Castilian Spanish Evidence for Singular-Plural Asymmetries in T/V Address

Cas$lian Spanish Evidence for Singular-‐Plural Asymmetries in T/V

Address

Terrell A. Morgan & Sco0 Schwenter The Ohio State University

INAR3, Texas A&M October 10, 2015

Plural Address Form Research

Venue Singular Plural INAR1-‐Berlin 24 1 INAR2-‐Hildesheim 13 1 INAR3-‐College StaOon 29 1 TOTALS 66 3

Ra$o of Singular-‐to-‐Plural Address Form Research, by INAR

•  Why such a huge disparity in Singular vs. Plural? Stay Tuned!

Plurality, where art thou?

•  The standard descripOon of the CasOlian pronominal system holds that in the second person there are two singular forms (tu/usted) and two corresponding plural forms (vosotros/ ustedes)

•  These pronouns give CasOlian (as opposed to other varieOes) a symmetrical pronominal paradigm.

Introduc$on

•  Use of tu is more prevalent in Spain than in any part of LaOn America (e.g. Carricaburo 1997)

•  However it is always assumed that, in contexts where SG usted is sOll used, the plural is ustedes, and that CasOlian plural vosotros is the plural of tu

Introduc$on

•  Hypothesis: vosotros is, in fact, the produc$ve second-‐person plural form for many Spaniards, for whom it serves as the plural of both tu and usted

•  The purported symmetry between singular and plural forms, then, is actually an asymmetrical rela$on

Introduc$on

Vosotros, Ustedes, and the Myth of the Symmetrical Castilian Pronoun System

Introduction •  The standard grammatical description

of the Castilian pronominal system holds that in the second person there are two singular forms (tu and usted) and two plural forms (vosotros and ustedes) that give Peninsular Spanish (and only Peninsular Spanish) a symmetrical pronominal paradigm.

•  Although it is widely acknowledged that the use of tu is more prevalent in Spain than in any part of Latin America (e.g. Carricaburo 1997), it is always assumed that, in contexts where usted is still used, the plural of this pronoun is ustedes, and that the Castilian plural vosotros is the plural of tu .

•  Here we show that vosotros is, in

fact, the only productive second-person plural form for many Spaniards, for whom it serves as the plural of both tu and usted. The purported symmetry between singular and plural forms, then, is actually an asymmetrical relation.

Online survey •  260 respondents •  All Spaniards who had not lived in another

Spanish-speaking country •  18-66 years old •  72% women, 28% men •  From 40 of the 50 Spanish provinces and

from all autonomous regions •  Two scenarios in which usted is imposed on

respondents in 2SG but 2PL is left up to them

•  One scenario in which respondents choose both 2SG and 2PL

Types of evidence

Survey results

Discussion •  Cross-linguistically, T/V distinctions found in

2SG pronouns are rarely maintained in 2PL

•  Similarly, other distinctions present in the singular are often lost in the plural: him, her, it > they; lack of plural equivalent of Southern U.S. English sir/ma’am

•  Interlocutor face threats are much riskier in the singular than in the plural, where address is diffused across interlocutors

•  Manipulate more social variables in survey

•  More evenly distributed respondents in sample

•  Compare respondents by region

•  Tease apart differences in grammatical function

•  The possibility of a group of tú + tú + tú + ... addressed as ustedes in a ceremonial context

•  Compare/contrast ceremonial usage of vosotros in Latin America to ustedes in Spain

Second and third scenarios: Family vs. Doctors •  We compared 2PL choice in two situations: with the great aunt (usted + tú

+ tú ...) and with the two doctors (usted + usted). •  There was a significant difference between the two situations:

vosotros was more likely with Family than with the Doctors.

Reported frequency of use of usted vs. ustedes

•  A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare 2SG versus 2PL pronoun choice on a five-point scale (muy a menudo > a menudo > a veces > rara vez > nunca), here collapsed to three.

•  There was a significant difference in the scores for singular pronoun choice (M= 2.94, SD= 0.90) and plural pronoun choice (M= 2.53, SD= 1.02) conditions; t(258)= 8.07, p < .0001.

Terrell A. Morgan & Scott Schwenter

Typical textbook description of the pronominal paradigm (Zayas-Bazán, Bacon, and Nibert 2014: 24):

Semantics of vosotros, according to the Academia’s Esbozo:

Naturally-occurring examples •  Online: speakers are hard-pressed to maintain

ustedes morphology in referential chains: ustedes han... sois... vuestro...

