Socialization

Chapter 4Socialization

Presented by: Bunyamin NajmiEmail: [email protected]

Blog: www.bandungraya.blogspot.comMSM Institut Teknologi Bandung

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.bandungraya.blogspot.com/

Schools can be stressful. Schoolchildren in Japan can call a hotline and receive advice

concerning stress, bullying by classmates, and corporal punishment from their teacher.

Socialization

Definition:

Is the process through which people learn attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture

Socialization

In this chapter will focus on the socialization experience of group child care for young

children

What makes us who we are?

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION

Nature, Heredity

Nurture, Environment

Traditionally

NatureOur character is innate—genetically determined

NurtureOur character is developed through social interaction


Today:How heredity and environmental factors interact and influence the

socialization process


In 1994 based on true story movie Nell, Jodie Foster played a young

woman hidden from birth by mother in a backwoods cabin.

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONSocial Environment: The Impact of Isolation

Raised without normal human contact, Nell crouches like an animal, screams

wildly, and speaks or sings in a language of her own.

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONSocial Environment: The Impact of Isolation

The case of Isabelle

The painful of Isabelle is too real. For the six years of her life she lived in the darkened

room.

6 years of Isabelle’s live: • Lived in darkened room

•Little contact with other people

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle

When discovered at age six Isabelle:• Could not speak

•Make a various croaking sounds•Communication with simple gesture


•Strong fear of stranger•Reacted almost like wild animal

•Became accustomed, extreme apathy•Test maturity: level of an infant


Specialist developed a systematic training program for Isabelle adapt to human relationships and socialization

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella

Training program for Isabelle:

• After a few days: she made her first attempt to verbalize

• Quickly passed through six years of development

• Over two months she was speaking in complete sentences


Training program for Isabelle (cont’d):

• 9 months later she could identify both words and sentences

• Before reached the age of nine, she ready to go to school with other children

• By her 14 year she was in sixth grade, doing well in school, and emotionally well-adjusted


Without opportunity to experience socialization in her first six years:

• Hardly human in the social sense

• Inability to communicate


Isabelle’s experience is important for researchers because it is one of only few cases of children reared in total isolation


Recently attention focused on infants and young children in orphanages in the formerly communist countries of Eastern Europe


For Example:In Romanian, orphanages babies lies on their cribs for 18-20 hours a day receiving little adult care


• Many of them fearful of human contact• Prone to unpredictable antisocial behavior


The researchers emphasizing the important of early socialization experiences for children who grow up in more normal environment


It is not enough to care for an infant’s physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children’s social development.


Harry Harlow(1971)Studies of animals raised in isolation:Infants monkeys developed greater social attachments from their need for warmth, comport, and intimacy than from their need for milk

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONPrimate Studies

• Heredity can be dismissed as a factor in the social development of humans and animals

• Studies of twins provide insight into fascinating interplay between hereditary and environmental factors

THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONPrimate Studies

Identical twins Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe:• Oscar raised as a member of Hitler Youth

movement Nazi Germany • Jack reared by Jewish father

THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY

Minnesota twin family:• Pair of identical twins• Reared apart• To determine what similarities if any:

in personality traits, behavior & Intelligence


Minnesota twin family, result:1. Both genetic factor & socialization experience are

influential in human development2. Similarities: temperaments, voice pattern,

nervous habits, leadership, dominance (heredity)3. Differences: attitudes, values, chosen mates &

drinking habits, need for intimacy, comfort, assitance (environment)


Notes:

This research based on small sample and preliminary analysis

The researchers had to retract their conclusions after they increase the sample and reclassified two of the original cases


The self: a distinct identity that sets up apart from others

THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION

Charles Horton Cooley (1990s):We learn who we are by interacting with others (looking-glass self)

THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfCooley: Looking-Glass Self

3 phases of self concept:

• We imagine how we present ourselves to others

• We imagine how other evaluate us• We develop some sort of feeling about

ourselves


The result of individual imagination produce incorrect perceptions:

• The teacher criticized her/him• The teacher must think he/she’s

stupid• He/ She is stupid


THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self

SYMBOL:Raising One’s eyebrow


In North America means: astonishment, doubtIn Peru means: money, pay meIn Pacific Island, Tonga means: yes, or I agree


3 distinct stages:1. The preparatory stage2. The play stage3. The game stage


The preparatory stage:• Children merely imitate the people around

them• Grow older adept using symbols (gesture,

objects and word from the basic human communication


The play stage:• To pretend to be other people• Role taking: the process of mentally

assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self

The game stage:• Not just plays roles but begins to consider

several actual task and relationship• Grasp not only their own socials but also

those of other around them

`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Theory of the Self

The self begins at privileged, central position in a person’s world


Generalized others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child take into account in his or her behavior


Significant others: those individuals who are most important in development of the self

`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfGoffman: Presentation of the Self

It uses the imagery of the theatre in order to portray the importance of human – namely, social – action.


