Upload
khangminh22
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Basic Technology Made Easy
1
Basic Technology
Made Easy 3
This book is in electronic (e) version but may be printed and
assembled in a booklet form by any student or teacher.
Basic Technology Made Easy
Making Learning Fun!
By
Agejivwie Benaiah Orajereyor
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Copyright © 2015 by Basic Technology Made Easy, Inc. All rights reserved
Worldwide. No part of this eBook may be reproduced in any form or by electronic
or mechanical means, including information and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the copyright holder.
This eBook is distributed at
http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
This edition is published by Basic Technology Made Easy with the assistance of
Agejivwie Benaiah O.
This eBook is distributed at:
www.bstbasictechnology.wordpress.com
P.O. Box 11264, Surulere-Lagos. (+2348164634883)
www.facebook.com/basictechnologymadeeasy
PREFACE
Basic Technology Made Easy
3
This e-series has been designed to reflect the 2014 Nigerian Educational Research
and Development Council (NERDC) National Basic Technology for Junior
Secondary School year 1, 2 and 3.
While preparing this edition, I ensured that where appropriate, review questions
that contain emerging national and global issues such as is available in
engineering, health, information technology and entrepreneurship.
The book has been divided into three broad parts, each showing the scheme for the
term and scaled into lessons for the student and teacher for easy access plus
practical videos for demonstration on geometrical construction-where applicable.
I have retained popular features, such as lesson objectives and exercises . In
addition, this edition contains a most interesting and new feature-the first of its
kind in Nigeria-where the student and teacher has access to practical videos on
Geometrical Construction as contained in the curriculum.
While preparing this edition, I made sure I retained the style and rigour of
imputing illustrations and images in each lesson. Again, at the end of the text
book, there are more than 200 objective test questions for the student and teacher
to revise with.
I wish to express my appreciation to my students I have taught over the past fifteen
(15) years who encouraged me to put up a material like this for them. I also
appreciate a number of teachers far and near, who encouraged me with their
appreciation through the edited copy of this material.
I wish in particular to express my gratitude to Mrs. Adebimpe Delano, the amiable
principal of Fountain Heights Secondary School, for her advice and helpful
guidance.
P.S. I must state that this edition is subject to upgrading as time passes. This is to
meet national and global standard as the curriculum changes especially now that
Basic Technology has been fused into Basic Science and Technology (BST) by
NERDC.
Image Credit: www.googleimage.com
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to my understanding wife, Nduka,
for believing in me and encouraging me to follow my dreams. She
will always say, “Give Every Dream an Opportunity.”
Basic Technology Made Easy
5
TABLE OF CONTENT
PART 1
LESSONS PAGE
1.1. Career Prospects and Opportunities in Technology……………………………….. 8
-Related careers and Employment opportunities.
1.2. Production of Materials………………………………………………………………. 15
i. Processing of Wood and Metals- , Manufactured boards
1.3. Production of materials (Contd.)……………………………………………………... 31
ii. Ceramics, Plastic and Rubber- processing of ceramics, processing of plastics and rubber.
1.4. Pictorial Drawing- Isometric, Oblique and Perspective drawing……………………… 37
1.5. Orthographic Projection………………………………………………………………. 43
- Plan, Front and End views (1st and 3rd Angle projections)
1.6. Wood Work Machines…………………………………………………………………. 46
- Definition
- Types and uses.
1.7. Simple Wood Work Projects…………………………………………………………… 51
- woodwork and uses
- construction of joints e.g. Mortise and Tenon, Halving, etc.
1.8. Metalwork Machines…………………………………………………………………… 63
- Definition
- Types and uses.
1.9. Simple Metalwork Projects……………………………………………………………. 69
- Fabrication process eg
cutting and filling
- drilling process of articles.
1.10. Metal Joining…………………………………………………………………………. 80
- Methods of joining metals e.g, soldering & brazing, welding, riveting and mechanical fasteners
- Tools and Materials used for joining metals.
1.11. Revision………………………………………………………………………………… 86
1.12. Examination……………………………………………………………………………. 86
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
PART 2
2.1. Mechanical Transmission System……………………………………………………… 86
(i). Friction- Definition and causes of friction
- Laws of friction.
2.2. Mechanical Transmission System (Contd.)……………………………………………. 88
(ii). Effects of Friction (advantages and disadvantages of friction)
- Reduction of Frictional effect.
2.3. Mechanical Transmission System (Contd.)……………………………………………. 92
- Drive mechanism (gears and chain drive)
2.4. Mechanical Transmission System (Contd.)…………………………………………… 100
(iii). Motion in engineering system (types and conversion)
2.5. Mechanical Transmission System (Contd.)…………………………………………... 106
(iv) Air flow- mechanical properties
- appliances based on air flow (pneumatics)
2.6. Simple Electrical Wiring……………………………………………………………….. 112
- schematic diagram of electrical circuit (series and parallel)
- wiring tools and materials.
2.7. Building Construction-Foundation……………………………………………………. 120
- Types and uses
- name types of soil
2.8. Building Construction (Contd.)………………………………………………………... 126
- walls and floors- Definition
- Types and uses.
2.9. Building Construction (Contd.)………………………………………………………... 132
- Doors and windows- Definition
- Types and uses.
2.10. Building Construction (Contd.)………………………………………………………. 140
- Roof- Definition
- Types and Uses.
2.11. Revision………………………………………………………………………………… 146
2.12. Examination…………………………………………………………………………… 146
Basic Technology Made Easy
7
PART 3
1. Simple Blue Print Reading……………………………………………………………. 146
- Simple details of a building plan.
2. Periodic Maintenance…………………………………………………………………. 155
- Definition and types
- Method of maintenance e.g. dusting, cleaning, oiling, etc.
3. Periodic Maintenance (Contd.)………………………………………………………. 157
Appliances e.g. Furniture (wood and metal)
4. Periodic Maintenance (Contd.)………………………………………………………. 162
Appliances e.g. electrical/electronics.
5. Fault Detection……………………………………………………………………….. 167
- Definition (trouble-shooting)
- Instrument for fault detection.
6-13.Revision- JSCE! JSCE!! JSCE/ NECO………………………………………… 170-197
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-1.1
CAREER PROSPECTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN
TECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define career.
2. List ten careers available for students of technology.
3. State the career functions of the ten careers listed above.
4. Mention areas in Nigeria where students of technology can be gainfully
employed.
What is a Career?
A career can be defined as a profession or job one is trained to do for the rest of
his/her life time. Doing this career brings monetary benefits and fulfillment.
Technology Related Careers
Careers related to technology includes the following in Nigeria:
1. Mechanical Engineering
2. Electrical/Electronic Engineering
3. Civil Engineering
4. Building Engineering
5. Production Engineering
6. Chemical Engineering
7. Computer Engineering
8. Automobile Engineering
9. Metallurgical Engineering
10. Mining Engineering
Basic Technology Made Easy
9
11. Petroleum Engineering
12. Aeronautical Engineering.
Importance of Technology Related Careers
1.Mechanical Engineering: The skill and training in this profession has led to the
invention of machines used in transportation, manufacturing, plumbing
installations, pipe-network construction for gas, water and petroleum products. E.g.
Mechanical Engineers at Work.
2. Electrical/Electronics Engineering: The students in this field will be exposed
to instrumentation, control systems, communications, power generation,
transmission and distribution. E.g.
Electrical Panels and Devices
3. Civil Engineering: This field deals with the design, construction and
maintenance of dams, roads, bridges, airports, seaports, etc. e.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Road Construction in progress
4. Building Engineering: This is a professional who interprets the plan documents
drawn by an architect, into a physical reality. E.g.
Building Construction in Action
5. Automobile Engineering: This is a field of engineering that deals with the
design, construction and maintenance of automobiles. E.g.
An Automobile Assembly Line.
Basic Technology Made Easy
11
6. Aeronautical Engineering: It is a field of study that deals with the design,
construction, flying and the maintenance of aeroplanes. E.g.
Aero-Contractor Hangar at Warri, Delta State.
7. Production Engineering: This is the field of engineering that deals with how to
put different machines together (called assembly lines) used for manufacturing
goods like brewing. E.g.
Production Assembly Line
8. Chemical Engineering: This profession deals with the design, construction,
operation and maintenance of equipment, instruments and plants used for handling
chemical substances. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
A Chemist and Chemical Plant
9. Computer Engineering: Engineers in this field are expected to design, develop,
apply and maintain different grades of computer hardwares and softwares. E.g.
The Computer Doctor.
10. Metallurgical Engineering: These are professionals that focus on the study of
metals, their behavior, characteristics and ways of producing alloys of different
metals that can be used in other engineering fields. E.g.
Strength of material in metals for bridges, rail lines and pipelines.
11. Mining Engineering: This is the study of using earth-moving machines to
uncover and extract underground mineral resources like bitumen, gold, coal, etc.
e.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
13
A Quarry Site
12. Petroleum Engineering: This field deals with the extraction of petroleum and
gas from underground using equipment, rigs and drills with the aid of specialized
skills. E.g.
Off-Shore Oil Rigs
Employment Prospects For Technology Students
The different areas where students of technology can be gainfully employed in
Nigeria include the following:
Private Companies: In Nigeria, there are employment opportunities in most
private industries that render services related to engineering. Manufacturing
companies, banks and other industries also employ technicians and engineers.
Educational Sector: To train future engineers, secondary schools, polytechnics
and universities employ engineers as tutors and lecturers to impart knowledge to
younger ones.
Public Sector: In most government ministries like transportation, science and
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
technology, power and mining, etc, it is engineers that the government sort after
for gainful employment to man these sectors.
Consultancy: This is a partnership between different fields of engineers providing
services of their choice. These consultancies can employ graduates from diverse
engineering disciplines also.
Independent Practice: Engineering graduates can also set-up personal enterprise
of their choice to employ other graduates so as to earn a living.
NOTE:To succeed as an engineering student, you must be interested and take the
following subjects seriously:
Mathematics, Basic Technology, Physics, Chemistry and Technical drawing.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define career.
2. List ten careers available for students of technology.
3. State the career functions of the ten careers listed above.
4. Mention areas in Nigeria where students of technology can be gainfully
employed.
Basic Technology Made Easy
15
LESSON- 1.2
PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS
(wood)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. define wood felling.
2. state at least two main areas where wood can be felled in Nigeria.
3. explain wood conversion.
4. define wood seasoning
5. explain at least five reasons why wood is seasoned
6. calculate moisture content of wood
7. states what veneer is
8. state at least 3 methods used for producing veneers.
9. write short notes on how to produce at least 3 types of manufactured
boards.
10. state what wood preservation is
11. explain at least four types of wood defects.
13. what iron–ore is
14. state how pig– iron is produced from iron – ore
15. state at least five types of furnaces for producing steel.
Wood felling: This is the process of cutting down trees in the forest either
manually or mechanically. A felled tree is referred to as log.
Areas Where Trees Can Be Found
In Nigeria, there are two areas where trees can be felled legally. They are:
(i) Free Areas: These are areas owned by families, villages and communities
where mature trees can be felled.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Permission is usually sort from community elders before trees are felled.
(ii) Government Reservation Areas: These are areas controlled by local, state or
federal government. The mature trees in these areas are classified and monitored
by forest guards. Tariff is paid on any tree felled depending on the economic value
of such tree.
Wood Conversion
Wood conversion is the process of splitting log into smaller commercial sizes
either at the sawmill or at the forest.
Methods of Wood Conversion
(i).Plain Sawn: This is the method of cutting log linearly or flatly in a horizontal
manner to produce planks e.g.
Plain sawn method
(ii). Quarter Sawn: This is the method of splitting log angularly along the grains
on the log. It is usually more technical to split wood using this method. E.g.
Quarter sawn method
Basic Technology Made Easy
17
Wood Seasoning
This is the process reducing the moisture or water content of wood. Since sawn
timber contain some amount of water, it must be seasoned before using them.
Reasons for Wood Seasoning
(i). Seasoning makes the wood stronger.
(ii) It makes the wood lighter in weight.
(iii) It makes wood to take (absorb) preservatives easily.
(iv) Seasoning makes wood more stable when being used for furniture work
(v) It makes wood more durable.
(vi) Seasoning makes the wood take polish easily.
Calculating Moisture Content
Moisture content is calculated as a percentage respecting the wetness or dryness of
any wood. The general formulae used in calculating moisture content is given as:
Wet weight – dry weight x 100
Dry weight 1
Example: If a sample of wood weighs 60gm before and 40gm after drying, what is
the percentage moisture content?
Solution:
Given that wet weight – Dry weight x 100
Dry weight 1
= 60gm - 40gm x 100
40gm
= 60 – 40 x 100
40 1
= 20 x 100
40 1
= 50%
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Defects in Wood
Defects are faults or irregularities in wood caused either naturally or during
processing of the wood which reduces the value or quality of the timber.
1. Natural defects: These are defects which occurs during growth of a tree.
They include the following names:
(a).Knots: A knot is a defect that occurs at the branch of a tree. If a branch falls
from a tree it may leave a knot hole on the tree e.g.
(b).Shakes: This is the complete separation of parts of a stem in a living tree. it
occurs because of stress variation in the stem. There is the ring shake, cup shake,
star shake and the heart shake.
(i). Ring Shake: The plit in this case occurs right around the growth ring. E.g.
(ii). Cup Shake: This is a visible split that goes half round the growth ring. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
19
(iii). Star Shake: This is split that is extending from the pith to the outer section of
a log in a star form. E.g.
Star shake
(iv). Heart shake: This is a split that is restricted to the pith or centre of a tree.
E.g.
2. Artificial defects: This is also referred to as processing defects. It includes
checks and warps.
(a) Checks: This is a defect which creates a separation of wood grain along the
grain board. Eg
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Checks
(b) Warps: Twists in timber are called warps. They may be caused by improper
seasoning procedure. E.g.
Twist Bow Cup
(c). Bow: This is a curvature that occurs along the length of a plank. It could be
concave or convex curvature. E.g.
Bow
(d). Twists: This is a spiral distortion in a plank. Wrong stacking method may
cause this twist. E.g.
Twist
Basic Technology Made Easy
21
Wood Preservation
Wood preservation is the process treating wood with solutions so as to make it
poisonous for insects and fungi. The solutions used for this purpose is referred to
as preservatives.
Classes of Preservatives
1. Tar Oils: The distillation of coal tar with kerosene gives birth to a blackish-
yellow solution called creosote. It smells like carbolic acid. It is used on
wood surfaces to protect it against insects and fungi.
2. Water-borne preservatives: These are preservatives made from dissolving
toxic chemicals in water. It prevents termites and fungi from attacking
timber.
3. Solvent preservatives: This type of preservative is obtained when toxic
chemicals are mixed with non-aqueous solvents (solvents that do not contain
water), like spirit (thinner) or petrol.
Methods of Applying Preservatives
i. Open Tank Method: This method involves an open tank or drum
containing the heated preservative to a high temperature of 2000Fand the
wood soaked into it. E.g.
Open tank method
ii. Cold Immersion: This method is slightly different because in this case the
solution is not heated. The wood can be fully immersed or only the butt
ends. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Cold immersion
iii. Brushing method: This method involves the brushing of the preservative on
the surface of the wood. Penetration is very minimal using this method.
As such it is least effective. E.g.
A furniture maker brushing
iv. Spraying method: This is the use of a spraying machine to apply
preservatives in the form of pigments of stable metallic oxides in paints
to the wood surface. E.g.
Spraying method
Veneer
A veneer is a thin sheet of wood used in the manufacture of boards. It is usually
sliced from log.
Basic Technology Made Easy
23
Methods Of Producing Veneers
(i) Slicing Method: The method of using slicing blade to cut off thin leaves from
a particular log. E.g.
Slicing method
(ii) Reeling method: This is the method of peeling log in a continuous rotary
fashion mounted on a machine. The log is usually soften through
steaming first. E.g.
Reeling method
(iii)Eccentric or Sawing Method: In this method the log is cut into quarters. It
is this quarter that is then sliced to veneer. E.g.
Eccentric method
Manufactured Boards
Manufactured boards are man- made boards made from multiple veneers, using
adhesives, sawdust, etc. In Nigeria, the size of common boards is 2440mm by
1220mm.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Types of Manufactured Boards
(i). Plywood: These are boards made from multiple veneers glued together with
adhesives. The veneers are usually arranged so that the grains criss-cross each
other. They are used for partitioning. E.g.
A set of Plywood
(ii). Block boards: This board looks like a flush door. The inner part of this board
contains a strip of timbers forming the core and covered with two layers of
veneers. They are used for flooring and doors. E.g.
Block board
(iii). Laminated boards: These are boards used for high class veneer furniture. It
contains a thinner strip of timber forming the core and glued together. The surface
is glossy. They are used for high-class furniture work. E.g.
Set of Laminated boards
Basic Technology Made Easy
25
(iv). Particle boards: These are boards made from wood chippings glued together
and compressed under heat. It is used for paneling and kitchen furniture work. E.g.
Particle board
(v). Hard boards: These boards are made from the combination of wood waste
(sawdust in Nigeria) and bonded together under high temperature and compression.
They are used for making cabinets. e.g.
Hard board
Advantages of Manufactured Boards
(i). Using a manufactured board produces various large flat sheets of timber.
(ii). Manufactured boards do not check nor warp.
(iii). Manufactured boards can be worked on easily.
Processing of Metal
Introduction:
Metal is processed from a natural solid mineral ore found beneath the earth called
iron-ore. In its natural state iron-ore contains many impurities that is removed
through smelting. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Sample of Iron-Ore
(i). Blast Furnace: The blast furnace is a smelting (burning) plant used for
processing iron – ore into pig –iron. To smelt iron – ore in the blast furnace, other
chemicals like coke (which serves as fuel) and limestone (which removes
impurities) are added to the iron – ore so that most of the impurities may be
removed. E.g.
Blast furnace
Pig – iron: Pig –iron is the product derived from blast furnace. Further
processing of pig – iron gives birth to steel. The furnace used for this purpose is
called “Bessemer Converter”.
Basic Technology Made Easy
27
Residue of Pig-Iron from Blast Furnace
Bessemer Converter: This is the furnace used for smelting pig – iron into steel by
further burning off of impurities in the right percentage. It was developed by Henry
Bessemer. Since steel is categorized into three groups, the Bessemer converter is
used for this purpose.
A more detailed explanation of how the Bessemer converter works will be covered
in JSS 3. E.g.
Henry Bessemer 1813-1898 The Bessemer Converter
Other Methods: Other furnace used in the smelting of iron – ore into steel are:
The basic oxygen furnace: In this furnace, scrap metal is used to charge the
system before molten metal is introduced. Oxygen is forced into the furnace
through a water-cooled lance. At a point lime is added to act as flux in the furnace
This system is used for producing stainless steel. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Basic-Oxygen Furnace
Electric-Arc furnace: This furnace has three carbon electrodes which are
electrically powered for heating scrap and molten metal for producing stainless
steel. Lime, fluorspar and iron oxide are added at a point. Depending on the class
of metal to be produced alloying materials are added to a correct proportion. E.g.