•  In popular culture: wedding invitations addressed in 2PL with vosotros but (formulaic) RSVP is with ustedes

•  From our own collections: e.g. prospective grad students who have written to us from Spain saying usted in the singular but then vuestro departamento and vosotros

Interviews with Spaniards •  Consultants rejected ustedes in a number of

situations in which each interlocutor of a group would be addressed individually as usted.

Future research •  Statistically significant asymmetries for

2PL pronoun choice were found in every scenario and also in respondents’ reported frequency of use of 2SG vs. 2PL pronouns

•  Survey findings provide quantitative corroboration of the qualitative evidence found in naturally-occurring examples and interviews with native speakers

•  No significant differences by urban vs. rural location of respondent

Table 1: Hospital Scenario Comparison

Second scenario: At home

•  This was the only scenario in a family context and it elicited the greatest use of vosotros.

•  Also unique was that respondents were asked to assign a pronoun to a plural addressee of the type usted + tú + tú + tú +... (that is, where the direct addressee is the lone receiver of usted in a group that is otherwise exclusively tuteante).

os vais todos… 43% os va a gustar mucho 47% se van todos… 57% les va a gustar mucho 53%

Table 2: Choice of 2PL Pronoun with Family vs. Doctors

Age of respondents

•  Respondents’ reported frequency of use of singular usted correlated significantly with age (more usted by older respondents, less by younger), BUT no overall correlation by age with choice of ustedes/vosotros.

•  Of the three scenarios, only the third scenario showed significant correlations with age: the youngest respondents were more likely than the other two groups to address the doctors as both tú in the singular and vosotros in the plural.

First scenario: Crafts class at the senior center

•  Usted was imposed as 2SG on respondents as address to “don Julio,” but choice of plural form to full group of ancianos including “don Julio” was left up to respondents.

•  Thus, respondents had to choose 2PL pronoun in the context of their own use of a prior 2SG usted. On the symmetrical view, there should be NO use of vosotros in this situation:

Vosotros 35% Usted Ustedes 65%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

A menudo A veces Rara vez

% u

sted

/ust

edes

Figure 1: Respondents' Reported Frequency of Use of usted and ustedes, extremes collapsed, in percent

Usted Ustedes

Moreno de Alba 1992 expresses an apparently universal assumption:

Third scenario: At the hospital

•  This was the only scenario in which respondents were free to choose both singular and plural pronouns.

•  A paired-samples t-test compared pronoun choice in the singular situation versus the plural situation when addressing the doctors.

•  There was a significant difference in the scores for the singular situation (M= 1.92, SD= 0.43) and the plural situation (M= 1.75 SD= 0.27) conditions; t(258)= 7.08, p < .0001.

18-25 years (born 1989-1996) 80 respondents


40-66 years (born before 1975) 81 respondents












Types of evidence

Survey results




































Age of respondents







0

10

20

30

40

50

60


% u

sted

/ust

edes


Usted Ustedes









Moreno de Alba 1992 …en la Península Ibérica el pronombre vosotros Oene plena vitalidad … En la mayor parte de España, en hablantes de cualquier nivel sociocultural, Oene absoluta vigencia la oposición vosotros/ustedes …

Debe reconocerse que la carencia, en América, del pronombre vosotros supone la pérdida de una oposición importante (entre ustedes y vosotros) y, consiguentemente, de [sus] maOces afecOvos à The vosotros/ustedes contrast is alive and well à It is an important opposiOon with affecOve nuances (that are lost in LaOn American Spanish)

1. Naturally-‐occurring examples •  Online: speakers are hard-‐pressed to maintain

ustedes morphology in referenOal chains: ustedes han... sois... vuestro...

•  In popular culture: wedding invitaOons addressed in 2PL with vosotros but (formulaic) RSVP is with ustedes

•  From our own collec$ons: e.g. prospecOve graduate students who write to us from Spain saying usted in the singular but then vuestro departamento and vosotros

Types of evidence

1. Naturally-‐occurring examples •  Online: speakers are hard-‐pressed to maintain

ustedes morphology in referenOal chains: ustedes han... sois... vuestro...

•  In popular culture: wedding invitaOons addressed in 2PL with vosotros but (formulaic) RSVP is with ustedes

•  From our own collec$ons: e.g. prospecOve grad students who have wri0en to us from Spain saying usted in the singular but then vuestro departamento and vosotros

Types of evidence

2. Interviews with Spaniards •  Consultants rejected ustedes in a number of

situaOons in which each interlocutor of a group would be addressed individually as usted.

