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C A T A L O G U E
OF THE
E CONOM I C P R O D U CT S
OF THE
PRESIDENCY OF BOMBAY
B E I NG
A CATALOGUE OF THE GOVERNMENT CENTRALMUSEUM.
DIVISION I .— RAW PRODUCE
(VEGETA BLE )
COMP ILED B Y
ASSI STANT SURGEON BI RDWOOD, M.D.
OLxM PRE S . ANN. Soc . ME D . R E G . E D IN.
SECRETARY A ND CURATOR, GOVE RNMENT CENTRAL MUSEUM ; OFF IC IAT INGPROFESSOR O F MATER I A MED I CA, GRANT MED I CAL CO LLEGE ;
S ECRETARY TO THE AGR ICULTURAL AND HO R T I CUL
TURAL SOC IETY O F WE STERN IND IA .
Multum adhuc f esta t op eris, multumque restabit .
E 0mh a 2
PR INTED AT THE EDUCATI ON SOCI ETY’S PR ESS, BYCULLAk
H. J . CARTER,ESQ. F.R .S.
D I S T I NGU I SHE D NA TU R A L I S T ,
Ehiz Oatalngm
I S INSCRIB ED, A S A SL I GHT MARK OF THE ESTEEMA ND GRAT ITUDE OF
THE COMPI LER .
PR EFA CE .
TH I S work was at first meant to be a simple catalog u e of the
e con om ic spe cimen s from th e veg etable kin g dom b elon g in g to th e
Mu seum . B u t as these daily in creased, an d as th e colle ction can
on ly be reg arded as in a provision al state u n til th e Vic toriaMuseum is ready for its re ception , it appeared wiser to mak e it a
catalog u e of th e veg etable produ ce of th e Western Presiden cy .
A s th e primary arran g em en t of its con ten ts is e con om ic,it w ill
thus serve n ot on ly for th e collec tion provision ally lodg ed in th e
Tow n Hall,bu t for th e Victoria Museum . Th is is an advan tag e
wh ich fully compen sates for th e absen ce of th e ru n n in g n umbers
correspon din g w ith n umbers on th e spe cimen s, u sual in catalog n es . The Museum is, h owever, n ot in ten ded to be limited to th e
e con omic produ ce of th is Govern men t . I t aims at illustratin g th e
n atural production s an d in dustries of I n dia, an d of all o th er
coun tries, particu larly th ose in dire ct commercial con n ection with
th e g reat an d g rowin g store- city of B ombay . A t presen t in deed
little more th an th e Western Presiden cy is illu strated, an d probablybut little more th an th is w ill be don e for -
'
some years . I n th e
Catalog u e, th erefore, promin en ce is alon e g iven to lo cal produ ctsall oth ers
,I n dian or foreig n , are m erely men tion ed in th eir
e con omic order,in th e n otes or remark s on th e former. Th ey
are m en tion ed, wh eth er in th e Museum or n ot,th at th e Curator
may always h ave h is wan ts in m in d, an d ab le also at on ce on its
receipt, to place an y specimen on its proper sh elf. Th is plan
admirably preserves order in a g row in g mu seum . I n th e casescorrespon din g w ith th e Classes of th e Catalog ue, th e upper sh elves
are occupied by B ombay produ cts, th e n ex t below by th e produ ctsof th e rest of I n dia
,an d th e remain der by those of oth er coun tries
in th e order of th eir prox imity to B ombay . Th e colle ction is thu sarran g ed
-first, in an e con omic poin t of view ; secon dly, in a
topog raph ical ; an d, th irdly, accordin g to th e n atural system of
5
PR E FACE .
De Can dolle as followed by B alfour. I n th e Catalog ue th e topog ra
ph ical arran g emen t is n ot in dicated,e x cept by in feren ce . I h ave n ot
,
h owever,in all th e classes con fin ed myself to e n larg in g on ly on local
produ cts, an d to in stan cin g th e ch ief foreig n produ cts . Th e drug s
of an I n dian B az aar are on e- h alf foreig n , bu t I h ave catalog u edeach on e prom in en tly. On th e o th er h an d I h ave avoided th e
m en tion of drug s u n k n own to th e n atives of I n dia . U n der the
Class of Woods I h ave spe cified on ly th e best k n own foreig nwoods
,an d u n der th e Miscellan eou s C lass
,n o foreig n article .
Th e reason s for th e e x ception s to th e rule in th e treatm en t of
th ese a n d oth er classes are obvious .
U n der th e E con om ic C lasses, th e n atural orders are n ot n um
bered in th e sequen ce th ey assum e in th ese,wh ich would g ive ea ch
order a differen t n umber in almost every Class, bu t a c cordin g to th eirn umbers in B alfour. Th is w ill avoid all con fusion in turn in g fromClass to Class
,an d fa cilita tes referen ce from on e to th e oth er
,
an d from all to B alfou r,
or an y other w ork on th e system of
De Can dolle . Moreover,an appreciation of th e mu tual relation of th e
n atural orders,an d th e discrimin ation of su ch as are e con omic
,from
su ch as are n ot,is un con sciou sly tau g h t . To aid referen ces to works
o n th e system followed by Lin dley, a table is prefi x ed to th e
Catalog u e, sh ow in g th e n umbers of th e orders in Lin dley corre~spon din g w ith th ose in B alfour.
I n n early every in stan ce th e au th ority for th e scien tifi c “
n am es of
each plan t is g iven , an d E n g lish n am es are on ly added wh en
au th oriz ed by Lo n don . Th e plan ts w ith E n g lish n am es,th erefore
,
are th ose wh ich h ave b een in trodu ced in to B ritain . Th e in itial of
th e spe cifi c Latin n am e is in variably a small letter, as
Ma n g ifera in dica ,Vitis vim
’
f era ,D ra cocep ha lum roylea n um
ex cept in cases in wh ich th e specifi c n ame was on ce g en eric , asTrichosa n thes A n g uin a
an d I h ave con sidered as g en eric n ot on ly old scien tifi c n ames, butth e n ames u sed by th e Greek s an d R oman s, an d writers of 151WLatin o —barbaric ag es, as
B a lsamoden dron Myrrlza ,
B a lsamoden dron Opoba lsamum,
Strych n os Nux Vomicaan d th e latin iz ed lo cal n ames of modern botan ists, as
R ims Kakra sin g ee,
P la n tag o I sp ag hula .
I h ave g iven capital in itials to specific n ames tak en
places, asCedrus Libam
’
;
an d from person s to wh om divin e h on ours h ave been paid, or who
h ave been su n g by g rea t poe ts , as
Carduus Mariamn us,
Tephrosia A pollin ea,
I n ula Helen ium.
Helen ium is in deed an old g en eric n ame,but it h ere illustrates a
prin ciple wh ich h as g u ided m e th rou g h ou t th e work .
A fter th e s cien tific an d E n g lish n ame (Wh ere th ere is on e) of
each plan t, its pla ce in th e Lin n aean system is stated,an d in th e
th ird lin e th e part wh ich g ives it its e con om ic place, an d its com
mercial n ame . Th e E astern syn on ymes are g ath ered from man y
book s, an d I h ave always followed th e spellin g of th e au th ority I
h ave copied from . To the eyes of orien tal sch olars th is will n o
doub t prove distasteful, bu t n o oth er course was open to m e . I n
th e remark s th e earliest m en tion is in dicated of articles of greatan tiquarian or comm ercial in terest, an d correspon din g foreig n
produ cts are n amed . B otan ical ob servation s are also m ade wh ere
req uisite .
I n preparin g th is compilation I h ave con sulted man y work s, an d
h ave, I believe, scarcely m ade a statem en t w ith ou t auth ority . B u t
it was impra cticable to n am e my au th orities after each sta temen t,
an d even h ere I w ill n ot g ive a list of th em . Som e,h owever, I
mu st men tion,as 75 per cen t . of th is w ork is compiled from th em .
Th ese are B alfour’
s B otan y, Lin dley’
s Veg etableKin g dom ,B oyle
’
s
Himalayan Flora , R ox burg h’
s Flora ln dica, B oyle’
s Fibrou s
Plan ts of I n dia,Drury
’
s U seful Plan ts of I n dia,A in slie
’
s Materia
Medica of Hin doostan,Pereira
’
s Materia Medica,th e U lfaz w i
yeh , tran slated by Gladwin , O’
Sh aug h n essy’
s B en g al Dispen satory,
Peddin g ton’
s Catalog ue, Moon’
s Catalog ue, Graham’
s Catalog ue,
PRE FA CE .
Simmon d’
s Commercial Produ cts of th e Veg etable Kin g dom,
Crawfurd’
s Diction ary of th e I n dian I slan ds,Seeman
’
s Palm s,
A rch er’s E con om ic B otan y, B e ckman n’
s History of I n ven tion s,
Spren g el, Fraas, Dr. Gibson’
s R eports on the Forests of Western
I n dia,an d Cleg horn on th e Forests of Sou th I n dia .
From th e first rou g h n otes,to th e last copy for the press, I
h ave w ritten ou t everyth in g with my own h an d, an d
“
h ave always
corre cted th e proofs leisurely . B ut my n otes h ave been th e colleetion of six years, an d often I h ave forg otten th eir source ; an d
althoug h aware th at n o statemen t was en tered in my n otes with
wh ich at th e time of en try I was n ot satisfied, an d that I h ave
often om itted statemen ts wh ich on reperusal appeared doub tful to
m e, I am still appreh en sive of errors from th is cause . A g ain ,
corre ctin g proofs is a m ost diffi cult task .
My leadin g idea in compilin g th e Catalog ue h as been to preparea h an dbook for myself, an d wh at I h ope to be u seful to myself Itrust w ill n ot fail to be so to oth ers . I t m ust be born e in m in d
th at it is on ly a compilation from au th orities,an d th at th ese alon e
mu st be h eld respon sible for th e correctn ess of their iden tifi cation san d stated fa cts .
Th e compilation completed, it remain s my duty, or that of mysu c cessors
,w ith the splen did aid of th e Victoria Museum an d
Garden s,to verify an d ex ten d th ese iden tifi cation s an d facts .
Th is work is publish ed at th e e x pen se of Lakhmidas Kh imyr, a
B hatia Merch an t,w ell k n own as th e courag eou s an d libe ral sup
porter of every m easure for th e so cial improvem en t of his coun trymen . Havin g h eard of it
,h e volun tarily offered to defray th e
cost .I n A ppen dices A ,
B,an d C will be foun d
l st . A statemen t sh ow in g th e ex ten t of cultivation of th e prin cipal produ cts in th e 12 Colle ctorates of th is Govern men t .
2n d . Statemen ts sh owin g th e m ean max ima an d min ima of th e
Therm ometer, an d th e m ean mon th ly rain fall in th e prin cipalCities an d Station s of th e Govern men t of B ombay .
3rd . A table sh ow in g th e n umber of ea ch n atural order in
Lin dley in correspon den ce with th e n umber g iven in B alfour.
GEOR GE B I R DWOOD .
D I V I S I O N I .
Gla ss 2 . B .
DR UG S.
N. O . l . R ANUNCULACE ZE . CR OWF OOTS .
A co n itum ferox . Wa ll.
A con itum Na p e llu s . W. Mon kshood, or Common Wolf’
s- ban e.
A con itum p a lm a tum . Don .
‘
A con itum lu ridum . H. f . et T.
L in n . Syst . Polya n dria Trig yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. B i/rk, B isfi, B ish n ak, A ti—sin g eea-bz
’
sfi, Nep . Dish ,B u tsn a b-bisk, B en g . I I'I a/zoor, Hin d . B u tcizn ab, By . A tivassa , Tel.
Habita t . Th e Himalayas, Sirmoor, Kemaon , Nepau l.
R emarks . B ilfh is in differen tly applied to th e dry roots of all th e
above species of IVOZf’
S-ba n e, bu t p robably th e root of A con itum f eroxh as becom e more ex ten sively distribu ted th rou g h ou t th e B a z ars of A sia
th an th ose of an y oth er Species, an d alth ou g h n o ch aracters h ave yet beendescribed by wh ich it m ay be specifically recog n ised, in g en eral estimation
it is B ilch, p a r ex cellen ce . JII eet/La , Doodhya, an d fil eetlza - teelia are
n am es of prepara tion s of Hilf/t .
Dr. B u ch an an , in h is A ccou n t of th e Kin g dom ofNepaul, en um erates
four kin ds of B ile/z ; th e first, Sin g ya h e refers to a Smila x ; th e
secon d, B ikfi, an d th ird, Nirbisi, R oyle refers to A con itum f erox ; an d
th e fourth , B ilrhma , th e lat ter au th or a ttribu tes to A com’
tum p a lma
tum . I n th e Mu/rkz un - u l-w iefi, twelve kin ds of B i/fk, accordin g to
R oyle, are en um erated, all of wh ich it w ou ld be futile to attemp t iden ti
fyin g , an d th ey are on ly adverted to in con n ec tion with th e secon d,n am ely
“ B uch n ag like J urlwar .
”J udwa r, Z udwa r , or Niré z
’
si is th e
Z edoarm of old writers, which som e recen t writers, on in su ffi cien t g roun ds,con sider on e with th e Z edoarz
’
a rotun da of m odern dru g g ists, th e root,
accordin g to R ox bu rg h , of Curcuma Z edoarza , th e Hulda, or B u n
I mldi of th is coun t1 y . I n Sirmoor, h owever, R oyle foun d th e n ame
Nirbisi applied to Delp h im’
um p auciflorum , bu t th at,”
says h e,wh ich 1 8 reckon ed th e best kin d of Nii bzsi in th e I n dian Baz ars 1 s of a
1 A
DR UGS .
very differen t n ature, an d broug h t down from B issehur an d from Um
ritsur th e commercial capital of Lah ore . Th is kin d is fusiform an d
somewh at flatten ed an d wrin kled, of a black colour ex tern ally, an d in
some respects resemblin g B ikh itself ; wh en cu t, th e substan ce is foun dto be compact an d of a brown ish colour, with a slig h t deg ree of bitter
n ess a n d acrimon y .
”Th ere is a J udwar in th e Bombay B az ar like B i/rlz,
on ly far more costly ; bu t th e root foun d h ere, an swerin g to B oyle’
s
description of Umritsur Nirbisi, is th e article lately imported in to
E n g lan d u n der th e n ame ofP adshafi Salep , an d wh ich h as ex cited con siderable in terest th ere as to its botan ical source . Lin dley con sidered it to beliliaceou s. I s it n ot th e root of A sp arag us adscen den s m en tion ed byR oyle,
‘
wh ose description is quoted by Lin dley at pag e 204 of th e
th ird edition of h is Veg etable Kin g dom ? I n Bombay it is n ot well
k n own , bu t is often Spoken of as P u njabee P ia z an d Khorasan ee Pia z , or
Pu njab an d Khorassa n On ion . Th is question h as come u n der discussionh ere in con sequen ce of th e n ame Nirbz
'
si h avin g been g iven to B ikh .