Electric Arc Furnace
Open-Hearth furnace: In this furnace pig iron and scrap are stored in a large
hearth. It makes use of hot gas and air to melt the content put into it. Ferro-
manganese is added to make the correct aggregate of stainless steel. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
29
Open-Hearth Furnace
This three methods listed above make use of iron oxide at high temperature (16000
C) to remove impurities from pig iron into steel or stainless steel.
Classes of steel
Low Carbon Steel: The content of carbon In a low carbon steel is about 0.05% -
0.3%. it contains mostly ferrite. It has low tensile strength and is used for car
bodies and light structures.
Medium Carbon Steel: This class of steel mainly contains cementite. This
property makes medium carbon steel hard and ad of great strength. It is mainly
used in making lighter springs and power transmission devices. The carbon con-
tent is about 0.3% - 0.8%.
High Content Steel: This is the steel that contains mostly pearlite. Carbon content
is 0.8% and above. It is usually very hard and it is used for making cutting tools
like files, punches, chisels, dyes, etc.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is wood felling.
2. Explain the two main areas where wood can be felled in Nigeria.
3. What is wood conversion.
4. Define wood seasoning
5. Explain 5 reasons why wood is seasoned
6. A sample of wood weighed 70gm before and 50gm after drying. Calculate
the moisture content of the wood.
7. What is a veneer?
8. Explain 3 methods used in producing veneers.
9. Write short notes on how to produce 3 types of manufactured boards.
10. What is wood preservation?
11. Explain 4 types of wood defects.
12. Describe the two types of wood defects
13. What is iron–ore?
14. How is pig– iron produces from iron – ore
15. State at least five types of furnaces for producing steel.
Basic Technology Made Easy
31
LESSON-1.3
PRODUCTION OF CERAMICS,
PLASTICS AND RUBBER
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
(i). Identify the process involved in the production of plastics, rubber and
ceramics.
(ii). Explain with diagrams the processes involved in the production of the
above mentioned materials.
(iii).Explain the different forms involved in the processing of plastics.
(iv).Describe how rubber is processed.
A. Processing of Ceramics
Ceramics are made of different products like clay, cement and concrete.
Pottery Making: The art of making objects from clay is called pottery. Examples
are pots, tiles, sanitary wares, cups, plates and bricks.
Processing of pottery: To use clay in making any item, four different processes
are involved. They are:
1. Excavation Of Clay: Clay is usually excavated from the earth with a shovel.
The clay is then processed so as to remove air bubbles and sand particles, so that it
can be moldable.
2.Molding Of Clay: This is the processing of clay to a particular shape. There are
three basic methods involved. They are:
i. The Pinch Method: This is the method of using the thumb, with the clay
placed in the hollow of the palms while the thumb presses the clay into
shape. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Pinch Method
ii. Use of Moulds: The moulds for bricks may be made of wood while the ones
for sanitary wares and tiles are metallic. E.g.
A mould
iii. Potter’s wheel method: This is a device containing a flat disc which is
spurned using either an electric motor of manual means. As the clay spins
on the disc the article is shaped using the fingers. E.g.
Potter’s Wheel
2 Firing: Firing of clay helps it to become hardened and durable. The kiln is
usually used for this purpose.
3 Decoration: This is the art of using varnished or ceramic paint to draw patterns
on the surface of any clay product to beautify it.
Basic Technology Made Easy
33
Processing Of Concrete and Cement Blocks
Concrete is processed by the mixture of aggregates, cement, sand and water. The
shape to be casted is first formed using plywood and timber to form a mould.
Sandcrete (cement block) on the other hand is a mixture of sand, cement and
water. Wooden or metallic moulds forms the shape that the block will take.
B. Processing Of Plastics
The general principle in the processing of plastics involves the following:
i. Pre-heating the resin into a molten state.
ii. Forcing the molten plastic into a mould to acquire a desired shape.
Methods of Processing of Plastics
1. Injection Method: In this method, the resin is fed into a heating chamber
through the hopper. A plunger is then used to force the molten plastic into
the required mould. This method can be used for making water bottles. E.g.
Injection Mould
2. Extrusion Moulding: This is the older version of the injection moulding.
Instead of the plunger, a knob with screw is used to force the molten plastic
into the mould. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Extrusion mould
3. Compression Moulding: This is the method used for processing hollow
pipes like biro cases, water pipes and drainage pipes. This method makes use
of two moulds at a time. E.g.
Compression mould
4. Vacuum Forming: This is the method used in the processing of plastic
cups, buckets and bowls. A vacuum is always created with the cavity of the
mould. As air is sucked out of the cavity, pressure is created on the plastic so
as to take the shape of the mould. E.g.
Vacuum mould
Basic Technology Made Easy
35
5. Calendaring: This is the method used to produce long sheets of plastics like
nylon and polythene products. The plastic runs through a number of rollers.
E.g.
Calendaring process
C.Processing of Rubber
Artificial (synthetic) rubber and natural rubber are processed through the following
stages:
Foremost, the rubber is softened by adding chemicals and mixing it
thoroughly to bring it to a mouldable state.
It is then pre-heated in a chamber into a molten form.
The molten rubber is then forced in to a mould designed to take the shape of
the article desired.
It should be noted that the methods used in the processing of plastics, is also
the same method applied in the processing of rubber.
Application of Rubber
1. Tyres
2. Soles for shoes
3. Foamed rubber products
4. Sports equipment
5. Footwear
6. Engine belts
7. Shock absorbers
8. Conveyor belts
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
9. Hose
10. Seals
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Identify three process involved in the production of plastics,
2. Identify four process involved in the production of rubber
3. Identify three process involved in the production of ceramics.
4. Explain with diagrams the processes involved in the production of the
above mentioned materials.
Basic Technology Made Easy
37
LESSON1.4
PICTORIAL DRAWING
(Isometric Drawing)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define isometric drawing
2. State the angle of projection in isometric drawing
3. Engage effectively in isometric drawing.
4. Define oblique drawing
5. State the axes of oblique drawing
6. Construct oblique blocks
7. Define perspective drawing
8. Engage in both one-point and two-point perspectives
Definition: Isometric drawing is defined as a three- dimensional drawing of solid
objects. It is a pictorial method of drawing. What you see is what you draw. The
three dimensions are the length, width and height.
Isometric Axes
The term isometric axis means the lines formed by the 300 set square and the
vertical line of any given plane or block to be drawn. The lines that slant at 300 is
called the receding lines. The vertical line is also drawn using the side of the
300/60
0 set square. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Isometric axes
The lines drawn are often referred to as projection lines. Apart from the vertical
lines, all other lines are inclined at 300 slant. It is always better to complete the
drawing in construction line (faint lines) first, check that everything is correct
before outlining the block given.
Steps Involved in Isometric Drawing
1. Drawing the Isometric Axes
After setting your paper on your board and drawing border lines and title
block, follow the steps below:
i. On the lower section of your drawing paper mark a small cross (+).
ii. Using the 300-60
0 set-square, supported on the T-square, draw the first
vertical axis from the intersection of the +.
iii. Turn the set square to the 300 slant with the edge intersecting at the + either
to the right or left and draw the first receding axis.
iv. Rotate the set-square until another edge rest as base on the T-square on the
same intersection and draw the second receding axis.
2. Outlining the Edges: Finally, using the HB pencil with moderate pressure,
thicken the outline of the given block. You may erase the extra projected lines
on your work since they may not be required as part of the given block.
3. Dimensioning: This is the technique of adding the actual size (length, breadth
and height) of any block given. The following steps explains how:
(i). With the aid of the set-square and a little distance from the block drawn,
draw faint projections (the projection lines should not touch the block) as the
block.
Basic Technology Made Easy
39
(ii). Rotating the set square appropriately, draw arrowhead lines to indicate
demarcations on the given block.
For demonstration, see the downloaded Video Titled, “ISOMETRIC DRAWING”.
Oblique Drawing
Definition: This is another form of pictorial drawing of solid objects with one face
upright on the plane of the paper while the other is inclined at 450. E.g.
Types of Oblique Drawing
i. Cavalier Projection: This is a situation where an oblique block is drawn
full length, without alteration or distortion of the original dimension. E.g.
ii. Cabinet Projection: In this method, where the horizontal line is drawn full
size while the 450 slant drawn half size. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Cabinet Projection
Steps Involved in Oblique Projection
Figure shows Oblique Drawing Steps
NOTE: Unless you are given specific instructions, all oblique drawings should be
carried out at an angle of 450 and dimensions reduced by half. This is very
important in an examination setting.
For demonstration, see the downloaded Video Titled, “OBLIQUE DRAWING”.
Perspective Drawing
Definition: This is a drawing that gives the distant part of an object, like a building
or road. The drawing tapers to a point called the varnishing point (VP), as it
appears to an observer of the object.
This makes the outlook of the distant object smaller than the real size. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
41
One-Point Perspective
Types of Perspective Drawing
i. One-Point Perspective Drawing: In this type of drawing, the projection
lines converge at a particular point known as the varnishing point. e.g.
Like the one shown above.
ii. Two-Point perspective Drawing: This type contains two varnishing points
and the two appear to end at a point in two directions. E.g.
Two-Point Perspective
For demonstration, see the downloaded Video Titled, “ PERSPECTIVE
DRAWING”.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the block shown below in Isometric projection (show all
dimensions)
2. Draw the block shown below in Cavalier Oblique projection.
3. Draw a One-Point Perspective of the figure below.
Basic Technology Made Easy
43
LESSON-1.5
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define orthographic projection
2. State and explain the angles of projection and
3. Convert isometric drawings to orthographic projection.
Definition:
The word orthographic is coined from the word orthogonal (or perpendicular) and
graphic (or view). As such, orthographic projection can be defined as a two-
dimensional drawing that shows different views of a structure. It contains the
vertical and the horizontal planes as shown below.
Orthographic Planes
Elevations (Views)
In orthographic projection, there are three basic views referred to as elevations.
These elevations are as follows:
(i).The Plan: This is the view of an object as seen or projected from the top.
(ii).Front elevation: This is the view of an object as seen or projected from the
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
front side of the object or block.
(iii).End (Side) Elevation: This view is sometimes referred to as the auxiliary
vertical plane in some text books. It is the view showing the right or left side of
any object when viewed from the front. E.g.
Angles of Projection
i. First Angle Projection: Where the plan of a structure is positioned below
the quadrant. It is the British system of drawing elevations. E.g.
ii. Third angle projection: This is a condition where the plan of a structure is
positioned above the quadrant while the front view is below the plan.
E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
45
First and Third Angle Positioning of Elevations
Steps in Orthographic Projection and Worked Illustrations
(i).Make a sketch of the required views.
(ii).Draw both the vertical and the horizontal axis to intersect midway.
(iii).Determine the placing of the views.
(iv).Begin drawing with either the plan or front views.
(v).From either of the views drawn above, project lines for the other
view.
(vi).Draw the reflector line at 450 .
(vii).Project the horizontal lines from the front elevation.
(viii).Project the plan to meet the reflector line of the 450.
(ix).Take note of hidden details and outline the elevations to complete the
job.
Before you consider any example, I strongly recommend that you go, watch the
Downloaded Video Titled, “ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION”.
Do This
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Draw the block shown on page 168 of the J.N. Green text book in orthographic
projection in both 1st and 3
rd angle projections, using arrow X as the front
elevation.
The J.N. Green edition
LESSON-1.6
WOODWORK MACHINES
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define woodwork machine.
2. Identify five portable power hand tools
3. Identify four machine tools
4. State the uses of wood working machines
Definition: Woodwork machines are specially designed machines used for wood
operations in furniture work. There are two basic classes of wood working
machines in use. They are:
1.Portable Power Hand Tool Machines(Electrically powered)
Basic Technology Made Easy
47
2.Wood- work machines.
1. Portable Power Hand Tool Machines include the following:
(i).Hand drills: This is an electrically powered tool used for boring holes in wood.
It contains the chuck which turns the drill bit clockwise and anti-clockwise. E.g.
Portable drilling machine
(ii).Belt sander: This machine is used for sanding (smoothening) the surface of
wood. Abrasive is used to coat the rollers in this electrically powered tool. E.g.
Belt sander
(iii).Circular saw: The circular saw is used for cross-cutting timber, for cutting
depth and for forming grooves on timber. It is electrically powered also. It can be
adjusted to any desired position. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Circular saw
(iv). Saber Saw: This is a flexible saw used for cutting complex shapes like
curves on plywood. Like the curves found on loudspeakers. E.g.
Saber saw
(v).Nailing gun: As the name implies, this machine is used instead of the hammer,
in sticking nails into wood. E.g.
Nailing gun
2.Wood –Work Machines:
The machines covered in this section are usually mounted in engineering
workshops, since they are not portable in nature. There are six different ones to be
considered.
(i).Circular sawing machine: It is used for both cross-cutting and ripping
operations during wood work. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
49
Circular sawing machine
(ii).Band sawing machine: This machine uses the band saw. It is used for cutting
straight lines, circular and irregular curves on timber and plywood. E.g.
(iii).Thicknessing machine: This is the machine used for forming the required
thickness for stool and table legs. E.g.
Thicknessing machine
(iv).Surface planer: The surface planer is designed for planning operations,
especially planks. It can also be adopted for rebating and tenoning jobs. It has a
wide, flat surface for supporting any load laid on it. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Surface planers
(v). Drill press: This machine has multiple applications. It is primarily used for
drilling operations, for boring holes on wood and metals. It can also be used for
sanding, shaping and mortising. E.g.
Drill press
(vi).Wood lathe: This is the father of all machines. Primarily, it is used for turning
operations to form table legs and lamp stands or stool stands. It is used also for
scraping, sanding, grooving. E.g.
Wood Lathe
Basic Technology Made Easy
51
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define a woodwork machine.
2. Identify at least five portable power hand tools
3. Identify at least four machine tools
4. Explain the uses of wood working machines
LESSON-1.7
SIMPLE WOOD PROJECTS
Woodwork projects demand a lot of organization and planning. This is done so as
to present a professionally finished product.
Stages in Woodwork Project
1. Design Stage: This is the stage where your mind conceives of a concept or
an idea of what type of article you want to produce and how I will look like.
2. Drawing Stage: This is the stage where you draw your concept or
idea. It could be a very simple sketch. It could be the whole article
first, then the views.
3. Fabrication Stage: This stage is a combination of the working
drawing and your cutting list. This list shows the dimension,
quantity and description of the article.
Sample of a Cutting List for a Wooden Tray Project
Part Length Width Thickness Material
Side 2 400 120 18 Opepe
End 2 200 120 6 Opepe
Bottom 1 400 180 8 Plywood
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
In order to use wood to produce furniture articles, they must be joined together.
These parts are generally referred to as joints in woodwork.
Classes of Wood Joints
Wood joints are grouped into three classes, namely:
1.Box Joints: These are the classes of wood joints that form angle of 900. They
include butt and dovetail joints.
(a).Butt joint: These are joints used in the construction of boxes, window frames,
roofing and cabinet products, door frames, tables and chairs. E.g.
Butt Joints
(b).Dovetail joint: This type of joint is used for making bookshelves drawers for
office tables and for making corner joints. E.g.
Dovetail joints
2. Framing joints: These are joints that are used to form frames or network with
cris-crossing endings. They include housing, halving, mortise and bridle joints. e.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
53
Half-Lap Joints
(a).Housing and Halving joints: These are joints used for making wardrobe,
chairs, table, cupboard and other articles of this nature.
Cross halving joints
(b).Mortise and Tenon joints: These are the strongest types of joints. There is the
common, haunched and bareface M&T joints. These joints are used for
making door, window frames, tables, chairs and bench legs.
M& T Joints
3.Widening joints: These joints are used for increasing either breath or length of
boards. They include joints like tongue and groove joints, dowell joints.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a). Tongue and Groove joints: These are joints used as floor and wall tiles in
most British homes. It is mainly used for decoration.
Tongue and Groove Joints
(b). Dowell joint: Dowell joints are usually stronger and are used for cabinets and
dining tables. E.g.
Dowell Joints
Non-Wood Materials in Woodwork Projects
A number of non-wood materials used in woodwork include the following:
Adhesive (gum and glue).
Abrasive (sand paper).
Hinges and locks.
Nails, screws and fittings.
1. Adhesives: These are substances that can bond wooden, leather and other non-
wood materials together. There are three groups of adhesives as shown below.
Basic Technology Made Easy
55
(a).Protein Adhesives: These are natural adhesives derived from various protein
sources. They include scotch glue (animal glue), casein glue made from milk and
blood albumen glue (animal blood).
(b).Synthetic Adhesives: These are adhesives made from organic compounds.
They include thermoplastic glue ( adhesives that can melt under heat) and
thermoset glues( glue that cannot melt under heat).
(c).Contact adhesives: These are the type of adhesives used for dissimilar
materials. Examples of dissimilar materials are wood and leather, paper and leather
or plastic and metal. The types of adhesives in this group include evostik, bostick,
super-glue, araldite, etc.
2.Abrasives:These are papers, cloths and fibers that are coated with hard minerals
like sand, used to smoothen the surface of other materials like rough surfaces of
wood, rusted metals, etc. They are grouped as either as coarse (rough) type,
medium and fine (smooth) type. E.g.
Abrasive
3.Hinges: Hinges are fittings used to hold doors and windows in place. They help
the doors and windows to swing easily. There are different types of hinges in use
depending on the type of work to be done. The common types of hinges are as
follows:
(a).Flat hinges: These are general-purpose hinges that come in different sizes.
They are commonly used for wooden doors, windows and lockers. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Flat hinges
(b).Tee hinges: These are hinges that look like the letter ‘T’ in shape. They are
used for bigger doors used on shops and garage doors. E.g.
Tee hinges
(c).Butt hinges: These hinges look exactly like the flat hinges. The only difference
is that these hinges are a little bigger than the flat hinges. They are used for both
external and internal doors. E.g.
Butt hinges
Basic Technology Made Easy
57
(d).Lift-off hinges: These types of hinges are used for special types of jobs.
e.g.
Lift-off hinges
4.Locks: Locks are used to secure openings.
i. Wardrobe lock, box lock, and cupboard locks: They are used for cabinets,
boxes and chests. E.g.
Wardrobe lock Box lock Cupboard lock
iii. Mortise lock, cylinder latch lock, rim lock, sliding door lock and the
common padlock: These types of locks are used on doors, especially
room doors. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Mortise lock cylinder latch lock Rim lock
Sliding door lock Common padlock
5.Nails: Nails are used to fasten wood pieces together. The different types of nails
c include the following:
(a).Round nail: These are nails used for fastening packing cases. E.g.
Round nail
(b).Oval nail: These are nails used in upholstery furniture jobs, like coition chairs.
E.g.
Oval nail
(c).Cut floor brad nail: These are nails used for fastening floor boards. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
59
Cut floor brad nails
(d).Panel pin nails: These are the nails used for cabinet work, picture frame and
any other lighter job. E.g.
Panel pin nails
6.Screws: Screws are also used for fastening wood pieces together, for firmer
result. The following describes the different types of screws:
(a).Counter-sunk screw: This is a general-purpose screw used in all types of
wood work. They come in different sizes. They have a straight slot. E.g.
Counter-sunk screw
(b).Round head screw: It is used to fasten metal handles on wooden materials.
E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Round head screw
(c).Raised head screw: These are screws used in most furniture work like cabinets
and office tables. E.g.
