Appendix A

219

FIGURE A.1 GENOGRAM IN A COMPLEX FAMILY SITUATION

Appendix B:Assessing SiblingRelationships in Practice

Where there are sibling relationships in the family, consider thefollowing:

1. Family assessment of sibling relationships

Working with the entire family to explore sibling relationship quality,perhaps using a flip chart page set out as in Figure A.2, consider eachrelationship individually.

& What are the strengths?& What are the limitations?& What evidence is there of warmth in the relationship?& What evidence is there of rivalry?& What evidence is there of hostility?

2. Assessing perceived experience of differentialtreatment

& Are there favoured children within the families?& Are there children in the family who are disfavoured?& Is there agreement between family members about which children

are favoured and which ones disfavoured?& What perceptions are held by family members about how a child

who is either favoured or disfavoured might influence the way thebrother(s) and sister(s) get on with each other?

& If it is felt to be an issue of concern for the family, how might it beaddressed?

220

3. Conjoint work with siblings

Undertake the following tasks with the siblings together:

& an ecomap for each of the children (see Department of Health,1988);

& a family life snake (a pictorial representation of the family chro-nology; noting in particular the points of arrival and departuresof siblings);

& a family genogram (see Appendix A).

SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS 221

StrengthsLimitations/Challenges

WarmthRivalryHostility

FIGURE A.2 EVALUATING SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS

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246 REFERENCES

Index

Key: f¼figure; n¼note; t¼ table; bold extended discussion or heading.

——————

Abaluya 19Abarbanel, J. 42Abel, E. 136, 137Aboud, F.E. 237Abrahams, J. 147, 148Abramovitch, R. 238Abramovitch, R. et al. 72t, 222

Corter, C. 222Pepler, D.J. 222Stanhope, L. 222

abuse 97, 138, 196, 210, 215–18borderline with aggression 143–4differential risk 169–75emotional 160physical 146, 152–6, 166, 170, 171t,

173, 175, 215–16psychological/emotional 160–8,

171t, 173, 176sibling 142–51type 142see also child abuse

accident 85, 111, 202Adams, J. 65tAdams, J.Q. 65tAde-Ridder, L. 234adjustment 96, 111, 130, 133, 188

emotional 103, 119, 194psychological 105, 106, 194

adjustment difficulties 48, 73tAdler, A. 56–7Adler, N. 146Adler, R.G. 2, 167admiration 74t, 75t, 76, 79tadolescence 103, 107, 184

early 46, 48sibling relationships 48–50

adolescents 78t, 80, 92, 114, 146, 211bereavement 202t, 203remarried families 188young 90, 183

adoption xi, 195–7, 208siblings placed together 197

adult lockout 152Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire

(Stocker, Lanthier, andFurman 1997) 51

Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire(ASRQ) 79t

adulthood 20, 151, 202tearly 79tsibling bonds (‘birthright’) 51–2sibling conflict 49sibling relationships 50–2transition from childhood 49, 50

adults 78t, 79t, 132, 152, 170abusers 146, 161, 215disabled 52elderly 52young 80

adversity 4, 74t, 83, 97, 109–10, 139,149, 183, 207, 210, 211

two concurrent processes 110–12types 111

affection 49, 50, 52, 70, 71, 74t, 75t,76, 77, 79t, 80, 101

age 42, 72t, 73t, 90, 94, 119, 123, 129,130, 134, 144, 170, 171, 172, 185,186, 203, 212

parental treatment of siblings 88–9age gap/age differential 9–10, 18, 42,

59, 60, 62, 63t, 66, 70, 72t, 100,125, 145–6, 147, 161, 185

‘simplistic understandings’ 68aggression 25, 26, 47, 48, 53t, 57,

58, 72t, 75t, 97–101, 104, 105,108, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136,138, 140, 142, 147, 164, 183, 186,204, 214

borderline with abuse 143–4physical 143, 144, 150verbal 143, 144, 150

agonism 47, 74t, 75t, 133Ainscough, C. 156–7Ainslie, R. 10

247

Ainsworth, M. 38Ainsworth, M. et al. 178, 222

Blehar, M. 222Wall, S. 222Waters, E. 222

Akhtar, S. 3, 60Albro, E.R. 79talcohol 113–16, 141Aldridge, J. 124–5ambivalence 71, 149American Child Mental Health

Movement 57Anderson, E. et al. 183, 188, 222

Clingempeel, W. 222Greene, S. 222Hetherington, E. 222

Andersen, H.C. 10Angelou, M. 12anger 101, 138, 147, 157, 159, 194,

201, 202t, 214antagonism 74t, 75t, 76, 79tAntigone (Sophocles) 11

Antigone 11Creon, King 11Polyneices 11

anxiety 118, 130, 133, 134, 153, 162,193, 200, 202t, 203

appearance (physical) 66Approved School 168Aquan-Assee, J. 233Arbitel, M. 224Arkansas 12art therapy 204Arthurian legend 14–16Assessment and Action Records 211assumed stupidity (Levy) 58Atkins, S. 130attachment 83, 109, 203

children’s classification 120existing 119infant–mother 47, 73tinsecure 47, 119siblings 199

attachment relationships 177–80cross-cultural variations 180social rather than biological 207

attachment theory 104, 105attention 144

‘dethronement’ (Adler) 56–7parental 130

Aukland Inquiry (1975) 155Austen, J. 9Australia 2autonomy 23, 99

babysitting 146Baher, E. et al. 172, 223

Hyman, C. 223Jones, C. 223Jones, R. 223Kerr, A. 223Mitchell, R. 223

Ballard, J. 237Bamber, R. 180Bank, S. 51, 64, 83, 96, 109Barber, P. 233Barker, R. 191, 192, 199Barnes, G.G. 122Barnes, P. 180Baron, L. 94Baskett, L. 100battered women 137, 138–9, 139, 140Beardsall, L. 48–9, 68, 229Becker, S. 124–5bedtime 89Begun, A. 194behaviour 44, 72t, 73t, 95, 132, 202t,

214antisocial 48, 79t, 98, 203attention-seeking 98caregiving 179–80competitive 74t, 75tdifficulties 31, 111, 201disturbance 95externalising 48, 183, 188internalising 48mature 101negative 75t, 92over-controlled 48paternal 150, 162positive 75tpreschool children 181problems 38, 40, 87, 91, 103, 110,

130, 132, 137, 163, 171, 181,188, 194

prosocial 47, 74t, 75t, 76, 106,133

proximity-seeking 178social rules 98strange 90tantrums 98threshold into abuse 98under-controlled 48

behaviour disorder 70behaviour genetics 86Beinart, H. 201Bell, J.E. 61Belsky, J. 47, 73t, 244Benko, D. 15

248 INDEX

bereavement 85, 199–205, 208practice note 204–5stage model 201, 202t, 208

Berridge, D. 195Bess, B. 148Besser, H. 132best practice 127Bettelheim, B. 10Bible xi, 2, 61, 91bickering 53t, 70, 80, 91, 140, 155,

193, 204, 214‘bifurcation of identity traits’

(Ainslie) 10‘big brother’ role 11, 25Bilson, A. 191, 192, 199bipolar disorders 118birth order 11, 22, 57, 62, 63t, 66, 70,

81, 86, 129, 130, 153t, 171, 182lifelong consequences xi, 64, 65t, 65‘simplistic understandings’ 68

birth of sibling 37–46, 213adjustment 42–6Adler 56Freud 56‘produces significant changes in family

environment’ 41reactions 38–40reasons for reactions 40–2visitation as aid to adjustment 45–6

Bischoff, L. 132black people 12blame 157, 159, 163Blehar, M. 222Blyth, E. 121Boer, F. et al. 84, 224

Goedhart, A. 224Treffers, P. 224

Bolger, K. 230Boll, E.S. 83‘bonding’ 178Bonner, B.L. 245Bossard, J.H.S. 83Bowen, M. 64Bowker, L.H. et al. 136, 224

Arbitel, M. 224McFerron, J.R. 224

Bowlby, J. 21, 177boys 105, 106, 107, 143, 144, 182,

1862–6.5 years old 182divorced household 188eleven years 38foster-care and adoption

placements 189

nine-year old 31older 99, 164

Bradley, M.Z. 15Mists of Avalon 15

Bridge Consultancy 71Brody, G.H. 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 97,