Nirbz'
si sig n ifies the an tidote, particularly the an tidote to B ile/t, the poisonan d
'
con sequen tly th e term can n ever with an y propriety be applied to th e
latter virulen t n arcotic . See below Delp h in ium p auciflorum in th is order,an d A sp arag us adscen den s, R oyle, N. O . 242. B ikfi is first m en tion ed,accordin g to Spren g el, by Nican der. Th e root of Gloriosa sup erba is
k n own as B uch n ag , an d th at of Lag en an dra tox icaria as Vu tsu n ab in
B ombay . A lso B utch is th e n ame of A corus Ca lamus Ka la -buckn a l: of
Hymen odyction ex celsum an d B ish - taralc, B ish -fiup ra, B ish- ba n s/L, an d
B is/z-umba, respectively ofA rg yreia sp eciosa, Trian tbema obcorda ta, B eesharh eedii, an d Cucumis Colocyn tbis .
A con itum h e terop h y llum . Wa ll.
L in n . Syn . Polyan dria Trig yn ia .
Th e root .
Vern acular. A tees, Hin d .
Habita t . Th e Westward Himalayas.
R emarks . U n der th is n am e (A tees) accordin g to O’shaug h n essy, th e
dry tubers of A sp arag us sarmen tosus, th e Soota Mooli of B en g al, th e
Sa tawree of Bombay, are comm on ly sold in th e form er Presiden cy .
Th e bark of a Species of B etula u sed in North ern In dia for dyein gCh in tz red (A in slie) g oes by th e n ame of A tees, as also does Lin seed .
Cop tis T e eta . Wa ll.
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Polym ia.
Th e roo t .
Vern acular. Mishmee teeta , Assam .
Habita t . A ssam .
2
L in n . Syst . Polyan drla Trig yn ia . .
Th e root .
Vern acular. J udwar of Bombay ?
Habita t . Th e Himalayas, from Kashmir to Kemaon .
R emark . I t is un certain wh eth er th e J udwar of Bombay is th e same
root as that referred to th is plan t by R oyle.
He lleb orus n ig e r. Lin n . Christmas R ose.
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan drxa Polyg yn ia.
Th e root, Black -Hellebore.
Vern acular. Ka turoum, San s. Ka likootkie, Dec. Kh ertick, Kherbuckuswud, A rab . Kh erbeck -seeah , Pers.
Habita t . Sub-Alpin e E urOpe an d Nepaul .
R emarks . A ccordin g to Spren g el, th e Christia n a of th e Abbess Hilde.
g ard. I t is n ot th e e'
M e
’
Bopa g para : of Dioscorides.
Nig e lla s a tiva . W. Small F en n el-flower .
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Pen tag yn ia.
Th e seed.
Vern acular. Krish n ay zraka , Musavi, San s. Ka lag z ra , Hin d .
g rela , B en g . Koolunju n , Dec. Ca rin -sirag um, Tam . Nu lla-
g ila
ka ra , Tel. Ka loodooroo, Cey . Shoon ez , A rab . Siah -da n eh , Pers .
Hu b-sin dee, E g yp .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean cou n tries . Cultivated in In dia .
R emarks . Th e B lack Cumin of Scrip tu re th e pet al/aw » of Hippocratesan d Dioscorides . Plin y
’
s n ame for it is Gith . Not to be con fou n ded withKa /iez eerie th e ach en es of Vern on ia . a n th elmin tica , an d Koolin ia n th e root
stalk of A lp in ia Ga la n g a . See also Con dimen ts an d Spices .
”
N. O . 3 . MAGNOLI A CEEE . JII A GNOLI A D S.
I llicium a n is a tum . Lin n . Star-a n ise tree .
L i n n . Syst . Polyan dria Pen tag yn ia .
Th e capsule, Star-an ise .
Vern acular . R adian kha tai, A n asp hool, Hin d . A n asep oo, Tam .
R adia n ce-kut ta i, A rab .
Ha bita t . Ch in a .
R emarks . Th is mu st n ot be con fou n ded with th e I . a n isa tum of
Th urn berg , a n ative of J apan , an d n ow called after Siebold, as by Lin n aeu s,I . relig iosum
'
or Holy Sta r-cruise, th e Japan ese layin g its b ran ch es o n
3
DR UGS .
th e g raves of th eir frien ds, an d its capsules bein g burn t in temples as
in cen se . See also Con dimen ts an d Spices.
”
N. O . 6. MENI SPE R MA CE lE . MENI SPE R MA DS.
A n am irta Coccu lus . W. at A .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Mon adelphia.
Th e berry, Cocculus In dicu s, Cocques da Levan t, Bacca Orien talis.
Vern acular. Kakamari, San s. Kakmari, Hin d . an d Dec. B acaen
ka -
p ha l, Calcu tta . J armos, Hin d . an d Gu z . Kaka -collei-verei,
Tam . Kakich imp oo-vit teloo, Tel. Pola , Kaa n daka-con uveh, Ga
ra la —
p h ala , Mal. Tuba -biftji, Malaya .
Ha bita t . Con can , Malabar, E astern A rch ipelag o .
R emarks . First n oticed by Pluken et . See also Narcotics.
Ciss am p e los p a re ira . Lin n .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Mon adelphia .
The root, Pareira .
Vern acular. Duk- n irbisee of th e N. W. Provin ces. Pa ta , Tel.
lVen i-waela , Cey .
Habita t . Con can , Malabar, Coroman del, “fest I n dies, th e Span ishMain .
R emarks . First n oticed by Piso .
Cocculus p a lm a tu s . De 0 .
L in n . Sy st . Dimoia Hex an dria.
Th e root, Calumba .
Vern acular. Colombo-ke -jer, By .
I I abita t . Oibo, Moz ambique .
R emarks . First n oticed by R edi
T in osp ora cord ifolia . Miers .
L in n . Sy st . D 1oecia Hex an dria.
Th e root, an d stem .
Vern acular. Amoorta , Guduch i, San s. Gulu n cha , Gada n ch a , Ben g .
Gurcha , Hin d . Gu lo, Goo/wa il, Dec . Sheen die-con’ie, Tam . Ti
p a tin g ay , Ga luch i, JII a n ap a la, Tel. Citamerdoo, Mal.
Ha bita t . In dia .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede. Th e starchy ex tract issold u n der th e n am e of P a lo .
4
DRUGS .
N. O . 8 . BE R BE R IDA CE ZE . B E R BE R I D S.
B erb eris Ly cium . R ag le . Op h tha lmic B arberry .
B erb e ris a rista ta . De 0 . Nep aul B arberry .
Lin n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e ex tract of th e bark , an d root, an d th e wood.
Vern acular. B l Ly cium ,Kushmul, Himalayas. B . a rista ta ,
Ch itra , Himalayas . A mbarba rees, A arg h ees , A rab . Zirish k, Pers .
Th e wood, Dar-ha lal, Dar-chub, Pers . Th e ex tract, R usot, Hin d.
Hoosiz -h in dee, A rab .
Ha bita t . Th e Himalayas.
R emarks . R usot is th e 7“?v 31/3“:t of Dioscorides. I n th e Ulf a zw iyeh , Utrar an d Ury
'
eebar- roomee are g iven as A rab syn on ym es for
B arberries . Ch itra an d La l-ch itra are respectively San scrit an d Ben g al
n ames for Plumbag o rosea .
N. O . 1 1 . NELUMB I A CE tE . WA TE R BE A ZVS.
N e lum b ium sp e ciosum . Will. E g yp tia n Lotus .
L in n . Sy st . Polyandria Polyg yn ia .
Th e seed, Pyth ag orean bean , Coptic bean .
Vern acular. Kama la , Pudma , San s . Kummal, Pua’um, Ambig
’
,
Ka n g wel, La l—kummu l, Hin d . Pua’map ocloo, Komol, P on g huj,
B en g . Neelofir, Sin dh . Ka n g wel, Ku n g evelka , Dec . Tawmaray ,Tarn . Yerra - tamarag , Tella n i p udmam , Tel. Tamara , B em
tamara , Mal . Nelun , Cey . B aktakoobtee, Neelufir ? Pers.
Habita t . I n dia, Persia, Ceylon , Siam, Coch in -Ch in a, th e Ph ilip
pin es, an d Moluccas (ex cept Amboyn a), Ch in a, Japan .
R emarks . Th e flower is th e Lotus of th e an cien t mon umen ts of
E g ypt an d I n dia . I t is n ow ex tin c t in E g ypt . I t is stran g e th at th e
an cien t books of th e Hin doos, accordin g to Wilford (Asiat . R es. Vol . I I I .
No . place th e source of th eWh ite Nile in th e P admawa n orSacredlily Lak e, an d th at Spek e sh ou ld h ave fou n d th e Nyan z a so covered withWater-lilies th at on e m ig h t walk across it on th eir leaves. Th is Lotu s
mu st b e distin g u ish ed from two oth er plan ts of th e same n am e k n own
to th e an cien ts, viz . th e h erb Melilotus ofi cin a lis ; an d th e Lotus of
th e Lotoph ag i, by some th oug h t to be th e fruit of Ziz yphus Lotus
(Desfon ta in es) , allied to th e B a ir or B oree of In dia, an d by Mu n bywith g reater reason , th at of Nitraria triden ta ta . Plin y says th e Lotu s
of th e Lotoph ag i is th e“ Celtis (Celtis austra lis, Lin n .)
“wh ich h as
been n atu raliz ed in I taly, bu t h e is wron g , as proved by Fee . Spren g el
also, probably m isled by Plin y, refers th e M0 7 69 Of Th eoph rastus (n ot h isAm en a iyr
’
m n os) to C. austra lis, for six trees of wh ich with th e estate on
DR UGS .
wh ich th ey stood, Cn eiusDomitius offered L . Crassn s sesterces,an d with ou t th e trees h e refused to buy th e estate. Th e mystic Lotu s issacred to Lakshm i th e wife of Vish n oo, wh o is h en ce often called Kama la .
See also Starch es, an d Fruits an d Veg etables.
”
PA PAVE R A CE ZE . P OP P YWOR TS.
A rg em on e m e x ica n a . Lin n . Mex ica n A rg emon e, Gambog e
Th is tle, F ico del’
I nf ern o, Cardo Sa n ta.
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og ym a .
The juice, an d seed.
Vern acular. B ramh ie, B ramhadu n die, San s. F arin g ee-da tura ,Such ia n as, B herba n d, Hin d . Sh ial Ka n ta , Ben g . F a rin g ee-da tura ,
P eela -da tura , Dec . B rumha clun doo, B rumarakash , Tam . B ramka
dun die, Tel . B alu-rakkisa, Dotu ry , Can .
Ha bita t . Mex ico . Has over-ru n In dia an d n early all th e tropicalreg ion of A sia an d A frica .
R emarks . First men tion ed by Ferran d. See also Oils an d Oil-seeds.
P ap ave r som n iferum . Lin n . Garden Poppy .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Polyg yn ia.
Th e pou n ded h erb , dry capsu le, seed, oil, an d con crete juice of th eimmature capsu le, or Opium .
Vern acular. The plan t,- Chosa , San s . Post, Hin d . P asta, B en g .
Casa -casa , Tam . Ca ssa - cassa , Tel. A boon dm (fa th er o f sleep),A rab . Th e pou n ded h erb ,
— Boosa, Vu lg . Th e capsu les, — Pos t ,Vu lg . Th e seeds,— Cuscus, Vulg . Op ium ,
— Af eem, Hin d . an d
Dec. Afiun , Hin d. an d Pers . A bin ie, Tam . Af eeoon , A rab . an d
Malay .
Ha bita t . A sia an d E g yp t . Cultivated in E g ypt, A sia Min or, Hindoostan , an d Ch in a (I)
R emarks . Hippocrates m en tion s poppy juice an d
Dioscorides an d Plin y opium . Th e latter observes, it was prepared fromth e “ black poppy
”
(P . somn if erum var. n ig rum), an d h is descriptionof th e process closely resembles th at g iven by Koempfer as followedin Persia . I n In dia th e Wh ite Garden Poppy is cultiva ted for Opium . Th e
g reyish-blue variety of poppy seed is termed Maw-seed . Th e (fidpaa x ou
mm vée’
s of Homer is th ou g h t by m an y, an d with g ood reason , to h ave
b een a preparation of opium , bu t B oyle reg ards it as referrin g to Ca n n abissa tiva or Hemp . Homer men tion s th e poppy (phx wv). See also Narcoties,” an d Oils an d Oil-seeds.
”
6
N. 0 . I 4 . FUMA R I A C EXE . F UME WOR TS .
rum a ria p a rviflora . W. et A .
L in n . Sy st. Diadelphia Hex an dria.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. P it -p apra , Hin d. B uklu t-ul-melik, A rab . Ska turuj,Sha tra , Pers.
Habita t . Th e Himalayas.
R emarks . Said to be th e [Ca n'
t/09 of th e Greeks.
N. O. 1 5 . CR UC I FE R fE . CR UCI FE R S .
L ep idium s a tivum . Lin n . Common Cress .
L in n . Syst . Tetradyn am ia Silicu losa .
Th e seed .
Vern acular. A leverie, B en g . Ha leem, Ben g . an d Dec. Ah reo, Sin dh .
A da la vita la , Tel .
Habita t . Persia ; widely cultivated.
R emarks . Th e x dpdap ov of Hippocrates an d perh aps of Dioscorides, an dth e Nasturtium an d Dit ta n der of Plin y . A lleeveray is th e Tamil forLin seed. See also Con dimen ts an d Spices.
Sin ap is sp s . Lin n . Species of Mustard .
Lin n . Susi . Tetradyn amia S1q uosa .
Th e seed.
Vern acular. R aj ika , Sarshap a , Tuverica, San s. Sarson , R a i, Ka li.
sursoon , Taoria , B un g a-sa rson , Hin d. an d Dec . R a ee, B un -race,
B ul-ra ee, Shwet-race, Sada -race, J oon i-ra ee, San ch i-sursoon , Ben g .
Suray-bij, Sin dh . Kadag hoo, Tam . A va loo, Tel . Ga n -aha,
R a ta -aba , Cey . Kh arda l, Kubbr, A rab . Sirshuf ; Pers.
Habita t . Th e temperate z on es widely cultivated .
R emarks . Th e vcin '
v of th e Greek s. I n In dia are cultivated ch iefly S.
ramosa, R ace ; S . g lauca , Toria ; S. dichotoma, Ka lie-surson ; an d
jun cea , B u n g a -surson , th e Khardel or Ku bbr of A rabia an d E g yp t .
See also Con dimen ts an d Spices,” an d Oils an d Oil-seeds.”
N. O . 1 6 . CAPPA R I DACE JE . GA P P A R I DS.
Cra taeva. re lig ios a . Ham. Holy Garlick Pear.
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yn ta.
Th e leaf.
DR UGS .
Vern acular. Varvun n a , Vara n a , Vilwa , San s. B el, Hin d. an d
B en g . Velvie, Tam . B ilva , Tella Ulimidi, Tel. Lun a -warn a, Cey .
Th e leaves, B el-ke -
p a t, Vulg .
Habita t . In dia.