Raised head screw
7.Fittings: Fittings are used as part of the finishing process in furniture. They
include catches, handles and stays. E.g.
Catches Handles Stays
8.Finishes: Finishes are chemicals used on the surfaces of wood work used to
beautify it after sanding and scraping. The different types of finishes include the
following:
(a).Varnish: These are chemicals that give wood a hard, tough layer coating.
There are two types namely, the oil and the spirit vanishes. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
61
Varnish on timber
(b).Lacquer: This is the finish that is commonly used by furniture makers. It gives
furniture a glossy, shiny finish. It adapts to any weather. E.g.
Wood Lacquers in colours
(c).French polish: This finish is used generally to beautify woodwork. It easily
dissolves in thinner or spirit. E.g.
Shades of French polishes
(d).Wax polish: This polish is derived from animal fat, used for beautification of
wood work. There are three types of wax polish namely, animal wax, vegetable
wax and mineral wax. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Wax polish
(e).Paints: This finish is used to decorate and preserve any wood work. They
include gloss oil, semi-oil, metallic and plastic paints. E.g.
Different shades of furniture paints
(f).Creosote: This type of finish is used as a preservative against fungus and insect
attack. E.g.
Containers of Creosote
REVIEW QUESTIONS
(i).Name five non-wood materials used in woodwork.
(ii).List and explain two types of adhesives, three types of hinges and four
types of nails.
(iii).Name five types of finishes you have learned.
Basic Technology Made Easy
63
LESSON-1.8
INTRODUCTION TO
METALWORK MACHINES
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1.define metalwork machines
2.identify and state the different types of metalwork machines
3.state the uses of metalwork machines.
Definition:
Metalwork machines are devices that are driven by electricity to perform different
operations.
The machines used in metalwork operations are generally referred to as metalwork
machines. They are of different types and sizes.
Types of Metalwork Machines
1.Milling machine: This machine is used for cutting gears, grooves slots and to
cut splines in shafts of metal rods. e.g.
Horizontal milling machine
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
2.Shaper and Planers: The shaper is used to generate flat surfaces while the
planner is used for producing flat surfaces which the milling machine cannot
achieve. E.g.
A Shaping machine
3.Power Sawing machine: This is an electrically powered sawing machine used in
cutting soft metal materials, by using hack-saw blade with coarse tooth. The coarse
blade is used so as to avoid clogging of the teeth by metal chips. E.g.
power sawing machine
4.Pedestal grinder: This machine is used for grinding (sharpening) the cutting
edges of cutting tools. It can also be used to grind scribers, cold chisels and drills.
They are of two types, namely, the floor type and the bench type. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
65
Pedestal grinders
5.Drill press: The drill press is used for boring holes in thick metals. Drill bits are
fitted into its chuck that has different sizes. E.g.
drill press
6.Centre Lathe Machine: As mentioned earlier, the lathe machine is an all-
purpose machine, used for the following operations:
(i).generate cylindrical, flat and conical surfaces;
(ii).cut holes in geometrical shapes;
(iii).cut threads on screws, bolts and nuts;
(iv).reduce the size of geometrical shapes.
(v).used for milling, turning, shaping and planing. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Centre Lathe
Work-Holding Methods on the Lathe
In metal work involving the use of the lathe machine, work pieces are held firmly
in place through the use of the following tools:
(i).The chuck: The 3-jaw chuck is used to hold triangular and round work pieces
while the 4-jaw chuck is used for holding square-shaped work pieces. E.g.
3-Jaw Chuck 4-Jaw Chuck
(ii).Driving plates: The driving plate is used when a slender work piece is to be
machined and held between two centers. E.g.
A Driving Plate
(iii).Face plates: When a work piece has an awkward or irregular shape, the work
plate is used for turning the work piece. However, if the work piece is to be turned
Basic Technology Made Easy
67
at parallel or right angle to a flat surface, the face plate is applied for turning. E.g.
A Face Plate
Operations on the Lathe Machine
The lathe machine is used to carry out four major operations, namely:
(i).Facing: This the generation of a plane or flat surface by the lathe machine.
(ii).Plain turning: This is the method of producing cylindrical surfaces by the
lathe machine.
(iii).Stepped: This operation is similar to the plain turning operation. In the
stepped operation, a different cutting tool is applied when a different shape is
desired.
(iv).Taper turning: This is the method of reducing the diameter along the length
of any round work piece.
Care of the Lathe Machine
(i).The moving parts of the lathe machine must be oiled or greased regularly.
(ii).Coolant lubricant should be directed at the cutting spot during cutting
operations.
(iii).The work piece must always be held or clamped rigidly before it is turned on
the lathe.
(iv).Appropriate speed must be applied to any of the operations so as to avoid
damage to both work pieces and the lathe machine.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define metalwork machines
2. State at least two classes of metalwork machines
3. Identify and state the different types of metalwork machines
4. State the uses of metalwork machines.
5. State at least eight parts of a centre lathe machine
6. Explain the following terms:
(a). Facing
(b). Stepped
(c). Taper turning
(d). Plain turning
7. State five ways you may care for a lathe machine.
Basic Technology Made Easy
69
LESSON-1.9
SIMPLE METALWORK PROJECTS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define fabrication
2. State at least five steps involved in fabrication
3. State at least five tools used for metalwork fabrication
4. State at least one use each of the tools mentioned in 3 above
5. Define forging
6. State at least three basic forging tools
7. Identify at least four types of tongs
8. State at least one use of the following:
(a). Hardie (b). Fuller (c). Chisels
9. State the following functions:
(a). Bending (b). Drawing down (c). Twisting (d). Upsetting
10. Define metal finishing
11. Explain the following metal finishing terms:
(a). Buffing (b). Scratching (c). Enamelling (d). Copper finishing
(e). Spot finishing (f). Lacquering (g). Spraying.
12. Explain electroplating in metalwork.
Metalwork project involves the use of metal sheets to fabricate articles.
Fabrication: Fabrication is the use of metal sheets to make different metal articles
for use.
Fabrication Processes
i. Sketching: This is art of drawing the desired article, with dimensions on
paper first.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
ii. Measurement: On the metal sheet, the size of the article to be fabricated
must be measured next, using a scriber.
iii. Marking out: At this stage, the scriber is used to mark-out parts of the
article on the metal sheet.
iv. Cutting: A snip is used at this stage to cut through the path marked on the
metal sheet.
v. Filing: To smoothen the rough edges of the cut article, a pedestal grinder or
file can be used to achieve this.
Tools for Metalwork Fabrication
(i).Measuring tool: The basic measuring tools used in metal work include centre
square, steel rule, outside and inside calipers and protractor. These tools are all
used for measuring lengths, widths and angles. E.g.
Measuring tape
(ii).Marking-out tool: The main tool used here is the scriber. This tool is used
together with measuring tools. e.g.
A scriber
Basic Technology Made Easy
71
(iii).Cutting tools: The list in this category, include chisels, snips, bench shears
and hack saw. One must consider the thickness of the metal you are about to cut
before choosing the right cutting tool. E.g.
Cutting tools
(iv).Files: In metal work projects, files are used to remove sharp and rough edges
so as to produce a smooth final finish. E.g.
Files
(v).Drill bits: Drill bits are fitted into the chuck of drilling machines. They are
used to bore holes on metal plates. They come in different types which include
counter sunk, flat, straight-fluted, twist and combination drill bits. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Drill bi ts
Forging
Definition: Forging is defined as the hammering of hot metal and shaping it into a
required shape. The heating tool is the blacksmith’s hearth.
Basic Forging Tools
1. Blacksmith’s Hearth: This is the heating tool for the metal to be forged. The
fuel can be coal or charcoal while below supplies the air for fanning the hearth.
E.g.
Blacksmith’s hearths
2. Anvil: This is a tool made of cast steel, where the work piece to be forged is
placed for hammering. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
73
3. Tongs: Tongs are used to hold the metal being forged.
Types of Tongs
i. Hollow-bit tong: Used for holding round or hexagonal shaped metals. E.g.
Hollow-bit tong
ii.Open mouth tong: Used for holding square metals. E.g.
Open-mouth Tong
iii.Close mouth tong: Used for holding rectangular or flat metals. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Close-mouth tong
iv.Square mouth tong: This tong is used to hold irregular, rectangular and square
metals. E.g.
Square mouth tongs
4.Hardie: Used for cutting both hot and cold metals. The hardie is fitted to the top
of the anvil. E.g.
Hot and cold hardies
5.Fuller: Used for forming grooves on metals. There is the top and bottom fuller.
E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
75
Fullers
6.Chisel: In forging, the hot chisel is used for cutting hot metals while the cold
chisel is used for cutting cold metals. E.g.
Shape Development
(i).Bending: Most metalwork project involves bending and folding, either
cylindrically or as square-box shape. This changes the shape of the metal. E.g.
Bending a metal sheet
(ii). Drawing down: This is the process of stretching a metal by hammering. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Drawing down
(iii). Twisting: This is a beautification process in forging operation. E.g.
(iv). Upsetting: This is the process of increasing the thickness of a metal. It is
useful in processing bolt heads. E.g.
Upsetting
Metal Finishing
Metal finishing is the process of beautifying metal surfaces so as to prevent rust
and prolong its economic life.
Types of Metal Finishing
1. Buffing: This is the method of using wheels covered with soft cloth or
leather to polish the surface of metal. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
77
Buffing
2. Lacquering: This is the application of lacquer to metal surface to prevent
corrosion.
3. Enameling: This is the application of corrosion-resistant material, like
plastics, on metal to make the surface glossy and hard. E.g. kerosene stoves.
Enamelling
4. Scratching: This is the use of a thin metal piece and steel brush for cleaning
metal parts thoroughly to be finished. E.g.
Metal brush
5. Painting/Spraying: This is the application of oil paint to metal for coating
purpose. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Spraying
6. Copper finishing: This is the oxidation of copper surface to form shades of
different colours like purple, red, brown, etc.
Copper finishing
7. Spot Finishing: This is the forming of pressed spots on metal by the use of
ornamental finishing and abrasive powder and oil spread over the metal.
Spot is achieved by placing the metal over a spinning wood on a drill chuck.
E.g.
Spot finishing
8. Electroplating: This is the protective coating of a metal with other metal
such as tin, zinc or chromium so as to prevent corrosion.
Electroplating
Basic Technology Made Easy
79
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define fabrication
2. State at least five steps involved in fabrication
3. State at least five tools used for metalwork fabrication
4. State at least one use each of the tools mentioned in 3 above
5. Define forging
6. State at least three basic forging tools
7. Identify at least four types of tongs
8. State at least one use of the following:
(a). Hardie (b). Fuller (c). Chisels
9. State the following functions:
(a). Bending (b). Drawing down (c). Twisting (d). Upsetting
10. Define metal finishing
11. Explain the following metal finishing terms:
(a). Buffing (b). Scratching (c). Enamelling (d). Copper finishing
(e). Spot finishing (f). Lacquering (g). Spraying.
12. Explain electroplating in metalwork.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-1.10
METAL JOINING
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define metal joinery
2. List four methods of joining metals
3. Define the following:
i. soldering
ii. welding
iii. riveting
iv. brazing
v. mechanical fasteners
4. State the function of flux
5. List five soldering tools.
Definition: Metal joining is defined as the process of sticking metals
together with the use of fasteners, either permanently or temporarily.
Methods of Joining Metals
1. Soldering
Soldering is a method of joining metal surfaces together by means of an alloy
metal called solder (flexible lead wire).
Types of Soldering.
(i).Soft Soldering: This type of soldering takes place in temperatures between 1880
c - 2500c. The soft solder used during this soldering operation is an alloy of tin and
lead. It is used on radios and television.
Basic Technology Made Easy
81
(ii).Hard (Silver) Soldering: Silver soldering makes use of solder which melts
above red heat. The solder is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is used on fridges and
air-conditioners.
Tools and Materials Required for Soldering
Both the tools and materials used during soldering operations are grouped together.
They include the following:
(i). Soldering bit: Soldering bit is used to apply heat and soft solder to a large
surface area of metal parts. Such as the ones used in panel beating. E.g.
Soldering bits
(ii).Soldering iron: Soldering iron is used to apply heat and soft solder to smaller
spots and joints in electrical and electronic circuits. (radio and television). E.g.
Soldering iron
(iii).Solder: Solder is an alloy whose melting point is lower than that of the metals
to be joined through this method. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
|
Solder
(iv).Flux: These are chemical reagents used for clearing and removing oxides from
surfaces to be joined. This is to prevent oxides from forming on such surfaces so as
to achieve a smooth finish. Some flux used are olive oil, candle grease and resin.
E.g.
Soldering flux container
(v).Heat source: Heat source during soldering may be electrically applied or
manually applied. For instance some use charcoal heat source to heat soldering bit.
However, electrically heated sources are common these days.
2. Brazing Brazing is the joining of metals using an alloy of copper plus zinc (brass). Brazing
is a type of hard soldering, that ranges from 8500 C and 950
0 C.
Brazing is used for making stronger joints and a red heat is usually needed to melt
them.
Basic Technology Made Easy
83
Brazing operation in progress
Flux for Brazing: The soldering flux for brazing is referred to as borax. As stated
earlier, flux is a cleaning agent that removes oxide from joints. Borax, in the form
of white powder is mostly used during brazing.
Heat Source: In brazing, the heating tool is the brazing hearth. E.g.
Brazing hearth
3.Welding
Definition: Welding is the process of melting a metal work piece and a filler to
form a pool of molten strong jo int. Welding is permanent fastener for metals.
Types of Welding
i. Arc Welding: This is the process of maintaining an electric arc between an
electrode and a base material to melt metals at a welding point. The
electrode may be consumable or non-consumable. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Arc welding in progress
ii. Gas (Oxyacetylene) Welding: This process involves the use of combustion
of acetylene in oxygen to produce a welding flame of about 31000C. It is
widely used for welding pipes and tubes and for cutting metals or panel
beating in vehicles. E.g.
Gas welding in progress
4.Mechanical Fasteners: These are often referred to as temporary fasteners since
parts can be easily separated. Mechanical fasteners include screw and nut, bolt and
nut, taper pin, stud and split pin. E.g.
Mechanical fasteners
5.Riveting: This is a permanent fastener in metalwork. The rivet has a head and a
buck-tail. For the rivet to be installed, the head is positioned in a drilled hole and
Basic Technology Made Easy
85
the tail is made to deform by hammering, so that it spreads to twice its original
shaft diameter. E.g.
Rivets
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define metal joinery
2. List four methods of joining metals
3. Define the following:
i. soldering
ii. welding
iii. riveting
iv. brazing
v. mechanical fasteners
4. State the function of flux
5. List five soldering tools.
LESSONS 1.11/12.
SEE PAGE 170 FOR REVISION QUESTIONS
PART 2
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-2.1
MECHANICAL ENERGY
TRANSMISSION
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. State what friction is
2. State the features of friction
3. State at least five causes of friction
4. State at least three laws of friction.
Introduction
Within a mechanical device, energy is transmitted from one point to another. In
this topic you will learn the following:
1. What friction is.
2. Features of friction
3. Causes of friction
4. The laws of friction.
Definition: Friction can be defined as the force that opposes the motion between
two surfaces in contact.
Features of Friction
Basic Technology Made Easy
87
(i). That friction is an opposing force.
(ii). That friction exists between two plane surfaces in contact.
(ii). That friction has certain effects.
Causes of Friction
1. Deformation: Surfaces that deform increases resistance to motion. For
instance, a rugged floor or coition chair may sink slightly and reduce
motion.
2. Rough Surfaces: Friction occurs when rough surfaces come in contact.
Examples include bicycle and car tyres.
3. Molecular adhesion: This occurs when two surfaces in contact stick
together, thereby reducing motion. Example of this is rubber and plastics.
Laws of Friction
a. Friction does not depend on the speed of rubbing.
b. Friction depends on the magnitude of the pressure between the rubbing
surfaces in contact.
c. Friction does not depend on the area of the surfaces in contact.
d. Friction depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What friction is.
2. List three features of friction
3. State four causes of friction
4. State three laws of friction.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-2.2
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM (EFFECTS OF FRICTION)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. State six effects of friction
2. State five application of friction
3. Explain four advantages of friction
4. State four disadvantages of friction
5. State four ways you can reduce friction.
Effects of Friction
a. With friction, one can hold a pen to write.
b. Friction makes it possible for machine parts to move.
c. Friction produces heat.
d. Friction supports grinding.
e. Friction reduces efficiency in machines.
f. Friction aids walking and running.
g. Friction makes it possible for brakes to function effectively.
h. Friction results in wear and tear of moving parts.
Application of Friction
All around us, we see the application of friction. Examples include:
i. The design of brakes in engineering systems.
Basic Technology Made Easy
89
ii. In the design of belt and chain drives.
iii. In the design of clutches in vehicles.
iv. In the design of pepper grinding machine.
v. The design of grooves in a pulley system.
Advantages of Friction
i. Friction makes it possible for humans to walk without slipping.
ii. Friction makes possible for us to sharpen knives cutters and any other grinding
tools.
iii. With friction the transmission of motion is possible in drives like tyres and
machine parts.
iv. Friction makes it possible for brakes to function properly.
Disadvantages of Friction
i. Friction results in the loss of energy by machines, as such no machine has 100%
efficiency.
ii. Friction causes wear and tear in machines, as it reduces the size of materials
gradually.
iii. Friction causes excessive heat in machines, which must be controlled.
Methods of Reducing Friction
a. Lubrication: This is the process of applying oil or grease on surfaces which
makes surfaces in contact to slide against each other. E.g.
Two surface lubricated
b. Use of Bearings: Ball bearings or metals made of different materials
reduces friction since the surfaces in contact slide on each other thereby
reducing friction. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Bearings
c. Use of Rollers: Using cylindrical cans or pipes as rollers placed under a
loaded crate will reduce the effort required to push such a crate if rollers
were not placed under it. e.g.
Rolling an object on rollers
d. Smoothening of Surfaces: The nature of the surfaces in contact matters
when it comes to friction. However, if you want to reduce friction, then
bring two smooth surfaces in contact. Example in include polished glass or
tiled floor. E.g.
Smooth surfaces
e. Streamlining of Body Shapes: Technology has made it possible for
engineers to produce streamlined moving objects. Such objects reduce drag,
since they possess a curved shape. Examples include airplanes, submarines
and sport cars. e.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
91
Streamlined sports car
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State six effects of friction
2. State five application of friction
3. Explain four advantages of friction
4. State four disadvantages of friction
5. State four ways of reducing friction.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
TOPIC-2.3
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
DRIVE MECHANISM (gears and chain drives)
OBJECTIVE(S): At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define belt drive
2. List five machines that make use of belt
3. List two types of belts
4. State at least three advantages of belt drives
5. State at least five applications of chain drives
6. State at least four advantages of chain drives
7. State at least three disadvantages of chain drives
8. Carry out simple calculations involving gears
Belt Drives
Belt drives are simple mechanical devices used for transmitting motion from one
pulley to the other. Belt drives are an arrangement of pulleys which are either
connected to flat or vee-belts.
Basic Technology Made Easy
93
Types of Belt Drives
a. Vee Belt and Pulley e.g.
b. Flat Belt Pulley e.g.
c.Variable speed pulley with vee- belts. E.g.
variable speed vee belt or toothed belt.