209, 243Brody, G.H. et al. (1992) 72t, 95, 225

Forehand, R. 225McCoy, J.K. 225Stoneman, Z. 225

Brody, G.H. et al. (1996) 73t, 224Gauger, K. 224Stoneman, Z. 224

Brody, G.H. et al. (1999) 74t, 225Gibson, N.M. 225Smith, T. 225Stoneman, Z. 225

Brody, G.H. et al. (1994) 73t, 224McCoy, K. 224Stoneman, Z. 224

Brody, L.R. et al. (1998) 73t, 92, 225Copeland, A.P. 225Guyer, M. 225Richardson, D.R. 225Sutton, L.S. 225

Bronfenbrenner, U. 28, 31, 130Brook, D. 225Brook, J. et al. 114, 225

Brook, D. 225Gordon, A. 225Whiteman, M. 225

Brother and Sister (fairy tale) 10brotherhood (narrow meaning) 7‘brotherhood’ (broad meaning) 7, 19brothers 16–18, 63t, 125, 129, 155–6,

158–9, 173, 200, 204, 207, 209,212, 213, 220

22–64 months old 604.5 years old 59older 14,102,114,141,147,179,182oldest 145oldest to two sisters 64younger 14

Brothers Karamazov (Dostoevsky) 17Alyosha, Dimitry and Ivan 17Fyodor (father) 17Smerdyakov (illegitimate) 17

Browne, K. 171Bryant, B. 84Buchanan, A. 238Buchanan, C. 237Buck, C. 145, 218Bueno, G. 240

INDEX 249

buffering effect 97, 110, 111, 135, 138,152, 183

Buhrmester, D. 49–50, 70, 76, 78t,107

Bukowski, W.M. 233Bullock, B.M. 98, 115Bullock, R. 237Burant, C. 239Burke, M. 92, 95Burton family: siblings, loss and being

looked after (practice note) 197–9Burton, R. 65Bush, K. 230

Cain, H. 240California 12, 44Cambridge 68, 80Canada 125, 126, 195Canavan, M. et al. 147–8, 225

Higgs, D. 225Meyer, W. 225

cancer 93care system 191

children in 110, 166, 213local authority 191, 197

care needs 83Care Order 198carers/caregiving 76, 80, 81, 133, 143,

179–80, 194, 202tfamilial 52, 52timmediate 200long-term 208primary 123, 178, 183, 191role ignored 59

Carter, J. et al. 137, 225Shupe, A. 225Stacey, W. 225

Cassell, D. 118Cattanach, A. 206causality understanding

(by children) 102–3Chambers, H. 235Chase-Lansdale, P. 226Cherlin, A. et al. 182, 226

Chase-Lansdale, P. 226Furstenberg, F. Jr 226Kiernan, K. 226Morrison, D. 226Robins, P. 226Teitler, J. 226

child abuse/maltreatment 5, 137, 138,143, 150, 210, 211

fatalities 120see also parental abuse

child development 1, 28, 31, 32, 59,60, 69, 122, 181

consequences of abuse 172–3impact of parent with mental

illness 119problems 171

child guidance clinic 61child protection/safety 117, 119, 136,

153, 172, 212, 218reason for referral 154

Child Protection: Messages fromResearch (Department of Health,1995) 211

child protection conferences 169child protection families 187tchild protection register 164, 169child psychiatrists 204child support payments 185child welfare 117, 119child-rearing 211

non-sexist 87childcare, early 21childhood 22, 46–8, 68, 166

early 46middle 46, 48, 78t

childrenage group0–6 months old 202t6–24 months old 202t12 months old 8918 months old 991.9–2.6 years old

(secondborns) 4722–60 months old 4524 months old 47, 992–3 years old 46, 1892–4 years old 1002–5 years old 202t2–13 years old 583 years old 58, 1023–5 years old 58, 1063.6–4.9 years old (firstborns) 474 years old 46, 564.5–22 years old 1435 years old 485–6 years old 78t5–9 years old 202t6 years old 46, 78t6 years old or more 2006–11 years old 79t6–12 years old 76, 78t7 years old 48, 106, 1907–8 years old 498–17 years old 50

250 INDEX

8–20 years old 1449–12 years old 23, 202t9.5 years old 15511–13 years old 9017 years old 50, 18918 years old 189

generaladvanced social interaction 69becoming sibling for first time 44behavioural disturbance 95bereavement 199–5biological 169care for parent 118change in physical surroundings 181cognitive ability 69dependency needs (fact of life) 90developmental challenges 180developmental stage 199different ages, different needs 94differential treatment (effects)

87–95genetic influences 86, 89genetic similarity 84hostilities between parents 181insecure/secure attachments 38isolated 110–11loss of access to parents 181older 49, 50, 80, 90, 94, 99, 169,

184, 185oldest 174parental interaction 90‘parents not the only influence’ 87‘phallic’ stage of development 56preadolescent 78tpreparation for arrival of

sibling 43preschool 181, 194primary school-age 58, 95rejected by parents 162relationship with parents 90‘at risk’ 122, 163same family, so different 70, 84–7school performance 194–5school-aged 78tsetting (imaginative, emotional) 85sociocognitive development 46thrust into parenting roles 128unattended 198very young 104, 105, 181young 146, 177, 179young adult 78tyounger 90, 92, 94, 99, 125, 157,

169, 182, 183, 185, 200youngest 153, 153t

Children Act (1948) 167Children Act (1989) 176, 198

section 17 109, 211section 27(3)(b) 109, 192section 47 211

children ‘in need’ 109, 110, 210, 218families of 109

Children’s Aid Society 192children’s rights 186Chipuer, H. 239Churchill, S.L. 243Cicirelli, V. 19–21, 52‘Cinderella’ 16class 20–1, 85, 89, 110, 215Cleaver, H. 195Clingempeel, W. 181, 188, 222co-parenting 23coercion 75t, 98, 183cognition 69, 90, 97–8, 119, 121, 134Cohen, M. 7, 8Cohler, B.J. 120Coleman, R. 118collusion 115, 158, 175Color Purple (Walker, 1983) 12, 13

film (1985) 13Colorado 68, 80Colton, M. ii, 241comfort/comforting 96, 100, 193communication 129, 130, 200, 204Community Home 198companionship 74t, 75t, 76‘compensating siblings hypothesis’

83–4competition 9, 76, 79t‘complex’ (Adler) 56complexity 169, 187, 219conciliation 47, 98confidence 111, 150, 180confinement (maternal) 40, 43–4

separation from existing child 44conflict 49, 51, 71, 75t, 78t, 79t, 80,

84, 92, 108, 167, 196inner 146intra-psychic 55irritating 50non-realistic 143parents-children 47‘promotes cognitive and moral

development’ 97–8siblings (changing nature) 49

conflict management 72tconflict resolution 74t, 75t, 108, 184confusion 134, 201Conger, K. 242

INDEX 251

Conger, R. 114, 242congruence hypothesis 83–4Conners, K.W. 95‘contrasts effects’ 9Cook, F. 13Cook Islands 19cooperation 74t, 75t, 84, 98, 193Copeland, A.P. 225coping ability/skills 131, 194Corby, B. 172core siblings (Kosonen) 3Corter, C. 222, 238cousins 19, 146Cox, J. 238Creighton, S. 170Creps, C. 73tCrittenden, P. 163Crockenberg, S. 84Crouter, A. 130culture 18–26, 61, 215Curtis Report (1946) 167

D’Amico, E. 114Dale, N. 72t, 102Dale, P. et al. 172, 227

Morrison, T. 227Murray, D. 227Waters, J. 227

Damiani, V. 132Dance, C. 240Daniels, D. 67, 78t, 85, 93Dare, C. 161, 163Davies, M. 242de Jong, A. 146de la Torre, C. 39Deater-Deckard, K. 228death 15, 199–205

maternal 25–6parental 51, 149, 199sibling 200, 213sibling loss (consequences) 201–3sibling loss (treatment) 204–5significance 200silence around 204unexplained (older sibling) 204

