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Introduction to Office ergonomics
Office Ergonomics by Jay Brandhttp://spaceinc.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Office-Ergonomics.pdf
Knoll Research paper HOLISTIC ERGONOMICS™ FOR THE EVOLVING NATURE OF WORK
VISUAL Ergonomics Eye fatigue
http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/4250125/file/4250134.pdf
Visual fatigue or eye fatigue According to Watten (1994), “Visual fatigue is the consequence of long-term, intense, visual near work, commonly associated with complaints of a vague nature such as discomfort localised in either the head or the eyes” (Watten, 1994, pp. 428-429). The USA National Research Council defines visual fatigue as, “any subjective visual symptoms of distress resulting from the use of one’s eyes” (National Research Council Committee on Vision, 1983, p. 153).
If a visual task such as computer work is considerably brighter than the surrounding visual field it contributes to visual fatigue. The resolution and the readability of a work task will also affect eye fatigue. Eye fatigue increases if reflections and glare are present in the work area (Anshel, 2005).
Eye fatigue and discomfort can be caused by the eyes having to adjust and readjust to different near range distances while working, which usually takes place thousands of times a day when shifting between different viewing distances (computer screen and paper manuscript) and puts stress on the eye muscles (Yan et al., 2008). Eye fatigue can also be caused by constant changes between negative and positive polarity (dark or light background) between different work tasks such as a visual display unit (VDU) with a positive polarity and a dark keyboard (Blehm et al., 2005, Cited by 409).
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Stora Hörsalen, IKDC, Lund. 14th February at 10.15.
Getting the Luminance ratios correct
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-light-levels
Luminance is the light reflected off of surfaces and measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2), or Nits (in imperial units).
Luminance is what we perceive when looking at a scene, or when using a camera. The quality and intensity of the light that reaches our eye does depend on the material properties of the surfaces (color, reflectance, texture).
http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/00140130500208414http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130500208414
Luminance Rule-of-thumb
http://www.fagerhult.com/Support-center/Light-planning/Instructions-for-planning-and-calculations1/Recommended-luminance-conditions/
In most lighting standards, the “famous” "1:3:10" rule of thumb is often quoted. The principle is based on the idea that the luminance in the visual field of someone who's doing a static task, must remain in reasonable ratios in order to prevent glaring situations caused by a heavy contrast, hence impairing visual performances. It is recommended that luminance ratios do not exceed the following values:
• 3:1 or 1:3 between paper and VDU screen,
• 3:1 or 1:3 between the visual task (paper or screen) and the adjacent surfaces,
• 10:1 or 1:10 between the visual task and the non-adjacent surfaces.
The adjacent and non-adjacent surfaces can be delimited by two cones of 60 and 120 degrees respectively, as shown on the image left.
This rule of thumb should not be used with the same rigour in any situation, though. The nature of the light source has a lot of impact on perception as well. A daylight and an artificial light situation will not have the same effects on people. People are more likely to tolerate a higher level of glare in a daylit environment. It has been found that a strong correlation exists between the preferred luminance ratios and the visual interest of a scene [Loe, 1994]. That is to say that the more interesting a scene is rated, the higher the tolerated luminance ratios will be. That tends to prove that when we are sitting next to a window (biophilia hypothesis), we would rather tolerate a high amount of daylight and enjoy the view outside than drawn the blinds down and use artificial lighting. We can also add that it seems that the experienced glare sensation is correlated with the nature of the task that is carried out.
http://www.new-learn.info/packages/clear/visual/people/performance/luminance_ratios.html
GLARE
Comparison of two daylighting designs. The one on the left has a relatively small window in a room with low surface reflectances, resulting in inadequate illumination, a gloomy appearance, and a propensity for discomfort glare. The one on the right, having larger window areas and higher surface reflectances, is brighter and less prone to glare.
http://what-when-how.com/energy-engineering/daylighting-energy-engineering/
http://danieloverbey.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/methodologies-for-glare-analysis.html
Placing monitor in front of a window and sitting facing the window is a classic glare case where eye gets fatigued due to too large differences in luminance in one's visual field (background too bright). The opposite happens when you look at a bright monitor in totally dark room (too dim background)
Lighting Schemes Examplehttp://www.slideshare.net/LEDucationNYC/task-surround-ambient-lighting:
Indirect+directT5 fluorescent fixture
INDIVIDUAL Preferencesfor each workstation
Lighting Specs CCT and CRI
http://hometronicslifestyles.com/2015/06/24/picking-the-right-led-color-temperature/
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
A number between 1 and 100 used to describe the ability of a lamp to accurately render all the colors in the lighted space. For example, a CRI of 80 or above normally indicates that the source has good color properties; it would not significantly distort or diminish the color of the object being illuminated.