These three groups of belts can be used to:
Increases or reduces speed from a driver to a driven shaft.
Transmit power over a longer distance between shafts.
Change the direction of motion of both pulleys.
Application of Belt Drives
Belt drives can be used in the following areas:
i. Pepper grinders.
ii. Cassette and video or DVD tape players.
iii. Refrigerating and air-conditioning systems.
iv. Vehicle engines, where motion is transmitted to rotate radiator fan or drive the
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
alternator.
v. In an alternating current generator, where motion is transmitted from the petrol
engine to the alternator through a belt drive.
vi. The sewing machine-reciprocating rotary motion.
Advantages of Belt Drives
i. Belt drives need less or no maintenance since it requires no lubrication.
ii. Belt drives can be used to transmit motion over a long distance.
iii. Belt drives can be used to transmit power to shafts inclined at an angle
different from the driven shaft.
Disadvantages of Belt Drives
i. Since energy is lost to friction, the transmission of power in belt drives is not
too efficient, in fact no machine is 100% efficient due to heat.
ii. In belt drives, the belt can get worn-out with time and can break suddenly.
Chain Drives
This is an arrangement of a chain connected across two sprocket gears. You can
see the application of a chain drive in:
i. A bicycle
ii. Motorcycle
iii. Forklift, etc.
Chain and gear
Advantages of Chain Drives
i. Chain drives can be used between shafts that are at a great distance apart.
ii. Chain drives transmit power more efficiently because it has less friction.
Basic Technology Made Easy
95
iii. Chain drives do not break so easily like belts.
iv. Chain drives, once greased takes time to dry up. This means less
maintenance .
Disadvantages of Chain Drives
i. Chain drives are limited in their use for distances less than one metre.
ii. Chain drives are not easily reversible.
Gears
Gears are toothed wheels used to transmit motion from one shaft to another, to
change speed and direction in machines. They can be made of plastics or metals.
E.g.
Meshing gears
Types of Gears
i. Wheel gears: These are gears that are used when shafts are arranged in
parallel. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Meshed Wheel gears
ii. Bevel gears: These are gears used where shafts are inclined at 900 to each
other. E.g.
Bevel gear
iii. Worm gears: Where axis of rotation is inclined at 900
the worm gear is
used. E.g.
Worm gear
iv. Sprocket gears: These are the types of gears used on bicycles and
motorcycles. E.g.
Sprocket gears
Applications of Gears
Can be applied in the following mechanical devices:
Basic Technology Made Easy
97
i. Wood and metal work machines-lathes
ii. Used on cranes.
iii. Mechanical clocks.
iv. Bicycle and motorcycles.
v. Hoists.
vi. Cars and automobiles.
Uses of Gears
a. Gear is used for transmitting power.
b. Gear can be used to change the direction of travel by transmitting of speed
at 900 with the use of bevel gear.
c. Gear can be used to change speed, either to increase or decrease the speed.
d. Back movement with the selection of bevel gear is possible in most engines.
Calculations Involving gear Drives
When two or more gears are combined, a drive is obtained. In such an
arrangement, one of the gears is referred to as the driver gear, while the other is
referred to as the driven gear.
Driving gear: This is the gear that transmits speed to the other gear.
Driven gear: This is the gear that receives the force of the speed from the driver
gear.
Meshing of gears: This simply means the engagement of the teeth of the gears
(i.e. the teeth enter into each other). E.g.
Meshing gears
Gear ratio: Gear ratio is the relationship between two gears in which it shows how
much larger the speed of one gear is to the other.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
To carry out calculations involving gears, let use appropriate parameters to refer to
them.
Driver Gear Number of Teeth = Nd
Speed of Rotation for Driver Gear = Sd (revolution/sec)
Driven Gear Number of Teeth = ND
Speed of Rotation for Driven Gear = SD (rev/sec)
Therefore, Gear Ratio (GR) = Nd
ND
NOTE: It is the gear ratio (GR ), that determines the speed of the Driven Gear.
As such, Speed of the Driven Gear is SD = GR x Sd
This implies that Speed Ratio, GR = SD
Sd (I only cross multiplied. I guess you
understand)
This means that Speed Ratio(SD) = Gear ratio(GR). (The two means the same
thing).
Now, let us use an example to drive home the point more clearly:
EXAMPLE
A bicycle has 40 teeth in its driver gear at the pedal of the bicycle which turns
at a speed of 1000rev/min. If the driven gear at the rear of the bicycle has 80
teeth, calculate the speed of the driven gear.
SOLUTON
Speed of Driver Gear, Sd = 1000rev/min
Number of teeth in Driver Gear, Nd = 40
Number of teeth in Driven Gear, ND = 80
Speed of revolution of Driven Gear = ?
Recall that SD = GR x Sd
But GR = Nd
ND
Basic Technology Made Easy
99
= 40 / 80
= 0.5 or 1:2.
Since Sd = 1000rev/min
Therefore, 0.5 x 1000
= 500rev/min.
Example 2.
A forklift consisting of two gears in a mesh have a speed ratio of 2. If the
driven gear rotates at 300 rev/min and has 30 teeth, determine:
i. The gear ratio
ii. The speed of the driver gear
iii. The number of teeth in the driver gear.
SOLUTION
Given that: GR (speed ratio) = 2
SD = 300 rev/min.
ND = 30 teeth
Sd = ?
Nd = ?
Recall that, Speed Ratio = Gear Ratio,
therefore, (i). The gear ratio = 2
(ii). The speed of the driver gear
GR = SD/Sd
Therefore, Sd = SD/GR
= 300/2
= 150 rev/min.
(iii). The number of teeth in the driver gear
GR = Nd/ ND
Therefore, Nd = GR x ND
= 2 x 30
= 60 teeth.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define belt drive
2. List five machines that make use of belt
3. List two types of belts
4. State at least three advantages of belt drives
5. State at least five applications of chain drives
6. State at least four advantages of chain drives
7. State at least three disadvantages of chain drives
LESSON-2.4
MECHANICAL
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(Motion in Engineering System)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define motion
2. State at least two types of motion
3. State the function of a clutch in a vehicle
4. State at least four types of car engines
5. Explain how car engines function
6. State the function of a brake in a machine
7. State at least five machines that can convert rotary motion to linear motion.
Definition
Motion can be defined as the movement of a body (object) from one point to
another with the application of force.
Basic Technology Made Easy
101
Types of Motion
At this level, the two types of motion to be considered are Linear Motion and
Rotary Motion.
Linear Motion: This is the motion of a body moving in a straight line. For
instance, a push-pull link mechanism is a simple machine that operates with linear
motion. E.g.
push-pull link mechanism
Rotary Motion: This is motion of a body moving in a circular form. Examples of
circular motion is the rotation of a fan, vehicle tyres, the handle of the clock, etc.
e.g.
A rotary drive mechanism
Transmission of Motion
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
For any engine to function, motion must be transmitted from one part of the engine
to other parts. For instance, in a car, motion is often transmitted from the car
engine to the wheels. This is possible because of the motion transmission system in
the car.
The transmission system in a car includes the gearbox and the clutch.
Function of the Clutch: The function of the clutch is to disconnect two shafts
running at different speeds, that is, the engine crankshaft and the gearbox shaft.
The clutch system
Types of Car Engines
1.Front- Engine Rear-Wheel Drive: This is an engine that consists of a clutch, a
gear box, a propeller shaft and a rear axle. Most cars in Nigeria operate with this
type of engine. E.g.
2. Front-Engine Front Wheel Drive: In this type of engine, every other parts
mentioned in 1 above is present except for the propeller shaft. Transmission is
directly from the gearbox to the rotating wheels. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
103
3. Rear-Engine Rear-Wheel Drive: In this type of engine, there is no propeller
shaft also. The clutch, engine and gearbox are all engineered at the back of the car.
Example is Volkswagen cars. E.g.
Rear-Engine Rear-Wheel Drive
4. Front-Engine 4-Wheel Drive: This is a more recent technological
advancement in the engineering of cars. There is no propeller shaft and most
times no mechanical gearbox. The gear system is a hydraulic system. This
car contains the brake and the accelerator only, with all four wheels
connected to the gear box. e.g.
Mechanical Gear System and Hydraulic Gear System.
Control of Rotary Motion-Brakes
Brakes are meant to control motion. Kinetic energy in a moving object is absorbed
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
by the brake. This produces heat on the brake as kinetic energy is converted into
potential energy. As the brake absorbs heat, the vehicle slows down until it finally
comes to a stop.
How Brakes Work
There are different types of brakes. However, the principle of how the brake works
is the use of friction. If the brake in a car or bicycle is pressed against the rotating
drum or disc or wheel, the resulting friction between the pad and the drum or
wheel slows down the rotating wheels, until they eventually come to a stop. E.g.
Bicycle brake Disc Brake
Conversion of Rotary Motion to Linear Motion
In some machines, it is necessary for a change from one form of motion to another
along it’s line of operation. For instance, a sewing machine will need to convert
linear motion from the moving pedal to rotary motion at the wheel and finally to
linear motion again at the needle. E.g.
A Sewing machine
The piston-crank mechanism of a car engine is another example of converting
rotary motion at one point of an engine to rotary motion at another point of the
same engine. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
105
Piston-Crank Mechanism in a vehicle engine
Other examples of machines involved in converting one form of energy to another
are; Screw jack, Rack and piston steering system, Crankshaft and cylinder,
Metalwork table vice, Woodworker’s vice, Pipe vice, G-clamp, etc.
G-clamp Steering system Pipe vice
REVIEW QUESTION
1. Define motion
2. State at least two types of motion
3. State the function of a clutch in a vehicle
4. State at least four types of car engines
5. Explain how car engines function
6. State the function of a brake in a machine
7. State at least five machines that can convert rotary motion to linear motion.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-2.5
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM (AIR FLOW, PNEUMATICS AND HYDRAULIC)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define air flow
2. Identify at least 3 ways of generating air flow
3. Name two types of air flow
4. Define hydraulic
5. Identify four hydraulic devices
6. Define pneumatics
7. Identify four pneumatic devices.
Definition: Airflow can be defined as the continuous and steady movement of air
in a particular direction or at random movement.
Generation of Air: Air can be generated in various ways. Some of these ways
include:
i. Fan
ii. Mouth
iii. Air pump
iv. Bellow
Mechanical Properties Of Air
The mechanical properties of air are weight, atmospheric pressure and the
relationship between pressure, temperature and speed.
Basic Technology Made Easy
107
Weight: That air weighs something can be experimented with an empty balloon.
If filled with air, the balloons original weight increases.
Again, since cold air has weight more than hot air, it is found useful in hot-air-
balloon, in which the heavier air, which is below, pushes up the hot-air balloon.
Atmospheric Pressure: This is the same thing as air pressure. This pressure is
defined as the force per unit area, written mathematically as P = F/A. e.g.
siphoning, etc.
This is found useful in vacuum cleaner, that sucks in dust particles on the rug and
store in the dust bag.
The instrument used for measuring air pressure is called barometer.
Sound: Air produces sound as it passes through a narrow path, as it is found in
trumpets and flutes.
Others: Other application of airflow is in air crafts. The high speed that
discharges at the rear of the engine and thus pushes the aircraft forward.
Again, since air pressure decreases with increase in height, aircrafts are able to
travel at a higher altitude.
Extremes of Airflow
There are two extremes of airflow, namely:
Laminar Air Flow: This is a steady flow of air . It is also called streamline flow.
Turbulent Flow: This is the unsteady speed flow of air. Sometimes it is a forced
air flow. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Pneumatics Devices
Pneumatics is a device that makes use of compressed air to do useful work. Such
devices make use of cylinders to produce force or linear motion at changing
speeds. Generally, both pneumatics and hydraulic devices are used for the
following purposes.
For pushing
For pulling and
For lifting
Pneumatic devices include the following:
Hand Pump: These are of different types, they are used to inflate tyres, balloons,
balls etc. the hand pump has a plunger which sucks in and pushes out air at the
barrel cylinder.
Hand pump
Compressor Machine: This is used by vulcanizers, while the modified one is used
as a spray machine on several products. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
109
Compressor machine
Hydraulic Devices
Hydraulics are devices that make use of fluids or liquids to push, pull and lift
materials in a machine. They include the following:
Hydraulic Jack: This jack has two main parts – the handle and the lever which is
connected by two pistons which raises the lever that raises the load (car). E.g.
External and Internal Structure of a Hydraulic Jack
Suction and Double Acting Pump: These are manually operated pumps used for
lifting liquids and gases from reservoirs. e.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Double Acting pump
Garden Sprinkler: The sprinkler is used in water gardens. It has jets which issues
out water at a given speed about an axis. e.g.
Water sprinklers.
Water wheel: This wheel can be used to create mechanical energy in grinding,
milling and electric power machines. E.g.
Water wheel
Others: Other devices that make use of hydraulic system include-(a) Reaction
turbine (at dams) and (b) Brakes – used in cars to control motion, etc.
Basic Technology Made Easy
111
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is pneumatics?
2. What is hydraulic?
3. Name 2 devices that use pneumatics
4. Name 4 devices that make use of hydraulic
5. Using the sketches shown on your text book sketch the following
6. Hand pump
7. Suction and double acting pump
8. Garden sprinkler
9. Water wheel
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-2.6
SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. State two wiring systems.
2. List at least six appliances utilizing electricity.
3. Name at least two types of electricity consumers.
4. Identify the insulation colour of Live, Neutral and Earth cables.
5. Define live, neutral and earth wires.
6. List five household wiring accessories.
7. Explain at least two methods of house wiring
Introduction
Electrical wiring can be carried out in buildings, vehicles, machine plants,
appliances and equipments. In this topic, we will be considering electrical
installation in houses.
Types of Consumers
1. Domestic consumers
2. Industrial consumers
Utilization of Electricity
Utilization of electricity simply means making use of electricity. The various types
of appliances that utilizes electricity at homes, offices and industries include the
following:
i. Air-conditioner
ii. Ceiling/Standing fan
iii. Television
iv. Refrigerator
v. Electric pressing iron, etc.
Basic Technology Made Easy
113
Household Wiring
Household wiring commonly involves three types of wires:
i. the live wire- symbol is (L)
ii. the neutral wire –symbol is (N)
iii. the earth wire- symbol is (E).
e.g.
Wire symbols
House Wiring Systems
The name and type of wiring system depends on the mechanical protection adopted
for the wiring. There are two main types of wiring systems:
(a). Surface wiring: In this system the cables are laid on the surface of the walls.
(b). Conduit wiring: It is a system where the cables are inserted into the metal or
P.V.C. (poly vinyl chloride) tube, within the wall.
Parallel Wiring of Household Appliances
Wiring installation in households that include lamps and other household
appliances is done in parallel connection.
As such, each of the appliances is having the same voltage and each acquires the
full main potential difference of 220 volts. This system makes it possible that if an
appliance is damaged or faulty, it does not affect the supply of electricity to other
appliances. E.g. of closed circuit in parallel connections.
Series Wiring of Household Appliances
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
In connecting electrical lamps and appliances in series, this is made possible when
a number of lamps are connected in rows controlled by a single switch. Examples
include stage lighting or in hospital wards, lamps are connected in this way for
easy control. E.g. of closed circuit connected in series. E.g.
Earthling Appliances
Appliances are earthed for safety precaution. Earthling is done when the metal
casings (covers) of all electrical appliances should be connected to earth by earth
cable, E.
If appliances are not connected, a 220V may pass through the body of a person
touching the appliance by accident into the earth. E.g.
Earthed sockets
Safety Devices in House Wiring
i. Fuse: This is a device that contains a short length of wire which melts and
breaks the current if the current exceeds 220 volts. E.g.
Fuses
Basic Technology Made Easy
115
ii. Circuit breaker (Switches): These are special switches used to make or
break normal current flow if it exceeds the determined safe value. E.g.
Circuit breakers
Wiring Tools and Materials
Tools: The tools include the following:
i. Pliers and Cutters: Pliers are used as gripping and pulling tools why the
long-nose type is used for preparing the tips of cables before joining them
in the circuit.
The cutter is used to strip the cable of its P.V.C. sheath. E.g.
Cutter pliers curved pliers
ii. Screw driver: This tool is used to drive out and in screws to a material. E.g.
Cross-Section of Screw drivers
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
iii. Hammer and Plug: These tools are used to bore holes for pegging on a
wall. Plugs hold clips firmly to the wall. E.g.
Hammer Plugs
iv. Spirit level: This tool is used to mark vertical lines on the wall before
boring and pegging. E.g.
Spirit level
Material for Wiring:
They include the following:
i. Clips and Nails: Clips and nails are used to hold cables firmly to the wall. A
type of nail is used on pegs while others are used on the wall directly.
E.g.
Nails
ii. Wooden blocks: These are wooden blocks of different sizes to mount
accessories like switches, ceiling roses, sockets and regulators,
especially in surface wiring. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
117
iii. Cables: Cables are made in different sizes. In Nigeria, the 1mm, two-core
cable is used for lighting connections why the 1.5mm2, three-core cable is
used for socket connections. e.g.
Different shades of electrical cables
Accessories for Wiring Installation
Accessories are fittings used for connecting appliances to circuits. They include the
following:
i. Lamp Holders
ii. Ceiling Roses
iii. Switches (tumbler type)
iv. Socket Outlets and Plugs
v. Ceiling Switches
vi. Joint Boxes
vii. Lamp Holder Adaptors
viii. Batten Lamp holder, etc.
Batten Lamp Holder Lamp Holders Joint box Ceiling rose
Tumbler s witch 3-pin Plug wall sockets
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Wiring Lighting Circuits
There are different ways of connecting lamps and switches in households. Two
ways will be illustrated below:
Case 1: Lights connected in series. E.g.
Case 2: One lighting point controlled by a one -way switch. E.g.
Case 3: One lighting point controlled by a single two-way switch. E.g.
Wiring Socket Circuit
Socket circuits are connected differently from lighting circuits. There are two ways
of wiring sockets.
a. Ring Circuit wiring
b. Radial Circuit wiring
In both cases, a three core single cable of 1.5mm2 or 2.5mm
2 is used. In this cable
an earth continuity conductor is added to serve as protection against leakage
current. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
119
Ring Circuit Radial Circuit
Earth leakage current produces shocks where there is no earthling. This explains
why people receive shocks from the metallic cases of appliances that are faulty.
Safety Requirements in Electrical Wiring
i. Switches for bathroom should be installed outside the bathroom.
ii. Always switch off circuits before working on them.
iii. Never use your teeth to strip insulations from cables.
iv. Current-carrying conductors must never be left exposed. Use cello tapes to
cover up exposed joints.
v. When working on live circuits, always use well-insulated tools.
vi. Use appropriate sizes of and ratings of accessories in all installations.
vii. All switches must be connected on live conductor.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State two wiring systems.
2. List at least six appliances utilizing electricity.
3. Name at least two types of electricity consumers.
4. Identify the insulation colour of Live, Neutral and Earth cables.
5. Define live, neutral and earth wires.
6. List five household wiring accessories.
7. Explain at least two methods of house wiring
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-2.7
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(FOUNDATION)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define foundation
2. Name at least four types of foundation
3. Identify at least four types of foundation
4. Define at least ten building terminologies.
Definition: This is the lower part of the building that transfers the load of the
building to the soil below without cracking.
