ARCHITECTURE

AED1313

Introduction to Built Environment

Compiled by

Department Of Architecture And Environmental Design

Centre For Foundation Studies

International Islamic University Malaysia

Contents

What is architecture? Overview of the architect’s profession Architectural Styles Vernacular VS Indigenous architecture Islamic architecture Sustainable and ecological design

ARCHITECTURE? The art and science of

designing and constructing buildings or open area,

commune areas and other artificial constructions or environment

usually with some regard to aesthetic

Its basic function is to provide shelter for various human activities by enclosing space.

Architect’s Act

The architect of Malaysia are bound under the Architects Act 1967 (Revise 1973) that provides statutory authority to architects in implementing their responsibilities under the supervision of the Board of Architects, Malaysia.

The Profession

Science + Art To produce a structure as well as creating

forms To visualize the interior as well as the

exterior of a building To ensure the accommodation related to

requirements of inhabitants To ensure form and construction of the

building are appropriate to function of the building and its setting

Architect’s Scope of Work

Building and designing Master planning Interior designing Project managing Building graphics – Computer Graphics,

Presentation Drawings and model making

(1) Designing

the building

(2) Preparation of drawing

(3) Supervision of Construction

Work

Architect’s Work Stages

Stage 1: Designing the building Advice client on suitability/feasibility of project

Forming project brief according to client’s requirements

Helping client in the estimation of project’s cost

Suggest to client possible parties for design consultant team

Designing in collaboration with other consultants

Compliance of design with government requirements:

drawing submission to authorities e.g. DBKL, Bomba, JKR

Prepare Developed design/detailed design

preparation of contract

Arrange meetings at regular intervals with client, consultant and other

during design stage

Act as the middle party between the client and consultants/contractor

1. Identify the Problem

2. Prepare The Design Brief

3. Investigation & Research

4. Identify Possible Solutions

5. Choose Best Solution

6. Develop Solution

7. Implement Solution

8. Test Solution

9. Evaluate & Report

Findings

Design Process

Presentation of design drawing for early

discussion with client.

Design drawing for early cost estimation

Detail and comprehensive working drawings

for project tendering and construction

Stage 2: Preparation of drawings

Stage 3: Supervision of Construction Works Briefing to all consultants and contractors on the building design

Arrange meetings for construction progress at regular intervals

Arrange visit to construction site at regular intervals

Organize appropriate payment/process to contractor

Ensure contractor to:

Work according to design

Follow authority regulation and contract agreement

Coordinate with consultants regarding other disciplines’ drawing

Control the work to not exceeding the cost of building

Architectural Practice Single

small scale companyowned by an individualhandle small scale projects

○ housing and renovation

Partnershipconsists of few partners/principle and

associatesAdvantages

○ easy to get projects○ easy to delegate jobs/projects○ segregation of office management/ control

most practices commonly found in Malaysia

Architectural Practice Group Practice/ Consortia

Recent trends especially in large government projects○ Putrajaya, KLIA, KLCC and

Bukit Jalil

Group of architectural practices/firms form a group to work on one major project for a common client

Normally a project management firm will be coordinating or organizing project

Architectural Practice Personnel normally found

in an architectural firm :Principle / DirectorArchitect – Design Architect,

Project ArchitectResidence ArchitectAssistant ArchitectTechnical AssistantDraughtsman – Senior,

Intermediate and juniorGeneral Worker – Clerk of

WorkAdministration Staff

Professional Bodies

PAM – Pertubuhan Arkitek MalaysiaProvides council, Committee members,

Malaysian architectural policies, by Laws, Constitution and news

LAM – Lembaga Arkitek MalaysiaProvide Acts, regulations, registrations,

accreditation,publications and practices informations

How to register as an ARCHITECT? Those who have obtained qualifications

recognized by LAM and PAM are exempted from the Part I & II examination. The Part 3 Examination is mandatory for every would-be architect. Upon passing the Part 3 Examination, one may become a member of PAM and register with LAM as an Architect.

○ Excerpt from http://www.pam.org.my/career_guidance.asp

Career Opportunities Government or Public Architect Corporate/Professional Architect Project Manager Specialist in CADD Researcher Consultant or Advisor Graphic Illustrator Academician Developer, Entrepreneur, Contractor,

Manufacturer, Software programmer

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

TOPIC 2

Definition An architectural style is a specific

method of construction, characterized by the features that make it notable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, materials, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which changes over time. These may reflect changing fashions, changing beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas and new technology which make new styles possible.

Pre-Historic Islamic Classical Greece and Rome Mediavel Europe Reinassance Neo Classicism Revivalism and orientalism Industrial Revolution Modernism

Architecture Style

Architecture Style

Pre-historic Islamic Classical

Mediavel Reinassence Neo-Classicism

Architecture Style

Revivalism Orientalism Industrial Revolution

Modernism Post-Modern Deconstructivism

Architecture style in Malaysia have been influenced by various source since the earliest period of maritime and navigation and exploration in this part of this world (Asian).

The invasion of European colonial power (Portuguese, Dutch and British) gave big impact on the Architectural typologies in Malaysia.

Religion, economic and cultural activities influenced the pattern of architectural typologies especially on domestic usage.

Usage of appropriate materials, consideration of climate possesses as a design principle that are still relevant for Contemporary Architecture.

Architecture Style in Malaysia

Pre-Historic-tomb, altars Islamic – Mosque, Sultanate of Malacca Period,

Traders from India and Arab. Malay house Mediavel Europe- Church, fortification

(Portuegese) Reinassance/Clasisicism – Governor’s House

(Dutch) Colonial Architecture- British Invasion. Shop houses, temples- Chinese/Indian. Modern- After Independence- public buildings.