http://www.ies.org/lighting/science/color.cfm https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-cri-cct-important-emily-lu
9 | 65CCT = 65xx KCRI = 9x
lighting.philips.co.uk
9 | 40CCT = 40xx KCRI = 9x
osram.com
Lighting Specs CCT and CRI
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/15268 http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2011/isbn9789526042497/http://elec.aalto.fi/en/current/current_archive/news/2011-10-14/
Lighting Specs CCT and CRI EXTRA!→
'World’s first Smart Spectrometer’(Based on intuitive platform of apps on iOS & Android like Spectrum Genius Mobile)http://light-union.com/lp/
If you feel adventurous, you can try the super high temperature 'circadian' lighting from Philips or Osram
http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps/fluorescent-lamps-and-starters/tl5/master-tl5-activiva
Osram 880 Skywhite, http://www.ledvance.no/media/resource/hires/333507/skywhite-en.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730415575432
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000329
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep27754
Lighting Specs dynamic CCT
Kruithof diagram The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer. For example, natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about 104 to 105 lux. This color temperature–illuminance pair results in natural color rendition, but if viewed at a low illuminance, would appear bluish. At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux, pleasing color temperatures are lower (between 3000 and 6000 K), and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux, pleasing color temperatures are even lower (between 2400 and 2700 K).
In other words, during daytime nice to have higher CCT (cooler) lighting whereas late in the evening lower CCT (warmer, more yellow) lighting is on average perceived as more pleasant.
In practice, you can mix different light sources to the office, and operate the warmer ones if staying late in the office.
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.00A907
Lighting designers, luminaire manufacturers, and end users have become familiar with the effects that can be achieved by dynamic white lighting. The market is now ready to accept tunable-white lighting products capable of supporting even more varied effects. Some products have already been successfully realized. Other aspects need to come fully into place, such as the realization that dynamic lighting offers quantifiable benefits for applications in retail, healthcare, hospitality, commercial, and education. Control options for tunable white can be simplified with improvements such as BLE mesh, and intuitive controls are the key to enabling this exciting technology to deliver its full potential.
ledsmagazine.com
http://darcawards.com/architectural/emergency-department-dynamic-lighting-usa/
Lighting Specs fluorescent ballast frequency
http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/001401398186928
However, when the light was powered by the conventional ballasts, individuals with high critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) responded with a pronounced attenuation of EEG a waves, and an increase in speed and decrease in accuracy of performance. These results may be understood in terms of heightened arousal in the central nervous system in response to the pronounced light modulation caused by the conventional ballasts. In order to alleviate this potential stress source, it is recommended that fluorescent lighting be powered by electronic high-frequency ballasts of good quality
I hope that there are no horrible fluorescent fixtures left from the past with magnetic ballast and the 100 Hz flicker problem coupled with the auditory buzz coming from the fixture :D
http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.concog.2014.02.006
The Flicker Tester app for iPhone from Viso Systems for the first time makes it possible to measure flickering coming from LED light sources
http://www.visosystems.com/products/flicker-tester/
Bad quality LED light sources can flicker too
Fixture examples direct+indirectSuspended linear fluorescent (T5 tube) direct + indirect
Indirect is bounced from wall giving uniform and glare-free ambient light
Direct goes straight down to workspace giving surround light
http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/lighting/products/suspended_linear_direct_indirect.html
45% of light indirect, and 55% of direct, the 'effectiveness' of indirect light depends on the reflectivity of the ceiling then
http://www.fagerhult.com/Products/Closs/Closs-Delta-DirectIndirect/
Fixture examples Task LightingIlluminate individual workspaceIndividual preferences then: color temperature, intensity, whether to be on the desk wasting space or on the floor, clipped to something, etc.