Types of Foundation
(i). Strip Foundation: This is the type of foundation made of a continuous strip of
concrete under the wall. For instance, the type used for gutters, fences and small
houses. Concrete is poured evenly on the dug trench before blocks is set on it. E.g.
Strip foundation
(ii). Raft Foundation: This is the type of foundation where the concrete base
expands to cover the entire area under the building. It is suitable for swampy areas.
E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
121
Raft foundation
(iii).Pad Foundation: This is a reinforced concrete built under columns (or
pillars), carrying the building. Used for bridges or buildings with parking space
under them. E.g.
Pad foundations
(iv). Pile Foundation: This is the type of foundation used for sky scrapers, high-
rise buildings and oil rig platforms. Piles are driven far into the sub-soil to reach
much firmer soil below. E.g.
Pile foundations
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(v). Stepped Foundation: This type of foundation is constructed where the land
slopes. It consist of a number of modified strip foundations, stepped at required
intervals. Used especially where the soil is hard. E.g.
Stepped foundation
Understanding Building Terminologies
(i) Foundation: This is the lower part of the building that transfers the load of the
building to the soil below without cracking.
(ii) Architect: This is the professional that draws the building plan(blueprint).
(iii) Quantity surveyor: This is a professional that quantifies the amount of money,
material, labour and workmanship that could finish a particular project or
building.
(iv) Builder: This is the engineer that erects the building according to plan of
the building.
(v) Statutory personnel: This is a government official who makes sure that any
building meets local, state or national standard. If it does not meet the
standard, such buildings are usually demolished.
(vi) Structural engineers: This is a professional that determines and specifies
the strength and types of bui lding materials like cement ratio, number of steel,
etc, for any construction.
(vii) Landscaping: This is the process of making the surrounding of a building
more beautiful by planting trees and flowers and the general topography of
the land. E.g.
Landscaping
(viii) Timbering: This is the practice of using timber to support the vertical sides of
a trench, so as to avoid collapse. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
123
Timbering
(ix) Foundation footing: This is the wide base that carries the walls, pillars or
columns of any building. E.g.
(x) Excavation: This is the digging up of earth to a required dept, width and length.
This can be done both manually and mechanically.
(xi) Soil: Soil can be defined as any loose material deposit, such as gravel, sand,
clay or the mixture of all these. There are two types of soils namely, cohesive
and non-cohesive.
(a). Cohesive soil: This is the type of soil that is sticky and closely bonded
together. Example of such soil is mud and clay soil. They are good for
foundations if compacted. E.g.
Cohesive soil
(b).Non-cohesive soil: This type of soil is loose in nature. It includes sharp
sand or loamy soil and gravel. It is the most suitable for foundations since
they have good bearing values. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Non-cohesive soil
(xii) DPC: The acronym DPC means damp proof course. This is the layer that
prevents the penetration of moisture or water into the building from
underground. Materials that can be used for DPC include waterproof,
polythene and mackintosh. E.g.
DPC in sky blue
(xiii) Lintel: This is the material put over an opening in a wall to enable the wall to
continue above the opening. E.g.
Lintel
(xiv) Rendering: This is the method of spraying mortar or concrete on the surface
of wall, such that the wall then looks coarse (rough). E.g.
Rendered walls
(xv) Bonding: This is the type of arrangement used when laying blocks to ensure
that no vertical joints occurs. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
125
Bonding in progress
(xvi) Slab: This is a horizontal part of a bui lding, made from concrete and
supported by columns or walls. E.g.
Slab
(xvii) Batching: This is the process of measuring concrete either by volume or
mass.
(xviii) Curing: This is the process of maintaining a satisfactory moisture condition
for a freshly placed concrete. E.g.
Curing in progress
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define foundation
2. Name at least four types of foundation
3. Identify at least four types of foundation
4. Define the following building terminologies.
(i). DPC, (i)i. Landscape, (iii). Architect, (iv). Lintel
(v). Cohesive soil, (vi). Batching, (vii). Curing, (viii). Excavation
(ix). Slab, (x). Bonding.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON 2.8
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (WALLS AND FLOORS)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define a wall.
2. List four functions of a wall.
3. List at least five types of walls.
4. State different types of mortar.
5. List at least eight materials used for making wall.
Definition of wall
Wall is a part of a building on the foundation built to support the roof.
Functions of wall
a. To provide a space or compartment for living or for working.
b. Wall resists harsh weather, particularly moisture and cold.
c. To oppose the passage of noise.
d. Wall provides security for structural loads kept within it.
e. To support the load of the building.
f. To enclose and protect the building.
Types of Walls
1. Portable walls: These are cubicle walls that are used to take a large open space
and dividing it into smaller rooms. Examples include schools and hotels.
2.Separation walls: These are walls designed to separate one population from
another. For example, a wall that separates a country that splits into two.
3. Partition walls: These are internal, non-load bearing walls, built for the purpose
of dividing rooms. They can be constructed from glass, roof metals, timber or
plywood.
4. Boundary walls: These are boundary-marking walls on properties, like fences.
Basic Technology Made Easy
127
5. Shared walls: This is a wall shared by neighbours, where no one can alter the
common wall. This wall can separate apartments and hotel rooms.
6. Others: Other types of walls, depending on their functions and materials
include:
i. Traditional walls-built from clay and sand.
ii. Timber walls-built with wood.
iii. Cavity walls.
iv. Retaining walls.
v. Stone walls- built from stones or mason.
vi. Brick walls- built from bricks.
Materials for Making Walls
i. Metal-this may be normal flat metal or corrugated roofing metal.
ii. Timber-this may be manufactured boards like plywood.
iii. Blocks-example is sandcrete cement blocks.
iv. Glass-the glass in this regard is set in metal or wood frames or aluminium
frames.
v. Bricks-most brick walls are designed for decorations.
vi. Synthetic materials-these are walls made of plastics from fibre glass.
vii. Stone-this wall is best for building reservoirs, with the aid of mortar.
viii. Leaves and Grass- common for building huts.
ix. Tree trunks and branches- these are usually stuck to the ground and made
to close together.
Yes, the materials for making walls may be many, but for domestic and industrial
buildings blocks are the most popular material in use. As such, how is block wall
bonded?
Materials for Binding Block Walls or Bricks
Mortar is the best choice for binding bricks and blocks. Mortar is the mixture of
cement, little sand and water. It must be weaker than the brick or block, so that if it
cracks, it can be filled back instead of the brick cracking.
Types of Mortar
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
i. Lime mortar: This is a weaker mortar used with a softer brick. This mortar
is composed of hydrated lime and sand.
ii. Cement mortar: Where damp is to be prevented this type of mortar is used.
It is stronger than the lime mortar. It is composed of cement and sand.
iii. Ganged mortar: This mortar is composed of cement, hydrated lime and
sand. Its strength is between lime mortar and cement mortar. It spreads
easily than cement mortar.
Bonding
Bonding (tying) is the arrangement of bricks or blocks such that the vertical
alignment of joints is avoided. This method helps to prevent cracks on walls
technically.
Types of Bonds
i. Flemish bond: This type of bond can be used for both single and double
walls. E.g.
Double Flemish bond
ii. Stretcher bond: This bond is used on half brick walls, with small thickness.
E.g.
iii. English bond: This type of bond is used for full wide brick bonding. It is
the strongest type of bond..e.g.
Floor
Basic Technology Made Easy
129
Definition: Floor may be defined as a continuous horizontal platform constructed
between walls to support any load- both human and materials.
Types of Floors
There are basically three types of floors, namely:
i. Basement Floors: This is a type of floor that is located partly or completely
below the ground level. Some persons make use of the basement floor as
conference room. Eg.
Basement floor
(ii).Suspended Floors: This is a kind of floor that consists of wood, which are
nailed over solid lengths of timber. The ends are usually supported by the main
walls of the building. The solid timber that supports this type of floor are known as
joists. They are used in ancient storey buildings. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Suspended floor
(iii). Upper Reinforced Floors: These are solid floors containing reinforcements
like sand, concrete, cement, water, and steel. These are the type of floors used in
decking storey buildings.
Upper Reinforced floor
(iv). Solid Floors: These are floors made from ordinary or reinforced concrete. As
stated above, other forms of solid floors are ground floor, first floor, second floor,
third floor, etc. The diagram for solid floors looks like the one above.
(v). Precast Concrete Floor: These are already-made solid floor cast outside the
building site. They are assembled at the site.
Floor Finishes
Floors can be finished using one of the following methods:
i. Using terrazzo tiles, which is a combination of glass, marble, ebony with
Basic Technology Made Easy
131
cement and then polished.
ii. Quarry tiles, which are cold to the feet when fully finished. They make for a
good impervious floor finish.
iii. Plastic tiles, which are produced from polyvinyl resin (PVR). It is easy to
maintain and manage.
iv. Sand screed or cement sand screed is used by most Nigerians. It is easy to
manage also.
v. Marble, made from limestone is used also and can be polished regularly.
vi. Wood blocks are used for decoration often times. It can be polished also.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define wall
2. List four types of walls
3. List five materials for making wall
4. List four functions of wall
5. What is bonding?
6. Define floor
7. List five types of floors
8. List four floor finishes.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON 2.9
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (DOORS AND WINDOWS )
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. List at least eight types of doors.
2. List at least four types of windows.
3. State at least three purpose of a window in a building.
4. List five materials each, used for making doors and windows.
Doors
Definition: Door can be defined as an openings into a building. Doors serve the
following purposes:
(i). doors provide security against burglary.
(ii). it provides a means of access into the building.
(iii). It facilitates ventilation.
(iv). It also admits a measure of light into the building.
Types of Doors
Doors are generally classified into two groups, namely exterior and interior doors.
(i). Exterior doors: These are doors that are put on the outer part of a building.
Some are the doors at the entrances of buildings or at the outer part of the kitchen
or garage. They are usually stronger.
(ii). Interior doors: As the name implies, these are the types of doors that are
placed inside the building. They include the bathroom door, bedroom doors and
kitchen doors.
For these classes of doors mentioned, they may be one of the following.
Types of Doors
1. Casement Door: These doors may be used for both exterior and interior
Basic Technology Made Easy
133
purpose, depending on the taste of the builder. It contains different casement
designs. e.g.
Casement door (glass type)
2. Louvered Door: This is a door made of louvers. It is for internal use only. E.g.
Louvered doors
3. Sliding Glass Door: These doors are used in offices, shopping complexes and
shops. It slides side ways to allow for passage. It is an exterior door. E.g.
Sliding door
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
4. Flush Door: These are internal doors used in toilets, bedrooms and in the
kitchen. It is made of flush and plywood. E.g.
Flush door
5. French Doors: These are sophisticated, hardened doors, finished with French
polish, used for external purpose only. E.g.
French doors
6. Revolving Door: These are doors used in most public buildings like stadia,
supermarkets and banks. It is often a glass door. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
135
Revolving door
7. Roller Shutter: This is a metal, wide door used in big shops and warehouses or
garages. It can be rolled up and down. E.g.
Roller shutters
8. Panel Door: This door can serve both interior and exterior purpose. The
number of panels in this type of door gives it its complete and appropriate name.
For instance, below left, 2-panel door and on the right, 3-panel door. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
2 and 3 Panel doors
9. Ledged Braced And Battened Door: These doors are used in rural areas. They
can also be used on wider openings at garages, shops and stores. E.g.
10. Headed Door: These are doors mostly used on worship buildings. They may
be semi-circle at the top, tudor, gothic or segmental in shape. E.g.
Headed doors
Basic Technology Made Easy
137
Windows
Definition: Window may be defined as opening in the wall of buildings that serves
the following purposes:
(i). allows adequate flow of air into the building (ventilation).
(ii). allows light into the building.
(iii). gives additional beauty to the building.
(iv). it is also a means of viewing the outside world.
Windows are both for interior and exterior purposes.
Types of Windows
(i). Casement Window: This is a wooden or glass window built just like the
casement door. E.g.
Casement window
(ii). Louvered Window: As the name implies, this window is made of glass, either
transparent or translucent. E.g.
Louvered window
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(iii).Sliding Glass Window: This is the most common type of window in Nigeria
in recent times. It allows for much ventilation and light, as a part of it can slide
sideways. E.g.
Sliding window
(iv). Bull’s Eye Window: This type of window is used for lamination and
decoration. It is made of a circular glass. E.g.
Bull’s eye window
(v).Dormer Window: This is a window attached to a chimney so that smoke can
escape through it. It is more for decorative, ventilation and lighting purposes these
days. E.g.
Dormer windows
Basic Technology Made Easy
139
(vi). Semi Circular Or Segmental Window: These are windows used in religious
buildings. The upper part forms an arc. It is usually constructed with wood or
glass. E.g.
Segmental window
NOTE: It should be noted that the first three types of windows are commonly
used in Nigeria while the other three are special-purpose windows.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. List eight types of doors.
2. List four types of windows.
3. State three purpose of a window in a building.
4. List five materials each, used for making doors and windows
5. List at least five types of windows
LESSON 2.10
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (ROOFS )
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define roof
2. List at least five materials used for roofing materials
3. List at least five types of roofs
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
4. State the uses of at least five types of roofs
5. Sketch at least five types of roofs.
ROOF
Definition: Roof is defined as a covering over buildings that may serve the
following purposes:
(i). protect the occupants from any harsh weather;
(ii). beautify a building;
(iii). to secure buildings.
Materials Used For Making Roof
(i). Clay tiles (ceramics).
(ii). Corrugated iron sheets.
(iii). Asbestos sheets
(iv). Aluminum span sheets
(v). Plastic sheets (usually for light)
(vi). Palm fronds.
Basic Technology Made Easy
141
A typical standard roof
Types of Roofs
(i). Shed Roof or Lean-To Roof: These are small-sized roofs used for kiosks,
shops and boys quarters. Some are constructed resting on walls, hence they are
referred to as lean-to. E.g.
Shed roof
(ii). Gable or Collar roof: This is a type of roof that contains two sloping faces
with the walls rising into the roof at two opposite ends. It is the commonest type of
roof in Nigeria. It used for schools. Eg.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(iii).Hipped roof: This type of roof slopes down all four sides. The walls also rises
into the roof on all four sides. This roof is steeper than the gable roofs. It is suitable
for bungalows and storey buildings. Eg.
Hip roof
(iv). Butterfly roof: This type of roof is used for buildings with large spans. It is
sometimes called double shed roof, since it looks almost like one, but only bigger.
e.g.
Butterfly roof
(v). Combination roof: These are asymmetrical roofs used for most school
buildings where one face slopes steeper than the other. The greater slope covers the
rooms while the shorter slope covers the walkway. E.g
Basic Technology Made Easy
143
(vi). Monitor roof: This is a type of roof used for factories and warehouses. It
usually contains two surfaces at different levels, where light is let into the building.
e.g.
Monitor roof
(vii). Half-Monitor roof: This roof looks like the monitor roof. The only
difference is that in this type of roof, one surface is lowered than the other.
Openings are fixed where light is let into the building. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Half Monitor roof
(viii). Arched roof: This type of roof has a rounded or curved shape like an arc. It
is also used for buildings with large spans, such as for filling stations, warehouses,
etc. e.g.
Arch roofs
(ix). Flat roof: These are roofs made of concrete castings (like slabs). Drainages
are provided through plastic pipes from the roof. E.g.
Flat roofs
(x). Mansard roof: These are roofs that contain double slopes on all four sides.
This type of roof is gradually being outdated. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
145
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define roof
2. List at least five materials used for roofing materials
3. List at least five types of roofs
4. State the uses of at least five types of roofs
5. Sketch at least five types of roofs.
FOR REVISION
QUESTIONS SEE PAGE 170
PART 3
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-3.1
SIMPLE BLUE PRINT READING (SIMPLE DETAILS OF A BUILDING PLAN)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to :
1.Define the following:
(a). Blue print reading
(b). Location plan
(c). Site plan
(d). Floor plan
2. Identify any elevation in building plan
3. Identify roof plan, window and door schedules
4. State the functions of the following:
(a). Septic tank
(b). Soak away pit
(c). Manhole
5. Identify at twenty building symbols.
Simple Blue Print Reading
Definition: Blue print is defined as a photographic print of a building plan drawn
in black and white lines on a blue background. E.g.
A sample of a blue print
Basic Technology Made Easy
147
Plan: This is a detailed drawing of a building by an architect, showing the size,
shape and measurements of the building.
Building Plan: This is a line diagram showing the various apartments or rooms
drawn to scale showing the architectural symbols. E.g.
A building plan
Simple Details of a Building Plan-Areas In A Building Plan
1. Location Plan: The location plan shows all the buildings and areas
surrounding any particular house to be constructed. E.g.
A Location Plan Within Agbara-Lagos State
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
2. Site Plan: This is a drawing showing the length and breadth of the plot of
land for the required building and the length and breadth of the particular
building or flat to be erected. It also shows the access roads and its distance
to the location. E.g.
A typical site plan in Green
3. Floor Plan: This is plan that shows the detailed apartments including the
sanitary equipment in a proposed building. The floor plan is usually
sectioned (cut) as AA, BB, CC, DD, etc. e.g.
A Floor Plan
4. Sections on a Floor Plan: This is a plan showing the exact outlook of a
sectioned (cut) part of a building. The sectioned portion on any building
varies from one to the other. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
149
A Section Plan for a Storey Building
5. Foundation Details: In this drawing, an architect shows the detailed
dimensions from floor level of a building to the ground level and to the
foundation. The different parts of the foundation, the materials and their
details are well analyzed in this drawing. E.g.
Foundation details on a building
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Elevations
i. Front Elevation: This is a view of a building looking at the floor plan
directly from the front. It shows the height of the wall and the roof
pattern.
ii. Rear (Back) Elevation: This means looking at the floor plan from the back
(rear) view. This view also shows the height of the wall and the roof
pattern.
iii. Right Elevation: If one looks at the floor plan from the right side, the height
of the wall and the roof pattern, then we are talking about the right
elevation.
iv. Left Elevation: This means looking at the floor plan from the left hand
side. E.g.
Elevations of a building
Roof Plan
This is the plan view of a building as seen vertically from the top. This roof plan
shows the pattern of the building completely. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
151
Roof plan
Doors and Window Schedule
This is a drawing that shows all the details and dimensions of every door and
window to be put in a building construction. It shows type and materials of every
of these openings. E.g.
Window Schedule Door Schedule
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Septic Tank Details: A septic tank is a large tank designed to store sewage waste.
It usually built underground. E.g.
Septic tank
Soak Away Pit: This is a pit where liquid waste and effluent is deposited for
dispersion into the soil. In the construction of a septic tank, the soak away pit is the
final process where waste water filters into the surrounding subsoil. E.g.
Suck away pit
Manhole: This is a detachable cover, through which someone can enter to drain
should there be any blockage. It usually has a cover that prevents anything from
falling into it. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Review Questions
1.Define the following:
(a). Blue print reading
(b). Location plan
(c). Site plan
(d). Floor plan
2. Identify any elevation in building plan
3. Identify roof plan, window and door schedules
4. State the functions of the following:
(a). Septic tank
(b). Soak away pit
(c). Manhole
5. Identify at twenty building symbols.
Basic Technology Made Easy
155
LESSON-3.2
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE (DEFINITION AND TYPES)
OBJECTIEVES: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Define periodic maintenance
2. List and explain at least types of periodic maintenance
3. Undergo simple maintenance of machines in the Basic Technology
laboratory.
