- 1.Streets and Local Roads Proper Design Details for PCC
Pavement PerformanceMike Byers Indiana Chapter American Concrete
Pavement Association
2. Streets & Local Roads Chapter/States Associations of ACPA
North DakotaNorthwestMinnesota WisconsinSouth Dakota
ColoradoWyoming Western StatesUtahMichiganIowaNortheastIndiana
IllinoisOhioMissouri-Kansas Kentucky Oklahoma-Arkansas Southeast
LouisianaAmerican Concrete Pavement Association 3. SLR Pavement
Markets New/Reconstruction of Concrete Pavements Concrete Overlays
Unbonded Whitetopping Ultra-Thin Whitetopping (UTW) Concrete Inlays
Intersections Roundabouts Bus Pads Alleys Concrete Pavement
Restoration 4. Thickness Design Procedures Empirical Design
Procedures Based on observed performance AASHO Road TestMechanistic
Design Procedures Based on mathematically calculated pavement
responses PCA Design Procedure (PCAPAV) StreetPave (ACPA Design
Method)Ottawa, Illinois (approximately 80 miles southwest of
Chicago) between 1956 and 1960 5. New Design Tools for SLR MEPDG
MechanisticEmperical Design Guide StreetPave Software Concrete
Thickness Asphalt Institute Design Thickness Life Cycle Cost
Analysis Information Sheet IS184 Thickness Design Manual for
Concrete Streets and Local Roads EB109 Equivalent Pavement Design
ChartsWhats Equivalent 6. Equivalent Pavement Design 7. StreetPave
Software Concrete pavement thickness design based on revised
criteria Asphalt equivalent section based on converted total
carrying capacity Life-Cycle cost analysis based on initial costs
of equivalent pavements and predicted maintenance 8. Different
Pavement Types Concrete SectionAsphalt Section Asphalt LayerSubbase
SubgradeBase Subbase Subgrade 9. How Pavements Carry Loads 7000
lb.7000 lb.pressure < 1-3 psi pressure 6-10 psiConcretes
Rigidness spreads the load over a large area and keeps pressures on
the subgrade low. 10. Comparison of Concrete vs. Asphalt Its not
the same old Asphalt and Concrete anymore! Just look at the Gas
Pumps! Gasoline prices are a good indicator of what asphalt
pavement cost! 11. Streets and Local Roads Thickness Design
Procedure Longitudinal jointSurface smoothness or
rideabilityThickness DesignTransverse joint Surface TextureConcrete
materials Dowel bars Tiebars Subgrade Subbase or base 12. Concrete
Pavement Types Jointed Plain Undoweled Doweled Jointed Reinforced
Continuously Reinforced 13. Jointed Plain Plan8 15 ftProfile or 14.
Jointed Plain 15. Agencies Designing Jointed Plain Concrete Highway
PavementsUse jointed plain designs Do not use jointed plain designs
16. Concrete Pavement Design Requires Selecting Appropriate
Features Subgrade modification Drainage system Subbase Joint
Spacing 15 ft 18 ft Dowels Thickness 6 in 8 in 10 in Reinforcement
Joint Sealant None Hot pour Silicone Preformed Surface Texture
Transverse tine Burlap drag Shoulder Asphalt Concrete 17.
OptimizeCost PerformanceNow Using Mechanistic-Empirical Design
(MEPDG) to Optimize 18. Principles of Design Load
stressesThicknessCurling/Warping stressesJointingVolume change
stresses 19. SLR Pavement Design Street classification and traffic
Geometric design Subgrades and subbases Concrete quality Thickness
design Jointing Construction specifications 20. Street Class
DescriptionTwo-way Average Daily Traffic (ADT)Two-way Average Daily
Truck Traffic (ADTT)Less than 2002-44.0 - 5.0 in. (100-125
mm)200-1,00010-505.0 - 7.0 in. (125-175 mm)Typical Range of Slab
ThicknessLight ResidentialShort streets in subdivisions and similar
residential areas often not
throughstreets.ResidentialThrough-streets in subdivisions and
similar residential areas that occasionally carry a heavy vehicle
(truck or bus).CollectorStreets that collect traffic from several
residential subdivisions, and that may serve buses and
trucks.1,000-8,00050-5005.5 - 9.0 in. (135-225 mm)BusinessStreets
that provide access to shopping and urban central business
districts.11,000-17,000400-7006.0 - 9.0 in. (150-225
mm)IndustrialStreets that provide access to industrial areas or
parks, and typically carry heavier trucks than the business
class.2,000-4,000300-8007.0 - 10.5 in. (175-260 mm)ArterialStreets
that serve traffic from major expressways and carry traffic through
metropolitan areas. Truck and bus routes are primarily on these
roads.4,000-15,000 (minor) 4,000-30,000 (major)300-6006.0 - 9.0 in.