DelGuidice, G. 44delinquency 70, 103denial (psychoanalytic concept) 57,

202tDepartment of Health (author) 71, 221depression 118, 120, 194, 203dethronement (Adler) 56–7, 81devalued tasks 143Dey, C. 231

Dickstein, L. 137Dickstein, S. et al. 122, 227

Hayden, L.C. 227Keitner, G. 227Magee, K.D. 227Matzko, M. 227Miller, I. 227Rasmussen, S. 227Sameroff, A.J. 227Schiller, M. 227Seifer, R. 227

differential risk 169–75differential treatment 14, 25, 26, 33,

73t, 74t, 110, 138, 140, 141, 157,161, 162, 164, 170, 188, 191

cause and effect 93children with disabilities 127conflict frequency 92congruence and non-congruence 88different children favoured at different

times 93–4effects on children 87–95general weakening of sibling

relationships, 92impact on sibling relationship 91–5incongruence 91maternal 87, 93three aspects (McHale and

Harris) 133–4Dinosaurs (television series) 37disability 3, 52, 70, 79t, 93, 110, 117,

122, 127–35, 140, 141, 162, 170impact on nature of sibling

relationship 70intellectual, 132research focus, 127, 128

disablism 127disadvantage 120–1disbelief 159–60discipline 36, 88, 134, 136, 143disclosure 158, 175

lacking 156–7disfavouritism 25, 92, 164, 220Dishion, T.J. 98, 115distress 179–80, 194, 201divorce xi, 72t, 93, 110, 206, 207Doherty, M. 143domestic violence 3, 4, 100, 135–40

impact on children 136insufficient research (impact on sibling

relationships), 139inter-generational transmission 136,

137, 138, 141, 163practice notes 139–40

252 INDEX

dominance 76, 79t, 100, 133Dostoevsky, F.M. 17Doubtfire, S. 244Down’s Syndrome 134Doyle, C. 145, 160–1drugs 113–16, 190Dunbar, M. 74t, 88, 91Duncan, S. 239Dunn, J. 1, 39, 42–4, 46–9, 66–71,

73t, 78t, 80, 84, 85, 87, 89, 92–3,95, 97, 99–104, 107, 110, 123, 131,132, 179, 209, 228–9, 243

acknowledgements 68Dunn, J. et al. (1994) 73t, 229

Beardsall, L. 229Rende, R. 229Slomkowski, C. 229

Dunn, J. et al. (1994) 73t, 229Beardsall, L. 229Slomkowski, C. 229

Dunn, J. et al. (1999) 74t, 228Deater-Deckard, K. 228Golding, J. 228Pickering, K. 228

duplication theorem (Toman) 62, 64Dwivedi, K.N. 147Dwyer McCaffrey, F. 230Dyson, L. 130

Eckenrode, J. 230ecomaps 207, 221Edgerton, M. 78tEdington, G. 64education 66, 109, 116Egypt 14Eliot, G. (Evans, M.) 11Ellison, D. 245emergency action 169Emergency Protection Orders 175,

198Emery, J. 153emotional

abuse 142conflict 27disturbance 200problems/difficulties 194, 201support 79tunderstanding 80

empathy 59, 72t, 75tempirical research 82, 83, 107, 110,

176, 210factors influencing quality of sibling

relationship 67pitfalls of absence 55

psychological 81sibling constellation 66sibling relationships 68

employment 87, 120–1Englesson, I. 242enmity 26, 185‘entrancement’ (Javaid and

Kestenberg) 42environment

social 68stimulating 120

envy 53, 59Erel, O. et al. 74t, 229

John, R.S. 229Margolin, G. 229

Erikson, E. 201escape (psychoanalytic concept) 57ethnic groups 24, 64, 203ethnicity 66ethnocentrism 21, 24ethology 177, 178Evans, I. 11exclusion 100, 125expectations 129, 130, 144experience 47, 144, 180experimentation/experimenters 57–8,

68exploitation 145, 146extended family 121, 139

Faber, A. 101, 213–15Fahlberg, V. 178fairness 95, 134fairy tales 2, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18Falkov, A. 120family/families 7, 104, 111, 112, 123,

125, 179, 203abusive xiiadoptive 89, 207African-American 207context for sibling relationships

28–54cultural construction 182differential risk to children 169–75dysfunctional xii, 147four-member 35flarge 65–6, 167persons to be avoided 49re-formation 186–9reconstituted 110, 189–91small 129theatrical stage 213three-member 34ftwo-parent, nuclear 34, 36

INDEX 253

familybreak-up/dissolution 110, 175, 213cycle 94, 187, 221development 213drawings 182dynamics 146, 147, 148, 217practice 209–18, 220–1process model (intrafamilial

aggression) 143roles 62, 87–8size 22, 30, 62, 63t, 65–6, 130, 170,

197, 203structure 51, 72tsystems 29, 30f, 54, 81, 122, 161,

206therapists 34, 55, 61–7therapy 28, 110, 158, 209unity 132

family subsystems 28, 136parental (parent/child) 29, 30fsibling (child/child) 29, 30f, 61, 115,

185spousal (parent/parent) 29, 30f

family support 4, 113–41, 187, 187t,218

disabilities 113, 127–35, 140, 141domestic violence 113, 135–40, 141mental illness 113, 117–26, 140, 141substance-abusing families 113–16,

140–1fantasy 44, 72t, 73t, 75t, 102, 134, 214Farmer, E. 136, 195fatalities

child abuse 153–5ordinal position 153t

fathers 25, 41, 42, 43, 92, 99, 110,165, 167–8, 184, 185, 198

abusive 139Africa 19biological 157relationship with firstborn 40role ignored 59

favouritism 25, 33, 88, 89, 90, 92, 131,143, 163–4, 220

fear 48, 170tFeldman, R.A. et al. 119, 229

Stiffman, A.R. 229Jung, K.G. 229

Felson, R. 99, 143feminism 163Field, T. 39, 43, 45fighting 48, 74t, 75t, 80, 99, 100, 155,

207, 214Figueredo, A. 236

Filyer, R. 240‘finding a niche’ (Sulloway) 9Finkelhor, D. 145–6, 147Finton, S. 150First Grave (Poland) 14firstborn children 2, 32, 53t

birth of sibling 40–1faced with change 41preparation for birth of sibling 43reduced parental attention (after birth

of sibling) 41visitation at aid to adjustment (to birth

of sibling) 45–6firstborn girls: adjustment to arrival of

sibling 43Fish, T. et al. 79t, 230

Bush, K. 230Dwyer McCaffrey, F. 230Piskur, S. 230

Fishman, C. 61Fisman, S. 245Fitzpatrick, G. 154–5Flitcraft, A. 137, 163folk wisdom/folklore 2, 8, 17, 209force 147, 148Forehand, R. 225‘formal’ factors 62Forsythe, D. 14Forward, S. 145, 218foster care xi, 116, 167, 168, 191–9, 207

adoption 195–7, 208placement of siblings together

192–3, 208placement together associated with

better outcomes 194–5, 197placement together preserves

component of familynetwork 193–4

practice note (siblings, loss and beinglooked after) 197–9

siblings prefer to be placedtogether 193

Fouts, T. 182Framework for Assessment of Children

in Need and Their Families(Department of Health et al.2000) 117, 211–12

Framo, J. 62Freeman, L. 203Freeman, L. et al. 203, 230

Schaffer, D. 230Smith, H. 230

Freeman, T. 245Freud, S. 55–6, 60, 81

254 INDEX

Freudians 61, 81Frey-Angel, J. 138friendliness 48, 59, 68friends 2, 41, 50, 62, 98, 106, 116,

125, 126, 144, 150, 166, 179friendship 7, 73t, 98, 103, 104, 106‘Frog Lover’ (tale) 16‘Frog Sweetheart’ (tale) 17Fromme, K. 114Frosh, S. 157frustration 171, 194Fueloep, M. 60functionalism 162funerals 203Furman, W. 36, 49–50, 70, 76, 78t,

243Furstenberg, F. Jr 67, 93, 226, 227

Gallagher, M. 235Gallimore, R. 22Gamble, W. 131, 132, 133gambling 189–90Gandhi, I. 65tGarbarino, J. et al. 150, 230

Bolger, K. 230Eckenrode, J. 230

Gardner, S. 235Gauger, K. 224Gaughan, D. 154Gelles, R. 243gender 11, 18, 57, 62, 63t, 66, 73t,