R emarks . First n oticed by Van R h eede. Dalz ell says C.Na rva lo (Ham.)is th e true Varvun n a sac red to Siva . To Siva may h ere be m en tion ed a re
also dedicated th e J on esia A soca , Ccesa lp in ia pu lch errima (Swa rtz ),J asmin um un dula tum (Liam), Guet ta rdia sp eciosa , Ca lop hy llum
in 0p hyllum, Orig a n um Ma rjora n a , I aora B a n d/men , A rtemisia a us tria ca ,Nerium odorum, an d Chrysa n th emum in dicum th e eig h t last bein g also
dedicated to Vish n oo.
N. O . 1 8 .
'
FLA COUR TI A CE ]E . B I X A D S.
Fla cou rt ia ca ta ph ra cta . R oar. Ma n y-sp in ed Flacourtia
'
.
L in n . Sy s t . Dimoia Polyan dri a .
Th e leaf.Vern acular. Ta lisha , San s . Ta lisp utrie, Hin d . an d Dec . P a n aya la ,B en g . J ug g um, Sawun t Warree . Ta lish ap a trie, Mal. an d Tam .
Talishapa trie, Tel.
Habita t . Nepau l, Beh ar, Bombay in g arden s .
R emarks . Pa n ia la is also th e Malabar n am e of E rioden alron anf ractuosum an d P a n awla th e B ombay n ame of F . sap iila .
I 'la courtia. Sa p ida . W. E sculen t Flacourtia .
L i n n . Sy st . Dice cia Polyan dria.
Vern acular. Swa n’oo-kun tuka , San s . P a n awla , B owchee,‘
By . Pud
da -kan rew, Nakka - n eredu, P edda -ka n a -reg u, Tel.
Habita t . Hin doostan .
R emarks . B owch ee is also th e Ahmedabad n ame of a cereal n ot yet
iden tified in th e Mu seum Ca talog ue . See “ A g ricultural ProduceCereals, an d Fruits an d Veg etables .
”
N. O . 19. C I STACEPE . R OCK R OSE S .
Coch losp erm um Go s sy p ium . De 0 . Golden Silk - Cotton tree.
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e g um .
Vern acular. Tan a koo-ma rum, Tam . Corzda -
g on g u Gh etta , Tel .
Tschema -
pun g ee marum, Mal. E la-imbul, Cey . Th e g um , Ku t~t eera , Hin d.
Ha bita t . Travan core, Coroman del, Hu rdwar, A rracan .
R emarks . Th e g um is on e sort of false Trag acan th of commerce.
See Gums an d R esin s, an d Woods.
8
DRUGS .
Th e famou s sh afts of I sf en diyar is form ed from its wood . A Speciesof Tamarisk, probably th e I n dian , was sacred to Osiris amon g st th e
an cien t E g yp tian s, an d to Apollo amon g st th e Greek s . See also Sug ars,”
“ Tan s, an d Woods.
”
N. O . 30. MALVA CE ZE . MALLOW-WOR TS .
M a lva. s y lves tris . Lin n . Common Ma llow .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelph ia Polyan dria .
Th e carpel an d seed .
Vern acular. Towdrie, Pers . Kh abaz ee, Kh itmee, A rab .
Habita t . Th e n orth temperate z on e .
R ema rks . Said to be th e an d” x ep o a‘
ia of Dioscorides.
N. O . 3 1 . STE R CULI A CE ZE . STE R CUL I A D S .
E riode n dron a n t’ra ctu osum . De 0 . White Silk-Cot ton tree .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelph ia Polyan dria.
Th e g um .
Vern acular. Hu ttian , Hin d . Shwet-shimool, Ben g . Saf a id-sembu l,Shameula, Dec . P a n ia , Pa n iala ,Mal. E lavum, Tam . Poor, Tel.
Habita t . Kh an deish , Travan core, Coroman del.
R emarks . See also Gums an d R esin s,”
an d Woods .
H e licteres I sora . W. et A . E ast I n dia n Screw tree.
L i n n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Deca n dria .
Th e follicles.
Vern acular. A vurtun n ie, San s. Merowrie, Hin d. Muradsin g , Kewun ,Kewan n ie, Dhamn ee, Dec . Sayamali, Kavan ch i , Tel. Leen iya
g aha, Cey . Kish t-bur-Kish t, Pers .
Habita t . Con can an d Deccan .
Sa lm a lia m a lab a rica . S. at E . R ed Silk-Cotton tree .
L in n . Sys t . Mon adelphia Polyan dn a.
Vern acular. Sa lmali, San s. R uckta -Sembul, Hin d . Saur, Dec .
Mou l-elavoo, Mal. E ln aam marum, Tam . B urag a , Tel . Maha
telambu, Cey .
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar, Courtallum .
R ema rks . Th e Mochurus an d th e Saf a id mooslie of th e Baz ars are said
to be respectively th e g um an d rootlets of this tree . Th e Mochurrus of
B ombay is certain ly n ot th e g um of th is tree, but a kin d of g all producedon th e A reca Ca techu . Th e Morin g a p terg g osp erma (Geert .) yields
1 0
DRUGS .
a g um , h owever, wh ich is ex ac tly like th eMojrus received from Umritseer .
mooslie can n ever b e obtain ed from th is tree, an d I h ave asoer
h at it is n ot derived from an y Species of Curcu lig o alth oug h Cur
ca lig o brevif olia g oes by th e n ame of Mooslie, an d its roots are u sed inm edicin e in th is Presiden cy . Th e root stalk of C. brevif
‘
olia is, h owever,ex ac tly like th e Ka la mooslie of Bombay dru g g ists wh ich is attribu ted to
C. n ig ra Mooslie sh eah is ob tain ed, accordin g to R oyle, from Murda n ia
scap iflora , an d Ain slie’
s description of it applies to Saf a id mooslie an dn otwith stan din g th at h e says it com es from C. orch ioides, may n ot
Murdan ia scap i/lora be th e real plan t, or at least some Species of Tradesca n tia See Woods .
Stercu lia ure n s . R oar.
L i n n . Sy st . Mon mcia Mon adelph ia .
Th e g um .
Vern acular. Kava lee, By . Vellay bootali, Tam . Kevalee, Tel.
Habita t . Con can s, Courtallum .
R emarks . U n der th e n ame of Ka tira -
g on d th e g um of th is tree is
in cluded, an d it is on e sort of false Trag acan th of commerce . See also
Gums an d R esin s,”
an d “Woods .
N. O . 34 . D I PTE R OCA R PA CE XE . D I P TE R A D S.
Dip tero ca rp us turb in a tus . R ex .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e oleo-resin , Wood oil.
Vern acular. Th e tree, Hora —
g aha , Cey . Th e oleo-resin Gurjun - tel,I n dia . Dhoon a til, Cey
Habita t . I n dia with in an d beyon d th e Gan g es ,
R emarks . See also Gum s an d R esin s, an d Woods .
N. O . 40. A U R ANTI ACE IE . CI TR ONWOR TS.
E g le M a rm e los . C . de 8 . Thorn g Ben g a l Quin ce .
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fru it .Vern acular. Vilva , Sh reeph ula , Sa n s. B ael, Sh reep h ula ,
Corvalum, Mal . Vilva -marum, Tam . Maredoo, B ilvamu ,ramu ,
Tel . B eli, Cey .
Ha bita t .
‘
E ast I n dies .
R emarks . First described by B ou tin s . Th e t ern ate leaf of th is tree isa symbol of th e Hin doo Triad . See W'
oods .
”
l l
DRUGS .
C itru s A ura n t ium . R isso . Sweet Ora n g e .
L in n . Sy st . Polyadelphia Po1yan dria .
Th e rin d .
Vern acular. Na run g a , San s . Narin g ee, Hin d. Kumla n eeboo,
B en g . Kitch lee, Tam . Kich ili, Kit ta li kag a , Tel . Doda n ,Cey .
Nara nj, A rab . J arok-ma n is, Malaya .
Ha bita t . Ch in a ? Cultivated in In dia, Sou th Europe, A z ores, a n d
West I n dies .
R emarks . See Fruits an d Veg etables .
Citru s B erg amia . R isso. B erg amot Citrus .
L in n . Sy st . Polyadelph ia Polyan dria .
Th e fruit, lime.
Vern acular . Nimbooka , San s. Nembao, Hin d . Noboa, Ben g .
Lemboo ? Dec . E roomitchee- n arra cum, Mal. E lemitckum, Tam .
Nemma p a n dao, Gajan imma , Tel . Deh i, Cey .
Habita t . Sou th E urope, I n dia .
R emarks . Th e C. a cida of R ow. See “ Fruits an d Veg etables,Con dimen ts an d Spices .
”
Citru s m e dica . R isso . Citron .
L in n . Sy st. Polyadelp ln a Polyan dria .
The rin d .
Vern acular. B eg ap oora , San s. Leemoo, Hin d . B eg-
p oora , B en g .
I /un g amu, B ijapuramu , Madip hu lla chettu, Dabba ch ettu , Tel.
Sidora n , Cey . Utruj, Ooturuj, A rab . Tooru nj, Pers. J arok,Malaya .
Habita t . A sia . I n an cien t times it derived its n ame from Media,an d is n ow fou n d wild alon g th e base of th e Himalayas . Plin ysays th at in h is day it would g row n owh ere bu t in Media.
R emarks . The p ijh ou p ndmbv of Th eoph rastu s, an d Ma lum citreum of
Plin y . I t h as n oth in g to do, as supposed by some, with th e Citrus of th e
Moun tain s ofMau ritan ia, th e wood of wh ich was so ex travag an tly p riz ed
by th e R oman s for tables. Th is is g en erally supposed to h ave been th e
Ca llitris g uadriva lvis (Vea t .) or J oin ted A rbor Vitae, th e Con ifer wh ichyields th e resin San darach .
A ccordin g as th e markin g s of th e wood were striped, spotted, or
Speck led, citrus tables were called “tig rin ae,
” “pan the rin ae,
”an d
“apiatee . Citrus of th e colour of h on ey an d win e was
most priz ed. Cicero was a g reat fan cier of citrus tables . He g avefor on e, first men tion s th em , an d on e of h is ch arg es in th e
oration ag ain st Verres is“you stole a citru s table of distin g uish ed ag e
12
DRUGS .
‘9’an d beau ty from Diodorus of Lilybaeum Plin y says th e R oman women
u sed to turn th ese citrus tables on th eir lieg e lords wh en ever th e latter
com plain ed of th eir e x pen diture on pearls. See also Fruits an d Veg e
tables .
”
F e ro n ia. e leph an tum . C. de S. I n dian E lep han t App le.
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e frui t .Vern acular. Kup ittha , B hu
-kup itth am, San s. Ka th -bet, B ooien
kavita, Kawtha , Koeat , Hin d . Ku th -bel, B en g . Kaweet, Dec .
Vela n g a , P itavoola , Vu llam, Nilavoola , Cootievella , Tam . Nela
vellag a , Yela n g a , Tel. Dewul, Cey .
Ha bita t . In dia .
R emarks . See also Gums an d R esin s, an d Woods .
N. O . 42. GUTTI FE R JE . GUTTI FE R S.
C al op h y l lum in ep h y n um . Lin n . Sweet-scen ted Ca lopkg llum .
Lin n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e seeds.
Vern acular. Poon ag a ? San s. Sulta n ch ampa , Surpun ka , Hin d.
Surp un ka , Oon dee, Dec. Poon a, Mal. P ia n ag , Tam . Poon ag amu,Tel . Teldomba, Cey .
Habitat . Malabar, Deccan .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede an d Flacourt . Th e A lex a n
dria n Laurel is R uscus ra cemosus, an d n ot th is plan t, as supposed in
I n dia . Poon ag amu is also th e Telin g a n ame of R ottlera tin ctoria N. O .
1 95 . See also Oils an d Oil-seeds.”
C a ly s a ccion lon g ifo lium . W.
Lin n . Sy st. Dimcia Polya n dria.
Th e flower bud .
Vern acular:H’oon dy, P oon ag , Surin g ee, Cordeoon dy , By . Surra
p 0 n n a ,
’
l el. Tha rrabee ? Peg u . Th e flower buds, Nug kesur, Vu lg .
Habita t . Th e Con can s.
R emarks . Dalz ell says th ese buds were sen t to th e Great E x h ibition(1 85 1 ) un der th e erron eou s n am e of Nag kesur . Th is is a n am e of JII esuaf errea (see below), bu t n everth eless is con tin u ally applied to th e flowerbuds of th e P oon ag . Th ey may be m istaken for Cloves an d Cassiaflowers . Surra p on n a is also th e Telin g a n ame of B arrin g ton ia sp eciosa .
1 3
DRUGS .
Ga rcin ia M a n g os ta n a . W. Common Ma n g osteen .
L i n n . Sy s t . Dod ecan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e rin d .
Vern acu lar. Mu n g eestu n , By . Ma n g g us ta , Malaya . JII a n g g is, J ava ,B ali, an d Sun da . Ma n g g as, Lampu n g . Ma n g g is i, B ug is .
Habita t . Malaya .
R ema rks . First described by Garcias .
Ga rcin ia pu rp u re a . R ow.
Li n n . Sy s t . Dodeean dr ia Mon og ym a .
Th e con crete oil of th e seeds .
Vern acular. Kokum, By . B rin dao, Goa .
Ha bita t . R avin es of Con can .
R ema rks . First described by Van R h eede . See Con dimen ts
Spices an d Oils an d Oil- seeds.
H eb ra d e n dro n cam b og ioid e s . Grah am .
L i n n . Sy s t . Mon mcia Mon adelphia.
Th e g um resin , Gambog e .
Vern acular. Gambog e, R awu n d-cheen ee-seerah , Gu z . Mukki, Tam .
Goka tu , Ka n a -
g oraka , Cey . A ssara -rewa n d, A rab . an d Pers .
R an g , Malaya .
Habita t . Siam , Cambog ia ; Ceylon abou t B uddh ist temples .
R emarks . The Gambog e of comm erce com es from Siam . Th e tree
h as n ever bee n yet seen by a scien tific observer in Siam , bu t as th e Siam
Gambog e is iden tical in its ch aracter with th at ob tain ed from th e H .
cambog ioides in Ceylon , an d as th e tree in Ceylon h as eviden tly been
in trodu ced by th e Buddh ist priests, an d Buddh ism bein g supposed to h ave
passed from Siam to Ceylon , very little doub t can remain of Siam Gam bog e
bein g th e product of H. cambog ioides . See also Dyes an d Colou rs .
M esu a fe rre a . Lin n .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dn a Mon og y n ia .
Th e dry flower.
Vern acular. Nag a -cesa ra , San s. Nag kesur, Ben g . Nag- ch ump a ,
Sou th Con can . B ella ta -champag am, Mal . Na -
g ah a , Cey .
Habita t . Cultivated in Ben g al, Malabar, Cou rtallam , B urmah , J ava .
R emarks . First n oticed by Van R h eede . A ccordin g to Sir W. J on es,th e five arrows of Kamadeva, th e I n dian Cupid, are tipped respec tivelyw ith th e M . f errea , Pa n da n us odora tissimus, Ma n g ifera in dica , Mich elinCkamp aca , an d P avon ia odora ta . VV
allich foun d th e M . f errea, with
1 4
DRUGS.