(150-225 mm) 7.0 - 11.0 in. (175-275 mm)700-1,500 21. Geometric
Design Utilities Increase Edge Support Integral Curb Tied Curb
& Gutter Widened Lanes (2 feet no parking) Parking Lanes Rural
Areas Tied Concrete Shoulders Street Widths Minimum width of 25 ft.
Maximum Cross Slope of 2 percent ( per ft.) Traffic Lanes 10-12
feet Parking Lanes 7-8 feet 22. Subbase vs. NO Subbase For Concrete
PavementsSubbase Subgrade 23. Subgrade and Subbases For Concrete
PavementsSubbase Subgrade 24. Subgrade and Subbases Subgrade
Natural ground, graded, and compacted on which the pavement is
built.Subbase Layer of material directly below the concrete
pavement. 25. UNIFORMITY: The Key ToGOOD PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE 26.
Design for Uniform Support Three Major Causes for Non-Uniform
Support Expansive Soils Differential Frost Heave Pumping (loss of
support) 27. Subbase vs. NO Subbase Presence of fine-grained soil
Presence of water Sufficient volume of trucks to cause soil pumping
(> 100 trucks/day) Pavements on > 15% grade 28. Subgrade
Properties Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k-valuePlate-Load Test
ReactionPlate load on subgrade k = Plate deflection on subgrade 5.0
psi k = 0.5 in = 100 psi / in.Stacked PlatesPressure GaugeSubgrade
29. Subgrade Properties Plate-load test is rarely performed time
consuming & expensiveEstimate k-value by correlation to other
tests e.g. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) or R-value testsLean
concrete subbases increases k-value substantially 30. Subgrade
Properties Correlated k-values for Subgrade Support Historical
k-values (pci)California Bearing Ratio (CBR), %Resistance Value
(R-value)(ASTM D 1183)(ASTM D 2844)Low75 - 1202.5 - 3.510 - 22Sand
and sand-gravel with moderate silt/clayMedium130 - 1704.5 - 7.529 -
41Sand and sand-gravel with little or no silt/clayHigh180 - 2208.5
- 1245 - 52TypeFine-grained with high amounts of silt/clayAmount of
Support 31. Subgrade and Subbases Design Summary Subgrade strength
is not a critical element in the thickness design. Has little
impact on thickness.Need to know if pavement is on: Subgrade (k 25
MPa/m (100 psi/in.)), Granular subbase (k 40 MPa/m (150 psi/in.)),
Asphalt treated subbase (k 80 MPa/m (300 psi/in.)) Cement
treated/lean concrete subbase (k 125 MPa/m (500 psi/in.)). 32.
Subgrade and Subbases Performance Summary Proper design and
construction are absolutely necessary if the pavement is to
perform. Must be uniform throughout pavements life.Poor
subgrade/subbase preparation can not be overcome with thickness.
Any concrete pavement, built of any thickness, will have problems
on a poorly designed and constructed subgrade or subbase. 33.
Subbase Effects At the AASHO Road Test, concrete pavements with
granular bases could carry about 30% more traffic. The current
design procedures allows concrete pavements built with granular
bases to carry about 5 - 8% more traffic. 34. Drainable Subbase??