Definition: Periodic maintenance is defined as the regular maintenance that
prevents equipment from malfunctioning and undergoing sudden breakdown.
In the past, we have already stated that there are three types of maintenance
namely: preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance and corrective
maintenance.
Types of Periodic Maintenance
1. Short Term Routine Maintenance: This is the maintenance on a machine
on a daily or weekly basis. After using a woodwork or metalwork machine,
it is required that we clean, dust and lubricate after every use.
2. Medium Term Routine Maintenance: This type of maintenance is carried
out on an interval of between one month and six months. Cars, trucks, buses’
engines require this type of periodic maintenance. Household appliances like
generators, gas cookers and air-conditioners are involved here too.
3. Long Term Routine Maintenance: This type of maintenance is between
one to five years on a machine. This is especially true for rugged machines,
which have little or no moving parts.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Methods of Maintenance
Periodic maintenance involves the following works and methods:
i. Dusting of dirt from a machine.
ii. Adjusting or correcting a faulty part in a machine.
iii. Checking the very important areas of a machine. For instance, the electric
motor, the brushes, bearings, bolts and nuts, insulations and earthlings.
iv. Lubrication of moving parts.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define periodic maintenance
2. List and explain at least types of periodic maintenance
3. Explain four simple steps you will follow to carry out maintenance of a
machine in the Basic Technology lab
Basic Technology Made Easy
157
LESSON-3.3
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE
(FURNITURE -WOOD AND METAL)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Undergo the maintenance of a table
2. Undergo the maintenance of beds
3. Take care of chairs
4. Undergo the maintenance of aluminium pots
5. Undergo the maintenance of enamel pots
6. Take care of cutleries
Care of Furniture
Care of Tables
(a).Dust tables thoroughly each day.
(b).If painted or finished, wash carefully with warm slightly soapy water.
(c).Rinse and dry very well.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(d).Rub up with a clean soft duster.
(e).If polished, avoid the use of abrasive as they may scratch the surface
(f).If Formica-topped, do not put. very hot items on the table. Put hot food on table
mat.
(g). Dust thoroughly.
(h). Wash in such a way as to avoid water marks.
(i). Do not put very hot items on formica-topped tables. Put hot food on table mats.
(j). Avoid the use of abrasives as they will scratch the polished surface.
Care of Beds
(a). For beds, the sheets should be washed, ironed and kept clean always.
(b). The bed should be made every morning.
(c). The bed should be aired everyday.
(d). Regular dusting and polishing of the wood frame is very important.
(e). The bed should be turned down every night (i.e. the day time sheets removed
at night).
(f). For upholstery chairs, avoid making it very wet.
(g). Brush with a stiff upholstery brush to remove dust.
Basic Technology Made Easy
159
Care of Chairs
(a).Dust properly on a daily basis.
(b).For tubular chairs, do not scrape the metals with sharp objects.
(c).If it is a cushioned chair, do not cut the foams with razor blade and the wrapper
should be washed regularly.
(d).If the chair is upholstery type, avoid making it wet, dust very well and sponge
the upholstery with a solution of mild soap less detergent and warm water.
(e).For plastic chairs, dust properly and wipe over with a damp cloth and polish
with a clean dry duster.
Maintenance of Metals (Pots and Cutleries)
1.Care of Aluminium Pots
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a). Take care not to scratch the surface.
(b). New aluminium pots should be boiled out for at least 10 minutes so as to
prevent the formation of discoloration.
(c). After use, aluminium pots should be cleaned with a nylon sponge with a
washing paste.
(d). Always avoid the use of soda for washing pots.
2. Care of Enamel Pots/Dishes
(a). Enamel utensils should be washed after use, if possible use a fine powder like
vim.
(b). Avoid washing enamel dishes with coarse abrasive or metal sponges.
(c). High heat should be avoided, which may crack the enamel dish.
(d). Enamel dishes should be handled with care to avoid chipping.
Basic Technology Made Easy
161
4. Care of Cutleries
(a). Stainless steel cutleries should be cleaned with abrasive powder and dried with
clean cloth.
(b). Solid silver cutleries should be polished constantly because it tarnishes easily.
(c). Silver cutleries should be cleaned with wood ash and lime or lemon and rinsed
in warm soapy water, dried with cloth.
(d). Cutleries should be kept in a rack or drawer, that is easy to reach. Each in its
pile.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How would you undergo the maintenance of a table?
2. How would you take care of your bed?
3. How should a student take care of chairs at home?
4. Explain steps you would take to undergo the maintenance of aluminium
pots
5. List four steps you would take to undergo the maintenance of enamel pots
6. How would you take care of cutleries in your home?
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
LESSON-3.4
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE
( ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS) OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Undergo the maintenance of radios
2. Undergo the maintenance of refrigerator
3. Undergo the maintenance of Electric Kettle
4. Undergo the maintenance of electrical iron
5. Undergo the maintenance of air-conditioner
6. Undergo the maintenance of fans.
1. Care of Radio
(a). Do not tamper with the electrical parts of a radio. If any fault is detected, take
it to an experienced technician.
(b). Dust everyday with soft cloth, but be careful with delicate parts.
(c). If the radio is battery operated, do not allow dead batteries to become rotten
inside the radio.
Basic Technology Made Easy
163
2. Care of Refrigerators
(a). Avoid putting hot food in the refrigerator.
(b). Always keep the refrigerator door tightly closed, to avoid the escape of cold
air to the environment.
(c). Do not place a refrigerator too close to the wall. This is to allow the circulation
of air over the coils at the back.
(d). Arrange food items in the refrigerator properly so that air can circulate and
keep foods cool.
(e). Check the refrigerator regularly for any spoilt food. These must be removed
immediately.
(f). The inside and outside of the refrigerator should be washed occasionally.
(g). Defrost the refrigerator once a week (if your area has constant power anyway).
Thick frost reduces the cooling effect of the refrigerator.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
3.Care of Electric Iron
(a). Do not place the surface of any iron on the floor at any time.
(b). Avoid twisting the cord.
(c). Do not drop the iron because this may damage it.
(d). Use any appliance according to the maker’s instructions.
(e). Do not iron over zips and hooks since this may scratch the smooth surface.
(f). As soon as the cord shows a little visible sign of wear, kindly replace it
immediately with similar cable.
4. Care of Air-Conditioner
(a). In case of mechanical or electrical fault, always refer to an experienced
technician.
(b). Always operate an air-conditioner according to the manufacture’s guideline.
(c). Occasionally switch off the air-conditioner at the outlet socket and use a soft
cloth to dust all over the appliance.
(d). All doors and windows must be closed when the air-conditioner is put on.
Basic Technology Made Easy
165
5. Care of Fans
(a). When any fault is detected, an experienced personnel should be contacted for
repairs.
(b). Use fans according to the manufacturer’s manual.
(c). Whenever the fan is not needed, it should be switched off and unplugged from
the socket.
(d). To clean a table or standing fans, open the guard and dust the blades. Dust
first, then clean with damp cloth and dry every other part very well.
(e). For ceiling fans, clean the blades regularly with care without bending the
blades.
6. Care of Electric Kettle
(a). Water should not be left too long in an electric kettle, especially overnight.
This can discolour the kettle.
(b). After using an electric aluminium kettle, clean with a nylon sponge with fine
abrasive powder to retain its quality.
(c). Wash kettles used on kerosene or gas cookers with fine abrasive powder or
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
paste but with more pressure.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Do you have a radio in your home? If yes, how can you care for it?
2. Explain how you can undergo the maintenance of a refrigerator.
3.How would you undergo the maintenance of an electric kettle.
4. How would you care for your electrical iron?
5. Explain four ways you may maintenance your air-conditioner.
6. How can you care for your fans?
Basic Technology Made Easy
167
LESSON-3.5
FAULT DETECTION
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define troubleshooting.
2. Differentiate between analogue and digital meters.
3. State how an instrument can be used to detect a fault in an appliance.
4. List six fault detection instruments.
5. State how to use an electric current tester.
6. Mention three fault detection processes.
Definition: Fault detection, also known as trouble shooting is a form of
maintenance for electronics. Since electrons move about in some gadgets, they are
therefore referred to as electronics.
Trouble-Shooting: Troubleshooting is the process of finding likely fault in
equipment, machine and electrical appliances by using appropriate tools.
In trouble shooting, it is assumed the problem is not known. As such, it involves a
trial and error method of detecting and locating a fault in a machine.
Fault Detection Tools and Instruments
i. Voltage Indicator: This instrument is to check whether voltage exists
across two points in a circuit. There is the Analogue meter with a
deflective finger indicator and the Digital meter which displays the exact
value of the electronic device even in decimal. The digital meter is easier
to read.
However, in the absence of these meters, a simple voltage indicator of a
lamp connected to a lamp holder and two wire terminals can be used.
E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Voltage indicator
ii. Electric Current Tester: This looks like a screwdriver that has a red bulb
inside it when the tip torches a live wire while a finger is placed on the
cap of the insulated handle. E.g.
Current tester
iii. Continuity Tester: This is also known as a multimeter. It can be used to test
the flow of current, as voltage indicator, as insulation tester and other
tests. E.g.
Continuity tester
iv. The Oscilloscope: This is a general-purpose instrument used for measuring
small voltages and current. It is also used for the maintenance of
electronic equipment and laboratory work. They have LCD or LED
screens and a fast analogue-to-digital converters and digital signal
processors. E.g.
Basic Technology Made Easy
169
An Oscillator
v. Insulation Tester: The insulation tester is known as the megger, which is
used to test earth leakages that results in shocks. E.g.
A Megger
vi. Soldering Iron: It is used to solder electronic elements to the panel. It can
also be used to melt soldered components for proper examination. E.g.
Soldering iron
Fault Detection Process
To detect fault in any electrical appliance, follow the steps listed below:
i. Understand the operation of the appliance.
ii. Check the connecting cord that transmits power from the mains into the
appliance.
iii. Check the fuse in the plug (if it is well fused).
iv. If it a heating appliance (like electric iron), check the continuity of the
heating element.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
Review Questions
1. Define troubleshooting.
2. Differentiate between analogue and digital meter.
3. State how you would make use of the electric current tester.
4. State how a meter can be used to detect a fault in an appliance.
5. Mention five detection instruments you have learned.
6-13.Revision- JSCE!
JSCE!! JSCE/ NECO. DISCLAIMER: DISCLAIMER: THE QUESTIONS BELOW ARE STRICTLY
FOR REVISION PURPOSES ONLY. ANY QUESTION(S) IN YOUR
EXAMINATION SIMILAR TO ANYONE IN THIS PRACTICE SESSION IS
SIMPLY A COINCIDENCE.
ANSWERS WILL BE
SUPPLIED ON REQUEST
BY MAIL TO [email protected]
I WISH YOU SUCCESS IN YOUR EXAMINATION-AMEN!
BASIC TECHNOLOGY PART- A
TERM ONE
CAREER PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITY IN TECHNOLOGY
(QUESTION SOURCE: NATION BUILDING BASIC TECHNOLOGY 3,
By Ajayi E.K.)
Basic Technology Made Easy
171
1. ………………… can be defined as the scientific knowledge used in practical ways to
meet and satisfy human needs and comfort.
(a) science (b) knowledge (c) technology (d) production (e) career
2. The following are products of technology found in homes, except
(a) television (b) radio (c) cell phone (d) wall clock (e) sand
3. The following are products of technology found in industry, except
(a) water (b) fax machine (c) computer (d) oven (d) photocopy machine
PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS
WOOD AND METALS
4. The grown trees are felled down to produce what is referred to as ………..
(a) coal (b) timber (c) cotton (d) palm wine (d) palm roof
5. ………… is obtained from grown trees which can be used in building or for making
things
(a) wood (b) trees (c) sand (d) stone (d) cement
6. …………. acts as a supports for the trees
(a) leaves (b) roots (c) bark (d) tree (e) branches
7. ……………. holds or anchors the tree strongly on the ground
(a) stem (b) roots (c) bark (d) tree (e) leaves
8. Wood can be classified into …………….. types
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6 (e) 3
9. Which of the following wood is a deciduous wood?
(a) softwood (b) physical wood (c) artificial wood (d) hardwood (e) strong wood
10. Mahogany, Oak, Afara, Iroko etc are the examples of ……………… wood
(a) softwood (b) hardwood (c) closure (d) physical (e) artificial
11. Spruce, Cypress, Pine, and Cedar etc are examples of …………… wood
(a) physical (b) soft (c) hard (d) artificial (e) strong
12. ……………. can be defined as the cutting down of trees with the use of power chain saw
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) pulling of trees (b) up rooting of trees (c) felling of trees (d) wood defects (e)
seasoning of trees
13. …………… is the method of using sawing machine to cut the log into determined
acceptable sizes in the market
(a) seasoning of wood (b) conversion of trees (c) wood defects (d) felling of trees
(e) conversion of trees
14. ……………. is the method of drying excess water or removing excess water in the wood
(a) wood defects (b) felling of trees (c) forms of wood (d) seasoning of wood (e)
conversion of wood
15. There are …………… methods of seasoning wood
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (e) 10
16. …………… can be defined as the process of using chemical to protect the wood from
attack
(a) preservation of wood (b) felling of woods (c) seasoning of wood (d) forms of
wood (e) wood defects
17. Metal can be classified into ………………
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5 (e) 1
18. …………… is the tendency of metals to melt into liquid when heated.
(a) toughness (b) ductility (c) sound test (d) fusibility (e) density
19. …………….. is the tendency of metals to be stretched into a thin wire
(a) fusibility (b) ductility (c) density (d) toughness (e) sound test
20. ………….. is the tendency of metals to break easily
(a) brittleness (b) density (c) sound test (d) fusibility (e) toughness
21. ……………. is obtained when two or more metals are mixed together
(a) metals (b) alloy (c) structures (d) ferrous (e) non-metallic
22. …………. is the process of extracting metal from its ore by heating and melting the metal
ore
(a) iron ore (b) alloy (c) smelting (d) pig iron (e) ore
23. How many types of ore do we have?
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 7 (e) 4
Basic Technology Made Easy
173
24. ………….. is the making of objects by pouring molten metal into a ground
(a) smelting (b) casting (c) smoothing (d) burning (e) moulding
25. ……………. are projections which enable the core to sit well after the pattern is removed
(a) prints (b) smelting (c) casting (d) smoothing (e) moulding
26. …………… is the art of processing earthly materials into ornamental objects though the
application of high heat.
(a) decoration (b) ceramics (c) glass (d) prints (e) potter’s wheel
27. …………… is formed naturally during volcanic eruption
(a) glass (b) decoration (c) ceramics (d) anneal (e) timber
28. ……………. is to heat glass or metal and allow it to cool gradually so as to make it
harder
(a) anneal (b) timber (c) glass (d) ceramics (e) casting
29. There are ………….. main classes of glass
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2 (e) 6
30. ………….. is produced from the latex obtained from rubber trees
(a) artificial rubber (b) natural rubber (c) physical rubber (d) coal (e) limestone
31. ……………. is a natural substance that form the cell wall of all plants and trees
(a) cell wall (b) cellulose (c) metal (d) rubber (e) limstone
32. …………… are elastic substances that can be stretched and do not allow liquids to pass
through it.
(a) rubber (b) limestone (c) metals (d) iron (e) ore
33. ………… is the process of adding sulphur to raw rubber at high temperature
(a) storm (b) carbon black (c) vulcanization (d) rubber (e) limestone
34. …………. Does not melt under heat but instead burnt and becomes blackish brown
(a) thermosetting (b) thermoplastic (c) carbon black (d) vulcanization (e)
limestone
PRODUCTION OF MATERIALS
(CERAMICS, GLASS, PLASTIC AND RUBBER)
35. Glass can be classified into …………….
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6 (e) 5
36. ………….. is the art of processing earthly materials into ornamental objects through the
application of high heat
(a) ceramics (b) glass (c) plastics (d) rubber (e) decoration
37. ……………. is formed naturally during volcanic eruptions
(a) plastic (b) ceramics (c) glass (d) rubber (e) anneal
38. …………….. is to heat glass or metal and allow it to cool gradually (slowly) so as to
make it harder
(a) plastic (b) glass (c) decoration (d) anneal (e) rubber
39. There are …………… types of plastic material
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 1
40. Plastic processing involves the following processes except
(a) casting (b) moulding (c) forming (d) calendaring (e) rubber
PICTORIAL DRAWING
41. There are ……………………. Main methods of pictorial drawing
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6
42. ………….. drawing can be defined as a method that identifies solid objects showing
three dimensions in one view
(a) geometry (b) pictorial (c) orthographic (d) solid (e) plane
43. …………….. is the portion of flat or plane surfaces bounded by one or more lines.
(a) solid figures (b) plane figures (c) polygon (d) triangle (e) circle
44. ……………. has length, breadth and thickness or depth
(a) solid figures (b) plane figures (c) pictorial (d) isometric (e) surface
45. Surface has ……………………. and ……………………..
(a) depth and length (b) length and breadth (c) length and height (d) height and
width (e) none
46. There are ………………… types of oblique drawing
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6 (e) 5
OBLIQUE DRAWING AND DIMENSION
Basic Technology Made Easy
175
47. …………….. drawing is a type of drawing that recognizes solid objects in three
dimensions with front face perpendicular to the plane of the paper
(a) oblique (b) isometric (c) triangles (d) shapes (e) square
48. ………….. is when the oblique drawing is made without any reduction in oblique length
(a) cavalier (b) cabinet (c) oblique (d) diagrams (e) isometric
49. Oblique drawing can be classified into …………….. types
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4 (e) 1
WOODWORM MACHINES
50. ……………… is machine capable of slicing the logs of timber into various sizes
(a) band saw (b) calipers (c) hammer (d) circular (e) sea-saw
51. There are ………………. types of machine saw
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (e) 5
52. …………… can be used to make bevel, tenon among other operations on wood
(a) calipers (b) hammer (c) surface planner (d) saw (e) circular saw
53. …………… machine is mainly used for planning wood to produce accurate thickness as
needed
(a) hammer (b) surface planner (c) saw (d) calipers (e) thicknessing machine
54. ……………. is a machine used for wood turning operations
(a) wood (b) wood lathe (c) calipers (d) hammer (e) saw
SIMPLE WOODWORK PROJECTS
55. ………………. is an activity involving a special skill at making forms of wood either
with the use of hand or machine
(a) woodwork (b) wood grinding (c) wooding (d) butt wood (e) halving wood
56. ………….. is the type of joint whereby the rectangular end of the member wood fits
against the flat surface of the other member wood
(a) joint (b) butt joint (c) wood joint (d) work joint (e) bulled joint
57. There are ……………….. types of woodwork joint
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
58. …………… are the joints obtained when half thickness or width of the members are cut
out to give flush faces for meeting or crossing members.
(a) but joints (b) halving joints (c) joints (d) walls (e) rebated joints
59. …………… is the strongest of other joints for making corner joints in wooden containers
and cabinet drawers work.
