Graphene-based Biosensors

Mohamed Labadi

April, 2015

OverviewNature Nanotechnology, January 2011

What is Graphene?

G-properties/Superlatives/Applications

Producing Graphene/SynthesisGraphene based Biosensors

Graphene’s patent trend and battle for market space

Conclusion

Tall graphite mine,

near Seathwaite, UK.

Oldest surviving pencil circa 17th Cent.

▪ It is a single layer of Graphite (pure crystaline carbon)

▪ Graphite was discovered in 1564 at Seathwaite

(Borrowdale), Northumberland

What is graphene?

▪ It is a single layer of Graphite (pure crystaline carbon)

▪ Graphite was discovered in 1564 at Seathwaite (Borrowdale), Northumberland

▪ ‘Graphene’ was first isolated in the lab by Professor Andre Geim with former student Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester, England in 2004

2010 Nobel Prize for “groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”

(Both were later Knighted, twice)

What is graphene?Pr

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Graphene Superlatives thinnest imaginable and strongest material ever measured

stiffest known material (stiffer than diamond)

most stretchable crystal (up to 20% elastically)

record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond)

highest current density at room T (million times of those in copper)

highest intrinsic mobility (100 times more than in Si)

conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons

Good for flexible, wearable devices

It is transparent: One atom-thick layer sheet absorbs ~2.3% visible light (πα).

most impermeable (even He atoms cannot squeeze through)

……?

Graphene properties Morphological

Surface area – 1gr = 2630 m2 Aspect ratio varies – typically 2 for solvent exfoliation

Optical Transparent to light (97.7 %) and electrons

Mechanical Stiffness = 1 Tpa Strength = 130 GPa

Chemical Easily functionalised Processable

Tremendous applications…

Healthcare

Aerospace & defence

Electronics, optoelectronics and semi-conductors

Energy Storage

Automotive

Plastics, composites

sensors

coating, packaging and paints

telecommunications

15%

27%19%

17%

12%

3%2%2%

3%

Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 4598–4810

How to make graphene

Production by removing elements from a large

starting material.

Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements.

Producing Graphene

Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 4598–4810

Mechanical Electrical conductivity

Optical Permeability Thermal Surface area Biocompatibility

CVDgraphene

Platelets

GO

Structural composites

• Rollable epaper• Foldable OLED display• Touch screen

Conductive ink• Packaging• Toys • Smart items

Conductive layer• Solar cells/PV • Smart windows

Electromagnetic shield coating or

composites

Barrier coating• Anti corrosion in

structure• Food packaging

Ultra fast laser

• Wound dressing management

• Biomaterials for regenerative medicine

• ‘smart’ biomaterials• Drug delivery• Medical devices• Scaffold for tissue

engineeringElectrodes for batteries and

super-capacitors

Chemical sensors

Electromagnetic shield layer

Barrier coating for cupper connects in

electronics

‘smart’ hydrogels

composites for contact

lenses

Conductive filler for hydrogel composites

• Drug delivery systems• Regenerative medicine• Tissue engineering

Heat sink for semi-

conductors

HealthcareAerospace, defencePackagingElectronicsSensorsCompositesEnergy storage

Membranes• Solvent/gas purification• Separation/dessalination

Conductive filler for composites

Additive for heat

dissipation in polymers

Biosensors

Graphene-based Biosensors Graphene-based Electrochemical Biosensors

Excellent electrochemical behaviors of graphene Promising electrode materials in electroanalysis High electrocatalyst activity toward H2O2 The graphene film accelerates the electrodic reaction A high background current is observed due to the large surface

area of graphene. Electrodes have more uniform distribution of electrochemically

active sites. Graphene: 2D structure: very efficient in detecting adsorbed

molecules

Graphene-based Optical Biosensors

Low cross-sensitivity Long life & lower contamination sensitivity Detecting biomolecules optically using graphene by attaching a

fluorophore (exhibit different photophysical properties because of its interaction with carbon)

(a) Response of sensor film to various concentrations of BSA. (b): Equilibrium analysis of binding of anti-BSA protein to a high-affinity

BSA protein.

