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Embedding children’s rights in policy-making: lessons from research and evidence gaps
Sonia Livingstone, Media@LSE
www.eukidsonline.net
From 2006-09, as a thematic network of 21 countries, EU Kids Online identified and evaluated the findings of nearly 400 research studies to draw out substantive, methodological and policy implications.
From 2009-11, as a knowledge enhancement project across 25 countries, the network surveyed 25,000 children and parents to produce original, rigorous data on online opportunities and risk of harm.
From 2011-14, the network expanded to 33 countries to conduct targeted analyses of the quantitative survey and new qualitative interviews with children.
In 2015, network coordination passed from Department of Media and Communications at LSE to the Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research, University of Hamburg.
See www.eukidsonline.net
Nearly a decade of research(funded by EC Better Internet for Kids)
Net Children Go Mobile replicated parts of EU Kids Online’s qualitative and quantitative research in selected countries in 2011-14.
See www.netchildrengomobile.eu
Findings • methods • recommendations
See http://goo.gl/3JJBbU for our YouTube playlist of 75 videos in most EU languages.
What do we know or not know?
Ladder of opportunities
Listening to children’s concerns
Usage ActivitiesRisk
factors
Harmor
coping
INDIVIDUAL USER
SOCIAL MEDIATION
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Parents School Peers
Child as unit of analysis
Country as unit of analysis
Demographic
Psychological
Culturalvalues
Socio-economicstratification
Regulatoryframework
Educationsystem
Technologicalinfrastructure
Usage ActivitiesRisk
factors
Harmor
coping
INDIVIDUAL USER
SOCIAL MEDIATION
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Parents School Peers
Child as unit of analysis
Country as unit of analysis
Demographic
Psychological
Culturalvalues
Socio-economicstratification
Regulatoryframework
Educationsystem
Technologicalinfrastructure
Usage ActivitiesRisk
factors
Harmor
coping
INDIVIDUAL USER
SOCIAL MEDIATION
NATIONAL CONTEXT
Parents School Peers
Child as unit of analysis
Country as unit of analysis
Demographic
Psychological
Culturalvalues
Socio-economicstratification
Regulatoryframework
Educationsystem
Technologicalinfrastructure
European diversity
Models of comparison
Nation as object of study: idiographic, seeing our own and others’ countries better through contrasting cases
Nation as context of study: testing hypothesised generalities across countries to examine claims of universal phenomena
Nation as unit of analysis: seeking systematic relations among a priori dimensions on which countries vary, each serving as source of data
Nation as component of transnational system: comparing countries systematically related as a result of an underlying process
(Melvin Kohn, Cross-national research in sociology 2009)
Putting ideas into practice
Country report 1
Country report 2
Country report 3
Country report 4
RQ1 RQ2 RQ3 RQ4
C1
C2
C3
C4
National teams write country reports that answer
a set of research questionsNation as
object of study
(Sonia Livingstone and Uwe Hasebrink, Designing a European project, 2010
Practice gets complicated
RQ1 RQ2 RQ3 RQ4
C1
C2
C3
C4
Country report 1
Country report 2
Country report 3
Country report 4
Different researchers analyse single research questions
across countries
Com-pari-son 1
Com-pari-son 2
Com-pari-son 3
Com-pari-son 4
If similarities - nation as context of study (claim universals?)
If differences - nation as unit of analysis (need external indicators)
But what about ‘the nation’?