Types of evidence

Interviews with Spaniards

•  One 74-‐year-‐old man from Alicante reported using usted with both his mother-‐ and father-‐in-‐law, but vosotros, not ustedes, to both of them together.

•  A 53-‐year-‐old woman from Valencia said she would address an unknown, considerably older woman on a park bench as usted, but a group of three such women as vosotras.

Interviews with Spaniards

•  A 46-‐year-‐old alican6na confided that "el ustedes suena extraño," and that when she hears it she knows that "esa persona no es española; es laOnoamericana o ha aprendido el español en EE.UU."

•  Most of our consultants who used usted with each of their grandparents rejected ustedes in favor of vosotros as the likely address form for both grandparents together.

5/5/14 9:14 PMEspañol neutro, ¿ustedes o vosotros? - WordReference Forums

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Forum Other Romance Languages and Latin Sólo EspañolEspañol neutro, ¿ustedes o vosotros?

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31st August 2011, 8:16 PM

Join Date:Native language:Posts:

Aug 2011Español

4

Hola a todos.

Esta es la primera vez que comento por aquí, pese a que muchas veces sus post me hanayudado a la hora de escribir correctamente.

Se que existen variaciones del español (ibérico, mexicano, rioplatense, ylatinoamericano), sin embargo, me gustaría saber como trabajar en español neutro(no español estandar). Mi mayor duda es respecto al uso de la segunda personaplural, es decir, es el uso del "ustedes/vosotros". He visto varias fuentes sin buenosresultados, incluyendo la RAE, pero el problema con ésta es que se enfoca más en elespañol ibérico, por lo tanto, habla del "vosotros".

Ejemplos:

Ustedes no pueden ver a este tipo. // Vosotros no podeis ver a este tipo.¿Acaso no decían que él era un fantasma? // ¿Acaso no decíais que él era un fantasma?

Yo traduzco textos y dialogos, y el publico objetivo es muy amplio (toda persona quehable español que quiera leerlo), por lo que la única opción es utilizar el español neutro.Como nota adicional, evito modismos y ese tipo de cosas propias de algun país o

#1

Junior MemberEpyon88



Forum Other Romance Languages and Latin Sólo EspañolEspañol neutro, ¿ustedes o vosotros?

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Join Date:Native language:Posts:

Aug 2011Español

4

Hola a todos.

Esta es la primera vez que comento por aquí, pese a que muchas veces sus post me hanayudado a la hora de escribir correctamente.

Se que existen variaciones del español (ibérico, mexicano, rioplatense, ylatinoamericano), sin embargo, me gustaría saber como trabajar en español neutro(no español estandar). Mi mayor duda es respecto al uso de la segunda personaplural, es decir, es el uso del "ustedes/vosotros". He visto varias fuentes sin buenosresultados, incluyendo la RAE, pero el problema con ésta es que se enfoca más en elespañol ibérico, por lo tanto, habla del "vosotros".

Ejemplos:

Ustedes no pueden ver a este tipo. // Vosotros no podeis ver a este tipo.¿Acaso no decían que él era un fantasma? // ¿Acaso no decíais que él era un fantasma?

Yo traduzco textos y dialogos, y el publico objetivo es muy amplio (toda persona quehable español que quiera leerlo), por lo que la única opción es utilizar el español neutro.Como nota adicional, evito modismos y ese tipo de cosas propias de algun país o

#1

Junior MemberEpyon88



localidad.

Espero puedan ayudarme, ya que de verdad no se donde obtener una respuesta concisay confiable.De antemano, muchas gracias.Saludos

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Join Date:Location:Native language:Age:Posts:

Sep 2007Vigo (Galiza)

galego, español59

12,811

Yo me inclinaría en general por vosotros, que no espanta en América, mientras elustedes, quitando el uso como tratamiento de respeto ya en decadencia por aquí,espanta en España. Sólo hay que echarle un vistazo a la Traducción del Nuevo Mundoque de la Biblia han publicado los Testigos de Jehová, llena de unos espantosos ustedesque no responden al original y que aquí en España rechinan.

#2

Senior MemberXiaoRoel

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Dec 2008La Mancha - España

Spanish1,185

Te aconsejo que uses ustedes. Vosotros solo se utiliza en España donde además tambiénutilizamos ustedes.

#3

Senior MemberIbermanolo

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Mar 2007México

México español13,673

En la Biblia de Jerusalén también se usa ustedes. La Biblia era el único lugar donde seusaba el vosotros cuando yo era niño.