J on esia A saca an d th e g org eous Amherstia n obilis,‘
g rowin g abou t th e
B uddh ist temples in B urmah .
N. O . 48 . SA P I NDA CEEE . SOAP WOR TS.
Sa p in dus em arg in a tus . Voh l. E marg in a ted Soap B erry .
Lin n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fruit .Vern acular. R ish ta , A rish ta , Phcen ile, San s . R ita , Hin d . B uro
reeth a, B en g . R eteh , Dec . R arah, Mal. P oova n die-cot tay ,
Ma n ayp oon g un ka i, Pon n a n g a , Tam . Kun koodoo, Koomut tie
g h en z a loo, Tel. Gas-p en ela , Cey .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . A rish to is th e n ame of th e Neem in Hin doostan . See also
Miscellan eou s” Class.
N. O . 50. ME LI ACE IR . ME LI A D S.
A za dira ch ta in dica . A . de J uss . A sh -leaved B ead- tree .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Decan dria.
Th e bark, leaf, an d ex pressed oil of th e pericarp of th e fresh fruit .Vern acu lar. A imba, San s. Nim, A rish to, Hin d . Neem, Dec . B ewa ,
Can . A ria -bepou, Mal . Veyp am, Tam . Vep a , Vaymp a , Tel.Tel-kohomba , Cey . Thembau-kamukah , Peg u .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . First described by B reyn ius . Toddy is prepared from th e
ju ice of th e you n g tree (A in slie). I t is sacred to Mariama . Th e g en ericn ame is derived from A z ad-i-duruckh t (A z adz rach t of Avicen n a), th ePersian for th e Melia A z ederach (Lin n .) th e Dek, Common B ead Tree, or
P ersia n Lilac of A n g lo- In dian s ; an d th e Melia semp erviren s, W. or B a n ,
th e B ukayan of th e Deccan an d Hin doostan , an d West I n dian Lila c or
E verg reen B ead Tree of E n g lish writers. Th e true P ersian Lilac is
Sg rin g a persica . See also Oils an d Oil-seeds,”
an d Woods.
”
N. O . 52. CE DR E LACE ZE . CE D R ELA D S.
S oym ida. fe b rifu g a . J uss . Febrifug e Sog mida .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Decan dria .
Th e bark .
Vern acular. R ohun a , Pa tran g a , San s. R ohun ,Hin d . R ouen , R uh in ,
Dec . Swamy, Can . Woon dmarum,Sh emmarum, Tam . Soimida ,
Sumi, Tel .
Habita t . Gooz erat ? Deccan .
R emarks . See Woods .
1 5
DRUGS .
N. O . 55 . LI NA CE JE . F LA X WOR TS.
Lin um us ita tiss im um . Lin n . Common Flax .
L um . Sy s t . Pen tan dria Pen tag yn ia.
Th e seed
Vern acular. A tasi, Ma tusee, Ooma , San s . Ulses, Tis i, Musin a
Musaca, Hin d . J owus, Dec. A liveree, A lle-scroo-sun a l, Tam .
B u z ruc, Ket ta n , A rab . Ku ta n , PerS.
Habita t . E g ypt . Cultivated widely in E urope an d In dia .
R emarks . First m en tio n ed E x od. ix . 3 1 . I t is remarkable th at
Hemp an d F la x , ex ten sively cu ltivated in In dia, are n ot so, as in E urope,
for their fibres, bu t for th e n arcotic resin ou s ex tract in on e case, an d forth e seed in th e oth er. Th e A rabic for cotton is Ko
'
ton . See also Oils
a n d Oil-seeds .
”
N. O . 62. ZYGOPHYLLACEZE . B EAN CA P ER S.
B a la n ite s aeg y p t ia ca . Delile .
Lin n . Sy s t . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. Hin g en , Ben g . Hin g en bet, By . Hadyah , Sh olapore .
Nu njoon d , Tam . Gara , Tel. Hilelg e, Ha ledsch , A rab . I n
E g ypt, E g leeg by th e n eg roes Scum, an d th e fruitcommon ly La lob .
Habita t . E g ypt . Foun d plan ted (l) in differen t parts of I n dia .
R emarks . Th ere can be n o doub t th at th is is th e P ersea of th e an cien tE g yp tian s, sacred to A th or, as su g g ested by Delile . R oyle objects to
th e referen ce , as th e fru it of th e Persea is described (by Plin y) as bein gvery ag reeable, wh ereas th e pu lp of th e Eg leeg is ex ceedin g ly bitter an d
n au seous . Plin y, b . x iii. c . 1 7, in tru th Speak s of th e P ersea as“par
ticularly in vitin g for its lu sciou s sweetn ess”
(B ostock a n d R iley), bu tit is clear th at h e h ere con foun ds (as Dioscorides before h im would also
appear to h ave do n e) th e Persea with th e P ea ch or P ersica , for in b . x v .
c . 1 3 , writin g of th e P ersian or P each , h e states,“ it is qu ite u n true th a t
th e peach wh ich g rows in Persia is poison ous, an d produ ces dreadfultortures, or th at th e k in g s of th at coun try from motives of reven g e h ad
it tran splan ted to E g ypt, wh ere, th rou g h th e n atu re of th e soil, it lost all
its evil properties ; for we fin d th at it is of th e P ersea th at th e m ore
careful w riters h ave stated all th is .
”Th e E g leeg is th e Myroba la n us
ch ebulus of Weslin g , b u t it is quite distin ct from th e true Chebu lic
myroba la n catalog ued below . See “Miscellan eous ” Class.
T rib ulus t e rre s tris . Lin n . Sma ll Ca ltrop s.
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit.1 6
DR UGS .
N.O . 68 . CE LASTR ACEZE . SP I NDLE TR EE S.
C e last ru s m on ta n u s . R om.
C e la s trus p a n icu la tus . WL in n . Sy s t . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e seed.
Vern acular. Ma lkan g a n ee, Hin d. an d Deccan . Va luluvy, P edda
ckin too, Tam . B ava n g ie, Tel .
Habita t . Con can s, Neilg h erries, Viz ag apatam , Dh eyra Dh oon .
R ema rks . Dalz ell states in th e Deccan I ll a lka n g on ee is th e n ame of
th e first, an d Ka n g oon ee of th e secon d plan t . Da n ti an d Gaja - ckin n i are
Telin g a n ames of C. mon ta n us, an d E rika ta , Gu n da meda , a n d Ma n eru of
C. p a n icula tus . Th e order derives its n ame of Sp in dle Trees from th e fa c tth a t, from time immemorial, th e Hin doos h ave m ade th eir sp in dles froma sh rub of th e family , a species o f E uon ymus . With E uon ymus t in g en s
th e Hin doos also mark th e tika on th eir foreh eads .
N. O . 70. R HAMNA CE ZE . R HA MNA D S.
R h am n u s W ig h t ii. W. et A .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e b ark .
Vern acular. R ug t- rorar, By .
Habita t . Western Gh ats, th e h ig h est h ills of th e North ern portion .
R emarks . R ukt-roora is th e n am e of P olyg on um g la brum (IVitL) an d
fil aba n ig rescen s (B a lm) I t would also appear to be applied to Soymida
f ebrif ug a in Cen tral I n dia .
N. O . 7 1 . ANACA R DI A CE ZE . A NA CA R D S or
TE R E B I NTHS.
M a n g ife ra. in dica . Lin n . Common Ma n g o .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon mcia .
Th e k ern el.
Vern acu lar. Amra , San s. Am, Hin d. , B en g ., Dec. Mava , Mal.Mam-ma rum, Tam . Maka n a’amu, Ill avi, Mamaclicbitoo, Tel.E tamba (wild), A mba (cult ivated), Cey . Ma n g g a (wild), Sun da .
fil amp a lam, Malaya . P a lam , J ava . Kap a lam, Lampun g . Th eA rch ipelag ic n ames of th e cultivated Man g o are all, accordin g to
Crawt'
urd, derived from th e San scrit “Mah a-
pah ala .
”Th rou g h
th e ag en cy of E u ropean s, h owever, th e corrupted form of th e Su n dan ame for th e wild Man g o is becom in g prevalen t th rou g h ou t th e E astfrom Madag ascar to th e Ph ilippin es an d h as ex ten ded to A merica .
Th e Man g os of Maz ag aon were on ce celebrated .
1 8
DR UGS.
Ha bita t . E ast I n dies. Cultivated n ear Muscat (I ) an d th roug h ou tth e E ast ; th e cultivated varieties all appearin g to h ave orig in ated
in In dia proper .
R ema rks . See “ Gums an d R esin s,” “ Fru its an d Veg etables,
Woods.
”
Pis ta cia. L e n tis cus . Lin n . Mastic Tree.
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Pen tan dria .
Th e resi n ,— Mastic .
Vern acular. R oomie mastike, Koon du r-roomee, Hin d. Ulak bag k
da n ee, Musteka, A rab . Kin n ek , Kin n oli, Pers .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean cou n tries.R emarks . Th e a X
'
iz/o g of th e Greek s. Th e resin g ives its n ame to th e
process of ma s tica tion . P . Kh injak an d P . ca bulica yield Masticin Sin dh . See Gums an d R esin s .
P is ta cia. vera . Lin n . P istackio.
L i n n . Sy st . Dioccia Pen tan dria .
Th e g all.
Vern acular. Gool- i-p ista, Pers. an d By.
Habita t . Persia .
R emarks . Th e “almon ds of Gen . x liii. v . 1 1 . h ave been th ou g h t
to be P is tachio Nu ts . See also Tan s,”an d Fruits an d Veg etables.
R h us coria ria . W. E lm-leaved Sumac/z .
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Trig yn ia.
Th e fru it .Vern acular. Ma teklee, Hin d. Skamak, Hoot, Tumtum, A rab .
Makee, Persia .
Habita t . A sia Min or an d Persia .
R emarks . Th e [Seas e’
pvbpr‘
; ofHippocrates accordin g to Spren g el. Meu
tion ed by Plin y . See also “ Tan s.”
R h u s Kak ra s in g h e e . R oyie .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Trig yn ia .
Th e g all.
Vern acular. Ka krasin g ee, Hin d.,
Ha bita t . Sub -alpin e Himalayas.
R emarks . See also Tan s .
1 9
D R UGS .
Sem eca rp us A n a cardium . Lin n . Markin g n ut .
Lin n . Sy st . Polyg amia Diapers.Th e n u t .
Vern acular. Nrooska ra , B ulla takee, San s. E kela , B elawin a , B li s
lama n , B kelawa n , Hin d . e ru , Can . Kamp ira , Mal. Sh ag/n ycot tay , Skayra n g cottay, Tam . Nellajidi, J eedig ken z adoo, B ka llatak i, B ka lla tama, Tel . Kiri-badulla, Cey. Ch ai-bin , Peg u .
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . The ga ueoaa am of Galen . See Fru its an d Veg etables,Oil an d Oil-seeds, an d Miscellan eous ” Class, an d Woods .
”
N. O . 72. AMYR I DACE JE . A MYR I D S.
B a lsam ode n dron M y rrh a . Nees ab E sen .
L in n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e g um-resin , -Myrrh .
Vern acular. B ola , Vola, San s .
’
B ol, E sera -bol, Hin d . an d By .
Va la tipolam, Tam . Morr, Arab . Hoboli (th e g um -resin ), Kerobeta (th e plan t), A byssin ia .
Habita t . Gison on th e borders of A rabia Felix , an d th e Trog lodytecoun try .
R emarks . First men tion ed Gen . x x x vn . v. 25 . u n der th e n ame of
Ma r from its bittern ess. Th e Greek s called it Sp bpva an d Mbfifia (o lic),an d Dioscorides observes th at th e Trog lodytic was esteemed th e best
(Pereira). Mr. Vaug h an distin ctly sta tes that Myrrh is produced inA rabia, an d th at in th e Soumali cou n try besides th e tru e Myrrh . a k in d
of wh ich th e A rabic n ame is B aisa bot, an d th e Soumali Hebbakkade, is
ob tain ed. I n Bombay in feriorMyrrh is termed B a isabol. Plin y states th e
Myrrh wh ich distils of itselfwas in h is day called Stacte .
”Amon g st
th e adulteration s ofMyrrh also, h e men tion s In dian Myrrh , wh ich was
probably“ Bdellium
”or Goog ul,
”th at substan ce bein g to th is day
fraudulen tly mix ed with Myrrh in Bombay . B . Myrrh a (N. a b E .) is
con sidered by Lin dley iden ticalWith th e A myris Ka taf of F orskal. Fran s
makes A . Kaf a l th e myrrh plan t . See Gums an d R esin s.
B a ls am ode n dron Op ob a ls am um . Kun tfi.
B a ls am od e n dron g ile a d e n s e . Kun tti .
L in n . Sim. Octan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e oleo-resin , Balsam , Balm , Balm of Gilead, Balsam of Mecca .
Vern acular. The oleo-resin , Ood-i-ba lessan , By . A kooyeelasemoon
raamas, A rab . R og ken-ba lsam, Pers. B alessan , Eg ypt .
Habitat . A rabia .
20
DR UGS.
R emarks . Th e B a lm of Scripture . Th e Bdh a ap ou of Th eoph rastus an d
Dioscorides, called also Op oba lsamum. Th e wood X yloba lsamum, an d
fruit Carp oba lsamum, are also described by th e an cien ts, an d sold to th e
presen t day in Bombay. Plin y, Diodoru s, an d an cien t au th ors g en erally,con sidered J udaea the n ative cou n try solely of th e balm trees, bu t we n ow
k n ow th at th ey are fou n d in A rabia. Th ey would appear to h ave been
con fin ed ' to g arden s in Judaea, an d th e vin eyards of E u-
g eddi are supposed
to h ave been balsam g roves. Diodorus g ives Eu-
g eddi an d th e Dead Sea
sh ore as th e h abitat of th e trees . Calmet states th at th e A rabian s h ave a
tradition th at th e Queen of Sh eba in troduced th em th ere On h er visit to
Solomon . They were an offerin g wh ich mu st h ave been priz ed, for cen
turies later Plin y in form s u s th at th e Emperors Vespasian an d Titu s h ad
th e sh rub s ex h ibited in R ome, an d th at th e R oman s were in th e h abit of
carryin g th em in th eir triumph al procession s an d also th at A lex an der th e
Great, wh e n in Judaea, th ou g h t it a fair midsumm er day’
s work to fill a
con ch a (from 'O4 1 2 to ‘ 1 238 of a pin t) with Opobalsamum . Calmet
derives th e word B alsam from B a a l-shemen ,— R oya l Oil. Th e oleo-resin
of A bies ba lsamea, th e Ca n ada B a lsam Fir, h as been substitu ted in
commerce for true B a lm of Gilead, an d th e little labiate of th e Can aries
Cedron ella trip hylla (Mon ek), g oes by th at n ame, an dMelissa ofi ein a lis byth at of Common B a lm vulg arly . Opobalsamum was e x travag an tly p riz ed
as a pan acea by th e an cien ts, an d th e British Museum possesses a stamp of
Heroph ilu s th e foun der of th e A lex an drian Sch ool for h is Opobalsam um
salve . I t represen ts a fig ure of R oma seated, wi th a h ead in th e left h an d,all on Sard. See also Gums an d R esin s.
