Cold War1945-1992

U.S. History U.S. History

Ch 22 & 24.2Ch 22 & 24.2

U.S. History U.S. History

Ch 22 & 24.2Ch 22 & 24.2

April 25, 1945Elbe River, Germ.

The End of WWII-East meets West

American & Soviet Troops

Yalta – Feb. 1945

The Big 3

High Pt. of cooperation – but tensions existed

agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones

Mistrust Existed Between America & The Soviet Union

Am. Tried to undo the communist revolution of 1917 Stalin felt Am. didn’t open a 2nd front sooner- let Soviets & Germans kill each other

Reasons for Americans not to trust the Soviets?

Why wouldn’t they trust us?

• We feared communism with its focus on

world revolution

• Felt they couldn’t be trusted:

1917 – WWI1939 WWII

After FDR died – tensions boiled over

Soviet Dominated Europe

This caused a fear in the West of Soviet Expansion The Red Army

stayed in Eastern Europe after the war

America had to decide how to deal with the Soviet threat

If you know NBA opponents approach to dealing with Michael Jordan, then you will understand

American foreign policy towards the USSR during the Cold War

“You can’t stop him, you can only hope to…………………..”

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations

[“Iron Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL:spread world-wide Communism GOAL:“Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world George KennanMETHODS of each Side:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] The Arms Race [nuclear escalation] Ideological Competition for the “minds and hearts”

of Third World peoples [Comm. govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]

- the Space Race & Olympic Games, etc Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

attempt to attempt to containcontain communism into communism into its already established bordersits already established borders

(Military & Economic Aid)(Military & Economic Aid)1.1. Civil War in Civil War in GreeceGreece – U.S. gave $$ – U.S. gave $$

2.2. TurkeyTurkey under pressure from the USSR for under pressure from the USSR for concessions: Dardanelles – U.S. gave $$concessions: Dardanelles – U.S. gave $$

3.3. The U.S. should support free peoples desire The U.S. should support free peoples desire for (self-Determination) against communistsfor (self-Determination) against communists

The Three Worlds

“Hearts & Minds”

European Cities were destroyed following WWII

Dresden, Germany London, Great Britain

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]1.1. ““European Recovery Program”European Recovery Program”

2.2. Sec. of State/George MarshallSec. of State/George Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need itthat need it

““This move This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos” -George Marshalldesperation, and chaos” -George Marshall

$12.5 billion $12.5 billion of US aid to W. Europe / & to of US aid to W. Europe / & to E. Europe & USSR [but this was rejected]E. Europe & USSR [but this was rejected]

Why?Why?

The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948-1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

First Major Cold War Crisis

Berlin Blockade• June 1948 – May 1949• Stalin attempted to cut off the 2 mill.

residents of West Berlin• Truman & the Allies responded with

the Berlin Airlift• Tensions increased between the U.S. &

Soviets

Berlin Blockade & Airlift: 1948-494 minutes

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States BelgiumBelgium BritainBritain CanadaCanada DenmarkDenmark FranceFrance IcelandIceland ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg NetherlandsNetherlands NorwayNorway PortugalPortugal 1952: Greece & 1952: Greece &

Turkey Turkey 1955: West Germany1955: West Germany 1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

} East GermanyEast Germany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Assignment

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:} The Soviet Union The Soviet Union

exploded its first exploded its first A-bomb in 1949A-bomb in 1949

} Now there were Now there were two nuclear two nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

The Nuclear Age

Atomic Bomb Hydrogen Bomb

A-Bomb H-Bomb

USA 1945 1952

USSR 1949 1953

Sputnik launched - 1957

Ivy Mike H-Bomb TestNovember 1, 1952

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!space—they have the technological edge!

Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you whether we depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exists.(Soviet Union) exists.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our you like it our not, history is on our side. side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956

FCDA – Federal Civilian Defense Adm.FCDA – Federal Civilian Defense Adm.

Atomic AnxietiesAtomic Anxieties::

““Duck-and-Cover Duck-and-Cover Generation”Generation”

Atomic Testing:Atomic Testing:1946-1962 : U. S. exploded 217 1946-1962 : U. S. exploded 217

nuclear weapons over nuclear weapons overPacific and in NevadaPacific and in Nevada

The Paranoia of a possible WW III led many Americans to build Fallout Shelters

Inspired by Sputnik & Wernher von BraunNASA is Created in 1958

NASAcreated in 1958 - Ike

Manned Missions into space• Project Mercury – 1958

Could Man Survive in Space?• Project Gemini – 1965

Space Walks and Docking w/other vehicles• The Apollo Program – 1969• Sky Lab – 1973 • Space Shuttle – 1981 to 2011

• International Space Station – 1998• Mission to Mars?

The Space Race Heats up

The Soviets beat America again Yuri Gargarin soviet cosmonaut• 1st Human to orbit the earth April 12, 1961

America starts to catch up to the Soviets - Project Mercury – 1 min

1961 – Alan Shepard

1st American in Space

1962 – John Glenn1st American to Orbit the Earth

John F. KennedySpeech at Rice University, Houston

Sept. 12, 1962

We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win.

Then America took the lead in the Space Race…….

“The Eagle has Landed”July, 20 1969

• Apollo 11- 1 min

• The 1st humans landed on the Moon

- Neil ArmstrongBuzz Aldrin

Michael Collins

“That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”."

Major Cold War Incidents

Both Concern Territories Controlled by Japan during WWII

- After the Japanese were defeated

- What side would they turn to? • Korean Conflict “The Forgotten War”• Vietnam “The Ten Thousand Day War”

Also Incidents in:

Cuba & The Berlin Wall

The Korean War: The Korean War:

A “Police Action” (1950-1953)A “Police Action” (1950-1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman RheeKim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

Vietnam represented a Failure in American Containment of Communism

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)

CheckpointCheckpointCharlieCharlie

Ich bin ein Berliner!Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)(1963)

President Kennedy President Kennedy tells Berliners that tells Berliners that the West is with the West is with

them!them!

The Cold War Spilled over into the Olympic Games

Boycotts – ’80 & ‘84 Miracle on Ice / ESPN poll

Greatest Sporting Event in U.S. History

The Collapse of the USSR• 1989 – The Berlin Wall Comes Down• 1990 – Republics Begin Breaking Away• 1991 – The Dissolution of the USSR

Dec. 26, 1991

Part II:

CubaKennedy

Castro

KhrushchevKhrushchev

Khrushchev Embraces Castro,Khrushchev Embraces Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks JFK is nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks JFK is

young, inexperienced, and can be pushed aroundyoung, inexperienced, and can be pushed around..

U-2 Spy Incident U-2 Spy Incident

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was

shot down over Soviet shot down over Soviet airspace.airspace.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

end