing Procedure Two Types of Testing Procedures :a) Cold Checkb) Hot Check Cold check : By using ohmmeter in MM , check the resistance of the Primary & Secondary winding by Connecting the probes of MM to both sides of coil . Note down the reading For step down: Secondary resistance will be lesser than Primary For Step Up: Secondary resistance will be more than Primary 42 43. Introduction to Active Components43 44. Def: If a components have inner capacity to changeenergy format from one form to another, then it is known as Active Components Its actions can be controlled & it require external source to work All Semi- Conductor Devices like Diode , Transistors, IC44 45. Diodes Its a two terminal & layer devices formed using P-type &N-types SC, which can conduct in only direction. Its consists of terminal like anode & cathode. Other Diode : PN Junction Diode Switching / Signal Diode Zener Diode Photo Diode LED Schottky Diode Studs45 46. Types of diode PN Junctionor Rectifier Diode Zener Diode :46 47. Signal Diode : LED :47 48. Stud : SMD Diode :48 49. Bridge Rectifier49 50. Testing Procedure Step 1 : Connect the MM +ve terminal of to anode & -ve terminal to cathode, then diode moves into Forward Bias. MM will show the value between 0.40 to 0.65. Step 2 : Connect the MM, - ve terminal to anode & +ve terminal to cathode , then diode move into Reverse Bias. MM will show the value 0.L If any one of the condition fails, Diode is faulty50 51. Transistor DEF: Its a three terminal & two junctions devices whichtransfer signal from low resistance to high resistance region. Emitter, Base, CollectorC NPN BEPNPCB ESchematic Symbol 51 52. Types of transistor Transistor are Classified into three main groups : Low PowerCommonly used : BC 547, 549, 2n 3904,2n3906, BC 337, BC 639, BEL 188 , 187, BF 194 52 53. Medium Power :ECB Commonly Used: Sk 100, BEL 100, CD 100, BD 115, BD 139, BD140, 2N2222, 2N2955, HC100,BC109, 53 54. High Power :B CECommonly Used : BUX 84, 2N3055, MJE 13005, KSE 13007,13008, TIP 120,121,122, 2N 2955, TIP 42, 2N 6543, 2N 3773, 2N5685 54 55. Testing Procedure55 56. Applications Amplifier Oscillator Switching Ckt Comparator Series Regulator Ckt Sensors & Photo Transistor 56 57. Field Effect TransistorN Channel FETP Channel FET It four terminal devices consisting of Drain, Source & Gate(G1 & G2) Space between the Drain & Source is know as Channel. It a Current Controlled devices . It has more advantage than transistor . Commonly available FET: BFW10,11, 2SK2155,2SK241,2SK3955, BF245c, 57 58. Testing Procedure Select Diode Operation in MM. On Condition: Connect +ve terminal to gate & -ve to source.MM should show OL Verifying On: Connect +ve terminal to Drain & -Ve terminal toSource. MM should show short circuit. OFF condition: Connect +ve terminal to source & -ve terminalto gate .MM should indicate OL Verifying Off Condition: Connect +ve terminal to Drain & -veterminal to Source .MM Should indicate OL Reverse the MM polarity & check, then MM should indicateresistance value.58 59. Characteristic & Application Consume Less Power High Input Impedance Low Source to Drain Resistance Constance current SourceApplication: Amplifiers Analog Switch Oscillators Comparators Sensors59 60. Uni Junction Transistor Def : Simply two layer Junction devices works on theprinciples of Avalanche break DownSchematic SymbolEquivalent circuitCommonly available UJT : 2N2646,2N2642,2N491,2N4871,2N4870, 60 61. Testing Procedure Forward Bias conditionReverse Bias condition61 62. Application Relaxation Oscillator Switching Transistor Saw tooth Generator62 63. Integrated Chips Def : An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature ,low costelectronic circuit consisting of active and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon.Schematic Symbol63 64. Advantages Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.Cost reduction due to batch processing.Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.Improved functional performance.Matched devices.Increased operating speeds.Reduction in power consumption 64 65. Types Metal Packages :SIP PACKAGE 65 66. TypesDip PackageFlat Quad Package66 67. TypesMicro processors PLCC 67 68. IC Regulator Def : A higher end regulator which gives a Fixed/Constantvoltage output for varying Input voltage.Types of regulator : +ve regulator -ve regulator Variable regulator68 69. Types +ve Regulator : Always Identified with 7800 series. Pin 1 = Input Pin 2 = GND Pin 3 = Output Commonly available :7805,7809,7812,7815, 7818, 7824.69 70. Types -ve regulator : Always identified with 79 SeriesPin 1 = Ground Pin 2 = InputPin 3 = OutputCommonly available: 7905,7912,7915,7918,7924 70 71. Types Variable Regulator : Always identified with LM series Area of Application : Power Supply section,DC Adapter, Chopper Circuits. 71 72. T H A N KY O U 72