”
B a lsam ode n dron ro x b urg h ii . A rn .
Lin n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e g um resin , - In dian Bdellium .
Vern acular. Goog u l, Ben g . an d By . Kooka l, Tam . Muku l, A rabia
an d Persia . R og ken toorb, Afla toon , Pers. Moolie-ke- teil— a
Hin dee syn on yme in th e Ulfa z w iyeh . I n th e same work
B udleeyoon is g iven as th e Syrian n ame .
Habita t . North ern In dia, Silhet, A ssam , Sin dh , Deccan ?
R emarks . Gen erally th oug h t to be th e B dellium (B dolaek) of Gen .
v. 1 2, an d Num . x i. v. 1 7, an d th e 186?v an d p adeh k bv vel p a bai mbv
of Dioscorides. Lassen h owever h as sug g ested th at B dolaek mean sMu sk
an d n ot Bdellium , an d it is difficult to resist h is con clusion based as it is
n ot on ly on th e description g iven of B dolaek in Numbers, bu t also on itsaffin ity to th e San scrit word Mada laka , wh ich is th ou g h t to m ean Musk .
I n Gen esis th e word occurs in th e passag e th ere (th at is in th e lan d of
Havilath , compassed by th e river Pish on ) is bdellium an d th e on yx
ston e.
”The Pishon
'
bein g con sidered by commen tators to be th e In dus,
DR UGS .
th e tex t seems so far to support th e view of Goog a l bein g th e a n cien tBdellium or Madaleon . B u t th e m usk reg ion of th e Himalayas m ay b e
as appropriately described as compassed by th e I n dus, as Sin dh a n d th e
Pu n j ab . Th e associa tion of B do/a ek with g old po in ts also to Th ibet .
Noth in g is k n own of th e locality of Havilath in depen den tly of th e Pish on .
So mu ch for th e positive arg umen t for B dola ek bein g Mu sk . With reg ard
to th e n eg ative— n eith er th e descrip tion s of th eBible,Dioscorides, n or Plin y
in th e least resemble Goog ul, wh ile all in dicate Musk . Plin y g ives B actrian sas th e cou n try of Bdellium bu t says it also comes from A rabia an d Media,th e Median bein g called peraticum
”
(m’
pa ra yfig ) or from th e u ttermost
parts of th e earth .
”Th e m u sk deer is n ot on ly foun d in th e Him alayas
bu t in Siberia, Ton g u in , an d Coch in Ch in a, an d a sub stan ce an alag ou s to
Musk (Hyraceum is brou g h t to Bombay by Zan z ibar m erch an ts .
Goog ul, h owever, is foun d n ot on ly in North ern I n dia, bu t in A rabia ;n everth eless, I am of opin ion th at Plin y n ever m ean t Goog u l by Bdellium ,
a n d th at probably h is In dian Myrrh”an d Scordastum
”refer to th e
m odern Bdellium of In dia . I t is stran g e th at alth oug h fam iliar with
Castoreum , n o an cien t writers m en tion Mu sk u n equivocally fE tiu s (A . D .
bein g th e first (P ereira) wh o describes it . Th e e tymolog y of m usk
is n ot determ in ed . Th e con n ection of th e “on yx ston e with
bdellium in Gen esis (ch . ii. v. 1 1 ) ren ders it n ecessary to remark
th at th e word “on yx
”is u sed in an oth er sen se in Scripture. accord
in g to Calm et, th an th at of th e ston e Ska/rem . Th us th e word Skeckelet/i
is tran slated by th e LX X . as on yx (a vg , a n ail)mean in g th e celebratedodoriferous sh ell of th e an cien ts ; alth ou g h oth ers u n derstan d by
it Lada n um (th e balsam of Cis tus creticus, W. ; C . lada n iferus, W . ;
&c .) a n d B dellium . Plin y says of B actrian Bdellium th at it “ is
sh in in g an d dry an d covered with n umerou s wh ite spots resemblin g th e
fin g er n ails. A n d su ch Bdellium would appear to h ave been th e
BBe’
M q 3n of Dam ocritu s, an obscu re medical writer quoted by Saracen usin h is Sekolia in Dioscoridis, an d of Galen as quoted by Salmasiu s in h is
P lin ia n ae E x ercita tion es . Salmasius sta tes th at from th e Greek words
p aBeMbv, th e A rab Molockil (Ma/ril l) is derived ; wh ich , if true,would lessen th e force of Lassen
’
s arg um en ts in favou r of th e Bdellium of
th e B ible bein g Mu sk , if th ey were etym olog ical on ly . B och art asserts
th a t th e Bdolaeh of th e B ible is n eith er a ston e n or bdellium , bu t a
sh ell, g en us Un io . Hook er h as called th e I n dian Bdellium tree B . Moku l,
b u t I h ave n ot th e m ean s to determ in e satisfactorily wh eth er th is is a n ew
plan t, or a n ew n ame simply of th e lon g k n own tree placed at th e h ead of
th is article . Dru ry states th at B . Moku l is distin ct from B . rox bu rg /zii.
Stocks states th at, in Sin dh , B . p ubescen s also yields Goog u l. I n th e
Himalayas th e J u n iperus relig iosa (B oyle), an d in th e B h ore Gh at Ca n a
riam s trictum (R on )are called Goog ul . Th e Goog oola of th e Telin g oos is
B oswellia g la bra (W. et A .) Of th e oth er k in ds of m odern Bdellium ,
A frican is ob tain ed from B . africa n am, th e Niou tou t of Sen eg ambia ,an d Cerardia jarca la (Compositae) E g yptian from Hyp baen e tkeba ica(Palmae) ; an d “ Sicilian ” from “ Daueus g ummifer
”
(Umbelliferae).See also Gums an d R esin s.
DR UGS .
B osw e llia’
p apy rifera . Hock .
B osw e llia
L in n . Sy s t . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e g um resin , — Oliban um (quasi Oleum Liban i), Fran k in cen se .
Vern acular. Sa llaci, Sku llokee, Cun daru, San s. Sa la i, Cun daba~
rosa , Ukaan , E sus, La ba n , Hin d. Koon dn r - z uckir, Gu z . A wul
g oon dur, Dec. P ara n g ki-sambra n i. Tam . La ba n , Ca n dur, B istaj,A rab . La ba n , Koon der, Pers. La ba n iya , Syr.
Habita t . A rabia an d th e Trog lodyte cou n try .
R emarks . The Lebon ah of th e Bible (E x . x x x . v. th e Allia n ce.k rBa vm bg of th e Greek s. Plin y in forms u s th at th ere is n o cou n try inth e world th at produces fran k in cen se ex cept A rabia ,
”an d of th e g reat
in terest taken in Oliban um , an d th e th u riferous or liban oph orou s reg io n
by th e an cien ts . Kin g J uba dedicated a work to Cain s Caesar on th e
subj ec t . Kin g A n tig on u s h ad a b ran ch of th e tree sen t to h im , an d th e
m ig h ty Emperor A u g ustu s sen t a n army of R oman s u n der tEliu s
Gallus in to A rabia ex pressly in search of it . B u t th e tree an d th e preciselocality of its habitat con tin u ed u n k n ow n . Lin n aeus referred Oliban um to
an u n ascertain ed J un iper. His followers boldly specified th e J u n ip erus
ly cia (Con iferae). B ruce an d, after h im , Neibuh r search ed in A frica an d
A rabia , bu t n eith er could learn an yth in g abou t th e tree . I n 1 8 07Colebrook e most sa tisfactorily proved th at I n dian Oliban um at least
was th e product of th e B oswellia Ma ri/era (Cole) of Corom an del an d
Nag pore . Oth ers on th is con cluded th at th e Oliban um of commerce wasan I n dian an d n o t an A rabian produ ct, an error wh ich m ay be observed
to th is day, n ot on ly in pop ular, bu t also in some scien tific work s ;a n error all th e m ore rem ark able, con siderin g th e positive statem en t of
Plin y reg ardin g A rabia , a n d th e fact of Dioscorides e x pressly m en tion in gI n dian as well as A rabian Oliban um , an d of Fra n k in cen se b ein g m en tion ed
as a foreig n article in a n cien t Hin doo book s'
aceordin g to Heeren .
Som e foreig n trade m ay in deed h ave recen tly spru n g up in I n dianOliban um , bu t it (stalac titic Oliban um) mu st be qu ite a curiosity in com
m erce as compared with th e A rabian (tear Oliban um), th e ma le fran k incen se of th e an cien ts . I n th e m u seum at presen t th ere is o n ly on e
frag men t of In dia n Sa la i. Wh at th en is th e botan ical sou rce of A rabian
Oliban um ? E n dlich er referred it to P losslea floribun da Hoch stetter toB oswellia p ap yrif era , n ow k n ow n to be on e w ith E n dlich er
’
s plan t .
Carter also determ in ed th e fran kin cen se tree of A rab ia to be Hoch ste tter
’
s plan t . O n th is g rou n d B . p apy rifera is placed at th e h ead of th e
article . Part of th e comm ercial Oliban um ,
’
h owever, also com es from th e
Trog lodyte cou n try , an d th is a comparison of th e best au th orities would
trace to B . p ap yrif era . Still th e sou rce of A frican an d A rabian fra n k incen se is n ot su fficien tly cleared up . Th e mu seum samples of Soam ali
Oliban um received th rou g h MajorB urton certain ly differ from th ose receivedfrom th e Sou th ern parts of A rabia, a n d th e qu estion wh eth er th ere is n otmore th an on e in cen se tree remain s u n an swered . I h ave received cu ttin g s
DR UGS.
from Abyssin ia an d A rabia, wh ich , alth oug h th ey are n ot likely to surviveth e voyag e th en ce, are certain ] from two varieties at least, ofoliban um trees,
on e bein g u n doub tedly from t e B . p apyrif era . Th e oth er approach ed th ein dig en ou s B . thurif era . I sh all sh ortly h owever receive from Cap tainPlayfair plan ts of oliban um from differen t spots in A rabia an d A frica,with samples of th e in cen se actually g ath ered from th em, a t th ese places,correspon din g ly n umbered . Th is will likely elucidate all dispu ted poin ts .
Mr. Vau g h an g ives th e followin g as th e differen t k in ds of La ba n importedfor sale in to A den market
La ba n ma itee, from B un derMait, collected ch iefly by th e A bardag ahalaSom alis du rin g th e mon th s of J uly an d A u g u st .
La ban n a n ka r or n a n g a re from B u n der A u n g ure an d th e coun try of
Door Mah om ed, an d th e A bardag ah ala Somalis .
La ba n makar from th e ports of R as B urree , Kh or B un der, A lh olu,Murya, an d B u n der Kh asoom in th e coun try of th e Wursan g ali an d Mijjerth én Somalis about Cape Gardafu i. Th e drug is collec ted in March
,
A pril , a n d May, an d ch iefly fin ds its way to Bombay th rou g h th e en tre
p6ts of Maccula an d Sh eh r.
La ba n berbera or ma slika , collected by th e A ial Y u n us an d A ial Hamed
Somalis ; an d lastly th e Oliban um of th e Liban oforous R eg ion of Ptolemy,or A rabian oliban um (of wh ich Vau g h an does n ot g ive th e local n am e),e x ported from th e ports of th e Hadramau t in en orm ous qu a n tities to Bom
bay, an d h en ce sh ipped to all parts of th e world . (Jarter writin g o f th e
A rabian th u riferous district observes Com in g from th e n orth -east we firstm eet with th e fran k in cen se tree on th e Sabh an mou n ta in s, in la titude 1 7
°
30' N. an d lon g itude 55
°23
'
E . , wh ere th e desert en ds, an d th e woodedmou n tain ous reg ion commen ces, an d followin g th e coast wh ich ru n s sou th
west, we fin d th e fran kin cen se ex ported from th e differen t town s, g raduallydim in ish in g after th e Bay of A l Kammar, u n til we arrive at Makalla, fromwh en ce n on e is ex ported from th e in terior of A ra bia, an d but little used ex
cept wh at is broug h t from th e A frican Coast Opposite th at town . By th e same
in qu iry we learn th at th e produ ce of th e A rabian tree is ex ported inlarg est quan tities from places on th at part of th e Coast wh ich in terven ebetween th e latitude an d lon g itude m en tion ed, an d th e town of Damkote,in th e Bay of A l Kamm ar, in 52
°4 7 E ast lon g itude . Between th ese two
poin ts th e trees are con g reg ated in two distin c t localities, on th e summ its
an d sides of th e h ig h est ran g e of mou n tain s n ear th e Coast, an d on th e
plain betwee n th em an d th e sea th e form er is called Nedjee or h ig h lan d,a n d th e latter Sakil or plain on th e coast .” He observes also th at I b n
Batu ta calls th e tree A l Kun dooroo . Colebrooke w ould derive th e
Greek word X évbpo g from Cu n dum , on e San scrit desig n ation of fran kincen se . Why is th e g reat fran k in cen se port of A rabia called A l Kamma r .
7
Did it g ive its n am e to, or receive it from Fran kin cen se Th e h ig h p riceof th is g um
-resin in an cien t times arose from th e trade in it bein g a mo n o
poly, an d from its ex travag an t u se in relig iou s cerem on ies . Besides th e
Sa la i we h ave in In dia th e B oswellia g labra (Koon tkrekum, Mal. Koon
dricum, Tarn . Goog oola , Tel ), wh ich yields a frag ran t resin k n own as
Goon drieum an d in th e B kore Gka t th e Ca n arium strictum (R on ) g oes24
DR UGS.
Th e ex tract A k akia is described by both Hippocrates an d Dioscorides .
Th e Sizit tim tree of th e Bible 1 s supposed to h ave bee n a n A cacia . See ,
also Gums an d Re sin s,”
Tan s,”an d Woods.
”
A ca cia Ca t e ch u . Will . Medicin a l Acacia .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia .
Th e ex tract of th e wood, — Catech u .
Vern acular . Th e tree, San s . K’bayar, Hin d. Kfiaera ,
Hin d . an d Ben g . Ka ir, Kbadera , By . Wotba lay , Tarn . P odeel
97261 21 772, Tel. K/i eli iree, Cey . Sha bin , Peg u . Th e ex tract, -Ka t,Kil t/z, K/zuer, Vulg .
Habita t . Th e E ast an d West In dies.
R emarks . Catech u is m an u factured 1 11 differen t parts of In dia ; an d
substan ces an alog ou s to it are ob tain ed from variou s trees in In dia an d
elsewh e1 e, as from th e leaves of Un ca ria Gambir in Siam , an d th e kern els
of A reca Ca tcc/zu in th e Deccan . R emarks o n th ese will be m ade
elsewh ere . Th ere is n o referen ce m ade to Ca tec/zu in an cien t au th ors,alth ou g h th e Mmov ivSi x ov of Dioscorides was th oug h t to be th is article,u n til R oyle apparen tly proved it to be th e ex trac t of certain Him alayan
B arbemies . Garcias th erefore 1 s th e first k n own writer wh o men tion s th isp lan t . See Tan s,
”an d Woods.
