Lithium production, market and projects in Australia

and the changing landscape of battery chemistry

Cameron Perks

IM - indmin.com(CPIM Consulting - cpimconsulting.com)

Australian Producers

Greenbushes (Tianqi | Albermarle)

Data includes production from Galaxy Resources Ltd’s Mount Cattlin Mine, prior to its closure in 2013).

• July 2016, ~31,000 t shipped

• June 2016, ~39,000 t

• May 2016, ~66,000 t

• April 2016, ~33,000 t shipped

• March 2016, ~39,000 t

• February 2016, ~34,000 t

• January 2016, ~37,000 t

Mt Cattlin (Galaxy Resources)

• Targeting 150,000 t in 2017

• Targeting 800,000 tpa*****

• 60,000 t sold for 2016 delivery in September at US$600/t

• Binding commitment for the sale of 120,000 t in 2017 (pricing to be finalised)

Source: Galaxy Resources Source: Galaxy Resources

Mt Marion (Neometals | Ganfeng | Mineral Resources)• First blast in March 2016

• Mining commenced in Q ending June 30, 2016

• Ganfeng agreed to expand offtake agreements to 200ktpa in May

• Suitable existing mineral storage and ship loading facilities have been identified at both Esperance Port and Fremantle. Arrangements continue to be progressed. Shipment planned Q4 2016

Australian Exploration

ASX

• Adelaide Resources

• Altura Mining

• Ardiden

• Argonaut Resources

• Argosy Minerals

• Birimian Gold

• Botswana Metals Ltd

• Caeneus Minerals

• Capital Mining

• Cazaly Resources

• Cohiba Mining

• Core Exploration

• Crusader Resources

• Cullen Resources

• Dakota Minerals

• De Grey Mining

• European Metals Holding

• Exterra Resources

• Focus Minerals

• GB Energy

• Hannans Reward

• Kairos Minerals

• Kidman Resources

• Kingston Resources

• Krakatoa Resources

• Latin Resources

• Liontown Resources

• Lithex

• Lithium Australia

• Lithium Power International

• Marindi Metals

• Maximus Resources

• Metalicity

• Mithril Resources

• Monax Mining

• Orocobre

• Paynes Find

• Peninsula Mines

• Pepinnini Minerals

• Pilbarra Minerals

• Pioneer Resources

• Platypus Minerals

• Poseidon Nickel

• Prospect Resources

• Quantum Resources

• Rio Tinto

• Sayona Mining

• Segue Resources

• Silver City Minerals

• Sovereign Gold Company

• Traka Resources

• Venturex Resources

• Venus Metals Corp

• Walkabout Resources

• Western Areas

• Zenith Minerals

• Zeus Resources

TSX & Other

• Advantage Lithium Corp

• Aldever

• Ariana Resources plc

• Alix Resources Corp

• Alliance Mineral Assets

• Ashburton Ventures

• Avalon Advanced Materials

• Avarone Minerals

• Bacanora Minerals

• Belmont Resources

• Cache Exploration

• Canadian International Minerals Inc

• Critical Elements Corp

• Cruz Capital

• Cypruss Development Corp

• Dajin Resources

• Eramet

• Everlight Resources

• Global X Lithium

• Houston Lake Mining

• Iconic Minerals

• International Lithium Corp

• Keliber Oy

• LiGeneration (planning

IPO)

• Lithium Americas Corp

• Lithium Corporation

• Lithium One

• Lithium X

• Lomiko

• Macarthur Minerals

• Matica Enterprises Inc

• Millennial Lilthium

• MGX Minerals Inc

• Nemaska Lithium

• Nevada Energy Minerals

• Nevada Sunrise Gold Corp

• Noka Resources

• Noram Resources

• Northern Iron Corp

• Pure Energy Minerals

• Rare Earth Metals Plc

• Rodinia Lithium

• Sirios Resources

• Stria Lithium

• Turbo Capital

• Ultra Lithium

• Western Lithium USA

Altura Mining

• Expected production Q3 2017

• Recently completed a capital raising, and have obtained a native title agreement

• Focused on completion of the Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS)

• Forecasted a low CapEx to start mining at AUD 129m

• Plan to produce 215ktpa of Spodumene

• Off‐take agreement is with Lionenergy for a minimum of 100ktpa of spodumene concentrate, and the agreement in February provided for up to 150ktpa.

• Altura also have an MOU with Shenzhen Optimum Nano Energy Co., a producer of lithium‐ion batteries for energy storage and electric vehicles.

Pilbara Minerals

• 60% increase in the total measured, indicated and inferred resource to 128.6Mt grading 1.22% Li2O (spodumene) and 138ppm Ta2O5.

• Agreement with Lithium Australia to jointly progress Sileach (lithium extraction) technology and to build a Sileach pilot plant.

• Binding off-take agreement for 140ktpa of 6% Li spodumeneconcentrate over a six-year period from Q1 2018

• Production to commence late 2017 or 2018

• Agreement with Altura to jointly explore land

• DFS to be announced September

Mineral Resources Limited

• Recently announced plan to Divest 41.3% Mt Marion Stake

• purchased Global Advanced Metals’ Wodgina tantalum mine assets late June

• Mr Ellison said in a statement that "all we need to do is a copy and paste of what we’ve got at Mount Marion" and believed that the project could comfortably beat other proposed lithium mines into production.

ASX Processing R&D

Lithium AustraliaSileach

• Versatile process for all silicates

LieNA

• Lithium from spodumene in caustic solution

Platypus MineralsL-Max

• Process lithium micas

• Exclusive processing rights for use in Western Australia and two projects internationally

NeometalsELi

• Produce lithium hydroxide directly

• Australian patent granted

Battery Chemistry Landscape

Source: Sealed Performance Batteries

Source: Atlas Copco

Drivers of change

• Growth in consumer goods consumption

• New industrial and consumer applications

• Growth in commercial and utility stationary storage

• EV growth

• Mineral & chemical price & security (particularly cobalt)

• Drive for increased profits and lowering manufacturing costs

• Environmental awareness• Affects recycling behaviours and battery

chemistry popularity Source: Tesla

Utility and stationary storage is “something I think will probably be as big as the car business long term” – Elon Musk

Industry Developments

• Ultra High Energy Density NMCs• SolidEnergy (MIT) Lithium Metal• Lithium Sulphur• Lithium Air• Al-graphene-Oxygen • G-King • 3D printed flexible graphene

battery (actually a supercapacitor)from Swinburn University

• Microbial Fuel Cells• Magnesium batteries

Han Lin, Swinburn University, Source: inhabitat

G-King Battery Pack Source: InsideHook

Thank you

IM (Euromoney PLC)| CPIM Consulting

Connect with me and read my articles: linkedin.com/in/cameronperks

E Cameron.perks@gmail.com

M +61 402 195 789

W IndMin.com

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