Fixture examples accent Lighting for featuresHighlight features of the space.In typical apartments and offices, the only features to be highlighted are the walls that can be illuminated from above close to the wall
Wall Washers vs Grazing lightVertical illuminance
erco.com
http://www.erco.com/guide/designing-with-light/lighting-interior-spaces-1848/en_us/ “Special mood lighting”up (shown) / downlight
Bring out the texture of the brick, and illuminate the peripheral vision of 'laptop workers', see the “1:3:10” rule in slide 5. lighttalk.via-verlag.com
http://www.archlighting.com/projects/wallwashing-and-wall-grazing_o
Wall Washers vs Grazing lightTechnical details
http://www.1stoplighting.com/content/FAQrecessedlighting/info.aspx
https://ezzatbaroudi.wordpress.com/2015/03/07/ldg-2-lighting-design-guide-for-vertical-surfaces/
Dynamic gobo patternswith software control
Vertical Illuminance Explained by Erco
ERCO DIALux Plug-in
To supplement the online plug-in technology (iDrop), ERCO also provides the current DIALux Plug-In as a complete package. For further information on gratis lighting design software DIALux, please go to: www.dial.de
Simulate with DIALUXhttps://www.dial.de/en/home/
https://youtu.be/jwjUe6Ihr_k
Lighting fixture providers
https://www.dial.de/en/dialux/partners/
https://youtu.be/p969JoKG7zE
Fixture providers way too many in practiceprofessional fixtures can be quite expensive. With proper budget, you can always let professional lighting designer to help you constrain the choices
Lighting controlsDigital controls – Easy to define programmable states such as 'daytime', 'evening', 'event lighting', etc.
“Machine Learning Lighting” By using 60-100 hours of automatic learning, on full lighting, Helvar’s new smart Active+ driver utilises the Active + sense which is connected directly to the luminaire. The Active+ driver and Active+ sense work together learning about the surrounding environment, detecting change in lighting conditions from other luminaires and light sources.
led-professional.com/products/led-driver-ics-moduleshttps://www.nicolaudie.com/en/home-show.htm
openlighting.orghttp://www.chromateq.com/
http://www.archlighting.com/industry/reports/the-future-is-in-lighting-controls_o
Event & Space design as branding toolYou might want to use your space to host meetups and talks which in turn will get many people coming to your space that are not familiar with your startup, and this is a good choice for you to market your brand to them.
HELPING TO GROW THE UK’S DIGITAL ECONOMY via data-driven products (e.g. blockchain), Internet of Things, artificial intelligence & machine learning and augmented/virtual reality.https://www.digitalcatapultcentre.org.uk/
https://www.meetup.com/London-Machine-Learning-Meetup/events/234729995/
https://www.ahl.com/culture | Machine learning and reinforcement learning quantitative finance: synergistic effects with the meetup topic
“The London, UK” case study where a lot of accelerators and companies allow people to organize events in their space leading to increased brand awareness.
https://thinkrise.com/london.html, Rise London and Seldon co-hosting a Tensorflow meetup in a fintech accelerator.
Brought to you by Luba Elliott @elluba
Lighting+Space aesthetic vocabulary
Boring office boring culture?Hard to attract employees with this sort of office at current tech startup culture
New generationWaits and expects non-boring work, and one component there for some people are 'cool' and functional spaces
Office design as recruiting tool
“Ironically, the company with the most viewed offices is not exactly a startup: it’s WeWork, a large network of coworking spaces in the US and Europe.”
thenextweb.com/insider/2015/09/05/officelovin-tech-startup-offices-new-hiring-tools
http://www.inc.com/young-entrepreneur-council/5-reasons-your-office-design-really-does-matter.html
“Do office space aesthetics actually have an impact on companies and their people? Or are we just caught up in a temporary fad, the "Nordictrack of the working world"? While I agree the battle of the coolest workspace has gotten out of hand (case in point, lickable elevator wallpaper), your office design matters.“
1. Your team spends a lot of time there.2. Prospective talent will Google your company.3. Your clients have expectations.4. It speaks to your values.5. Purposeful design supports a purpose-driven culture.
https://hbr.org/2016/05/7-factors-of-great-office-design
Tech Startups Turn to Office Designs as Recruiting Tool - Bloomberg
Lighting & Space design as visual branding toolMost likely, visitors coming to your conference room for business meeting won't be conscious about your lighting design, but they will have an unconscious perception of the space. This may or may not affect their perception of you as a business.