Aggregate Quality marginal Dcracking? Traffic Level high volume may
warrant drainable subbase Edge drains behind curb still good detail
35. Concrete Quality Portland CementMaterials Supplementary
Cementitious Materials Aggregates Chemical Admixtures WaterTesting
36. Concrete Quality Recommended Air Contents for Durable Concrete
Maximum size aggregateTotal target air content, percent * Severe
ExposureModerate
Exposurein.mm3/89.57.561/212.575.53/419.06125.064.5137.55.54.5250.054Suggest
6.55 37. Concrete Quality Maximum Permissible Water-Cement Ratio
for Durable Concrete Pavement Type of exposure Freezing/thawing
with deicing chemicals Severe sulfate exposure [water-soluble
sulfate (SO4) in soil > 0.20 % by weight] Moderate sulfate
exposure [water-soluble sulfate (SO4) in soil of 0.10 to 0.20 % by
weight]Maximum water-cementitious ratio by weight 0.45 INDOT max
0.42 0.450.50 38. Basics of Thickness DesignCT 39. The latest
design and cost analysis tool from ACPA Determine and compare
thickness requirements and costs for concrete and asphalt pavements
using StreetPave. Features: Updated mechanistic design method for
concrete pavement Fatigue and erosion analysis Jointing spacing
& load transfer recommendations Thickness rounding and
reliability considerations Analysis of existing concrete pavements
Asphalt design based on the Asphalt Institute method Comparison to
equivalent concrete pavement Life cycle cost analysis module
Printable summary reports and charts Design summary Design factor
sensitivity & life-cycle plots User-friendly format and
features Walkthrough Wizard Help information for all inputs
Compatible with Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, XP 40. Thickness Design
for Streets and Local Roads StreetPave User Inputs & Outputs
Global Settings Region Units (English or Metric) Terminal
Serviceability Percent Slabs Cracked at end of design Life Design
Life Reliability Traffic Pavement Properties
Thickness/Dowel/Jointing Recommendations 41. Design Example Inputs
Design life = 30 years k-value = 100 pci Concrete flexural strength
= 600 psi Load transfer (dowels) = yes Edge support = yes Traffic
category = Collector 2-way ADTT = 100 Reliability = 80% Percent
Slabs Cracked = 15% 42. Thickness Design Procedure Design
controlled by: Fatigue usually controls design of light-traffic
pavements Single-axles usually cause more fatigue damage Erosion
usually controls design of undoweled medium- and heavy-traffic
pavements Tandem-axles usually cause more erosion damage
Tridem-axles usually cause more erosion damage 43. Thickness Design
Procedure Concrete Properties Flexural Strength (Modulus of
Rupture, ASTM C 78)Third-point LoadingAvg. 28-day strength in
3rd-point loadingd=L/ 6 Other Factors Concrete Strength Gain with
Age Fatigue PropertiesL/3 Span Length = L 44. Thickness Design
Procedure Concrete PropertiesCompressive Strength fcSc = 8-10
fcHead of Testing MachineCylinder Depthfc = Compressive Strength
(psi) Sc = Flexural Strength (psi) 45. Basics of Thickness Design
Stress / FatigueCT Compressive strength: ~4000 psi Flexural
strength: ~600 psi 46. Strength Correlations MR = 7.5 x f'c^(0.5)MR
= 9 x f'c^(0.5)MR = 10 x f'c^(0.5)800 750Flexural Strength, psi700
650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 200025003000350040004500Compressive
Strength, psi500055006000 47. Concrete Strength Properties If
specify minimum flexural strength at 28-day of 550 psi & allow
10% of beams to fall below minimum:Percentage of 28-day Strength160
140 120 100Type I (GU) Type III (HE)80 60 40 3d7d28d3mAge1y3y 5y
10y 20ySTEP 1 Estimate SDEV: 9% for typical ready mix. SDEV = 550 *
0.09 = 50 psi STEP 2 Sc design = Sc minimum + z * SDEV Sc design =
550 + 1.282 * 50 Sc design = 614 psi 48. Thickness Design Procedure
Concrete PropertiesComparison of fc, MR, and Required Thickness
Compressive Strength (psi)Flexural Strength Design Thickness (psi)
(inches)3000450 550 (500)6.5 (6.43) PCA 7.04000510 630 (600)5.5
(5.25) PCA 6.55000570 710 (700)5.0 (4.86) PCA 6.0Life 30 years,
Collector (2), k-value 162, Reliability 80 %, plus C & G, 2 %
annual growth 49. Design Period/Life 20 to 35 years is commonly
used Shorter or longer design period may be economically justified
in some cases High performance concrete pavements Long-life
pavements A special haul road to be used for only a few years
Cross-overs Temporary lanes 50. Design Reliability Practically
everything associated with pavement design is variable Variability
in mean design inputstraffic, materials, subgrade, climate, and so
on Error in performance prediction models In StreetPave design, the
fatigue variability can be modeled and applied as an adjustment
factor 51. Reliability Levels of Reliability for Pavement Design
Functional Classification of RoadwayRecommended Reliability