#4

Senior Memberflljob

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3. Online survey •  260 respondents •  All Spaniards who had not lived in another Spanish-‐speaking

country •  18-‐66 years old •  72% women, 28% men •  From 40 of the 50 Spanish provinces and from all autonomous

regions •  Self-‐report of frequency of usted and ustedes use •  Two scenarios in which usted is imposed on respondents in

2SG but 2PL is leq up to them •  One scenario in which respondents choose both 2SG and 2PL •  QualitaOve comments about usage of both usted and ustedes

Types of evidence

Survey results

! 6!

the received view that usted and ustedes are symmetrical choices in the singular and plural, respectively. A summary view of our respondents’ reported frequency of use of the two pronouns is shown in Figure 1.5

A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare 2SG versus 2PL pronoun choice as arrayed along the five-level usage scale. The results of this test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the scores for singular pronoun choice (M= 2.95, SD= 0.90) and plural pronoun choice (M= 2.52, SD= 1.02) conditions; t(262)= 8.49, p < .0001. Additionally, the relative frequency of the pronominal choices was consonant with our predictions: singular usted was reported to be used overall more frequently than plural ustedes, and in fact ustedes overall was reported to be used either rara vez or nunca a full 54% of the time, but muy a menudo or a menudo only 17% of the time. Singular usted, on the other hand, was most frequently reported to be used a veces by our respondents (43%, versus only 28% for ustedes); meanwhile its combined score for rara vez or nunca was 31%, or 23% less than the rate of usage for its plural counterpart, for those same two points on the frequency scale. At the other end of the scale, the combined rate for usted at (muy) a menudo was 25%, or 8% greater than the corresponding combined score for ustedes (17%) at the more frequent end of the scale. While we do not necessarily believe that these results reflect with precision the overall frequency with which our respondents employ either usted or ustedes (or their “informal” second-person counterparts) in real-world situations, given the well-known problems of self-report data and pronoun usage (cf. Bishop and Michnowicz 2010), we are confident that the relative rates of usage, and specifically the ratio of use of usted to ustedes is reflecting a real phenomenon. Indeed, it is most likely the case, given our experience with native speakers from Spain, that the discrepancy between the reported usage of the singular and plural forms is even greater in naturally-occurring discourse. Again, however, the mere fact that we were able to uncover a clear asymmetry between

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5 For unknown reasons, respondents sometimes left questions unanswered on the survey. For this reason, our totals for individual questions do not always sum 264.

Muy!a!menudo! A!menudo! A!veces! Rara!vez! Nunca!Usted! 5%! 20%! 43%! 27%! 4%!Ustedes! 4%! 13%! 28%! 40%! 14%!

0%!5%!10%!15%!20%!25%!30%!35%!40%!45%!50%!

Figure 1: Percentage of Reported Usted/Ustedes usage

Survey results Reported frequency of use of usted vs. ustedes

•  A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare 2SG versus 2PL pronoun choice on five-point scale


Survey instrument •  Three scenarios

– SITUACIÓN 1: En el hogar de ancianos – SITUACIÓN 2: En casa – SITUACIÓN 3: En el hospital

! Situación 1 En#el#hogar#de#ancianos

Tú!eres!el/la!que!organiza!la!clase!de!manualidades!en!un!hogar!de!la!tercera!edad!y!has!explicado!cómo!se!hace!cierto!proyecto.!Don!Julio!dice!"Me!parece!muy!difícil." Tú!le!respondes,!"Pero!don!Julio,!usted!no!lo!tiene!que!hacer!solo."!Don!Julio:!"Ah,!menos!mal."!Dirigiéndote!a!todo!el!grupo!de!ancianos,!dices:!"Teneis/tienen!que!hacer!esto!con!un!compañero."

! Situación 2 En#casa

A!los!96!años,!doña!Carmen!es!la!única!pariente!de!la!generación!de!tu!abuela!que!aún!vive.!Ha!adquirido!cierto!renombre!en!toda!la!región!por!sus!cuentos!de!la!guerra!civil,!y!todos??incluso!los!miembros!de!la!familia??la!tratan!de!usted.

Hoy!doña!Carmen!ha!venido!a!comer!a!tu!casa,!y!después!van!a!ir!todos!(menos!tú)!al!museo!de!arte.!Ya!habéis!tomado!el!postre!y!en!este!momento,!tu!madre!está!en!la!cocina!fregando,!tu!padre!ha!ido!a!traer!el!coche!y!tus!primas!han!bajado!por!tabaco.!En!la!mesa!quedáis!tú!y!tu!tía!abuela.