81, 99, 123, 141, 143, 144, 172,182

parental drinking behaviour (siblingperception) 115

perceptions of siblingrelationships 156

relationships 16roles 15‘simplistic understandings’ 68stereotyping 106

general systems theory 161genetics 1, 84, 86genograms (family trees) 191, 207,

212–13, 219f, 221Gerson, R. 64–6Gestalt school 28Gfroerer, J. 114Gibson, N.M. 225Giriama 19girls 100, 106, 107, 131, 143, 144,

165, 169, 1822 years (4 months) 388–10 years old 58

divorced household 188foster-care and adoption

placements 192younger 99

Giverson, R. 36Glaser, D. 157Godfather (film) 9Goedhart, A. 224Goedhart, A.W. 244Gold, D. 53Golden Apples (Welty) 10‘Golden Goose’ (fairy tale) 13, 16Golding, J. 228good practice 128Gordon, A. 225Gorgons 10gossip 2Gottlieb, L. 43Gottman, J.M. 44, 72tGraeae 10Graham, M.J. 18grandmother 167grandparents 8, 19, 41, 60, 179, 204gratification 51Gray, M. 239Greek mythology 10Green, A.H. 143–4‘Green Lady’ (tale) 16Greenbaum, M. 61Greene, B. 240Greene, S. 222grief 202t, 203, 204Griffin, E. 39Grimm, J.L.C. 13Grimm, W.C. 13group dynamic theory 161group-work 28, 134Grunebaum, H. 120guilt 128, 157, 158, 203

non-disabled sibling 129surviving sibling 200

Guyer, M. 225

Haak, M. 237Hackett, S. et al. 148, 231

Dey, C. 231Print, B. 231

Hagan, M.S. 239Hajal, F. 186Hamlin, E. 193, 206Hammond, L. 237Hansel and Gretel (fairy tale) 10Harding, C. 244Hargett, H. 149

INDEX 255

Harlander, U. 161, 164harm 210harmony 75t, 88, 92, 95

disharmony 96–7Harris, J.R. 1Harris, V. 131, 133–4hate/hatred 147, 163–4, 173, 209Haugaard, J. 156Hawthorne, B. 184–5, 186Hayden, L.C. 227health 109health and social services 124health visitors 165, 174Heinicke, C.M. 194helplessness 100, 143, 194Hendrickx, J. 162Hennon, C. 234heredity 162Herzberger, S. 148Hetherington, E.M. 72t, 78t, 181–4,

187, 188, 222, 237, 239Hetherington, E.M. et al. 86, 232

Plomin, R. 232Reiss, D. 232

Hewitt, J. 143Hicks, R. 154Higgs, D. 225Hill, M. 171Hoey, H. 147, 148Hollister, L. 237holy cows (preferential treatment) 95,

108, 157Hong Kong 147Hooper, C. 158Hosie, K. 237hospital emergency room 216–17hospital visitation 45–6, 177hospitalisation 118–19, 120

abused children 171–2breaks in employment 121children’s wards 177

hostility 25, 48, 49, 68, 73t, 75t, 77,80, 91, 96, 97, 101, 129, 135, 149,162, 167, 184, 186, 188, 193, 214,220, 221f

inter-parental 181housing: link with mental illness 121Howe, G.W. 239Howe, N. 74tHowe, N. et al. 74t, 233

Aquan-Assee, J. 233Bukowski, W.M. 233

Hoyle, S. 207Hughes, H. 138

human development 86social ecology model

(Bronfenbrenner) 31Hundleby, M. 240Hunter, L. 206Hyman, C. 223hyperactivity 130

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings(Angelou, 1969) 12

film (1979) 13Idakho (Western Kenya) 22identity 50, 60, 109, 161Ihinger-Tallman, M. 187, 188imagination 102imitation 47, 75t, 114imprisonment 168, 175, 190incest

brother–sister 148father–daughter 148, 149, 218mother–son 218older brother–younger sister 218older sister–younger brother 218parent–child 145siblings 144–5violent (sibling) 145–6

incest taboo 25India 22individual development 55, 68

influence of sibling relationship101–4

positive 102–3undesirable attributes 103–4

individuality 60, 194individuals 32, 128, 139, 141, 150,

158infants/babies xi, 22, 57, 123, 153, 179influences: peer and sibling 114information 200, 212

needs 124inheritance 17inhibition 48injunctions 89injustice/unfairness 98, 108, 133

fact of life 98sense of 89–90

instrumental support 79tinteraction 72t, 78t

avoided (in adolescence) 53texpressive 131father-mother 62impaired intrafamilial 150instrumental 131prosocial 73t

256 INDEX

sibling 75t, 85sibling (‘pivotal role’) 143siblings (adopted) 195–6

interaction patterns 47interchange, dyadic 104internalised object relationships 60internalising symptoms 203internet sites 43interviews 53, 61, 76, 78t, 79t, 90,

132, 159, 196, 203structured 80

intimacy 50, 70, 71, 73t, 76, 79t,104

intimate disclosure 106intrafamilial differences 188intrafamilial influences

first order 32–3, 34f, 35f, 54second order 32, 33, 34f, 35f, 54third order 32, 33, 34f, 35f, 54

intrafamily dynamics 32intrusive thoughts 147Iowa 136isolation 125, 134, 203, 205Israel, E. 147Italy 14Iwaniec, D. 150, 162, 164

Jackson, S. xi–xii, 5Janssen, Y. 148Javaid, G. 42jealousy 25, 40, 49, 56, 59, 60, 62, 71,

80, 81, 143, 157, 203Jenkins, J. 95, 96, 97, 183Jenkins family: differential risk (practice

note) 173–5Jodl, K. 188John, R.S. 229Johnson, C. 136Jones, C. 223Jones, D. et al. 172, 233

Barber, P. 233Oates, M. 233Pickett, J. 233

Jones, M. 2, 192–3Jones, R. 223Jones family: siblings, loss and

bereavement (practice note) 204–5Jouvenot, C. 56Jung, K.G. 229juniority 65–6justification 47, 80, 98, 102

Kabil and Habil 14Kahn, M. 51, 64, 83, 96

Kaplan, L. et al. 185, 234Ade-Ridder, L. 234Hennon, C. 234

Kaufman, K.L. 245Keane, A. 240Keitner, G. 227Kelsh, N. 9Kendrick, C. 39, 71, 84Kenya 19, 22Kerr, A. 223Kestenberg, J. 42kibbutz 3Kier, C. 182Kiernan, K. 226kin 19kin siblings (Kosonen) 3King Lear 17Klein, M. 60knowledge 79t, 210Knutson, J. 245Koch, H.L. 62, 78t, 80Kojima, Y. 74tKorbin, J. 23Kornblit, A. 137Kosonen, M. 2–3, 110, 192, 193Koss, M. 236Kouldijs, E. 244Kowal, A. 73t, 90Kramer, J. 44, 72t, 245Kramer, L. 44, 73t, 90, 94Kramer, S. 3, 60Krasner, S. 201Kromelow, S. 244Kroonenberg, P. 180

Lamb, M.E. 66–7, 72tlanguage 5, 12

horoscope-style 66Lanthier, R.P. 79t, 237, 243Laredo, C. 145, 217later life 151

sibling relationships 52–3LaViola, M. 147law courts 184Le Gall, D. 7, 49, 51, 91, 163leaving home 51Leavitt, K. et al. 152, 235

Gallagher, M. 235Gardner, S. 235Schamess, G. 235

Leder, J.M. 82legal system 181legend xi, 2, 8, 17, 209Leichtman, M. 60

INDEX 257

Leon, I. 200Levy, D.M. 57–8, 81, 209Lew, M. 148Lewin, K. 28Lewis, K. 207Lewis, O. 24life courses 87life events 48, 73t

negative 110life snake 213, 221‘life style’ (Adler) 56life-cycle xi, 94, 187life-stage transitions 51lifespan 7Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale

(LSRS) 79tLikert scales 76, 78tliterary purposes 17literature xi, 8, 9

child abuse 142, 163, 176child development xidifferential treatment by parents, 87disability 70disabled siblings 127‘does not tell us what we need to

know’ 4domestic violence and sibling

relationships 138–9effects of incest on siblings of

victim 156ethological 177families requiring support and sibling

relationships 140family therapy 28impact of divorce on children as

individuals 181impact of divorce on sibling

relationships 182–3impact of parental punishment on

sibling aggression 99impact of sibling with disability

133male sibling rivalry 17non-existent (impact of parental

mental illness on siblingrelationships) 117, 122

parental intervention 215parental mental illness (impact on

children, as individuals) 117parental psychological abuse of

children 150perinatal sibling death 200polarisation 17–18psychodynamics 60

psychopathology (harmful for child’ssiblings as well) 103

quality of sibling relationships 82shortcomings 70sibling constellation 64sibling relationships 2, 69, 70, 107,

176sibling relationships neglected 3–4sibling research 131siblings with mental illness 117

Little Women 9, 17local authorities 109, 116, 177, 191,

192, 197Logan, F. et al. 196–7, 235

Chambers, H. 235Morrall, P. 235

Lollis, S. 240London 20, 173loneliness 103Looking After Children (Parker et al.,

1995) 211loss

bereavement 199–205cause-effect mechanism 194death 177foster care 191–5local authority care 177parental divorce 177, 180–91sibling relationships 177–208

loss of place 56‘Lousy Jack and his Eleven Brothers’

(fairy tale) 13, 16Luthar, S. 115Lynch, M. 171

Maccoby, E. 237Mackey, M. 45MacKinnon, C. 182, 183, 184Magee, K.D. 227‘magical thinking’ 134Maloney, M. et al. 45, 237

Ballard, J. 237Hollister, L. 237Shank, M. 237

Malory, Sir Thomas 15Mantle, G. 2, 30, 30t, 64Margolin, G. 229marihuana 114marital

arrangements 20conflict 107disharmony 111distress 88partners 2, 62

258 INDEX

relationship 33status 183strife 136

marriage: pact of birth order 65marriage breakdown 115–16, 190Martin, J. 47maternal

behaviour 72tdeprivation 143, 177–8illness 111negativity 133involvement 100‘responsibility’ 22rivalry 79t

Matzko, M. 227Mayes, D. 240Mazlish, E. 101, 213–15McCloskey, L. et al. 138, 236

Figueredo, A. 236Koss, M. 236

McCoy, J.K. 224, 225McFerron, J.R. 224McGee, C. 138, 139, 141McGoldrick, M. 64–6McGuire, S. 46, 49, 87, 97, 101, 104,

131McHale, S. 73t, 76, 78t, 131, 132,

133–4, 209McHale, S. et al. 130, 236

Simeonsson, R. 236Sloan, J. 236

McMahon, L. 134, 200medical illness (children) 143Mekos, D. et al. 188, 237

Hetherington, E. 237Reiss, D. 237

Mendelson, M. 39, 43Mendelson, M. 106, 237

Aboud, F.E. 237Lanthier, R.P. 237

mental health 51, 152mental health services 118, 203

adult-oriented 117mental illness 3, 4, 113, 117–26,

140five themes 118–22further research required 117interaction with other forms of

disadvantage 120–1maternal 122no history 126parental 121parental (impact on children as

individuals) 117–18

parental (impact on siblingrelationships) 122–6

Merrell, S. 51‘mesosystem’ (Bronfenbrenner) 31Mexico 22Mexico City 24Meyer, W. 225Michell, R. 223might makes right (or not) 98Milgram, J.I. 1Mill on the Floss (Eliot) 11Miller, H. 45Miller, I. 227Millham, S. et al. 191, 237

Bullock, R. 237Haak, M. 237Hosie, K. 237

Mink, J.S. 9Minuchin, S. 29, 61Mists of Avalon (Bradley) 15modelling 47, 164

empathetic 146Monahan, S. et al. 185, 237

Buchanan, C. 237Maccoby, E. 237

money worries 25Mook, B. 161Moore, J. 157–8Moore, T. et al. 137, 237

Hammond, L. 237Pepler, D. 237Weinberg, B. 237

Morrall, P. 235Morrison, D. 226Morrison, T. 227mothers 21, 23, 41, 46, 56, 57, 88, 90,

92, 99, 110, 119, 122, 130, 137,139, 144, 156, 163, 165, 174, 179,185, 198

Africa 19bonding to new arrival (second

child) 42differential treatment by 91–2disabled children 132discovery of sibling sexual abuse 148environment 120homeless 121protective attitude 58revival of her own sibling experiences

(post-birth of second child) 42schizophrenic 120treatment of siblings 87working away from home 22

motivation (unconscious) 162

INDEX 259

Mullender, A. 136, 192Munchausen Syndrome 153Munn, P. 47, 99, 100murder 203

fratricide 8, 14infanticide 153patricide 17suicide 120

Murray, D. 227mythology 61, 209myths 2, 8, 17

Nagoshi, C. 240‘natural support network’ 194nature–nurture debate 86NCH Action for Children 136needs 179

emotional 166special 128, 130

negativity 75t, 149neglect 118, 154, 167, 169, 171t, 173,

176practice note 167–8

negotiation 97, 101Neiderhiser, J. 239neighbours 173, 174Nettles, M. 89Neubauer, P. 59New England 22New Hebrides 19Newlands, M. 153Newport (Wales) 168Niblett, R. 2, 192–3‘not-noticed child’ 117Noyes, P. 170nurseries 177

O’Doherty, N. 172O’Hagan, K. 150O’Neill, D. (d. 1945) 167O’Neill, T. 167–8Oates, M. 233object relations theory 59Oedipal complex 56, 59, 81offences (criminal) 198Okinawa 22old age 52Old Testament 16, 161

Abel 14‘Benjamin’ 91Cain 14E’phraim 14Esau 14Isaac 14

Jacob 14Jonah 162Joseph 8, 14Manah’she 14

‘Old Witch’ (tale) 16Oliver, J.E. et al. 170, 238

Buchanan, A. 238Cox, J. 238

only child 63t, 65t, 153, 153tordinal position see birth orderOwen, M. 136Oxford English Dictionary 2

paediatricians 204Palestine 14parental

attitudes 66availability/unavailability 60, 123care 177contact 183love 7, 209partiality 76ratings 78t

parental abuse 142, 143, 152–75, 216clinical features of index children and

siblings 170tcollusion (non-abused siblings with

abuser) 158, 175differential risk to children in

families 169–75disbelief 159–60neglect and sibling

relationships 167–8physical abuse and sibling

relationships 152–6psychological/emotional abuse and

sibling relationships 160–7sexual abuse and sibling

relationships 156–60sibling structure in families of severe

abuse 169t, 170see also sexual abuse

‘parental child’ 195parental divorce 177, 180–91

loss of contact between siblings184–6

new sibling relationships followingremarriage 186–9

practice note 189–91siblings remaining together 181–4split residence/split custody 184–6

‘parental investment’ 9‘parental vacuum’ (Bank and

Kahn) 83–4

260 INDEX

parentification 121–2, 123, 124, 141parenting 120, 175, 211, 213, 218

asymmetrical 23change over time 88cross-cultural 180‘expect children to be different’ 42generational effect 163

parents xi, xii, 10, 21, 30, 31, 40, 43, 49,59, 65t, 76, 79t, 81, 109, 117, 130,132, 135, 141, 142, 162, 164, 175,196, 199, 200, 204, 212, 213, 216

ageing 53tbiological 87, 188consistency/inconsistency 88death 1, 51depressed 118drinking 115drug-usage 114‘easy to overestimate

significance’ 140four levels of intervention (Faber and

Mazlish) 214health 87intervention in sibling squabbles

97–101, 108marital status 3mentally ill 110neurotic disorders 118non-abusing 160non-biological 87‘not very significant in children’s

development’ (Harris) 1psychological functioning 74tpsychotic 118, 120risk of killing child 120substance-abuse 110

Parker, R. 195‘partners in crime’ 103‘partnership’ 32Pasley, K. 187, 188paternal deprivation 143–4Patrick, J. 239Pawletko, T. 133–4Pearson, J. 134peer

groups 1, 61interactions 138popularity 104relationships 29, 44, 50, 104–7

peers 50, 105, 130, 139, 203Pelzer, D. 173penis envy (Freud) 60Pennells, M. 201, 202nPennsylvania 68, 80