”
A g a ti g ra n difio ra . D esa .
L in n . Sy s t . Diadelpln a Decan drm .
Th e bark .
Vern acular. Ag as t ia , B uka , San s . B ulaa -ag usta, B en g . A ug usta ,By . A g a ti, Turn . an d Mal. A n isay, Tel.
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R emarks . See Fru its an d Veg etables, an d Gums an d R esin s .
A lh a g i m a urs rum . Tb urn . P rickly-stem Hea’
ysarn m .
L i n n Sy st . Diadel phia Decan dria .
Th e su g ar,- Persian Man n a .
Vern acu lar . Th e p lan t, Giri/carn i/ca, Tella ~
y in iya- cbet tu, Tel . Klim
i slla tu r, J a n rsa , A fg h an . A l-g n l, A rab . Th e su g ar,- a n njabeen ,
A rab . a n d Pers . J uwa n sa , Slm turlca i, Oos/zturk/za r, Hin d .
I I a bita t . Bokh ara, Persia , E g yp t, I n dia .
R ema rks . Th e su g ar is secreted apparen tly on ly in Persia an d
B okh ara . The plan t is said to be th e “ Occh u s”
of Plin y, an d th e“
(ik a vfia e’
u’
A p 1’
a”
of Th eoph rastus. Spren g el would believe it also to
b e th e “th orn
”of Proverbs x x iv. v. 3 1 . See above N. O .
‘
25, an d also
Sug ars .
26
DR UGS .
B u te a fron dosa . R om. Down y-bra n ch B utea .
L in n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dma.
The seed, — Porassum seed .
Vern acular . Pa lasa, Kin on ka , Kin sn ka , San s. Kuen ee, Hin d .
P a las, Ben tr Dec . , an d Hin d . Dkak , B en g . P a llus-kakria ,o "
By. P a lassie, Mal . Porassum, Tam . Modug a , Tel. Gas-kaela ,
Cey . P ouk - bin , Peg u .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . First n oticed by Van R h eede . Gives its n ame to th e mem o
rable plain of Pa lasi, vulg arly called P lassey . Yields also a kin o an d a
lac . See P terocarp us marsap imn below, an d “ Gums an d R esin s,”an d
Dyes an d Colours .
”
C a ss ia A b sa s . Lin n . Flour- leased Cassia .
L i n n . Sy s t . Decan dn a Mo n og yn ia .
Th e seed’
.
Vern acular. Th e seed, Ckaksoo, Hin d . Ckown , Sin dh . B oo- tora ,
Cey . Kuskmeez urk, Ha b-u l-soucla n , A rab . Cuskrn eeg uk, Pers .
A kakalis, Yon an ee n ame in Baz ars.
Habita t . In dia, Darfour.
R emarks . First men tion ed by A lpin us .
C as s ia a uricu la t a . Lin n . E ared Cassia .
L i n n . Syst . Decan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e seed.
Vern acular. Talop ota, M'
ayka rie, San s . Tumour, Dec. Ta n g ag/ree,Can . A varay, Tam . Tan g bedoo, Tel .
“
R a n a -wara, Cey .
Habita t . Deccan .
R emarks . See also Tan s, an d “Woods.
C as s ia la n ce ola ta . B oyle .
L i n n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia
Th e leaf, — Sen n a (Mecca an d Tin n evelly).
Vern acular. Sun a -mn kki, Hin d . San a -
p a t, B en g . Nilaveme, Tam.
Nela -
p oon a, Nela - tun g badoo, Tel . Sa n a, A rab .
Ha bita t . Tin n evelly, Gu z erat, A rabia, E g ypt .
R emarks . Th is plan t yields Mecca an d Tin n ecelly Sen n a . I t is
differen t from th e C. la n ceola ta of Forsk'
al wh ich h e th ou g h t true MeccaSen n a . A lex an dria n Sen n a con sists of th e leaves of C. obova ta (Ca lladon ),C. acu tifolia (Delile), an d sometim es C. ce tliiop ica (Guibourt). Calladon
’
s
plan t also yields A leppo, Sen eg al, an d I talic Sen n a an d sometimes with
Q7
D R UGS.
C:ce tkiop ica, wh ich forms th e bulk , is fou n d in Trip oli Sen n a . C . ce tbio
p ica 1 5 also th e source of Smyrn a Sen n a . America n Sen n a is obtain edfrom C. marilan dica . Sen n a is first m en tion ed by th e A rab ian s, Mesue,Serapio
o
n, an d A vicen n a ; th ey all refer to th e pod h owever, as does
A ctuari as, th e ea rl1est Greek writer on th is drug .
C a th artocarp u s F is tu la . Pers . P urg in g Ca tfiartocarp us .L in n . Sy at . Deca n dria Mon og ym a .
Th e pulp of th e pod,-Cassia .
Vern acular. Soovarn uka , San s. Ama ltas, Pykassie, Hin d . Son ali,Sooala li, B en g . B kawa , Dec . Ckoon ay , Mal . Cakay , Can .
Koamay , Kon ekai, Sa i 'akon -n eba i, Tam . R ayla-ka ia, Tel.
E bw la -
g aba , Cey . B ackbur, Kaya r-slzcmbir, Kkirn oob-kin dee,
A rab . K/iya r-ckember, Pers .
I I a bita t . I n dia .
R emarks . First men tion ed by Mesn e an d th e A rabs. The yh vx o x cillap ovof Myrepsrcus an d Ka o
'
a ia pala t ial of Actuarius . See also Woods.
”
C era to n ia Siliq u a . W. Carob Tree .
L i n n . Sy s t . Polyg am ia Dioecia .
Th e pod,- St . J oh n
’s B read, Carob, A lg aroba Bean .
Vern acular. K/i irn oob-sli amee, Nubtee, Kharroub, A rab .
I I a bita t . E g ypt an d th e Levan t, Spain .
R emarks . Men tion cd by Th eoph rastus an d Plin y u n der th e n ames of
Kepa‘
rwvia an d Cera u n ia . Called St . J oh n’8 B read from th e ig n oran t
idea th at th e pod con stitu ted th e h on ey on wh ich J oh n th e Bap tist fedin th e desert . Th e sh ells of th e Carob are supposed, h owever, to h ave
b een th e h u sk s wh ich th e prodig al son”desired to eat . Th ey were
u sed as fodder by ou r ca valry th rou g h ou t th e Pen in sular war (Lon don ).See Fruits an d Veg etables .
C litoria T ern a t e a . Lin n . U’in y- leavetl Clitoria .
L i n n . Sys t. Diadelph ia Decan dria .
Th e seed an d root .
Vern acular. Th e blu e variety,— A sp kota , Up arafl ta, Neela -
g keerie,
San s . Ka lis er, Klzag in , Hin d . Up araj z ta , B en g . Sklon g a o kusp i,
Skun koo-
puspka , Mal . Ka rakarta n , Tam . Neelaa’in ton a , Neele
g ben ta n a , Tel . Nilka tarodu, Cey . Th e wh ite variety,— S/zwet
up arajita , Ben g .
Habita t . I n dia .
R emark . First described by R ivin us .
£38
DR UGS .
Gu ila n din a B on duc . I n'
n n . Oval-leaved Nicker-tree.
L in n . Syst . Decan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e seed, - Bon du c n u t, Molucca n u t, Bez oar n u t, Bon duc I n dorum .
Vern acu lar.
’
oobayra tckie, Pu ticaraja, San s. Ca tca leji, Na ta
ca ra nja , Ku tkara n g a , Hin d . Na ta , B en g . Kirbu t, Sin dh .
Gu tckka, Gadyag a , Sag arg ota , Dec . Ka lickikai, Tam . Gackcka
ckettu, Tel. Ka la -wawa l-ce tiya , Cey.
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . First distin ctly described by A vicen n a, bu t probably on e of
th e E ag le- ston es of th e an cien ts .
Liq u orit ia. Offi cin a lis . bl an ch . Common Liquorice.
L i n n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria .
Th e root,— Liquorice root an d th e ex tract of th e root,— Liquorice .
Vern acular. Madkuka, Ya stimadku cka , San s. J etimadb, Hin d.
Meetka - lak ri, Dec . A ddimodram, Tam . Usu lusoos, A rab . B ile/z
mekuck , Pers. Usarieh -melzak, a syn on ym e in th e Ul/‘
a z Ua’wiyek .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean cou n tries ; th e Shat-el A raban d Coch in -Ch in a .
R ema rks . Probably th e yh vv bifa of Hippocrates an d Dioscorides.
See Sug ars.
M e lilotus offi cin a lis . Lin n . Common Melilot .
L in n . Sy s t . Diadelphia Decan dria .
Th e pod .
Vern acular. A sp eruck ? Hin d. Z ireer ? Pers.
Habita t . North temperate z on e .
R emarks . Th e Fi x at ion }; of Dioscorides. Th e pod con tain s an aromaticprin ciple, Courmarin e, also fou n d in th e Ton /tin B ean , Dip teriar odora ta
(Leg um in osae)
M u cu n a prurita . Hook . I n dia n Cow/rag e.
L i n n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria .
Th e h air on th e pod.
Vern acu lar. A lkuslzee, A tmag up ta , San s., Ben g . Kiwacb, Hin d .
Kau n ck-koori, Dec . Poon aykalie, Tam . P eetiadag oo,Dulag on di,Tel. Na icorma , Malay .
Habita t . In dia .
29
D R UGS .
P oin cia n a pulch errim a . Lin n . Flower Fen ce Poin cian a .
L in n . Sy s t . Decan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e bark , leaf, an d seed .
Vern acular. Gul- i- turak, Kurisk-ckurin , Hin d . Krish n a-ckoora ,
B en g . Tsettima n da rum, Mal. My te R eyla ,P amidi- ta n g eda , Tel. Mon ara -ma l, Cey .
Habita t . West I n dies. Naturaliz ed in I n dia .
P teroca rp us Dra co . Lin n .
Lin n . Sy st . Diadelphia Deca n dria .
Th e resin , — Drag on’
s Blood (Socotra an d America).
Vern acular. Dumul- ook-wa in , A rab ., Hin d . , Dec . J yda-roomee,
A rab . Ka n damoory arit tum, Tam . Ca tyamoorg um-n itooroo, T el.
Ha bita t . Socotra, West I n dies, an d Span ish Main .
R emarks . First m en tion ed by th e bro th ers Commelyn . Th e Drag on’
s
Blood of th e In dian A rch ipelag o is from Ca lamus Draco (Palm ae), an d
th at of th e Can ary Islan ds from Dracw n a Dra co (Liliaceae). See also“ Gums an d R esin s.
P teroca rpu s m a rsup ium . R ow. Emarg in a te- leaved, or I n dia n
Kin o Tree.
Th e con crete g ummy ju ice, —
g en u in e or E ast- I n dian Gum -Kin o .
Vern acular. P eet-slzola , Hin d . B ibla , B ewba, B ia, Dec . Hoon ee,
Sou th ern Mah ratta Cou n try . Karin tkag ara , Mal . Yea n g a, Tam .
Veg isa, E g isa, Tel. Gan -ma lu, Cey .
Habita t . Malabar.
R emarks . Th e orig in of th e term k in o is n ot properly determ in ed,
bu t it is n oteworth y th at th e San scrit an d Hin doo n ames of th e B u tea
f ron dosa (see above) are respectively Kin suka , a n d Kaan se, an d th at th at
tree yields a Gum-Kin o, called in comm erce Gum -Bu tea, all over I n dia .
Th e P teroca rp us erin aceus (Lamarck) of Gamb ia an d Sen eg al also y ields
a g en uin e Gum-Kin e, an d was th e source of th e orig in al dru g of th e n ame
wh en it first appeared in th e Ph arm acopoeias of Great B ritain 1 774 - 1 78 7.
Th e B ota n y B ay Kin o is derived from E uca lyp tus resin if‘
era (Myrtaceae).Th e Syz yg ium J ambola n um of th e same order, th e h an dsom e J ambool of
B ombay g arden s, also yields a kin o-like g um . See Gum s an d R esin s,
”
an d Woods.
”
T am a rin du s in dica . Lin n . Common Tamarin d .
L in n . Sy s t Mon adelphia Trian dria.
DR UGS .
Vern acular. Umlika, Tin tiree, Tin tili, San s. Nuli, Ambli, Hin d .
an d Ben g . Amlee, Ten tool, Ben g . B a lam-
p ollie, Mal . P ollium,
Tam . Ckin ta, Tel . Maka -siyamba la, Cey. Amblie, Tamar
k in dee, A rab .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . First m en tion ed by th e A rabian sMesn e, Serapion , A vicen n a(Pereira). Th e éq fiow i
’
x a of Myrepsicus . See Fruits an d Veg etables,”
Con dimen ts an d Spices,”an d Woods .
T rig on e lla F oen um -Graecum . Lin n . Common Fen n ug reek .
L i n n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Th e seed,— Fen n u g reek .
Vern acular. Met/tee , Mootbee, Hin d . rlfe tkee Ben g .
Ma tkee, Dec . Men tia , Can . Ven diam, Tam . dI en tluoo, Tel.
0 0 lowa , Cey . Helbe/i , A rab . Skimlet, in th e Ulfa z w iyeh .
Habita t . Th eMediterran ean cou n tries. Cultiva ted Widely in In dia .
R emarks . Th e Bovx e’
pa g of Hippocrates accordin g to Spren g el.
V a ch e llia F a rn es ia n a . W. Sp on g e Tree .
L in n . Sy st. Polyg amia Mon oec1a.
Th e g um .
Vern acular. Th e tree, Sami, San s. Gooya-baboola, By . Vaday
vullie, Tam . Kus toori, P eetooma, Tel .
Ha bita t . Th e Mediterran ean coun tries an d In dia .
R emarks . A ccordin g to Fraas, th is is th e plan t n am ed by Th eoph rastus
75) “q ax a ueo g ; bu t Spren g el says it was first described by Ambrosin io .
See Gums an d R esin s,”an d Woods .
”
N. O . 75 . MO R I NGACE ZE . M OR I NGA D S.
M orin g a p tery g osp erm a . Gw rt . Smootli Horse R ad ish Tree .
Th e root .
Vern acular . Sig roo, Sobkanjun , San s . an d B en g . Sbaj zn a , B en g .
Jl'
I oon yay , Sujn a , Hin d . Sa in y a , Sa iy u t, By . Moorin y ay, Mal.
Nug g et , Can . Mooru n g ay, Tam . Mooru n g a, Moon aya, Tel.
fil erikoolu, Ga n muru n g a , Cey .
Habita t . Th e two In dies, A frica .