Architecture Style in Malaysia

Architecture Style in Malaysia

Pre-Historic Islamic Malay House Mediavel

Reinassance Colonial Temple Shop houses

Architecture Style in Malaysia

Modern/Post Modern – 1960-1980

Modern- 1990-2000

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

TOPIC 3

Definition A term used to categorize methods of

construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs.

Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time (accepted civilization) to reflect the environmental, cultural and historical context in which it exists.

Vernacular IS NOT Indigenous All indigenous architecture IS vernacular

architecture

Influences in Vernacular Architecture Local climate & site condition Culture & the way of life Local materials & construction methods Energy & resource efficient

Case Study: Traditional Malay House Built without architect Display of a good fit to the culture, lifestyle

and socio-economic needs of the user The honest and efficient use of materials and

appropriate climatic design High degree of user and community

participation A sense of belonging and responsibility to the

built environment Creates a well-designed and healthy living

environment which it self maintained

Case Study: Traditional Malay House Low-cost, affordable and self-reliant Efficiently designed to suit the local

climatic requirements using various ventilation and solar-control devices and low thermal capacity building Built with natural materials like wood, attap

& other forest productsRaised on stiltsA prefabricated building system which is

flexible and varied to suit the needs of the users

Kelantan House

Promotes natural ventilation

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURETOPIC 4

Islamic Architecture

Definition History Principles Renown buildings

Definition Encompasses a wide range of both secular

and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture.

Principles

Relying both on the technical-scientific and on the artistic-creative principles of architecture.

The relationship between architecture and the Islamic creed found its expression in the monotheist spirit as a religious foundation, and in the very Islamic precepts, principles, and traditions.

Ties with Allah

Ties with the

environment

Ties with fellow man

Basic Principles of Islamic Architecture

Principles

Adapted and responded to different cultures and existing traditions of buildings without weakening the spiritual essence which was its source of inspiration.

▪ (Sources: Jones, D: Architecture of the Islamic World; Islamic Arts and Architecture Organisation)

Characteristics Based on Islamic values Common character:

Worshipping○ Encourage Muslim to abide His Laws○ Decoration is to represent the beauty of

JannatulfirdausHuman Scale

○ designed for human (privacy, natural ventilation, water elements, etc)

○ Internal space is richly ornamentedUnity

○ Authentic identity

Notable buildings in Islamic Architecture history

Mosque Madrasa Souq/ Market Caravanserai Hammam

Mosque components

1. Prayer Hall 2. Mihrab3. Mimbar4. Dikka5. Kursi6. Kolah7. Minaret8. The Archway ( Eyvan/Iwan)

The main components of a mosque –contd.

The main components of a mosque - contd.

The Mihrab, minbar, DikkaThe prayer hall

The iwan ( Eyvan): Jama’ Masjid, Delhi

Main components of a mosque- contd.

The Kursi

The kursi is basically a bookstand on which the Muslim holy book, the

Qur'an, is placed. 

The Kolah/pool The minaret

Minaret of the Muhammed Ali Mosque,

Cairo

Fountain in the Courtyard of the

Mohammed Ali Mosque, Cairo

Mosque decoration/ornamentation

1. Khat writing 2. Muqarnas3. Water element4. Light 5. Geometry

Variety of Khat writing :1. Deewani2. Khufi3. Naskh4. Riqa5. Taliq6. Thuluth

Khat writing

1. Deewani 3. Naskh

2. Khufi 4. Riqa

5. Taliq

6. Thuluth

Muqarnas

The shape of this three dimensionalgeometry is unique in islamic architecture.The earliest was found in the 11th century.

Muqarnas

Water element as decoration

Light as element in mosque

Muqarnas inside the dome

Colourful window in Suleymaniye Mosque,Istanbul.

Highly intricate screen in Fatehpur Sikri,India.

Geometric patterns make up one of the three non-figural types of decoration in Islamic art, which also include calligraphy and vegetal patterns.

Geometry

The door

The wall screen

The dome

Caravanserai in Karaj, Iran from the Safavid era

Caravanserais provided water for drinking (for animals and people), and for washing and ritual ablutions. Sometimes they even had elaborate baths. They also kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies.

Caravanserai

BazaarA bazaar (Persian: بازار, Hindi: बज़ा�र) is a marketplace, often covered, typically found in areas of Persian, Indian and some Islamic culture. The word derives from the Persian word bāzār, whose etymology goes back to the Pahlavi word baha-char (بهاچار) meaning "the place of prices". ( WIKIPEDIA)

Market

Sustainable & Ecological Design

TOPIC 5

Sustainable Design? Also called environmental design,

environmentally sustainable design, environmentally-conscious design, etc.)

Def.: The philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability.Its application range from the microcosm —

small objects for everyday use, through to the macrocosm — buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface.

Sustainable Design?Can be applied in the fields of architecture,

landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, and fashion design.

The intention: To "eliminate negative environmental impact completely through skillful, sensitive design". A general reaction to global environmental crises,

the rapid growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, damage to ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity.

Common Principles of SD Use Low-impact materials

choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or recycled materials which require little energy to process

Energy efficiencyuse manufacturing processes and produce

products which require less energy Quality and durability

longer-lasting and better-functioning products will have to be replaced less frequently, reducing the impacts of producing replacements.

Common Principles of SD Design for reuse and recycling

Products, processes, and systems should be designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'.

Apply Design Impact Measures for total carbon footprint and life-cycle assessment for any resource used○ It is increasingly required and available.○ Healthy Buildings

- sustainable building design aims to create buildings that are not harmful to their occupants nor to the larger environment. An important emphasis is on indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality.

Common Principles of SD Renewability

materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably-managed renewable sources that can be composted when their usefulness has been exhausted.