UrbanRuralInterstates, Freeways, and Tollways85 - 9980 99Principal
Arterials80 - 9975 95Collectors80 - 9575 95Residential & Local
Roads50 - 8050 80 52. Thickness DesignCombined Reliability &
Slabs Cracked SpreadsheetRecommended Levels of Slab Cracking by
Roadway Type Roadway TypeRecommended Percent of Slabs Cracked at
End of Design Life(Default)15%Interstate Highways, Expressways,
Tollways, Turnpikes5%State Roads, Arterials10%Collectors, County
Roads15%Residential Streets25% 53. Basics of Thickness Design
Deflection / Erosion Higher k-value will lower deflections Load
transfer will lower deflections 54. Concrete Pavement Design For
Municipal StreetsLoad Transfer (slabs ability to share its load
with neighboring slabs) Dowels Aggregate Interlock Edge Support
Tied curb & gutter Integral curb & gutter Parking lane Tied
concreteL= x U= 0 Poor Load Transfer = L x/2Good Load TransferU=
x/2 55. Dowels vs. NO Dowels Load Transfer L=x U=0The slabs ability
to share its load with its neighboring slab DowelsPoor Load
TransferHigh Traffic Volumes (Pavements > 8 in.) (> 120
Trucks/day) Aggregate Interlock L=x Good Load TransferU=xLow
Traffic Volumes (Pavements < 7 in.) 56. Load Transfer Efficiency
Load Transfer Mechanism LTE, % aggregate interlock stabilized base
dowel bars30 - 80 50 - 90 80 - 95 57. Aggregate InterlockShear
between aggregate particles below the initial saw cut 58. Aggregate
Interlock 59. Design - Erosion Conditions for Pumping Subgrade soil
that will go into Suspension Free water between slab and subgrade
Frequent heavy wheel loads / large deflections 60. Dowel bars
Lengths from 15-18 in. 6.0 in. min. embedment length Diameter 1.00
- 1.25 in. for SLR Epoxy or other coating used in harsher climates
for corrosion protection 61. Dowel Recommendations Dowels
recommended when ADTT is greater than or equal to 80: If pavement
thickness is 6 or less dowels not recommended If pavement thickness
is 6.5 to 7.5 use 1 dowels If pavement thickness is 8 or greater
use 1 dowels 62. Faulting Model Faulting, in 0.20Dense-graded base
No dowel0.15Permeable base No dowel0.10Dense-graded base 1-in
dowel0.05 0.00 0Dense-graded base 1.25-in dowel 510 15 Traffic,
million ESALs20 63. Construction of Concrete Pavement Plant
Operations Central Mixed Concrete Plant Operations Truck Mixed
Concrete Paving Operations Slipform Paving Paving Operations Fixed
Form Paving Saw & Seal Central Mix Concrete Batch Plant 64.
Construction Specifications Smoothness 10-20 ft. Straightedge
Profilograph Index Texture Speeds less than 40 mph Burlap Drag
Astroturf Drag 65. Curing and Protection 66. Curing Curing is one
of the most important steps in quality concrete construction and
one of the most neglected. Effective curing is absolutely essential
for surface durability. Durability = resistance to 67. Curing
Curing requires adequate Moisture Temperature Time If any of these
factors are neglected, the desired properties will not develop 68.
Membrane Curing of Concrete Evaporation from water surfacePartially
saturatedCuring membraneSaturated Concrete 69. Curing The simplest,
most economical and widely used method is a liquid membrane which
is sprayed on the surface of a slab as soon as possible after
finishing. Apply at manufactures rate of coverage. Perform field
check to verify application rate. 70. Effect of Adequate Curing on
Hardened Concrete Increased Strength Watertightness Abrasion
resistance Freeze-thaw resistance Volume stability 71. Effect of
Curing on Strength Development 72. The latest design and cost
analysis tool from ACPA Determine and compare thickness
requirements and costs for concrete and asphalt pavements using
StreetPave. Features: Updated mechanistic design method for
concrete pavement Fatigue and erosion analysis Jointing spacing
& load transfer recommendations Thickness rounding and
reliability considerations Analysis of existing concrete pavements
Asphalt design based on the Asphalt Institute method Comparison to
equivalent concrete pavement Life cycle cost analysis module
Printable summary reports and charts Design summary Design factor
sensitivity & life-cycle plots User-friendly format and
features Walkthrough Wizard Help information for all inputs
Compatible with Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, XP 73. SLR
PublicationsInformation SheetMaturity Testing of
ConcreteInformation Sheet- (IS Concrete Pavement for GA Business
&Commuter Aircraft Information SheetLongevity and Performance
of DG Pavements Information SheetSpecification Guideline for Dowel
Bar Retrofitwww.pavement.comEngineering Bulletin- (EB Early
Cracking Causes/Solutions Engineering Bulletin-(EB 74. Indiana
Concrete ResourcesJerry LarsonMike Byers Pat LongChris Tull, P.E.,
LEED AP 75. Questions? Contacts for further information
www.irmca.comwww.indianaconcretepavement.com INDIANA CHAPTER 76.
Thank You