Pepler, D. 237Pepler, D. et al. 47, 238

Abramovitch, R. 238Corter, C. 238

Pepler, D.J. 222perception 50, 73t, 119, 131, 141, 156,

157differential treatment 133differential treatment now 89–90sibling aggression 144

Perlman, H.H. 2Perlman, M. 240personality, 47, 59, 62, 85, 87, 104

‘immature’ 174personality development 105personality difficulties 202personality profiles (Toman) 62, 63tPhelan, J. 191Philip, N. 13Philippines 22Piaget, J. 57, 69Pickering, K. 228Pickett, J. 233Piggle (Winnicott, 1980) 38Pillari, V. 163Pingree, A. 10Piskur, S. 230Place Called Hope (O’Neill, 1981) 167placement

adoption 195–7‘careful assessment’ 195foster care 191–9home-on-trial 195sibling interactions 195–6‘unacceptable face’ 193

placement practice 210play 43, 44, 57, 72t, 73t, 75t, 80, 81,

98, 102, 134, 164, 182, 214social 123therapeutic value 44

playmates 46, 53tPlomin, R. 67, 78t, 85, 89, 93, 232,

239, 243Plomin, R. et al. 85–6, 239

Chipuer, H. 239Neiderhiser, J. 239

polarisation 7, 17–18, 69good-bad/evil 9, 69, 209

Pole family (case-study of substanceabuse) 115–16

police 159, 165–6, 174, 190political correctness 5politics (social) 21–2positivity 75t, 149

INDEX 261

262 INDEX

post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) 203

Postqualifying Child Care AwardProgramme 212

poverty 125, 168, 183power, 63t, 65, 77, 78t, 145, 148practice notes 5

differential risk 173–5disabilities 134–5domestic violence 139–40drugs and alcohol 115–16mental illness 125–6parental neglect and sibling

relationships 167–8parental physical abuse and sibling

relationships 155–6parental psychological and emotional

abuse 165–7parental sexual abuse 159–60sibling abuse 150–1siblings, loss and being looked after

197–9siblings, loss and bereavement 204–5siblings, loss and divorce/

separation 189–91Pratt, T. 206pre-divorce phase 182pre-Oedipal envy (Klein) 60pregnancy 39, 40, 42, 122, 139Prevatt-Goldstein, B. 19, 23Pride and Prejudice (Austen) 16–17‘primary maternal preoccupation’ 40primogeniture 8, 14Print, B. 231privacy 145problem families 167problem-solving 73t, 92, 215projection (psychoanalytic concept) 57property 99, 144protection 96, 97, 181–2, 193Provence, S. 59Pruchno, R. et al. 132, 239

Burant, C. 239Patrick, J. 239

pseudo-father figure 11psychiatric disorders 203psychiatric treatment 38psychoanalysis 28, 68, 110, 162, 209

later reflections 59–61methodology 57sibling relationships 55–61

psychoanalystsAdler 56–7Freud 55–6, 60Levy 57–8, 81

psychodynamics 42, 60psychological

abuse 142, 160–7development 4, 85difficulties/problems 129, 194disturbance 97, 128, 196–7functioning 119testing methods 76

psychology 42, 55, 105, 110, 132early 61–7Gestalt 28recent 67–81sibling relationships 61–81

psychopathology 61, 103, 119, 138,181, 200

maternal 120psychosocial impairment 203puberty 50punishment 99, 100

quarrelling 76, 79t, 165‘Queen Bee’ (fairy tale) 13questionnaires 76, 78t, 79t, 80, 196,

211, 212Quindlen, A. 9Quinton, D. 118, 240

race 196racism 12Rackham, A. 13Raffaelli, M. 72trage 144, 163Ranieri, R. 206Rasmussen, S. 227‘realistic conflict’ model 143reality 118, 214recognition 124, 141Reder, P. 154–5Reder, P. et al. 153, 154, 239

Duncan, S. 239Gray, M. 239

reductionism 28Reese-Weber, M. 74tregression (psychoanalytic concept) 57rehabilitation 116, 172Reibstein, J. 180Reich, C.Y. 45Reiss, D. 232, 237Reiss, D. et al. 80, 239–40

Hagan, M.S. 239Hetherington, E.M. 239Howe, G.W. 239Plomin, R. 239

INDEX 263

Rovine, M. 239Tryon, A. 239

Reite, M. 39, 43, 45rejection 143, 157, 194relationships

adolescent–parent 50adult 138adult–child 149bio-social 178–9compensatory 106complexity 54family 163father–child 73tfather–each of two children 32father–sibling of firstborn 41gender sensitivity 106inter-parental (impact on

children) 33–4, 36intrafamilial 64intrafamilial dyadic 30–1levels of influence 31marital 74t, 95–7, 164men-women 16mother–child xi, 59, 73t, 74t,

137–8mother–each of two children 32mother–partner 74tmother–sibling of firstborn 41outside family (impact of sibling

relationships) 104–7parent–child 48, 73t, 83, 95–7, 149,

210parent–child (differential

treatment) 33parent–child (impact on child’s

sibling) 36parent–firstborn (after birth of

sibling) 41parent–parent 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 41,

73tparental (effect on siblings) 60parental (impact on relationship

between siblings) 95–7parents–school 31questions 33, 34, 36spousal/ex-spousal 183step-parents, difficult 111time factor 33–4, 35funderstanding required of firstborn

upon birth of sibling 41see also sibling relationships

religion 66remarriage 72t, 181, 186–9, 207removal (of abuser) 175removal from home 158

Rende, R. 48, 68, 229, 242Renvoize, J. 144–5, 158repression (psychoanalytic concept) 58Repucci, N.D. 156resentment 53, 62, 128, 147residence, place of 22residential nursery 194resilience 83, 97, 110, 119, 120,

122–4, 135, 141, 152, 181, 211definition 122gender 123

responsibility 23, 128, 162lack of 122sense of 124

Rhea, S. et al. 115, 240Nagoshi, C. 240Wilson, J. 240

Richardson, D.R. 225Riggio, H. 79tRinaldi, C. 74trisk 55, 123, 153, 154–5, 172,

181–2differential 169–75

rivalry 7, 18, 49, 51, 56, 59, 72t, 73t,75t, 77, 103

Roberts, J. 171Roberts, S. 241Robertson, J. and Robertson, J. 40, 45,

177Robins, P. 226role models 103, 136Roosevelt, A.E. 65Roosevelt, F.D. 65Rosenberg, E. 186Rosenfield-Schlichter, M. et al. 167,

240Bueno, G. 240Greene, B. 240Sarber, R. 240

Rosenthal, P. 143Ross, H. 47Ross, H. et al. 100, 240

Filyer, R. 240Lollis, S. 240Perlman, M. 240

Ross, H.G. 1Rounsaville, B. 115Rovine, M. 239Rowe, D.C. 85Rowe, J. et al. 191, 240

Cain, H. 240Hundleby, M. 240Keane, A. 240

Rudd, J. 148Rueter, M. 114

Rushton, A. et al. 74t, 195, 240Dance, C. 240Mayes, D. 240Quinton, D. 240

Russell, D. 144–5Russo, N. 99Rutter, M. 118, 177–8Ryan, G. 146

Sameroff, A.J. 227Sanchez family

case study of siblingrelationships 24–6

differential treatment 93–4scapegoating 93sibling conflict 111stepmother 111survival strategy 84

Sanders, R. ii, xii, 3, 153, 164, 187, 212siblings v‘twenty years in social work

practice’ 5Sanders et al. 120, 241

Colton, M. 241Roberts, S. 241

Sarber, R. 240scapegoating/scapegoats xii, 33, 90, 93,

95, 108, 137, 154, 158, 171, 176‘bad boy’ (Pelzer) 173counter-action 164–5operation in the family 162–3parental 142two constructions 161–2

scarce resource 9, 209Schaefer, E. 78tSchaefer-Hernan, P. 44, 73tSchaffer, D. 230, 242Schamess, G. 235Schibalski, K. 161, 164Schibuk, M. 206Schiller, M. 227schizophrenia 118, 119, 120Schmitt, B. 170school

achievement/performance 141,194–5

difficulties 111, 201, 203friends 106systems 203

schools 7, 31, 85, 116, 125–6, 150,155–6, 166, 174, 205

primary 134residential 134

Schutz, J. 146

Scotland 23secondborn children 2, 32, 47secrecy 148, 156–7, 158Seifer, R. 227self-concept 130self-deception 148self-esteem/self-worth 23, 42, 103,