Tú:!"Tía,!¿le!pongo!más!café?"!Doña!Carmen:!"Huy,!pero!¿no!íbamos!al!museo?"

Tú:!"Claro,!mi!padre!ha!ido!a!traer!el!coche.!Cuando!nos!llame,!mi!madre!va!a!bajar!con!usted!y!os#vais/se#van!todos!a!la!exposición.!!

Yo!ya!la!vi;!os/les!va!a!gustar!mucho."

! Situación 3 En#el#hospital

Estás!en!el!hospital!con!tu!madre,!que!ha!sido!operada.!Los!dos!médicos!que!la!atienden!la!han!examinado!y!te!dicen:!"¿Podemos!hablar!con!Ud.!un!momento!en!el!pasillo?"

Sales!con!ellos!y!te!explican!lo!que!han!descubierto.!Tú!les!preguntas:!"¿!Piensan/Pensáis)que!puede!volver!a!casa!mañana?"

El!primer!médico!responde:!"Sí,!yo!creo!que!sí.!Con!permiso,!me!están!llamando."!Y!se!va.

El!otro!dice:!"Su!madre!está!todavía!muy!débil.!Habrá!que!evitar!que!se!esfuerce!demasiado."

Tú!le!contestas:!"De!acuerdo.!Lo!que!usted)diga/tú)digas."

Survey results First scenario: CraQs class at the senior center

•  Usted was imposed as 2SG on respondents as address to “don Julio,” but choice of plural form to full group of ancianos including “don Julio” was leq up to respondents.

•  Thus, respondents had to choose 2PL pronoun in the context of their own use of a prior 2SG usted. Per the symmetrical view, there should be NO use of vosotros in this situaOon:












Types of evidence

Survey results




































Age of respondents







0

10

20

30

40

50

60


% u

sted

/ust

edes


Usted Ustedes









Survey results Second scenario: At home •  This was the only scenario in a family context and it

elicited the greatest use of vosotros. •  Also unique was that respondents were asked to

assign a pronoun to a plural addressee of the type usted + tú + tú + tú +... (that is, where the direct addressee is the lone receiver of usted in a group that is otherwise exclusively tuteante).












Types of evidence

Survey results




































Age of respondents







0

10

20

30

40

50

60


% u

sted

/ust

edes


Usted Ustedes









Survey results Third scenario: At the hospital

•  Only scenario in which respondents were free to choose both singular and plural pronouns.

•  A paired-‐samples t-‐test compared pronoun choice in the singular situaOon versus the plural situaOon when addressing the doctors.

•  There was a significant difference in the scores for the singular situa$on (M= 1.92, SD= 0.43) and the plural situa$on (M= 1.75 SD= 0.27) condi$ons; t(258)= 7.08, p < .0001.












Types of evidence

Survey results




































Age of respondents







0

10

20

30

40

50

60


% u

sted

/ust

edes


Usted Ustedes









Survey results •  Age of respondents

•  Respondents’ reported frequency of use of singular usted correlated significantly with age (more usted by older respondents, less by younger), BUT no overall correlaOon by age with choice of ustedes/vosotros.

•  Of the three scenarios, only the third scenario showed significant correla$ons with age: the youngest respondents were more likely than the other two groups to address the doctors as both tú in the singular and vosotros in the plural.












Types of evidence

Survey results




































Age of respondents







0

10

20

30

40

50

60


% u

sted

/ust

edes


Usted Ustedes









Discussion •  StaOsOcally significant asymmetries for 2PL pronoun choice were found in every scenario and also in respondents’ reported frequency of use of 2SG vs. 2PL pronouns –  Survey findings provide quanOtaOve corroboraOon of the

qualitaOve evidence found in naturally-‐occurring examples and interviews with naOve speakers

–  No significant differences by urban vs. rural locaOon of respondent

Qualita$ve Discussion •  Gracias a este cues6onario me he dado cuenta de que el uso de "ustedes" es mucho menos frecuente que el uso de "usted". Al referirnos a varias personas basta con que haya una que no tratemos de "usted" para pasar al "vosotros". Es muy interesante.

•  This was the ONLY respondent who seemed to get the point!!

•  The rest of the comments were of two main kinds

Qualita$ve Discussion 1.  Respondents who commented on their use

of SG usted (despite the quesOon about PL) –  Para mi, depende totalmente de la edad del interlocutor. No me importa si es médico o basurero. Si es "anciano" y no lo conozco, le llamaré de "usted". Si no, de "tú".