(a) dovetail (b) joints (c) walls (d) hammer (e) halving joints
60. …………… can be defined as a substance for making materials stick together
(a) adhesive (b) resin (c) casein (d) glue (e) P. V. A.
61. Which of the following is NOT a type of nail
(a) countersunk head screw (b) oval nail (c) panel pin (d) clout pin (e) screw nail
62. Which of the following is regarded as a fitting
(a) hinge (b) sand paper (c) panel pin (d) clout pin (e) screw nail
63. Which of the following is used for finishing
(a) glue (b) lock (c) nail (d) smooth plane (e) hinge
64. ……………… is the type of nail that is strong and generally used in building work
(a) oval nail (b) lost-head round nail (c) screw nail (d) clout nail (e) panel pin
65. …………… is the type of nail that has a twisted length up to the head for a proper
increase of the frictional grip
(a) screw nail (b) panel pin (c) clout pin (d) oval pin (e) wire round nail
66. ………….. is the type of screw used when the head is expected to be flush with a
particular surface of wood.
(a) countersunk (b) panel (c) oval (d) round head (e) raised head
67. …………….. are the metallic components used for fastening wooden parts together
(a) butt hinge (b) flat hinge (c) tee hinge (d) hinges (e) fittings
68. There are ……………… types of fittings
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (e) 10
69. ………….. is the type of hinges that is used for external doors
(a) hinges (b) box lock (c) tee hinge (d) butt hinge (e) flat hinge
70. …………… is a type of lock that is used for boxes and chest
(a) locks (b) hinges (c) drawer lock (d) mortice lock (e) box lock
71. ………….. are substances with glue coated hard minerals forming a rough surface for the
purpose of standing
Basic Technology Made Easy
177
(a) abrasive (b) metals (c) hinges (d) locks (e) beautification
72. The following are useful in the preparation of abrasives except
(a) silicon carbide (b) cloth (c) paper (d) resin glue (e) saw dust
73. ……………. is the type of abrasives that is used for fine and coarse smoothing
(a) glass paper (b) silicon coated (c) tungsten carbide coated (d) aluminium oxide
coated (e) garnet coated
74. …………… is the type of abrasive that is purposely used for durability
(a) aluminium oxide coated (b) tungsten carbide coated (c) glass paper coated (d)
silicon coated (e) garnet coated
75. ……………. is the final preparation of wood surface to receive finishes
(a) wood preparation (b) wood work shop (c) wood finishing (d) wax polish (e)
French polish
76. ………….. can be defined as the materials applied to the surface of the finished wood for
the purpose of preservation or beautification.
(a) wood finishes (b) wood preparation (c) wood finishing (d) wood joint (e) wood
work
77. The following are the reasons why we apply wood finishes except
(a) for general outlook (b) to be attractive (c) to protect the wood against insect (d) to
protect the wood against fungus attack (e) to make it available
78. The following are the categories of wood finishes except
(a) lacquers (b) varnish (c) French polish (d) wax polish (e) engine oil
79. The following are grades and types of paint except
(a) metallic (b) egg shell (c) sandy (d) glossy oil (e) oil resin emulsion
(METAL WORK MACHINE)
80. The basic machine tools are the following except
(a) centre lathe (b) shaping machine (c) planning machine (d) drill press (e) spraying
machine
81. …………… are used for producing flat surfaces which cannot be achieved on milling
machine
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) planning machine (b) shaping machine (c) drill press (d) centre lathe (e) lathe
machine
82. ………….. machine is used for producing flat surfaces including slots and vee grooves
(a) milling (b) shaping (c) planning (d) centre lathe (e) drill press
83. ……………. Machine is used to remove a waste or unwanted metal with the use of
abrasive mounted on rotating wheels
(a) grinding machines (b) printing machines (c) shaping machines (d) drill press (e)
rolling machine
84. …………… is the machine used in the machine shop to produce holes of different sizes
on metals
(a) milling machines (b) drill press (c) grinding machines (d) shaping machines (e)
planning machines
85. …………… is used for cutting various large or big metals of different shapes which the
hacksaw cannot cut.
(a) saw (b) calipers (c) cutlass (d) hoe (e) power hack saw
86. How many parts of centre lathe machine do we have?
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5 (e) 1
SIMPLE METAL WORK PROJECT
87. ………….is simply the use of metal sheet of reasonable thickness in making different
shapes of object
(a) sheet metal work (b) metal work (c) shade development (d) wood work (e)
development
88. ……………. is the line where two ends meets and joined together
(a) work (b) metal joint (c) seam (d) shape (e) development
89. ………….. is the spreading out of various faces of objects in horizontal plane
(a) shape development (b) metal (c) seam (d) joint (e) wood work
90. …………… are used for marking tin-plates
(a) dividers (b) punches (c) steel rule (d) micro meter (e) snip
91. Which of the following is NOT among the forging operations?
(a) twisting (b) bending (c) hardie (d) drawing down (e) upsetting
92. …………….. is used for taking linear measurements
(a) steel rule (b) snip (c) punches (d) sliding level (e) scriber
Basic Technology Made Easy
179
93. ……………… is the hammering of hot metal and shaping it into the required shape
(a) forging (b) snips (c) scriber (d) calipers (e) screws
94. …………… are used for cutting metals and they function like the cloth cutting scissors
(a) chisel (b) scriber (c) snips (d) screws (e) calipers
95. The following metals can be used for soft soldering except
(a) aluminium (b) copper (c) zinc (d) brass (e) bronze
96. …………….. is used for forming hollow shapes or grooves on metal
(a) fuller (b) tong (c) hardie (d) chisel (e) anvil
97. …………….. is used for cutting metal into shapes
(a) fuller (b) hardie (c) chisel (d) tongs (e) anvil
98. …………… is the process of increasing the thickness of a metal by reducing its length
(a) upsetting (b) fuller (c) hardie (d) tongs (e) chisel
99. …………. is the process of treating the surface metals so as to prevent rusting, improves
its life span and make it pleasant to look at.
(a) metal protective (b) metal finishes (c) metal work (d) metal finishing (e) metal
wood work joint
100. ………….. can be defined as a method of joining metals by sticking them together with
the use of an alloy
(a) soldering (b) brazing (c) flux (d) metal (e) painting and spraying
JSS3 BASIC TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
PART -B
METAL JOINING
(SOLDERING AND BRAZING)
1. The following metals can be soft soldering except
(a) aluminium (b) copper (c) zinc (d) brass (e) bronze
2. ………….. can be defined as a method of joining metals by sticking them together with
the use of an alloy
(a) soldering (b) brazing (c) flux (d) metal (e) painting and spraying
3. The two types of soldering are …………….. and …………………
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) physical and artificial (b) hard and soft (c) natural and synthetic (d) hard and
dry (e) dry and wet
4. The following are metals that can be soft soldered, except
(a) steel (b) cast iron (c) zinc (d) copper (e) brass
5. There are …………….. types of flux
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 (e) 5
6. …………… is the joining of metals with a solder consisting of brass or a silver alloy
(a) flux (b) soft soldering (c) solder (d) brazing (e) hard soldering
7. Which of the following is NOT a method of joining metals?
(a) soldering (b) roping (c) using mechanical fastener (d) welder (e) riveting
TERM TWO
MECHANICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(FRICITION)
8. ……………… can be defined as the force that resists the motion between two surfaces in
contact
(a) mechanism (b) friction (c) fiction (d) motion (e) metal
9. Which of the following is NOT a type of friction?
(a) dry friction (b) internal friction (c) fictitious friction (d) fluid friction (e)
lubricated friction
MECHANICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(EFFCTS OF FRICTION AND ITS REDUCTION)
10. The following are effects of friction, except
(a) friction brings heat (b) friction aids running (c) friction reduces efficiency (d)
friction results to loss of power (e) friction gives power
MECHANICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(DRIVE MECHANISM)
Basic Technology Made Easy
181
11. ……………. can be defined as the force that resists the motion between two surfaces in
contact or when one move relative to other.
(a) mechanism (b) friction (c) fiction (d) friczing (e) metals
12. …………….. is a mechanical energy transmission system of transmitting power from
one sprocket wheel to the other on greased teeth
(a) chain drives (b) belt drives (c) friction (d) electric grinder (e) gear drive
13. …………….. is a mechanical energy transmission system of transmitting power with the
use of toothed edges wheel that mesh with one another
(a) gear drive (b) chain drives (c) belt drives (d) friction (e) electric movers
14. ……………… is the arrangement of gears such that power can be transmitted
(a) chain drives (b) electric grinder (c) gearing (d) belt drives (e) gear movers
15. There are ………………. Types of gear
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5 (e) 1
16. …………… can be defined as a relationship between two gears in which it shows how
much larger the speed of one gear is than the other
(a) gear ratio (b) driven gear (c) driving gear (d) bevel gear (e) chain drives
17. ……………. Simply means the engagement of the teeth of the gears
(a) driven gear (b) driving gear (c) chain drives (d) meshing of gears (e) gear ratio
18. ……………. is the gear that transmits speed to the other gear
(a) driving gear (b) gear ratio (c) driven gear (d) chain drives (e) bevel gear
19. …………… is the gear that receives the impulse of the speed from the other gear
(a) gear ratio (b) driven gear (c) driving gear (d) bevel gear (e) chain drives
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(DRIVE MECHANISM)
20. ………… can be defined as the movement of mechanical components in engineering
systems.
(a) motion (b) friction (c) fiction (d) rotary motion (e) linear motion
21. There are……………. types of motion
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 2
22. ……………. is a type of motion that occurs in form of a straight line.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) linear motion (b) rotary motion (c) motion (d) friction (e) fiction
23. …………….. is the type of motion that occurs in circular form either clockwise or anti
clockwise direction
(a) fiction (b) friction (c) rotary motion (d) linear motion (e) motion
24. ……………… are mainly used to control motion, either to slow down or bring to an
eventual stop as wanted
(a) ratchet (b) brakes (c) clutch (d) engine (e) gear
25. ……………… is a device used for transmitting intermittent motion in one direction only
(a) clutch (b) gear (c) brakes (d) engine (e) ratchet
26. ……………. is a machine use for lifting loads?
(a) pulleys (b) screw jack (c) bench vice (d) brakes (e) engine
27. …………….. is a wheel with a grooved rim in which a rope or chain passes
(a) pulleys (b) bench vice (c) brakes (d) wheel barrow (e) engine
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
(AIRFLOW AND PNEUMATIC)
28. ………….. can be defined as the continuous and steady movement of air in a particular
direction
(a) air pump (b) air flow (c) human mouth (d) wind turbine (e) streamling
29. Airflow can be generated in the following ways except
(a) fan (b) balloon (c) bellow (d) human mouth (e) air pump
30. …………… is a machine that grinds grain into flour
(a) windmill (b) streamlining (c) human mouth (d) wind turbine (e) wind power
31. ……………… is the use of compressed air to make machine work.
(a) streamlining (b) pneumatic (c) wind turbine (d) air pump (e) windmill
32. …………… is an air pump that is driven by an electric motor or internal combustion
engine
(a) compressor (b) receiver (c) air flow (d) air pump (e) wind turbine
33. The compressed air is usually stored in a strong metal tank called the ………….
(a) receiver (b) pump (c) air pump (d) turbine (e) compressor
Basic Technology Made Easy
183
34. …………… is the flow of liquids or fluid through pipes under pressure in machineries
for doing work.
(a) sliding doors (b) hydraulic (c) engine (d) brake (e) clutch
SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING
35. Which of the following does not use electricity?
(a) refrigerator (b) cooker (c) T. V (d) air conditioner (e) bench vice
36. ……………. is a device that contains a short length of thin wire which melts and breaks
when the current exceeds save value
(a) fuse (b) wire (c) battery (d) current (e) circuit
37. ……………. is the instrument used for measuring current flow.
(a) thermometer (b) amometer (c) barometer (d) ammeter (e) meter
38. ………….. is a closed path of wires and other electrica l equipment or materials
(a) electric circuit (b) electrician (c) electric circuit (d) metallic (e) current
39. Current flow is measure in ………………
(a) voltage (V) (b) ampere (A) (c) joules (J) (d) power (P) (e) watt (W)
40. ………….. is the instrument used for measuring voltage
(a) voltmeter (b) joules (c) voltmeter (d) power (e) thermometer
41. …………… is the measure of the magnitude of resistors opposing the flow of electric
current
(a) resistance (b) resistivity (c) current (d) electricity (e) electric circuit
42. Voltage is measured in ……………
(a) joules (J) (b) energy (E) (c) watt (W) (d) volts (V) (e) thermometer (T)
43. …………….. is the instrument used to measure resistance
(a) ohmmeter (b) volt (c) ohm (Ω) (d) joules (e) watt
44. …………….. is the measure of the force of current flow in a circuit
(a) voltage (b) energy (c) power (d) watt (e) voltmeter
45. ………….. is the pressure with which electric current flows round a closed circuit
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) resistance force (b) electric current (c) current flow (d) voltage (e)
electromotive force
46. …………… converts electrical energy into heat energy
(a) resistors (b) resistance (c) voltage (d) current flow (e) air flow
47. The following are the factors determining the resistance value of materials except
(a) temperature of the material (b) loss of materials (c) length of the materials (d)
cross sectional area of the materials (e) resistivity of the materials
48. …………. are used to convert alternating current to direct current
(a) rectifier circuit (b) current flow (c) air flow (d) electric circuit (e) electricity
49. The following are the types of switch except
(a) push bottom switch (b) toggle switch (c) slides switch (d) micro switch (e)
push-pull switch
SIMPLE ELECTRICAL WIRING
(WIRING TOOLS AND MATERIALS)
50. …………… refers to the point in the house where electrical services goes from the main
grind into the house
(a) service entry (b) hammer (c) rectifier (d) panel board (e) branch circuit
51. ………… is the control centre when it comes to electrical wiring
(a) branch circuit (b) panel board (c) a fish tape (d) rectifier (e) hammer
52. The following are the simple wiring tools except
(a) A fish tape (b) voltmeter (c) hammer (d) A tape measure (e) bradawl
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(FOUNDATION, TYPES AND USES)
53. ……………… can be defined as an underground structure upon which a building is
erected
(a) foundation (b) pillar (c) site plan (d) building plan (e) plan
54. The following are the types of foundation except
(a) strip foundation (b) building foundation (c) pile foundation (d) raft foundation
(e) stepped foundation
55. The following are functions of foundation except
Basic Technology Made Easy
185
(a) foundation is a support for the inhabitants (b) foundation supports the weight of the
roof (c) it distributes the weight of the building to the soil (d) foundation support the
weight of the wall (e) foundation serves as weakness to the roof
56. What is the meaning of d. p. c?
(a) damp pad course (b) damp proof coarse (c) down part course (d) down pad course
(e) damp proof coarse
57. Which of the following is the ability of the soil to carry load?
(a) strip foundation (b) soil texture (c) bearing capacity (d) stony soil (e) rocky
foundation
58. There are …………….. types of soil
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2 (e) 6
59. The following are properties of clay soil except
(a) it has fine particles (b) it is water drainage (c) it is impermeable (d) it is highly
compressible (d) it sticks when wet and dries very slowly
60. ………………. is the digging of trenches for the building foundation using the
foundation plan.
(a) excavation (b) plan (c) soil (d) building (e) spade
61. The following are properties of organic soil except.
(a) it has fine particles (b) it is water retentive (c) it is soft (d) it is compressible (e)
it is spongy and springy to walk on
62. Peat, humus and swampy soil can be regarded as ……………. Soil
(a) fine grained (b) coarse grained (c) highly organic (d) clayed (e) sandy
63. Timbering depends on the following except
(a) depth of excavation (b) length of time (c) type of subsoil (d) climatic condition
(e) tools
64. Choosing foundation depends on one of the following
(a) type of water to use (b) type of building (c) personnel (e) tools to use (e) cement
to use
65. Which of the foundation below is good for sloppy land
(a) strip (b) pad (c) raft (d) stepped (e) pile
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(WALLS AND FLOORS)
66. …………… can be defined as a building part that is built on the foundation to support
the roof
(a) doors (b) floors (c) walls (d) building (e) foundation
67. The following are functions of wall, except
(a) to oppose the passage of noise (b) to be reasonable in cost (c) to resist weather,
particularly moisture and cold (d) to safely carry the structural loads placed upon it
(e) to be very expensive
68. ………….. which of the following is NOT a type of wall?
(a) partition (b) shared (c) portable (d) boundary (e) rock
69. …………….. is a wall for the purpose of separating rooms or dividing a room
(a) shared room (b) partition wall (c) boundary wall (d) portable wall (e)
separation wall
70. ……………… are used where the walls of a room are frequently open to form one large
floor area
(a) separation wall (b) partition wall (c) shared wall (d) movable wall (e)
foundation
71. The following are materials used for making walls, except
(a) timber product (b) glass (c) blocks (d) metal (e) water
72. The following are types of floor except
(a) suspended floor (b) bonding floor (c) solid floor (d) precast concrete floor (e)
concrete slab floor
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(DOORS, WINDOWS AND OPENING)
73. The following can be found in doors except
(a) rabbet (b) jamb (c) architraves (d) lining (e) fan light
74. ………….. is an opening in wall that allows fresh air and light to enter and move around
the building
(a) walls (b) window (c) door (d) metal (e) aluminium
75. The following are materials used for making doors and windows except
Basic Technology Made Easy
187
(a) timber (b) glazing (c) metal (d) fitting materials (e) coal
76. The following are types of doors except
(a) lintel door (b) flush door (c) sliding door (d) folding door (e) revolving door
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (ROOFS, TYPES AND USES)
77. The following are types of roof except
(a) d. p. c. (b) lean-to-roof (c) shed (d) hipped (e) arched
78. Which of the following is NOT a roofing material
(a) slate (b) aluminium (c) sancrete hollow block (d) zinc (e) grass
79. A B. C.
Identify A above (a) scraper (b) rammer (c) wood float (d) bricklayer trowel (e)
spirit level
80. Identify B above (a) scraper (b) rammer (c) wood float (d) spirit level (e) bricklayer
trowel
81. Identify C above (a) scraper (b) rammer (c) spirit level (d) wood float (e) bricklayer
trowel
TERM THREE
SIMPLE BLUE PRINT READING AND RURAL/URBAN WATER SUPPLY TO
BUILDINGS
82. ………….. is the photographic prints of a plan for a building drawn with white lines and
a blue background
(a) blue print (b) red print (c) white print (d) yellow print (e) magenta print
83. ……………. Is drawn by the architect and it shows a detailed drawing of the drawing
such as sizes shapes etc
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
(a) building plan (b) plan (c) location plan (d) site plan (e) yellow print
84. ……………… is designed to store sewage in houses
(a) soak away (b) manhole (c) plan (d) septic tank (d) site plan
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE
85. ………….. can be defined as the act of keeping engineering equipment in good condition
by regular checking and servicing at a particular time.