130, 132, 146, 147, 150self-sufficiency 164Seligman, M. 129Sense and Sensibility (Austen) 9separation 59, 97, 177, 207

familial 149length 119parent-child 118–19parental 110

service delivery 128sex 72t, 129, 130, 171, 203sexual abuse 12, 156–60, 169, 171t,

215–16, 217–18children 136discovery 148siblings 142, 144–9‘stepfather-stepdaughter’ 157see also sibling abuse

sexualisation 146Shank, M. 237sharing 49, 100Shaw, G.B. 65tShuler, S. 45Shupe, A. 225sibling

coalitions 91conflict 49, 72t, 73t, 75t, 93, 111,

180constellation 64, 66, 68cooperation 73tincest 147–8, 149, 217

sibling abuse 137, 142–51aggression or abuse? 143–4children’s perception of sibling

aggression 144devastation caused in later life 142physical 142, 143–4practice note 150–1psychological and emotional 142,

149–50see also sibling sexual abuse

sibling caretaking 123, 125, 129, 131,141, 176, 182

‘abusive’ and ‘non-abusive’ 23cross-cultural 21–4‘ethnographic incidence’ 22‘poor outcome for older sibling’ 123

264 INDEX

Sibling Inventory of Behaviour(SIB) 78t

Sibling Inventory of DifferentialExperience (Daniels andPlomin) 78t, 90

Sibling Need Involvement Profile 79tsibling position (Toman) 63tSibling Relationship Checklist

(Department of Health, 1991) 71,76, 80–1, 212

Sibling Relationship Interview (Stockerand McHale, 1992) 78t, 80

Sibling Relationship Inventory 78tSibling Relationship Inventory (Stocker

and McHale, 1992) 76–7independent (‘orthogonal’)

dimensions 77twenty-item questionnaire 76–7

Sibling Relationship Questionnaire(SRQ) 78t

Sibling Relationship Questionnaire(Furman and Buhrmester,1985) 76

sibling relationshipsabusive 142–76, 215–18assessment 220–1assessment–planning–

implementation–reviewprocess 212

attachment relationships 177–80,207

bereavement 199–205, 208‘better understanding’ needed by social

workers 218big picture 7–27black 23book’s aims 4book’s structure 4–5book’s ‘main contention’ 183book’s themes 149brother-brother 18, 20brother-sister 16, 20, 22building 210, 213–15, 218changing understandings 55–81children in same family ‘so

different’ 84–7, 108‘compensating siblings’

hypothesis 83–4, 107–8competitive 7, 27complexity 28–37, 67–8‘congruence’ hypothesis 83–4,

107–8‘crucial importance’ 195cultural context 18–26, 215

dependent (output) variables 71,72–4t, 75t, 82

differential treatment (effects) 87–95existing research 71, 72–4tfactors 78–9tfamily constellation 64, 66, 68, 81family context 28–54family support 113–41family therapists 61–7fatalities 153–5female approach 12gender sensitivity 106good and evil 61hero-worship 11‘horoscope model’ 63t, 66, 68impact of domestic violence 138–9,

141impact of economic prosperity 21impact on other significant

relationships 101impact of parental marital stress

95–7, 108impact of parental mental

illness 122–6, 141impact of parental relationship

95–7, 108impact on parental relationship

33–4, 36independent (input) variables 71,

72–4t, 82influence on individual

development 101–4influences 8, 32, 209, 210inter-generational linkages 94interactions (negative/positive) 71knowledge-practice integration (three

areas) 210, 218later life 20, 216link with relationships outside

family 104–7, 108‘longest-lasting in our lives’ xi, 1, 23loss 177–208major issues 82meaning (cross-cultural) 18–19measures 78–9t, 80missed opportunities 112moderating influence on impact of

separation experiences 178‘neglected area of placement

practice’ 193neglected by researchers 5, 119, 140,

176network 62new 207

INDEX 265

sibling relationships (continued )normal development 61number 30, 31tolder 125older sister/younger brother 18parental abuse 152–75parental divorce 177, 180–91, 207parental influence 37parental neglect 167–8parental physical abuse 152–6, 175parental psychological/emotional

abuse 160–7parental sexual abuse 156–60, 175patterns 152physically-abusive 216–17positive aspects 59–60potential allies (identification by social

workers) 112practice 209–18process of scientific discovery

209–10protective quality 27, 110psychoanalytic understanding 55–8,

59–61, 68, 81psychological aspects 61–81, 101,

123psychopathology 61qualities 78tquality 4, 34, 48, 54, 67, 68, 69–81,

82–108, 128, 130, 132, 140, 175,176

questions 68, 69‘reframed thinking about children’s

development’ 69research methodology 80resilience-promoting 26sexually-abusive 217–18sibling abuse 142–51‘simplistic understandings’ 68sister-brother 14–15, 20sisters 18, 20social construction 61squabbles (parental intervention) 2,

97–101, 108, 214–15stage 1 (birth of sibling) 37–46, 53tstage 2 (growing up together)

46–8, 53tstage 3 (adolescence) 48–50, 53tstage 4 (adulthood) 50–2, 53tstage 5 (later life) 52–3, 53tstereotypical view 217stress 26‘therapeutic agent’ 183, 207, 210,

217

theory and research 55–81throughout lifespan 53ttreatment 152typologies 4underestimation 149utilising strengths 211–13, 218

‘sibling rivalry’ (Levy) 57, 58, 60–1,67, 74t, 78t, 79t, 81, 129, 143, 144,162, 184, 195, 196, 197, 204, 209,220

Old Testament 14sibling sexual abuse

causes 146–7consequences 147–8‘lasts even into adulthood’ 149myths 142, 144–5, 148, 149treatment 148–9see also abuse

sibling squabbling 53t, 70, 80, 91, 204parental intervention 97–101, 108

sibling support groups 134sibling survivors 203sibling therapy 206–7, 208sibling violence 137, 138, 216–17siblings 109, 138

all brothers, all sisters? 10, 16–18allies 10–13amount of contact 51archetypes, schemas, discourses

10–18attachment figures 119biological 3, 19casual sexual contact 145children fostered in same

household 19children of same village or tribe 19conflict between xiiconjoint work 221contact arrangements 194contact in old age 53control groups (inappropriate use

as) 70developmental tasks 60dictionary definition 2–3different-ness 10, 16differential treatment (by

parents) 17, 18‘dramatic expansion’ of research (last

twenty years) 82etymology 2female-only 184full 3, 18, 187t, 191gender configuration 86half 3, 15, 18, 187t, 191, 196

266 INDEX

as individuals 128industrialised and non-industrialised

societies 19–21‘key pathogens’ (in delinquency) 103leaving home 51likely to live as long as each

other 216loss and bereavement 199–205loss of contact (following parental

divorce) 184–6mixed-sex groups 184needs following child abuse

fatality 154non-disabled 129, 131, 134, 141‘non-shared’ influences, 85–7number and gender xiold age (over 65 years) 53older 49, 50, 53t, 60, 65t, 98, 99,

110, 111, 114, 123, 145, 171,179–80, 183

parental 19physical abuse 142, 216–17‘powerful influence’ 141pre-school 60quarrelling and bickering 33registered for same type of

abuse 170, 171treunification 192risk factors 171rivals 10, 13–16roles 55same-sex 100, 144school age 92‘secondary caregivers’ 52, 52tseparation 191–2, 194, 196t, 207,

213sex 60shared influences 86significance of gender for

parents 86–7social work 212source of support in later life 149special status (of one sibling) 60‘spend more time with each other than

with anyone else’ 1step 3, 18, 180–1, 188, 191, 195, 207teachers of younger children 102through socio-legal arrangements 3united front 59vulnerability 108young 194younger 49, 50, 53t, 65t, 98, 99,

