An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction to

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini /Bartholomew

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

An Introductionto Anatomy & PhysiologyAn Introductionto Anatomy & Physiology

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Introduction

All living organisms share the following characteristics:

• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Movement• Metabolism


Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

Anatomists study:• Internal and external structure• Physical relationships among

body parts

Physiologists study:• How organisms perform vital

functions



Gross anatomy• “Naked eye” anatomy• Surface anatomy• Regional anatomy• Sectional anatomy



Microscopic anatomy• Cytology: study of individual cells• Histology: study of tissues



Human physiology: Study of human body function

• Cell physiology• Special physiology• System physiology• Pathological physiology


Levels of Organization

Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:

• Chemical (or Molecular)• Cellular• Tissue• Organ• Organ System• Organism



OrganismLevel

IntegumentarySkeletal

MuscularNervous

Endocrine Cardiovascular LymphaticRespiratory

DigestiveUrinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue

Tissue Level(Chapter 4)

Cellular Level(Chapter 3)

Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments

Complex proteinmolecule

Atoms incombination

Chemical orMolecular Level

(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 1 of 7



Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-1 2 of 7



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-1 3 of 7


Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

Figure 1-1 4 of 7


Cardiovascular

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 5 of 7



MuscularNervous


DigestiveUrinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 6 of 7



MuscularNervous


DigestiveUrinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue



Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments


Atoms incombination


(Chapter 2)

OrganismLevel

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Figure 1-1 7 of 7

Overview of Organ Systems

The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Endocrine

• Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive

Organ SystemsPLAY


The Integumentary System

Figure 1-2(a)

The Skeletal System

Figure 1-2(b)

The Muscular System

Figure 1-2(c)

The Nervous System

Figure 1-2(d)

The Endocrine System

Figure 1-2(e)

The Cardiovascular System

Figure 1-2(f)

The Lymphatic System

Figure 1-2(g)

The Respiratory System

Figure 1-2(h)

The Digestive System

Figure 1-2(i)

The Urinary System

Figure 1-2(j)

Male Reproductive System

Figure 1-2(k)

Female Reproductive System

Figure 1-2(l)

Introduction to Organ Systems

Key NoteThe body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.


Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostasis• Maintains stable internal conditions

• Temperature• Ionic concentrations

• Blood sugar levels, etc.

• Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms



Regulation depends on:• Receptor sensitive to a

particular stimulus• Effector that affects the same

stimulus



RECEPTOR

Thermometer

STIMULUS:Room temperature

rises

Normalconditiondisturbed

HOMEOSTASISNormalroom

temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormal

conditionrestored

EFFECTORAir conditioner

turns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)

20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-31 of 6



temperature

Figure 1-32 of 6


RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

Figure 1-33 of 6


RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-34 of 6


RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature


turns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-35 of 6

RECEPTOR

Thermometer


rises



temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormal

conditionrestored


turns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects


20o 30o 40o


Figure 1-36 of 6


Negative Feedback:• Variation outside normal limits

triggers automatic corrective response

• Response negates disturbance


Figure 1-41 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTORBody’s

temperaturesensorsSTIMULUS

Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSEIncreased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored

Controlmechanismwhen body

temperaturerises

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat

glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER

Thermoregulatorycenter in brain

Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat glands

in skinSkeletal muscles

Negativefeedback


temperaturefalls

RECEPTORBody’s

temperaturesensors STIMULUS

Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


STIMULUSBody temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)


temperaturerises

CONTROLCENTER


Figure 1-42 of 10


RECEPTORBody’s




temperaturerises

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-43 of 10


RECEPTORBody’s




temperaturerises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-44 of 10


RECEPTORBody’s





temperaturerises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-45 of 10


STIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)


temperaturefalls

CONTROLCENTER


Figure 1-46 of 10


RECEPTORBody’s




temperaturefalls

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-47 of 10


RECEPTORBody’s




temperaturefalls

EFFECTOR



Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-48 of 10


RECEPTORBody’s



RESPONSEDecreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


temperaturefalls

EFFECTOR



Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

CONTROLCENTER


Informationaffects

Figure 1-49 of 10

Figure 1-410 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTORBody’s





temperaturerises

EFFECTOR


glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER


Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR



Negativefeedback


temperaturefalls

RECEPTORBody’s



RESPONSE

Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored


Positive Feedback:• Stimulus produces response that

reinforces the stimulus• Response rapidly completes

critical process



Figure 1-5


Homeostasis and Disease• Failure of homeostatic regulation• Symptoms appear• Organ system malfunction



Key NotePhysiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions.


The Language of Anatomy

Surface Anatomy• Anatomical Position

• Hands at side• Palms forward• Feet together

• Supine: Face up• Prone: Face down



Figure 1-6(a)


Figure 1-6(b)


Anatomical Regions• Two methods to map abdominal

and pelvic regions• Four abdominopelvic quadrants• Nine abdominopelvic regions



Figure 1-7(a)


Figure 1-7(b)


Figure 1-7(c)


A few anatomical directions:• Anterior (= ventral)• Posterior (= dorsal)• Superior (= cranial)• Inferior (= caudal)• Lateral• Medial• Proximal• Distal



Figure 1-8


Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections• Transverse plane

• Transverse section• Frontal plane

• Frontal section• Sagittal plane

• Sagittal section



Figure 1-9


Ventral body cavity• Protects delicate organs

• Permits organ growth and movement

• Surrounds:• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive organs



Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:• Thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavities (R and L)• Pericardial cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity• Abdominal cavity• Pelvic cavity• Peritoneal membrane



Key NoteAnatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides,palms facing forward, and feet together.



Figure 1-10(a)


Radiological Procedures• X-rays

• CT Scans

• MRIs

• Ultrasound


X-Rays

Figure 1-11(a)

X-Rays

Figure 1-11(b)

Common Scanning Techniques

Figure 1-12(a)


Figure 1-12(b)


Figure 1-12(c)


Figure 1-12(d)

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