Ethnos - The ethno-cultural nation
• Maps identity and culture onto nation by prioritising belonging, trust and efficacy generated by a homogenous & committed imagined community
• But problem of global flows, diversity, migration, instability
Cosmos - The community of communities
• Maps the kaleidoscope of variety and contrast, embracing diversity, difference, flux, even cosmopolitanism
• Responds to the critique of the ethno-cultural nation, but more description than explanation
Demos - The civic/democratic nation
• Replaces cultural homogeneity with political/administrative culture of social rights & inclusivity
• Invites strategic questions of priorities, of targeting structures that may effect change
(Kevin Robins, Becoming anybody 2001)
ActivitiesLiteraciesStrategies
AffordancesDesignPractices
Benefits and harms that affect
well-being
SOCIAL RESOURCES& MEDIATORS
SOCIETAL CONDITIONS
Outcomes
Digital ecology
User-led
Family EducatorsPeers andcommunity
Cultural values, norms, practices
Educationsystem
Technological and regulatory infrastructures
Structures of inclusion and inequality
IdentitiesExperiencesCapacities
Children
Opportunitiesand risks
INDIVIDUAL
ActivitiesLiteraciesStrategies
AffordancesDesignPractices
Benefits and harms that affect
well-being
SOCIAL RESOURCES& MEDIATORS
SOCIETAL CONDITIONS
Outcomes
Digital ecology
User-led
Family EducatorsPeers andcommunity
Cultural values, norms, practices
Educationsystem
Technological and regulatory infrastructures
Structures of inclusion and inequality
IdentitiesExperiencesCapacities
Children
Opportunitiesand risks
INDIVIDUAL
ActivitiesLiteraciesStrategies
AffordancesDesignPractices
Benefits and harms that affect
well-being
SOCIAL RESOURCES& MEDIATORS
SOCIETAL CONDITIONS
Outcomes
Digital ecology
User-led
Family EducatorsPeers andcommunity
Cultural values, norms, practices
Educationsystem
Technological and regulatory infrastructures
Structures of inclusion and inequality
IdentitiesExperiencesCapacities
Children
Opportunitiesand risks
INDIVIDUAL
ActivitiesLiteraciesStrategies
AffordancesDesignPractices
Benefits and harms that affect
well-being
SOCIAL RESOURCES& MEDIATORS
SOCIETAL CONDITIONS
Outcomes
Digital ecology
User-led
Family EducatorsPeers andcommunity
Cultural values, norms, practices
Educationsystem
Technological and regulatory infrastructures
Structures of inclusion and inequality
IdentitiesExperiencesCapacities
Children
Opportunitiesand risks
INDIVIDUAL
Design shapes practice and literacy follows (or doesn’t)
Positive affordances could build great digital literacies
Beyond the global North
Internet use is changing
A wider evidence base
UNCRC
Protection from any kind of discrimination (Art.2), all forms of abuse and neglect (Art. 19), including sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (Art. 34), and other forms of exploitation prejudicial to the child’s welfare (Art. 36), from ‘information and material injurious to the child’s well-being’ (Art. 17e), ‘arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, or correspondence [and] unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation’ (Art. 16)
Provision to support children’s rights to life and development (Art.6), to preserve his or her identity (Art. 8), to an education to support the development of their full potential (Art. 28) and prepare them ‘for responsible life in a free society’ (Art. 29), to recreation and leisure appropriate to their age (Art. 31), to diverse material of social and cultural benefit to the child (including minorities) to promote children’s well-being (Art. 17) and all appropriate measures for recovery from neglect, exploitation or abuse (Art.39)
Participation: ‘In all actions concerning children… the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration’ (Art. 3), including the right of children to be consulted in all matters affecting them (Art. 12), to freedom of expression (Art. 13) , freedom of thought (Art.14), of association and assembly (Art. 15), to information (Art.17) and to participate fully in cultural life (Art.31)
CRC Issues for the digital age Protection from any kind of discrimination (Art.2), all forms of abuse and neglect (Art. 19), including sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (Art. 34), and other forms of exploitation prejudicial to the child’s welfare (Art. 36), from ‘information and material injurious to the child’s well-being’ (Art. 17e), ‘arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, or correspondence [and] unlawful attacks on his/ her honour and reputation’ (Art. 16)