Buying Light: The Importance of Lighting Design in Retail08/04/15 by The Light Labthelightlab.com
lighting.philips.com/main/systems/system-areas/retail-and-hospitality
A FOCUS ON IMPROVING LIGHT QUALITY CONSISTENT WITH BRAND AND CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS FOR A LUXURY RETAIL
ENVIRONMENT WAS A PRIMARY PROJECT OBJECTIVE.
http://www.ledlightsheet.co.uk/case_study/jimmy-choo-selfridges.php
10 retailers who are using light to bolster their brandshttp://luxreview.com/article/2015/06/branding-with-light
The use of light as a branding tool deepens a brand strategy. It is a way for brands to put together the final piece of a jigsaw where lighting accentuates the visual aspects of company meaning
http://www.michaelgrubbstudio.com/2016/09/light-and-branding/
designcurial.com, by Mihaly Bartha
Two brands that use lighting in a particularly consistent way are Apple and Louis Vuitton (see below), two quite different companies that approach lighting in vastly different ways.
Office design Intro
http://www.inc.com/mona-patel/the-key-to-a-cool-startup-office-design-it-yourself.html
Google Ventures Startup Lab | How can inspiring office environments improve collaboration, innovation and employee well-being? Join Google's global Real Estate & Workplace Services Team to discuss these topics and more. They share data from Google's own research and even a historical tour of Google's https://youtu.be/j0wM_NIXUYYWho gets excited about pizza and coke anymore?
Office design Biophilic design
The term biophilia, stemming from the Greek roots meaning love of life, was coined by the social psychologist Erich Fromm.
The concept of biophilia implies that humans hold a biological need for connection with nature on physical, mental, and social levels, and that this connection affects our personal well-being, productivity, and societal relationships. Whether one is engaging with nature by walking through a park, by interacting with animals, or simply by having a view of greenery from one’s home or place of work, biophilia has many applications that help transform mundane settings into stimulating environments.
https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/
https://workdesign.com/2015/05/how-biophilia-reduces-workplace-stress-and-drives-productivity/
KEY MESSAGES
2. Across the world, a third of all respondents report that the design of an office would affect their decision to work for that organization, presenting biophilic design as an important consideration for those companies that want to attract and recruit the best employees.
http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/the-global-impact-of-biophilic-design-in-the-workplace/
http://da.velux.com/ar-LB/Documents/PDFs/DA15_complete.pdf
Office Lighting Daylighting, aesthetics and energy savings #1
usgbc.org/sites/default/files/OR10_Daylighting%20Bias%20and%20Biophilia.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.001
Human responsive daylighting in offices: a gaze-driven approach for dynamic discomfort glare assessmentSarey Khanie, Mandana
Advisors: Andersen, Marilyne; Wienold, Jan
Lausanne: EPFL, 2015
In the 1984 Science article “View through a Window may Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Roger Ulrich, now a professor of architecture as well as a co-founding director of the Center for Health Systems and Design at Texas A&M University, reported that surgery patients in rooms that had windows facing trees recovered 8.5 percent faster and took fewer analgesics than did those patients whose view was a brick wall.
http://www.archlighting.com/technology/the-benefits-of-natural-light_o
Office Lighting Daylighting, aesthetics and energy savings #2
Light pipehttp://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ci-ic/article/v16n1-10http://www.oobject.com/category/light-pipe-architecture/
Dynamic lighting with sensorshttp://www.glumac.com/sustainability/design-strategies/optimized-daylighting/
Daylighting Calculationshttp://docs.agi32.com/AGi32/Content/daylighting/Daylighting_Overview.htm
Dynamic Facadeshttp://www.sunproject.com/sustainable-design/energy-daylight-management
Responsive 'smart' facadeshttp://architizer.com/blog/8-impossibly-dynamic-facades-that-were-actually-built/
Daylighting Calculations for parametric designhttp://www.diva-for-rhino.com/index.html
Not only about lighting fixtures & SourcesThink about the surfaces | paint 'too dark' surfaces
Dark brick walls work in certain settings but not necessarily in startup settings where people want to work. You could save dark brick for recreational break space to create visually interesting space.
DARK MOODGRUNGY HYBRID LIGHT/DARK LIGHT MOOD
Too sombre already? Too light and flat?No contrast
Painting brick
http://www.designmom.com/2014/01/the-treehouse-whitewashed-bricks-tutorial/
https://uk.pinterest.com/explore/brick-fireplace-remodel/
Painting brick High reflectance with BaSO4
http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cpl_techniquesinstruments
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.7.002289
Make white even 'whiter'White gives spectrally flat, but not necessarily 'mirror-like' perfect reflectance (quantified as reflectance factor, ). Barium Sulfate can be mixed with traditional paint to increase reflectance value.