According to Goffman, the social actor has the ability to choose his stage and props, as well as the costume he would put on in front of a specific audience.


Impression Management: altering of the presentation of the self


Dramaturgical approach:

• People resemble performers in action• Argued that human actions are dependent

upon time, place, and audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org


Face-work: drawn attention to another aspect of the self

`Sociology on Campus4.1 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT BY STUDENT

• All received high grades (ace-ace)• Received high & low grades (ace –bomber)• All received low grades (bomber-bomber)


• All received low grades (bomber-bomber):• Tend to be closed• Share disappointment and engage in

mutual self-pity (pity party)• Excuses for their poor performance


• Received high & low grades (ace-bomber)• Sensitive• Attempt to avoid such exchanges• When forced with aces bombers gracious

and congratulatory


• Received high & low grades (ace-bomber)• Sensitive• Attempt to avoid such exchanges• When forced with aces bombers gracious

and congratulatory

`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939 : the self is social product and that aspects of one’s personality are influenced by other people (especially: parents). The self has components that work in opposition to each other.


Jean Piaget: emphasized the stages through which human progress as the self develops


Research on newborn baby by Jean Piaget (1896-1980)


Newborns have not yet separated themselves from the universe which they

are apart


As they are mature, children are gradually socialized into social relationships


Cognitive theory of development Piaget (1954) identified 4 stages:


1. Sensorimotor2. Preoperational3. Concrete operational4. Formal operational


Sensorimotor (0-2)• Exploration through the body• Object permanence• Emotional attachment to a significant

few


Preoperational (2-7)• Use of language• Imagination• Egocentric


Concrete Operational (7-11)• Logical reasoning• Concrete thinking • Traits of objects are conserved even

when their shape changes


Formal Operational (12 to adult)• Abstract thinking develops• Problem solving and consideration of

consequences begins

`SOCIALIZATION & THE LIFE COURSEThe Life Course

A life course approach: look closely to the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death.

`SOCIALIZATION & THE LIFE COURSEThe Life Course

Several life events mark the passage to adulthood. These turning points vary from one society and even generation to the next

`ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION & RESOCIALIZATION

Anticipatory socialization: processes of socialization in which person

“rehearses” for future positions, occupations and social relationships


Resocialization: processes to discarding former behavior pattern and accepting

new ones as part of transition in part life


Erving Goffman (1961) coined the term of total institution to refer to an

institution such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent under a

single authority

`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION

Agents of Socialization:1. Family2. Education/Schools3. Peer Group4. Mass Media & Technology5. Workplace6. The State


Family1. Cultural influences2. The impact of race and gender


Education/School1. Fulfill of teaching children become

capable of increasing their intelectualphysical and social ability

2. Teaching the Values and customs of the larger society


Peer Group• Enjoy similar social status• Can assert himself/herself• Can be the source of harassment

Tabel 4-3 High School PopularityWhat makes high school girls popular

According to college men

According to college women

Physical attractiveness Grades/intelligence

Grades/intelligence Participation in sport

Participation in sport General sociability

General sociability Physical attractiveness

Popularity with boys Clothes

Tabel 4-3 High School Popularity (cont’d)What makes high school boys popular

According to college men

According to college women

Participation in sport Participation in sport

Grades/intelligence Grades/intelligence

Popularity with girls General sociability

General sociability Physical attractiveness

Car School clubs/government


Mass Media & Technology• Radio, motion picture, recorded

music, TV, Internet etc• Not always negative influence


The State• Government growing impact on the

life course• By reinstituting rite of passage that

had disappear• Become provider of child care etc


Workplace• More and more young people work

today• Teenage employment in US is the

highest among industrial country

Summary

• Socialization affect overall cultural practices

• Heredity and environmental factors influencing socialization

• As a primary agents of socialization parents play critical role

• Schools have an explicit mandate to socialize people

• More and more mothers of young children have entered the labor market, the demand for child care has increased dramatically

Business

Socialization