– Mi madre le hablaba a la suya de usted mientras los nietos le hablabamos ya de tú.

–  VUELVO A DECIR, QUE LO USO EN SITUACIONES EN LAS QUE SE USA EL LENGUAJE FORMAL, CON PERSONAS DE EDAD Y COMO PRIMER PASO, ANTE UNA CONVERSACIÓN EN LA QUE NO CONOZCO A LA OTRA PERSONA.

Qualita$ve Discussion 2.  Respondents who commented on the rarity

of PL ustedes in some way –  ...nunca he tenido la oportunidad de usar "ustedes". –  No lo uso nunca, solamente en las ac6vidades de español escritas. Nunca lo digo.

–  En Sudamérica en lugar de la segunda persona del plural –  Lo usan los sudamericanos. Se usa en los cursos que se imparten a adultos. En las intrucciones en los aviones [abróchense el cinturón de seguridad]

–  A mi me suena muy gracioso

Conclusions •  Cross-‐linguisOcally, T/V disOncOons found in 2SG

pronouns are rarely maintained in 2PL

•  Similarly, other disOncOons present in the singular are oqen lost in the plural: him, her, it > they; lack of plural equivalent of Southern U.S. English sir/ma’am


Conclusions •  Why have grammars and textbooks been so wrong?

They assume distribuOvity, not collecOvity, in 2PL usage

•  As the comments show, CasOlian speakers (1) are unaware of their plural usage; and (2) rarely consider ustedes to be conversaOonal, i.e. engagement with interlocutors is unimportant, in favor of situaOonal context (not so for usted)

•  Linguists, too, seem totally unaware of the asymmetries between 2SG and 2PL forms in Spanish (and other Romance languages—hopefully you’ll see us in Graz!)

References Bishop, K. & Michnowicz, J. (2010). Forms of address in Chilean Spanish. Hispania 93, 413-‐429. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carricaburo, N. (1997). Las fórmulas de tratamiento en el español actual. Madrid: Arco/Libros. Fernández Mar}n, E. (2012). La oposición vosotros/ustedes en la historia del español peninsular (1700-‐1931). PhD dissertaOon, Universidad de Granada, Spain. Fontanella de Weinberg, M. B. (1999). Sistemas pronominales de tratamiento usados en el mundo hispánico. In I. Bosque & V. Demonte (Eds.), Gramá6ca descrip6va de la lengua española (pp. 1399-‐1425). Madrid: Espasa-‐Calpe. Hickey, R. (2003). The German address system: binary and scalar at once. In I. Taavistainen & A. Jucker (Eds.), Diachronic perspec6ves on address term systems, (pp. 401-‐25). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Jaime Jiménez, E. (2014). Si ustedes queréis: VariaOon in second person plural subject pronouns in Andalusian Spanish. Presented at the Hispanic LinguisOcs Symposium, Purdue University. Lara Bermejo, V. (2010). El uso de ustedes por vosotros en Andalucía Occidental. Master’s Project, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.

Moreno de Alba, J. G. (1992). Minucias del lenguaje. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica. Morgan, T. A. & Schwenter, S. A. (2015). Vosotros, ustedes, and the myth of the symmetrical CasOlian pronoun system. In press. Downloadable: h0ps://www.academia.edu/10828993/Vosotros_Ustedes_and_the_Myth_of_the_Symmetrical_CasOlian_Pronoun_System-‐FINAL_PREPUBLICATION_VERSION No vais a poder conmigo. (2008, 24 April). Retrieved from ForoswebgraOs.com. Poplack, S. & Dion, N. (2009). PrescripOon vs. praxis: The evoluOon of future temporal reference in French. Language 85, 557-‐587. Real Academia Española. (1974). Esbozo de una nueva gramá6ca de la lengua española. Madrid: Espasa-‐Calpe. Real Academia Española. (2009). Nueva gramá6ca de la lengua española. 2 vols. Madrid: Espasa. Schwenter, S. A. (1993). Diferenciación dialectal por medio de pronombres: el uso de tú y usted en España y México. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 41, 127-‐49. XiaoRoel. (2011, 5 May). Español neutro, ¿ustedes o vosotros? Retrieved from Wordreference.com. Zayas-‐Bazán, E., Bacon, S. M., & Nibert, H. J. (2014). ¡Arriba! Comunicación y cultura. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson.

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Castilian Spanish Evidence for Singular-Plural Asymmetries in T/V Address