103, 110, 114, 123, 143, 144,145, 163, 179–80, 184, 196

significance of child 171, 172Simeonsson, R. 236similarity 76, 79tSimons, R. 136, 242single parents 180, 181, 188sisterhood (narrow meaning) 7‘sisterhood’ (broad meaning) 7, 19sisters 9, 16–18, 63t, 99, 125, 129,

145, 156, 158, 159, 179, 200, 204,207, 209, 212, 213, 220

0–3.5 years old 602.5 years old 59older 102, 141, 164, 182younger 164, 183younger to brothers 64

Slade, J. 130Sloan, J. 236Slomkowski, C. 48–9, 68, 209, 229Slomkowski, C. et al. (2001) 103,

242Conger, K. 242Conger, R. 242Rende, R. 242Simons, R. 242

Slomkowski, C. et al. (1997) 79t, 103,242

Davies, M. 242Rende, R. 242Schaffer, D. 242Wasserman, G. 242

Smith, H. 147, 230Smith, J.A.S. 2, 167Smith, M. 194Smith, S. 201, 202nSmith, T. 225social

competence 87, 130, 132, 194context 122correctness 11development 4, 119, 193–4disadvantage 118environment 10, 85–7, 108exclusion 105interaction 83, 103learning 104–5, 114maturity 124mobility 21network 87pressure 115relationships 103role-playing 98rules 47, 102services 3, 109, 116understanding 102

INDEX 267

‘social address’ (Bronfenbrenner andCrouter) 130

Social Interaction Between Siblings(SIBS) interview 79t

social siblings (Akhtar and Kramer) 3,60

social workers (‘practitioners’,‘professionals’) xi, xii, 2, 71,79t, 97, 112, 120, 126, 136, 141,151, 153, 156, 160, 165, 187,187t, 194, 196, 199, 210–13,215–18

excuses for sibling abuse 142–3female experience of sibling

incest 147–8lacking information 192

socialisation 106, 115, 137societies (industrialised/non-

industrialised) 19–21socioeconomic status (SES) 48, 121,

129, 130Solnit, A. 59Solomon Islands 19somatic reactions 201, 202Sophocles 11Southall, D. 153space: conflicts with siblings about 49spacing 42Spacks, P.M. 8Spielberg, S. 13Spigelman, A. 242Spigelman, G. et al. 182, 242

Englesson, I. 242Spigelman, A. 242

‘split parent identification’ 88split residence/split custody 184–6

four issues 185Stacey, W. 225Stainton, T. 132, 244Stanhope, L. 222Stark, E. 137, 163status 62, 77, 78t, 104, 130Stearns, P. 60Steele, B. 146Stein, N.L. 79tSteinmetz, S. 243Steinmetz, S.K. 49stepfamilies 25, 181, 187, 188–9

stepdaughters 16stepfathers 188stepmothers 16stepparents 180, 188stepsiblings 3, 18, 180–1, 188, 191,

195, 207

Sternberg, A. 134Stevenson, O. 171Stewart, R.B. 179Stiffman, A.R. 229Stillwell, R. 46, 78tStocker, C. 67, 73t, 76, 78t, 79t, 107,

209Stocker, C. et al. 72t, 243

Dunn, J. 243Plomin, R. 243

Stocker, C. et al. 51, 243Furman, W. 243Lanthier, R. 243

Stoneman, Z. 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 97,224, 225

Stoneman, Z. et al. 74t, 243Brody, G.H. 243Churchill, S.L. 243Winn, L.L. 243

‘Strange Situation’ (Ainsworth et al.,1978) 38, 178, 179

Strauss, M. et al. 216–17, 243Gelles, R. 243Steinmetz, S. 243

stress xii, 26, 31, 93, 95, 110, 111, 129,180, 200

arrival of new sibling 44children (post-parental divorce)

181lost contact with siblings 185marital (impact on sibling

relationships) 95–6, 96fmaternal separation 44sibling disputes 196

substance abuse 70, 140, 141sudden infant death syndrome

(SIDS) 153‘cot death’ 201

Suh, E. 136, 137Sulloway, F. 9, 64, 89, 199Summer, M. 243Summers, C. et al. 133, 243

Summer, M. 243White, K. 243

superego injunctions (psychoanalyticconcept) 58

support 87, 96, 106, 121, 160–1, 179,197, 204, 216

instrumental and emotional 53outside family 184from siblings, 110

survival 21, 84, 209Sutton, L.S. 225Swart, G. 194

268 INDEX

Sweden, 182‘Sweetheart Roland’ (tale) 16

target child 162, 163, 164target siblings (TS) 76–7, 143Taylor, E. 65teachers 155, 159, 166, 179teasing 47, 98, 100Teitler, J. 226telephone calls, daily (research method),

131, 132telling tales 99, 100temperament 42, 48, 72t, 73t, 162,

172tension 134, 140therapists 152, 164, 201therapy 38, 158Thomas, N. iiThomas, N. et al. 124, 244

Doubtfire, S. 244Stainton, T. 244Webb, A. 244

Thorpe, M. 194Timberlake, E. 193, 206time 15, 28, 35f, 41, 50, 87, 96, 135,

143, 179, 212, 214parenting change 88

Tingstrom, D. 132toddlers/toddlerhood xi, 46, 53t, 140Toman, W. 62–4, 67, 101, 209

criticism 66Toon, K. 156–7Touris, M. et al. 38–9, 244

Harding, C. 244Kromelow, S. 244

toys 49, 179, 202tTrad, P. 181transference phenomena 60trauma 38, 144, 145, 146, 152–3, 159,

181, 189, 203birth of sibling 56

trauma shield 152Trause, M. 39, 45Treffers, P. 224Treffers, P. et al. 2, 244

Goedhart, A.W. 244Kouldijs, E. 244Waltz, J.V. 244

trust 164mistrust 147, 205

Tryon, A. 239Tsun, O. 147Turkey 14twins 9–10, 60, 83, 103, 164–5

understanding 132emotional 71

United Kingdom 68, 109, 117, 124,125, 136, 139, 170, 182

United States of America 12, 68, 139,182, 187, 203, 213

Valsiner, J. 21Van Ijzendoorn, M. 180victim-blaming 137, 175violence 26, 139–40, 145, 154

between/towards children 136‘does not inevitably beget

violence’ 137domestic 136spousal 136, 137, 141, 152

Viorst, J. 28Volling, B. 47, 73tVolling, B. et al. 106, 244

Belsky, J. 244Youngblade, L.M. 244

Vuchinich, R. 244Vuchinich, S. et al. 163, 244

Vuchinich, R. 244Wood, B. 244

vulnerability 120, 122Vygotsky, L.S. 69

Waddell, A. 121Waddell, J. 11Wakefield Survivors’ Groups 157Wales 167–8Walker, A. 12, 13Walker, C.E. et al. 158–9, 245

Bonner, B.L. 245Kaufman, K.L. 245

Wall, S. 222Waltz, J.V. 244Ward, J.D. 9Ward, M. 195warmth (emotional) 48, 50, 51, 53t,

72t, 74t, 75t, 77–80, 88, 91, 103,107, 135, 149, 167, 184, 196, 220,221f

Wasserman, G. 242Waters, E. 222Waters, J. 227Webb, A. 244Wedge, P. 2, 30, 30t, 64, 191Weill, B.C. 84Weinberg, B. 237Weisner, T. 22Welty, E. 10Werner, E. 122

INDEX 269

Westheimer, I.J. 194Whipple, E. 150White, K. 243Whiteman, M. 225Whitmore, E. et al. 163, 245

Knutson, J. 245Kramer, J. 245

Wiehe, V. 142–3, 218Wild Swans (Andersen) 10Williams, M. iiWillmott, P. 20Wilson, B. 64Wilson, J. 240Winn, L.L. 243Winnicott, D. 38, 44, 84withdrawal 50, 133, 170t

Wolf, L. et al. 133, 245Ellison, D. 245Fisman, S. 245Freeman, T. 245

Wolfe family (parental sexualabuse) 159–60

women 8, 21, 45, 63t, 147Wood, B. 244Works (Malory) 15

Yom Kippur (Jewish Day of Atonement):origin of ‘scapegoat’ 161

Young, M. 20young carers 121–5, 130, 141

support groups 124Youngblade, L.M. 244

270 INDEX