• Sexual grooming and sexual exploitation• Creation and distribution of child abuse images• Online dimensions of child trafficking• New threats to privacy, identity and reputation• Availability of (diverse, extreme) pornography• Personal data exploitation, misuse, tracking• Hostility, hate and bullying content and conduct• Persuasion re: self-harm, suicide, pro-anorexia,
drugs
Provision to support children’s rights to life and development (Art.6), to preserve his or her identity (Art. 8), to an education to support the development of their full potential (Art. 28) and prepare them ‘for responsible life in a free society’ (Art. 29), to recreation and leisure appropriate to their age (Art. 31), to diverse material of social and cultural benefit to the child (incl. minorities) to promote children’s well-being (Art. 17) and measures for recovery from neglect, exploitation or abuse (Art.39)
• Formal and informal learning resources and curricula
• Wealth of accessible and specialised information• Opportunities for creativity, exploration,
expression • Digital and information skills and literacies• Ways to counter traditional inequalities or
problems• Expanded array of entertainment and leisure
choices• Access to/representation in own culture and
heritageParticipation: ‘In all actions concerning children the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration’ (Art. 3), incl. the right of children to be consulted in all matters affecting them (Art. 12), to freedom of expression (Art. 13) , freedom of thought (Art.14), of association and assembly (Art. 15), to information (Art.17) and to participate fully in cultural life (Art.31)
• Enhanced connections and networking opportunities
• Scalable ways of consulting children about governance
• User-friendly fora for child/youth voice and expression
• Child-led initiatives for local and global change• Peer-2-peer connections for sharing and
collaboration• Recognition of child rights and responsibilities
CRC Evidence Internet Rights & Principles CoalitionProtection from any kind of discrimination (Art.2), all forms of abuse and neglect (Art. 19), including sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (Art. 34), and other forms of exploitation prejudicial to the child’s welfare (Art. 36), from ‘information and material injurious to the child’s well-being’ (Art. 17e), ‘arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, or correspondence [and] unlawful attacks on his/ her honour and reputation’ (Art. 16)
• Sexual exploitation
• Child abuse images
• Child trafficking• Threats to
privacy• Pornography• Personal data
exploitation• Hostility, hate,
bullying • Self-harm,
suicide, pro-anorexia
•Dignity must be respected, protected, fulfilled online
•Privacy, freedom from surveillance & censorship and the right to online anonymity
•Control over personal data collection, retention, processing, disposal and disclosure
•Protection against harassment, crime, defamation, hate (& for children, sexual exploitation)
•Children must be free to use the internet and be protected from its dangers, depending on capabilities
Provision to support children’s rights to life and development (Art.6), his or her identity (Art. 8), an education to support the development of their full potential (Art. 28) and prepare them ‘for responsible life in a free society’ (Art. 29), to recreation and leisure appropriate to their age (Art. 31), to diverse material of social and cultural benefit to the child to promote children’s well-being (Art. 17) and measures for recovery from neglect, exploitation or abuse (Art.39)
• Learning resources
• Wealth of information
• Creativity & expression
• Digital literacies
• Ways to counter inequalities
• Expanded entertainment
• Access to own culture
•Life, liberty and security•Access and use of a secure and open internet, incl. addressing specific needs of disadvantaged groups
•Cultural and linguistic diversity on the internet must be promoted and innovation should be encouraged to facilitate plurality of expression
•Education through the internet, to culture and knowledge online
Participation: ‘In all actions concerning children the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration’ (Art. 3), incl. the right of children to be consulted in all matters affecting them (Art. 12), to freedom of expression (Art. 13) , freedom of thought (Art.14), of association and assembly (Art. 15), to information (Art.17) and to participate in cultural life (Art.31)
• Enhanced networking
• Ways of consulting children
• Fora for child voice
• Child-led initiatives
• P2p sharing• Recognition of
rights
•The internet is a space for promotion, protection and fulfilment of human rights & advancing social justice
•Seek, receive and impart information freely, and to associate freely with others for social, political and cultural purposes
Questions?