Biosensor chip using an immunoassay method for detecting a protein using a gold binding. (a) Conventional SPR chip and (b) GOS film-based SPR chip

Chiu et al., Graphene oxide-based SPR biosensor chip for immunoassay applications, Nanoscale Research Letters 2014, 9:445.

Graphene-based Biosensors Graphene-based DNA Biosensors

High sensitivity, high selectivity & low cost for the detection of selected DNA sequence or mutated genes associated with human disease

Providing a simple, accurate and inexpensive platform of patien diagnosis

20- S. Liu et al., Self-assembled graphene platelet–glucose oxidase nanostructures for glucose biosensing, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26 (2011)

4491–4496.

Graphene-based Biosensors Research groups and companiesResearch Group/Lab Research Interests Country

National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester

Nanomaterials, Graphene plasmonics, Graphene bio-sensing, Graphene bio-catalysis and Grapehene bio-energy

U.K

Graphene Research Laboratory (The Hong group), Seoul National University

Nanomaterials Synthesis, nanoanalysis, Graphene-based sensors

South Korea

The Walter Schottky Institut (WSI) - Garrido Group, TUM

Graphene Biosensors, Carbon nanotubes Germany

James M Tour Group, Rice University

Graphene for Various Applications USA

Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, The Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology (ICN)

Graphene, Graphene-based biosensing, nanoparticle-based lab-on-a-chip system, Nanomaterials

Spain

Yuanbo Zhang Group, Fudan University

Graphene, Quantum Transport in Graphene China

Ajayan Research Group, Rice University

Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, 2D and 3D materials USA

Graphene Centre at Chalmers, Chalmers University of Technology

Graphene Spintronics, Graphene-based TeraHertz Electronics

Sweden

Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge

Science and technology of graphene, Hybrid nanomaterials

U.K

Losic Group, University of Adelaide Graphene based composites, Graphene for biomedical applications: drug delivery and imaging

Australia

The Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research

Graphene Composites, Graphene electrodes, Graphene transistors

Germany

Craighead Group, Cornell University

Graphene based biosensors, nanotechnology USA

Bolotin research group, Vanderbilt University

Graphene, Nanoscale electronics USA

Nam Group, University of Inninois Graphene Nanoelectronic Biomaterials USA

Compnay Location Main activities

Graphene Frontiers (spun off from the University of Pennsylvania)

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Graphene field effect transistor (GFET) based chemical and biosensors

AMO GmBH Aachen, Germany

Biochips based on fluorescence techniques, graphene-based photodetectors.

Calevia Montreal, QC, Canada

graphene-based cancer thermal treatment platform

Graphene Sensors Inc. Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaChai Wan, Hong Kong, China

Ultrasensitive biosensor made from the wonder material grapheme uses to detect molecules that indicate an increased risk of developing cancer

2-DTech Manchester, UK

Prototyping of graphene based devices and characterisation service

Graphene’s patent trend and battle for market space

22- Graphene: The worldwide patent landscape in 2015, UK Intellectual Property Office, 2015.

Concept Development – focus is on a) increasing the technology development TRL – manufacturing scale up, characterisation and measurement, b) experiment with the art of the

possible future applications and concepts and c) provide inputs to Concept Development.

Value creation through the

delivery of Product or via the

Integration of Complex Systems

Technology/Capability Demonstration

Programmes – focused on increasing the SRL to

de-risk and showcase next generation

products and applications

Route to Commercialisation

Technology Readiness Level

Syst

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Appl

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Academia

Concept Development

Material Supply Chain

Technology/Capability Demonstration

Programmes

Korean Graphene Research Hub

Industrial Leaders

Conclusion The possibility to detect and characterize a single cell or very

lowly expressed biomolecules makes Graphen-based biosensors among the most promising tools for efficient translational, integrative, regenerative and personalized medicine

Future targets are the development of graphene-based biosensor devices on a flexible substrates

Investing in graphene: discover the next big thing

Graphene Valley?

Concept for an artificial retina

Questions

The future in a pencil trace!Thank you for your attention