(a) maintenance maintenance (b) preventive maintenance (c) periodic maintenance
(d) corrective maintenance (e) supportive maintenance
86. The following are the importance of maintenance, except
(a) it increases the span of equipment (b) it prevents accident (c) it causes loss (d) it
makes work easy to overcome (e) it prevents equipment from breaking down
87. There are ……………. types of maintenance
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 7
88. Simple maintenance methods include the following except
(a) cleaning (b) dusting (c) breaking (d) oiling (e) washing
89. The following are the importance of periodic maintenance records except
(a) makes plan (b) makes budgets (c) prepare for tax assessment (d) obtain credit
from banks (e) for depreciation purposes
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE
(KITCHEN UTENSILS AND FURNITURE)
90. ………….. are used for cooking and then could be used for storage
(a) cooking pot (b) kettle (c) plates (d) cutlery (e) fry pan
91. …………… is used for coating plates or pots or prevent them from rusting
(a) engine oil (b) palm oil (c) enamel (d) emulsion paint (e) grease
92. Furniture may be finished with the following except
(a) paint (b) polished (c) varnish (d) formica (e) grease
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE
(ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS APPLIANCES)
93. ……………. are used to preserve food items
(a) cutlery (b) cooking pots (c) refrigerator (d) fry pan (e) kettles
Basic Technology Made Easy
189
94. An item which cuts off the current when the temperature of the hotness is to exceed the
adjusted value is called ……………
(a) iron (b) standing fan (c) electric fan (d) electric iron (e) thermostat
95. Which of the following is not a type of electric fan
(a) table fan (b) stood fan (c) standing fan (d) ceiling fan (e) heat extractor
96. The tariff of the electric power consumed is charge on …………… basis
(a) weekly (b) daily (c) yearly (d) hourly (e) monthly
FAULT DETECTION
97. …………… is the process of finding likely fault in electronics using appropriate tools.
(a) fault detection (b) analogue meter (c) digital meter (d) operational chart (e)
electric tester
98. …………… will display the exact value of the electronic devices in decimal
(a) analogue meter (b) digital meter (c) fault detection (d) operational chart (e)
soldering iron
99. ……………. is used to melt the soldered components or elements for proper examination
(a) soldering iron (b) operational chart (c) electric tester (d) oscilloscope (e)
troubleshooting
100. The process of finding likely fault in electronics using the appropriate tools is ……….
(a) digital meter (b) troubleshooting (c) iron (d) ore (e) timber
SEE MORE QUESTIONS BELOW!
BASIC TECHNOLOGY PART C
STANDARD OBJECTIVES TEST JSS THREE
(Question Source: Comprehensive Workbook On Basic Technology For Secondary Schools Book
Three, By Oyeyemi R.J.)
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
1. Isometric drawing the angle used for projection is (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 70° (e) 90°
2. First angle projection originated from (a) Britain (b) Germany (c) Holland (d) France (e)
America.
3. In Orthographic projection hidden details are represented by (a) Chain lines (b) Short
thin dashes (c) Continuous thick lines (d) Thick wavy lines.
4. In third angle projection the plan is usually placed
(a) Below the side view (b) Above the front elevation (c) Above the side view (d) Below
the front elevation (e) Beside the front elevation.
5. The two principal views used in Orthographic projection are the (a) Front elevation and
the side view (b) End elevation and the side view (c) Front elevation and the plan (d)
Plan and the end elevation. (e) First auxiliary plan and first auxiliary elevation.
6. Which of the following devices convert rotary motion to linear motion (a) Crankshaft (b)
Steering wheel (c) Connecting rod (d) Cylinder block (e) Gearbox.
7. The reciprocating motion of piston is converted into rotary motion by (a) Gear (b) Crank
(c) Belt (d) Linkage (e) Bearing.
8. The device used to transmit motion in one direction only is (a) Clutch (b) Gear (c) Worn
wheel (d) Ratchet (e) Propeller Shaft.
9. The device which connect and disconnects two revolving shaft is called (a) Clutch (b)
Brake (c) Gear Box (d) Axle (e) Piston
10. Rotary motion in core direction can be converted to rotary motion in a perpendicular
direction by the use of (a) Cram shaft (b) Link (c) Ratchet (d) Gear (e) Wheel.
11. Which of the following combination is NOT used for power transmission (a) Belts and
Pulleys (b) Meshing gears (c) Sprocket and chain (d) Variable belt and pulley (e) Belt
and gear.
12. A mechanical device that transmits intermittent motion is the (a) Ratchet (b) Shaft (c)
Gear (d) Brake (e) Clutch
13. The conversion of rotary motion to reciprocating motion is produced in one of the
following devices (a) Screw jack (b) G-Clamp (c) Crankshaft (d) Metalwork vice (e)
Pulley
14. The function of a clutch in any vehicle is to (a) Help the gear move faster (b) Make the
vehicle negotiate a blend (c) Act as a release to change gear easily (d) Enable the vehicle
stop instantly.
15. The purpose of hydraulic fluid in any system is to (a) Increase and transmit the pedal
force (b) Decrease and transmit the pedal force (c) Neutralize the pedal force in
the transmission (d) Maintain a constant transmission system (e) Lubricate the
transmission system
16. The function of a brake is to (a) Control motion (b) Neutralize motion (c) Stabilize
motion (d) Minimize motion (e) Eliminate motion
17. The speed of a vehicle is increased by the (a) Accelerator (b) Road wheel (c) Gear (d)
Force (e) Clutch.
Basic Technology Made Easy
191
18. Automobile engine is called heat engine because it
(a) Uses heat energy (b) Converts mechanical energy into heat energy (c) Uses fuel for
its operations (d) Converts heat energy to mechanical energy (e) General heat.
19. Transmission of electric power is always at (a) High frequency (b) High Voltage (c)
Frequencies Lower than 50 Hertz. (d) Frequencies higher than 60 Hertz.
20. A device used in transferring energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic
induction is called (a) Electric motor (b) Stabilizer (c) Transformer (d) Transducer (e)
Galvanometer
21. In a refrigerator, which of the following is referred to as safety device (a) Thermal element
(b) Evaporator (c) Accumulator (d) Compressor (e) Control Motor.
22. The refrigerator component that circulate the refrigerant throughout the system and that is
also used to raise the pressure of the refrigerant is called (a) Evaporator (b) Condenser (c)
Control (d) Compressor.
23. The refrigerator component that is used to transfer heat away from the high temperature
gases refrigerant and change the gases to liquid refrigerant is called (a) Evaporator (b)
Condenser (c) Control (d) Compressor.
24. The following are the major parts of Air-Conditioner system EXCEPT (a)
Compressor (b) Condenser (c) Evaporator (d) Accumulator (e) Capacitors.
25. The component of the refrigeration system used for storing liquid refrigerant is called (a)
Evaporator (b) Compressor (c) Accumulator (d) Condenser (e) Capacitor.
26. Which of these appliances do not have an electric motor? (a) Electric drilling Machine (b)
Television (c) Blender (d) Electric grinder (e) Electric fan.
27. A generator is a machine which converts (a) Mechanical energy into electrical energy
(b) Electrical energy into mechanical energy (c) Mechanical energy into light energy (d)
Sound energy into electrical energy (e) Heat energy into electrical energy.
28. While roofing with corrugated sheet, nails are best driven (a) At any location on the sheet
(b) At the lowest part of the corrugated (c) At the highest part of the corrugation (d) Only at
joint between two near by sheet
29. The following are woodwork fitting materials except (a) Nails (b) Screws (c) Bolts and
nuts (d) Hinges
30. Which of the following are mainly used for fixing upholstery to wood (a) Panel pins (b)
Oval wire nail (c) French wire nail (d) Tack nails (e) Lost head wire nails.
31. The following are some of the various types of locks that are in common use EXCEPT (a)
Butt locks (b) Mortise lock (c) Desk lock (d) Cylinder latch lock (e) Cut box lock.
32. The following materials can be used as finishes in wood EXCEPT (a) Vanishes (b) Paints
(c) Glue (d) Polish (e) Lacquers.
33. The purpose of wood finishes is to (a) Prevent the wood from warping (b) Soften the wood
(c) Prevent the wood from absorbing water (d) Smoothen the wood (e) Make the wood last
longer.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
34. Thick glossy paint can be made more lighter for use by (a) boiling (b) erosion (c) adding
water (d) turpentine.
35. Which of the following machine tool is used for cutting wood into marketable sizes (a)
Chain saw machine (b) Thicknessing machine (c) Wood lathe machine (d) Circular sawing
machine (e) Tenoning machine.
36. One of the following operation can NOT be carried out on the surface planning machine (a)
Rebating (b) Chamfering (c) Bevelling (d) Drilling (e) Tenoning.
37. The machine that is mainly used for planning wood to specific thickness after surface
planning machine has been used is called (a) Band sawing machine (b) Drill press (c)
Wood lathe (d) Thicknessinq machine (e) Surface planning machine.
38. The machine that is mainly used for planning faces and truing edges of sawn wood is called
(a) Circular sawing machine (b) Surface planning machine (c) Thicknessing machine (d)
Drill press (e) Wood lathe
39. Which of the following machine tool is used for cutting various sizes of screws (a) Metal
work sawing machine (b) Metalwork grinding machine (c) Metalwork Drill press (d)
Metalwork lathe machine.
40. One of the following metalwork machine tools is used for cutting soft metal with a hack
saw fixed on the machine (a) Grinding machine (b) Shaping machine (c) Milling machine
(d) Power sawing machine.
41. The machine that is used for sharpening dull or blunt edges of metal cutting tools is called
(a) Sawing machine (b) shaping machine (c) Lathe machine (d) Grinding machine (e)
Milling machine.
42. Which of the following is used in machines to reduce friction
(a) Ball bearings (b) Pedal cranks (c) Wheel axles (d) Steering column (e) Propeller shaft
43. Gear, belts and chain drives are used for (a) Energy conversion (b) Energy transmission (c)
Power conversion (d) Power transmission (e) Weight transfer
44. Which of the following combinations is NOT used for power transmission?
(a) Belts and pulley (b) Light energy (c) Electrical energy (d) Sound energy (e) Nuclear
energy
45. In a belt-driving operation, pulley (A) has a diameter of 30mm at a speed of 4m/s. What is
the speed of pulley (B) if it has a diameter of20mm? (a) 12m/s (b)6m/s (c) 3m/s (d) 2.67m/s
46. Which of the following is used to reduce friction between revolving parts?
(a) Bearing (b) Chain (c) Belt (d) Clutch (e) Sprocket
47. The purpose of applying lubricants to a gear box is to (a) Reduce speed (b) Reduce friction
(c) Increase friction (d) Increase speed (e) Reduce kinetic energy
48. The hotness of a motor vehicle tyre is caused by the (a) Radiation of the sun (b) Heat of the
engine distribution to the tyre (c) Spark plugs (d) Friction between road and tyres (e) As a
result of the gear change
49. In a gearing system if gear (A) with 80 teeths rotates 20 times while gear (B) turns 40
times. How many teeth does gear (B) has? (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 40 (d)160 (e) 70
50. A device used in transferring energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic
Basic Technology Made Easy
193
induction is called (a) Electric motor (b) Stabilizer (c) Transformer (d) Transducer (e)
Galvanometer
51. Which of the following wood joints is used in flooring boards?
(a) Tongue and grove (b) Dove-tail joint (c) Hanched Mortise and Tenon joint (d) Halving
joint
52. The joint suitable for construction of corners of stool, paneled doors and tables leg
turning is called (a) Bridle joint (b) Lap joint (c) Haunched mortise and tenon joint (d)
Dovetail joint
53. The joint suitable for the construction of drawers and cabinet work is called
(a) Dovetail joint (b) Bridle joint (c) Lap joint (d) Mortise and tenon joint
54. The best joint suitable for wooden floor is
(a) Mortise and Tenon (b) Tongue and groove (e) Butt (d) Bridle (e) Dovetail joint
55. Which of the following can be used for internal and external work?
(a) Casein adhesive (b) Vegetable protein glue (e) Animal glue (d) Epoxy resin (e)
Synthetic resin
56. If the time required for a glue to set is not constant the glue that could be used is
(a) Evostic (b) Epoxy resin (e) Casein adhesive (d) Animal glue (e) Vegetable protein
glue
57. The time taken by mixed glue before it set is called
(a) Glue pot (b) Glue spot(c) life glue (d) Pot life (e) Glue life
58. The glue that is made of skimmed milk which is curdled by the addition of dilute acid is
called (a) Animal glue (b) Casein Adhesive (e) Synthetic Resin Adhesive (d) Contact
Adhesive
59. Which tool is used for cutting Circular shapes an internal curve of metal?
(a) Straight snip (b) Bent snip (e) Tin snip (d) Bench shears (e) Straight shears
60. Which of the following is used for cutting sheet metal (a) Scissors (b) Hack (c) Coping
saw (d) Snip (e) Chisel
61. The instrument used for applying heat and solder when soldering metal is called
(a) Anvil (b) Bit (c) Tong (d) Snip (e) Pliers .
62. The hammering and forming of hot metal into a certain shape is known as (a) Brazing
(b) Forging (c) Riveting (d) Soldering
63. Which of the following is NOT a forging process? (a) Casting (b) Upsetting (c)
Twisting (d) Drawing down (e) Bending
64. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways of joining metal pieces together (a)
Welding (b) Riveting (c) Bolt and Nut (d) Screws (e) Nailing
65. All the following are simple forging found in the school workshop EXCEPT (a) Heart
forge (b ) Anvils (c) Tongs (d) Chisels (e) Vice
66. In order to ensure safely in forging operation all metal pieces should be gripped with the
appropriate (a) Vice (b) Anvil (c) Tong (d) Pliers
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
67. Building blocks are bonded together using (a) Concrete (b) Mortar (c) Aggregate (d)
Asphalt
68. The flood that acquired a very high velocity and great force capable of moving heavy
objects is called (a) Laminar flow (b) Turbulent flow (c) Parallel flow (d) Angular flow
69. When the aeroplane is to climb or drive, the pilot operates on the (a) Rudder (b)
Elevators (e) Tailwing (d) Alleron
70. The following are some of the major cutting tools used on drilling machine EXCEPT
(a) Twist drill bit (b) Reamer bit (c) Countersink bit (d) Centre bit (e) Chisel bit
71. Which of the following is the hardest cutting tools materials (a) High speed steel (b)
Stellite cutter (e) Tungstem carbide cutters (d) Diamond tipped cutlers
72. The following are the processes of providing surface finishes to metal products EXCEPT
(a) Buffing (b) Scratch and Brushing (c) Enamelling (d) Polishing (e) Lacquering
73. The process of making beautiful markings on metal surface using chemical is called
(a) Buffing (b) Scratch and brushing (c) Spot finishing (d) Copper finishing (e) Lacquering.
74. The process of coating internal parts of tins at soft drinks and caned food products with
another tough metal like silver to prevent rusting or corrosion of metal is called
(a) Enameling (c) Lacquering (c) Spot finishing (d) Buffing (e) Copper finishing.
75. Which one of the metal finishing process is used for painting vehicles bodies in the
production company (A) Lacquering (b) Enamelling (c) Tinning and planting (d) spot
finishing (e) buffing.
75. One of the following metal finishing process is used for coating items such as cooking
pots, pails, metal roofing sheet and electric kettle (A) Enameling (b) tinning and planting.
(d) buffing (e) spot finishing.
77. Which type of door has plywood cover on both sides (A) Batten (b) Caved (c) Flush (d)
Panel (e) Revolving
78. The type of floor that is made by mixing and, gravel and cement together is called
(A) Solid floor (b) suspended floor (c) hallow floor (d) overhead floor (e) aggregate floor
79. The following are different type of floor finishes that are used for surface of floor in a
dwelling house EXCEPT (A) Terazzo finish (b) tile finish (c) carpeted finish (d) painted
finish (e) ceramic finish.
80. The following are internal doors EXCEPT (A) Panel doors (b) flush door (c) French doors
(d) Roller shutter door (e) Louvre door
81. Which type of roof is commonly used for large factory building or warehouse
(A) Hip roof (b) Gable roof (c) Shed roof (d) Monitor roof (e) Butterfly roof.
82. The following are major parts of roof EXCEPT (A) Rafter. (b) Purlin (c) Wall plate (d)
Roofing sheets (e) Lintel
83. The slow movement of air due to small pressure differences is called (A) Breeze (b)
Moisture (c) Hurricane (d) Wind (e) Vapour
84. The following systems are technological application of air EXCEPT (A) ballons (b) Air
craft (c) Vaccum cleaners (d) wind mills (e) Automobiles.
85. Inflammable gases should not be left open so as to avoid (A) gaseous outbreak (b) fire
Basic Technology Made Easy
195
outbreak (c) soffocation (d) gas leakage (e) Electrocution
86. The process of removing dissolved gases in water during purification is known as
(A) Clarification (b) Chlorination (c) Disinfections (d) Distillation.
87. The device used to move pipe water through a height is called (A) Pump (b) compressor
(c) Pulley (d) Lift (e) Elevator
88. The best reason for keeping household water tanks on a high position is to
(A) Enable fresh air to reach the water (b) Enable the water to flow to all parts of the house
(c) Keep the water out of reach of rodents (d) Keep the water from disease (e) Prevents the
water from overflowing.
89. Which one of the following is not method of treating water (A) Addition of alum (b)
Addition ammonia (c) Addition of chlorine (d) Evaporation and Condensation (e) Filtration
90. which of the following is not a source of water surface supply (A) (a) Lakes (b) pounds (c)
rivers (d) Seas (e) Springs
91. The following are different ways of getting water from well EXCEPT (A) Rope and
buckets (b) Hands pumps (c) Motorised pumps (d) Rope and bucket with windlass (e)
Electric motors
92. The purpose of overhead water tank in a building is for water (A) Purification (b) intake
(c) treatment (d) distribution (e) Filtration
93. Street main are connected to water authority stop cork using the (A) Connecting pipe
(b) Supply pipe (c) Communication pipe (d) storage pipe
94. The following are some of the components or fittings which are utilized in pipeline system
EXCEPT (a) stop cork (b) gate valve (c) taps (d) sinks (e) Electric motors
95. The following are energy from renewable source EXCEPT (A) Biogas (b) Coal (c) Hydro
(d) Solar (e) Wind
96. The main reason for painting for Biogas digester black is (A) That black surface absorb
solar energy (B) To accelerate the fermentation process (C) That black surfaces withstand
atmosphere condition (D) To protect the digester against rusting.
97. The chamber next to septic tank where savage is decomposed by bacterial action and turn
into liquid is called
(A) Compositing system (b) Chemical Chamber (c) Agua privy chamber (d) Filter tank.
98. The following places are the ideals places of using chemical toilets EXCEPT (A) Buses
(b) Train (c) Buildings (d) in the boats (e) Aircraft
99. The type of waste disposal system whereby faeces are stored in water tight with constant
water level is known as (A) Septic tank (b) Aqua privy (c) Compositing system (d)
Chemical toilets (e) Water closet.
100. Foundation trenches can be excavated by (A) Hand and shovel process (b) Digger and hoe
process (c) Manual and mechanical process (d) Physical and mechanised process (e)
Natural and artificial process.
Basic Technology Made Easy (http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog
END OF JUNIOR
SECONDARY
SCHOOL
SEE YOU IN SS 1. P.S.S. If you are sure you will be studying Engineering at the University and
you are not well grounded in Basic Geometrical Constructions, then see the
link below for more details and assistance at:
http://basictechnologymadeeasy.com/blog/ss-1-td-videos/