R emarks . Th e seeds of th is plan t are th e B en - n u ts of old writers, an d
th e Hub- ool- ba n it is said of th e A rabs ; an d, accordin g to Lin dley, tlieB en -oil of watchm ak ers an d j ewellers is ob tain ed from th em . Mori n g a
ap tera , h owever, is th e A rabian an d A frican species, a n d with in th e writer’
s
observa tion n o oil is ob tain ed from Sa ig u t seeds in th e B ombay Presiden cy .
Th e Myroba la n us”
or“u n g uen t a corn of Plin y, an d th e Bdh avos of
3 1
DR UGS .
Theoph rastu s an d th e Greek s are referred to th e M . p teryyosp erma .
I would take th e liberty to su g g est, h owever, th at th e seeds of I ll . ap tera
are truly m ean t by Plin y an d oth er classical writers . Plin y m e n tion s
B a lan us wood as in ferior to th at of th e P ersea , bu t very durable .
”
Th e wood of th e Sa ig u t is worth less . DeCan dolle doub ts th e distin ctn essof th e two species of Morin g a u n der commen t ; an d it m ay be th at th e
I n dian Morin g a , alth ou g h it h as n ot th e h ard wood an d oil-seed of th e A ra
bian , A frican , an d West I n dian plan ts, is yet specifically iden tical withth em . M . ap tera is th e Yessur of th e A rab s
, th e lon g pod of wh ich th eycall Hab-
g ba lec . Th e seeds of n eith er plan t h ave a n y con n ec tion withm odern Myrobalan s, wh ich see below N. O . 8 1 . See also Fruits an d
Veg etables,”an d Gums an d R esin s .
”
N. O . 76 . R OSACE ZE . R OSE WOR TS.
A m y g da lu s comm un is . Lin n . var . am a ra . DeC. B itter
A lmon d .
L i n n . Sy s t. Icosan dria Mon og yma .
Th e kern el, — Bitter A lmon ds.
Vern acular. K'
urwa badam, Hin d . B adam tulk, Pers . Lowe -ul
murr, A rab .
Habita t . Barbary, Syria . Cultivated in Sou th ern E urope .
R emarks . A lmon ds are m en tion ed in th e Bible, an d by th e earliest
Greek an d R om an writers on medicin e . See also Fruits an dVeg etables,”
an d Oils an d Oil- seeds .
”
Cy do n ia. vu lg a ris . P ers . Common Qu in ce.
L in n . Sys t . Icosa n dria Pen tag yn ia .
Th e seed, -Quin ce seed .
Vern acular. B ebee-ke-beej, Hin d . B ekeeda n a, B eda n a , Pers ., Dec . ,
Tam . Hu busufiry'
ul,A rab .
Habita t . Sou th E urope, A sia Min or, B okh ara, Cabul.
R emark s . Th e v cbvea of Dioscorides, v cbmov an d m pobdiou of Th eo
ph rastus, an d th e coton ea or ma lum coton eum of th e R oman s . Q uin cesare called melicoton es in old E n g lish book s . Th e Latin a n d E n g lish
term s are b u t corrup tion s of th e Greek , wh ich n ame was derived fromCydon ia, a city of Crete , wh en ce th e Quin ce was first in trodu ced . I t was
h eld sacred to Ven us an d th e apples of th e Son g of Son g s refer toth e fruit of th is tree . The derivation by Skin n er of th e word cotton fromcoton ea, is p reposterous .
Pru n us Cera sus . W. Common Ckerry .
L i n n . Syst . Icosan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e seed an d th e kern el, — Ch erry ston es an d pips.
39
DR UGS.
R emarks . First describ ed by Van R h eede . He fig u res also (Part 5,Tab . 4 7) Colubrin a a s ia tica (IV. et N. O . R h am n aceae , u n der th e
n ame of Ka tap a . See also Fruits an d Veg etables,”a n d Woods .
”
T e rm in a lia. ch eb u la .
‘
R ox . Ova l- leaved Termin alia .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon te cia.
Th e fru it, — Ch ebulic Myrobalan .
Vern acular. Ha ritilra , San s . Hur, Ha r-lia ra , Hulda , Hum , Um
bed/mr ? Hin d . I f aritukee, B en g . Heerda , H it /club , Dec .
A ra lay , My sore . Kmlorka , Mal. Ka rluk a i, Tarn . Ka rak a ia ,Sein y i
— tig e, Tel . A ra loo , Cey . I x’
ayoo- bz n , Peg u . Heliluj—k a ba lea,
A ral) . I I elilebk eela n , Pers . Th e un ripe dry fru it is k n own byth e follow in g n ames, Kierk adag a , San s. Zen g i-b a r, Ben g . Sin g i,Tam . A blelaj- aswad, A rab . Helile/i -seeaii, Pers.
I I a bita t . Cabal, I n dia .
R emarks . First described b y A vicen n a, an d ag ain b y B rven iu s, 1 7th
cen tu ry . Ch ebu lic Myrobala n s are u sed for m a n y purposes i n I n dia , a n dappear in th e ba z ars u n der so m an y form s an d colou rs th at a tyro m ig h t
fa n cy h e was dealin g with several species . Th ey are arran g ed in to six
classes in th e A siatic R esearch es,” vol. 1 1 , pag e 1 82, n ote, viz .
Helile/i -z ireh, th e fru it dried wh en j ust formed, an d th e siz e of cuminseed, z eera/i .
Helile/i -jawi, th e fruit dried wh en th e siz e of a barley -com , jaw .
I I elileb - z en g i, th e fruit dried wh en th e siz e of a raisin an d black like a
n eg ro, z en g i.
HelileIz - e/i in i, larg er th an last, an d g reen ish .
I I e/ileli -a sfer, th e fruit n ear maturity an d yellow, asfer.
I I elileb - ca ba li, th e fruit a t full m aturity .
Ma tu re Cabul Myrobalan s sell for a rupee apiece in Bombay u n der th e
n ame of Surwa rree-birda . Besides th e Myrobalan s catalog ued u n der th e
presen t n atural order, an Emblic J‘I yroba la n is k n ow n in m odern commerce .
Th ese are q uite distin ct from th e an cien t myrobalan , th e seeds of th e
Morin g a ap tera as already n oticed, an d th eir Pboen icoba la n us, th e n u t
probably of th e Down p a lm of E g ypt, Hyp /zce n e tbeba ica . Th ey h ave n o
con n ection eith er w ith th e Myroba la n us ch ebulus of VVeslin g , th e B a la
n ites (eyyp tia ca of Delile, alth oug h th e fruit of th is tree is common lym ix ed up w ith m atu re Ca bu l Myroba la n s in B ombay eith er b y acciden t orfraud . See Tan s,
”Fru its an d Veg etables,
”an d Woods.
”
N. O . 85. MYR TACE JE . MYR TLE BLOOMS.
Carey a a rb ore a . R ow.
L in n . Sy s t . Mon adelphia Polyan dria.
Th e fruit.34
'
D R UGS .
Vern acular. B akoomba, Wakoomba , By . Peloa , Mal . A ve-mavoo,
Tam . Kumbi, B udada n edi, Tel.
Habita t . Kan deisb , Western Gh ats.
R emarks . Named after Carey. See s‘Woods .
Ca ry op h y llu s a rom a ticus . Lin n . Clove tree.
L in n . Sy s t . Icosa n dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e dry u n developed dower— Cloves ; an d th e fruit,— Moth er Clove .
Vern acu lar: Luvu n g a , San s. Lu n g , Lavun , Hin d . Cba n k ee , Ma l.
Ca ramboo, Tam . Lawa n g um, Law zmg a loo, Tel. PVa rra la , Kra ba
g aba , Cey . l i’
urunp ba l, A rab . lily/709k , Pers . Ch a n g /felt , La
wa n g , Malaya . Ga amedi, Moluccas . T/cen g-leia (odoriferous n ails),
Ch in a .
Ha bita t . Th e Moluccas. Cu ltivated in New Guin ea, Martin ique,St . Vin cen t, Zan z ibar, Malabar, Mau ritius, B ou rbon , A mboyn a .
R emarks . Kurp l mllon is th e Yon a n ee sy n o n yme of th e baz ars, bu t th e
best au th orities den y th at Plin y refers to th e Clove u n der th e n am e of
Garyop by llon an d alth ou g h Paulus n in e ta (A . D . 600- 700) n o ticesx apvq bM oy an d, in Pereira
’
s Opin ion , p robably refers to th e Clo ve, yetSpre ng el, Pereira states , reg ards Simeon Seth (A . D . 1 000- 1 1 00) as th e first wh o
m en tion s th e article . Th e passag e in Plin y is “est etiam n um in I n dia
piperis g ran i sim ile, qu od voca tur g aryoph yllon , g ra n dias frag iliusqu e*
adveh itu r odoris g ra tia . The objec tion to h is mean in g th e Clove is th e
word g ran diu s,”for th e Clove it is said is n o t larg er th an a peppercorn ,
b u t lon g er. Bu t surely“g ran diu s w ill h ere b ear th e tra n sla tion of
lon g er. Cicero u ses th e term s“g ran dis epistola
”for a lo n g let ter.
”
Con siderin g th e A rabic n am e, an d th e Yon a n ee syn on ym e of th e ba z ars, th e
Clove is u n doub tedly th e g a ryop byllon of Plin y . Th e o n ly arom a tic g rainmore brittle an d la rg er th an pepper is A llsp ice,
‘
a produ ct of th e West
I n dies ex clusively, wh ich , of cou rse, Plin y cou ld n o t h ave dream t of,alth ou g h Clusius a n d o th ers h arpin g on th e word g ra n dius ,
”h ave
th oug h t th is the substan ce h e m ean t . Th e first In cas, — wh e th er th eywere E g y p tian , Ch in ese, or E n g lishm en ,
— are con sidered to h ave been
drifted from th e OldWorld to th e New an d th e Hesperides m ay h ave bee nth e West I n dia islan ds bu t w ith in the h istoric period we h ave n o m e n
t ion of American products u n til th e days of Columbus ; n or cou ld a n y h avebeen con veyed to E urope ex cept by such fortuitou s ocean cu rren ts as
tran sported Man co Capac an d h is followers to Peru ,an d of wh ich w e h ave
a n ex ample in th e seeds of E n tada sca n den s . Ch in ese books m ay yet p rove
an imm emorial commu n ica tion between th e opposite sh ores of th e Pacific,bu t it could n ever h ave been m ore th an occasion al, n or h ave ex te n ded inan y probability to th e West In dies ; an d th e A tlan tic was certain ly n o t
crossed by desig n u n til ce n turies after Plin y . Th e resem b lan ce in sou n d
o f th e A rab ic Ka rma/1 1m ], Y on a n ee Ku rp /w le’
o n ,I talia n Ga za/brie, a n d
Fren ch Girofle with the Latin Garyolubylton , wh atever th at was, is very35
DR UGS.
remarkable . Crawfurd remarks, h owever, th at it is stran g e th at Plin y, ifh e mean t th e Clove, did n ot compare it to a n ail, as every n ation h as
(cla n , Irloben , &c .) from th e Ch in ese to th e Du tch (lrru id n ag el, or h erb
n ail). Lawa n g is also th e A rch ipelag ic n am e of th e Clove-Bark of E astern
commerce, or Culilawan bark , ob tain ed from several species of Cin n amo
mam. Th e Clove Bark , or Clove Cassia of B raz il, is from Dicg/p ellium
ca ryOpbylla tum, like th e Species of Ciimamomum of th e N. O . Lauraceae .
See also Con dimen ts an d Spices.
M e lal eu ca m in or . Smitli . The Lesser Mela leuca .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyadelphia I cosan d n a .
Th e oil distilled from th e leaf,— Cajupu ti oil.
Vern acular . Th e oil, — Kayapooti-ke-tel, In dia . Th e tree, — Kayu
pu ti (wh ite-wood), Moluccas .
Ha bita t . Moluccas .
R emarks . First described by R umph ius. See also “ Oils an d Oil
seeds .
”
M y rtus comm u n is . W. Common Myrtle .
Lm n . Sy st . Icosa n dria Mon og ym a .
Th e berry .
Vern acular. Vita ti-men dee, Hin d . A ss, A sbiree, Mawrid, I smar,I sf erem, A rab .
Habita t . Sou th of E urope .
R emarks . Men tion ed in th e B ible: T h e p vpm’
m; of Hippocrates an dDioscorides . Plin y states th at myrtle berries were used as a con dime n tb efore th e in trodu ction of p epper in to E urope. Th e tree was sacred toVen us. See Con dimen ts an d Spices .
”
Pun ica Gra n a tum . Lin n . Pomeg ran a te .
L in n . Sy st . Icosan dria Mon og yma .
Th e bud, th e rin d, an d th e root -bark .
Vern acular. D arimba ,San s. A n a r
, Gu ln a r, Hin d . Da lim, Da rim,
D a rmec, B en g . Mada /a , Mal. bf ada lam, Mag ila n , Tam .
D adima -
p a n dao, P avvu da n imma , Tel . Delamg b edie, Cey . Huma n ,R a n a, Kit/ru t, A rab . A n a r , Pers . Detema , Malay .
Ha bita t . North ern A frica, A rmen ia, Maz an deran , Bokh ara , Cabu l,
Cashm ire . Cu ltiva ted widely in A sia .
R ema rks . Men tion ed in th e Bible (as Numb . x x . v. Herodotus
calls th e rin d m’
Bw v an d th e g rain s mix /«ores. See also Fruits an d Veg etables,
”an d Tan s.
”
DR UGS.
N. O . 88 . BA R R INGTONI ACEHS. B A R R I NGTONI A DS.
B a rrin g ton ia. a cu ta n g u la . Gcert .
L in n . Sy s t . Icosan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fru it .Vern acu lar. Sumun dur-
p tiu l, Hin d . Tiwur, By Sjeria -samstraraa’i,
Mal . Ka n ap a ckettu, Ka n ig i cbettu, Tel. Dig a-midella , Cey .
Kya i- tba , Peg u .
Habita t . The Su n derbu n ds ; th e creek s of th e Con can s Peg u .
Gus tavia. u rce ola ta . W.
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Polyan dria.
Th e wood, -; Bois puan t .
Vern acularHa bita t . Mauritiu s, Surin am
?
N. O . 92. CUCU R B I TA CE tE . CUCUR B I TS.
Citru llus Colo cy n th is . Schrad . Tbe bit ter Cucumber .
L in n . Sy s t . Mon oecia Syn g en esia .
Th e fru it, — Colocyn th or Coloquin tida .
Vern acular. Vistaa la , I n dra -va ron ee, San s . I n drayan , Hin d. Ma
k ba l, B en g . Tru -jo-
p ar, Trujo-
g osti t, Sin dh . I n drawa n , Dec.
P eycommu t tee, Mal. P ag coomu t i, Va rriecoomu tie, Tam . Poe t
saka ia , P ap ara budama , Verri p a ch chu, E tc p ucti cba , Cb it ti
p ap ara , Tel . Sli eti-pu tsa , Tit ta commodoo, Cey . Ha n z il, Pers.
an d A rab .
Habita t . Levan t, In dia, J apan , Nubia, Cape of Good H0pe . Cul
tivated in E urope .
R emarks . Supposed to b e th e p ak tcotb (wild g ourd) of Scrip ture(2 Kin g s, ch . iv. v. an d th e Koaox vvétg a
'
yp ia of Hippocrates . Dios
corides a n d Plin y both describe it . Th e common I n drawa n of th e
Deccan is n ot th e tru e Colocyn th , bu t th e Cucumis p seudo-Colocy n tbis
of R oyle, th e B isloombee of Hin doostan . Ma ka l is also th e n am e of
Trichosa n th es p a lma ta, of th is order, an d of Modecca triloba ta, N. O .
Passifloraceae .
T rich osa n th es p a lm a ta . R ow.
L i n n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon adelphia.
Th e fru it.Vern acular. Makal, Hin d . Kau n del, Dec. A n corutbag , Coruttei,Tam . A buva , A vag ooda , Kakia
’un da, Tel.
37
DR UGS.
Habita t . In dia.
R ema rks . Mak a l is also th e n ame of th e Colocyn th , an d withdel also of th e Modecca triloba ta .
N. O . 93 . PA PAYA CE ZE . PA PA YA DS.
Hy dn ocarp us odora tus .
L in n . Sy s t . D ioecia Pen tan dria.
Th e seed, — Ch aulmog ra .
Vern acular. Chau lmoog ra , Piturkurra , Ben g .
Habita t . Sylh et .
N. O . 97 . POR TULACACE ZE . P UR SL A I NS.
P ortu la ca o l e ra ce a . H . S. Small P urslain .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dri a Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular. Lon i/ca , Loon ia , San s . Moon eba , Loon ia , Kha rsa ,Kurf a , Hin d . Moan g a , Hin d . an d B en g . B uro- leon ia , B en g .
Ka rie—cti eera , Mal. Dooda -
g ora i, Can . Ca ril-keera g , P ure/mo
k eerag ,Tam . P eda -
p a il- lruru , B od zlu-
p aviliq ra , Ga nja -
p a vili
lrura , Tel. Gen da - lcola , Cey . B ulclu t- ul—buke ma , A rab . Turn s/c,I f beref eb , Pers .
‘
Habita t . Th e temperate z on e .
R ema rks . Th e dudpdx m; of Th eoph rastus an d Dioscorides an d Porcila ca of Plin y . Th e secon d dubpdx m; o f T heoph rastu s or &ubpdq as it is
sometimes called, is th e A rbu tus A n dra ch n e accordin g to Spre n g el, a n d
h as been con fou n ded by a n cien ts an d m odem s w ith Pu rsla in . Th e
C/zota ka lp it a of Bombay is th e Tr'icliodesma in die-um (N. O . Borag in accaz),
an d Ku lp a is on e of th e local n am es of A n drag rap /zis p a n icula ta , N. O .
1 64 . See Fruits an d Veg etables .
”
N. O . 1 10. UMBE LL I FE R JE . UMB E LL I F E R S.
A n e th um Sow a . R ox .
L i n n . Sy s t . I 'e n ta n d i ia D ig yn ia .
Th e fruit— (I n dian Dill seed .
Vern acular. Sitasiva , Missreg a , Stra teg a , San s . Sowa , Sole , Sag/a ,Sbu tap oosp lz a , Hin d . Su toopba , Scalp /ta , B en g . Suva
, Gu z .
Sba tba - l wop lza , l\’I al . Sadda coopp ie , Tam . Surlrlap a , Somp a ,Sopu, Tel. Sa i ta coopp a, Heen - ceaduru Cey . Sz
’zubit, A rab .
I I abita t . I n dia .
R ema rks . Probably a variety o n ly o f Commo n Ga rden Dill ('
A . g ra reo
len s) , th e (iunflov of Th eoph rastus an d Dioscorides . See Con dimen ts an d
Sp ices
DR UGS.
A p ium in volucra tum . R ex .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fru it .Vern acular. Cka n oo, R kadun i, B en g . Ajmood, A n eesoon , Hin d.
Habita t . Cultivated th rou g h ou t Hin doostan .
R emarks . A n esoon is a syn on ym e of P imp in ella A n isum .
Ca rum Ca ru i . Lin n . Common Caraway .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fru it, — Caraway seed .
Vern acular. Curweeya , A rab .
Habita t . Th e m eadows an d pastures of E urope an d Asia Min or.
R emarks . Th e KcipO g of Dioscorides an d Careum of Plin y, both n ames
bein g derived from Caria, th e n ative coun try of th e plan t . See Con di
men ts an d Spices .
”
Ca rum n ig rum . R oy/e.
L in n . Sy st. Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fruit, - Black Caraway seed.
Vern acular. Z eerak -sbeeak, By.
Ha bita t . Kun awar .
R ema rks . See Con dimen ts an d
Con ium m a cu ia tum . Lin n . Common Hemlock .
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Di g yn ia .
Th e fru it,— Hemlock - seed .
Vern acular. Keera’ama n a , By .
Habita t . Hedg es a n d waste places of E urope an d A sia Min or.
R ema rks . Supposed to be th e c va ov of th e Greeks (th e State poisonof A th en s), an d th e Cicu ta of th e R oman s.
Coria n drum s a t ivum . Lin n . Common Coria n der .
L i n n . Sg s t . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fru it, — Corian der seed .
Vern acular. Dun ya , Dka n g aca , San s. , Hin d. , Ben g . , Dec .
Mal. Cot timbz rrg , Can . Cot tamillie, Tam . an d Tel.
baroo, Cey . Ha z eerak, A rab . Kuskn eez , Pers . Metg ,
Ha bita t . Sou th ern Europe, Tartary . Cultivated in I n dia.
39
DR UGS.
R emarks . Men tion ed by Moses, Hippocrates, Th eoph rastus, Dios
corides, an d Plin y, bein g th e Kopiaw ov an d Kép iou of th e Greeks. See also
Con dimen ts an d Spices.
Cum in um Cym in um . Lin n . Common Cumin .
L i n n . Sy s t . Pen tan dria Di g yn ia .
Th e fruit,— Cumin seed .
Vern acular. J eruka , Ajay i , San s . J eera , Zira , Hin d Ben g . J ee
rag a , Can . Sirag um , Tam . Gilakara , Tel. Dooroo, Cey .
Kimoon , A rab . J in ta n , Malaya .
Habita t . Upper E g y p t, E th iopia . Widely cultivated.
R emarks . Common ly called Saf a id -z eerah . A in slie men tion s a variety,th e syn on ymes of wh ich are Sba z ira
,Dec . Nu tsirag um, Tam . Coorn u n ie
s iak , A rab . Th is variety is th erefore probably th e Ca rum n ig rum o f
R oyle . Cum in seed is men tion ed by Isaiah , Hippocrates, Dioscorides, an dPlin y, th e plan t b ein g th e Kbpw ov fip epov an d a ieidm x ov (Hip )Of th e G l‘eeks,a n d Cumin um of th e R oman s.
D orem a. A mm on ia cum . Don .
F e ru la orie n ta lis . H’. E astern Gia n t Fen n el.
L i n n . Sg st . Pen tan dria D i g y n ia .
Th e g um-resin ,
-Ammon iacum, Gum -amm on iac .Vern acular. Oskak, A rab . Semug
- te-ra tees, Semug- bil-slzereen , Pers.
Habita t . A mmon iacum, Irak ; F . orien ta lis, Morocco .
R ema rks . Th e apn wui’
a x ou of Hippocrates an d Dioscorides a n d th e Ham
mon ia cum of Plin y was derived from th e Mor‘
occo plan t , th e Me top io n of
th e last writer. I t yields th e Af rican Ammon ia c ofmodern comm e rce ,th e Fa sog /i or Feskook of th e A rab s of North ern A frica . P ers ia n
A mmon ia c was apparen tly u n kn own to th e an cien ts . Th is g um- resin , like
th e Sa l-ammon ia c of th e an cien ts, took its n am e from (tu n e s , sa n d,
as
did th e temple of J upiter Amm on , in th e n eig h bou rh ood o f wh ich inLybian san ds both were produ ced. See also Gums an d R esin s .
”
F eru la p ers ica . (t) W.
L i n n . Sg s t . Pe n ta n d n a Di g yn ia .
Th e g um-resin ,
— Sag apen um .
Vern acular. Kun del, Hin d. R esas .
’By . Sug been uj, A rab . Sag a
fioon , Pers.
Habita t . Persia .
R emarks . Th e o aya n nubv Of Hippocrates an d th e Greek s, an d th e
Sacop en ium of Plin y . We k n ow n oth in g positive of th e botan ical sou rceof th e article. See Gum an d R esin s.
”
40
DR UGS.
an d Armen ia, an d far in ferior to th e Cyren aic . Pereira, followin g previousauth orities, observes
“ it is n ot at all improbable th a t th e Las er of P ersiamay h ave been our A saf astida .
”Pereira suspects th e formation of A sa
from Laser, an d quotes th e passag e in A vicen n a Th ere are two kin ds of
A ssa, on ef aztid an d the oth er odorif erous .
”Quasi, A saf oetida an d A sadu l
cis . I t is remarkable th at wh ile th e German s call A safoetida Teuf elsd reck vor Stercus diaboli, A siatics h ave den omin a ted it Cibus deorum,
Gods’
food . De g u stibus n on est dispu tan dum . Th e botan y ofA safoetidais n ot yet properly determin ed, for alth oug h N. A saf oetida certain lyyields th e drug of commerce, a portion is p robably con tribu ted by oth er
umbelliferous plan ts. See Con dimen ts an d Spices,”
an d Gum s an d
R esin s .
”
Oph oidia g a lb a n ifera . Don .
Ga lb a n um oflicin al e . Don .
Lin n . Sy st. Pe n ta n dria Dig yn ia.
The g um-resin , — Galban um .
Vern acular. B ireja , Hin d . B arz ud, Arab . Kin n ek an dNaf eel are
g iven in th e Utfaz w iyeh as A rab n ames of th e plan t .
Habita t . 0 . g a lba n ifera , Kh orassan . G. ofi cin a le, Syria .
R emarks . Galban um is th e Kkelben ak of Moses, an d th e x ad m; of
Hippocrates an dDioscorides . Probably th e an cien ts referred to th e Syriank in d, th e Levan t Ga lban um of modern commerce, an d n ot to P ersia n
Ga lban um, as Dioscorides says th at Galban um is th e p er tim'
wv g rowin g in
Syria . I s th e Syrian plan t th e wava x e’
s e’
v Evpia of Th eoph rastus whichSpren g el would iden tify with Ferula p ersica, W. .
7 See “ Gums an d
R esin s.
”
Op opa n ax C h iron um . Kacfi.
Lin n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e g um-resin ,— Opopan ax
Vern acular. J uwaskur, A rab . an d By . Gawskeer, Pers.
Habita t . Th e Levan t, Croatia, an d n orth ern sh ores of th e Medi
terran ean .
R emarks . Hippocrates men tion s waua x e’c an d Dioscorides states th at 67 m
g dyaé is ob tain ed mm th e n ava x e’
s‘ fipa x k el
‘
ou. Spren g el makes th e n ava x e'
s‘
x etpdwetovofTh eoph rastus th e above plan t an d th e fipdx k ewv of th at botan ist
th e HeracleumP a n acea ofWillden ow, a Siberian plan t . See Gums an d
R esins.”
P im p in ella A n isum . Lin n . A n ise.
Lin n . Syst. Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fruit,— An ise' seed.
42
Vern acular. Sa tapushpa ? San s. A n esn n , Saurif , Hin d. Mukoo
ree, Ben g . E rvidos, E ckra, Sa taphuskp ka , Sanf , By . Somboo,Tam . Kapp i
- cket tu, Tel. Sin ka la -asamodag a n , Cey. A n esoon ,A rab . B az a n eh -roomee, Pers. J era -man is, Malaya.
Habita t . Scio, E g ypt, A sia . Cultivated Widely .
R ema rks . Th e Bombay n ames Se nf an d Sa tap kusp ka are erron eouslyapplied to th is article, an d A in slie’s referen ce to th e San scrit is probablyalso in correct . See above, A n ethum Sowa , an d Foen icu ln m Pa n morin m .
Men tion ed by Hippocrates, Dioscorides, an d Plin y, bein g th e iii/m op of
th e Greeks. Th e A n ise of th e E n g lish tran slation of th e Gospel of
St . Matth ew refers to Dill. (Pereira ) See Con dimen ts an d Spices .
”
P ra n g os p ab u la ria . Lin d .
L i n n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia .
Th e fruit .Vern acular. F iturasulioon , Baz aars of A sia .
Habita t . Draz
R emarks . Burn es thoug h t th is plan t mig h t prove th e Silph ium of th e
an cien ts . Th e baz aar n ame is a corruption of n erpoo éhwou. See “ A g ri
cultural Produce- Fodder.
”
Pty ch otis A jow a n . De 0 .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. Ajamodum, San s. Ajwa n , J ava n ee, B oro-joan , Hin d .
an d B en g . Womum, Tam . Amoos, A rab . Nan kab, Pers.
Habita t . Cultivated th roug h out In diaR emarks . See Con dimen ts an d Spices.
P ty ch otis m on ta n a . Graham .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn la.
The fru it .Vern acular. Bkapkullee, By .
Habita t . Western Gh ats.
Th e root,— Sumbul-root .
Vern acular. (l)Habita t .
R emarks . Th e celebra ted Sumbul-root,
of modern commerce reackesE urop e by way of R ussia . Nothin g is kn own of its habita t a n d botan y .
43
DR UGS.
E viden tly, however , it is a n umbellif erous root, p roducedp robably in Cen
tra l A sia . Th e Museum has n o samp le, an d th e Cura tor would earn est lybeg a n y travellers in Cen tra l A sia to search f or this drug , a n d presen t a
sp ecimen to the Museum. A n y observa tion s reg ardin g the p la n t , dried
sp ecimen s, &c. wou ld be of the g rea tes t in terest to scien ce. I t h as n oth in gto do with th e Sumbul-root catalog ued u n der N. O . 1 1 7 .
N. O . 1 1 1 . A R ALI A CEE . I VYWOR TS.
H edera He lix . W. Common I vy .
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e leaf.Vern acular. La bla b, Kussoos, North ern I n dia .
Ha bita t . B ritain . Himalayas?
R emarks . Th e x i'
r'
rbs‘ Of Theoph rastus, an d mo o d; Dioscorides.
Pa n a x q uin q ue folium . Lin n .
Li n n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Dimoia.Th e root,
— Gin sen g .
Vern acular. Gin sen g , Ch in a, By .
Habita t . Pelin g moun tain s, Mon g olia, Oreg on ? Columbia?
R emarks . First described by Breyn ius . Th e Museum samp les
sp urious ; true sp ecimen s direct f rom Chin a are solicited .
N. O . 1 1 5 . C INOHONACEZE . CI NCHONA DS.
Ga rde n ia lu cida . R om.
Garde n ia g umm ifera . R ow.
L in n . Syst . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e resin .
Vern acular. G . lu cida , Chin a karin g uva , Tel. G . g umm ifera .
Chittama tta , Chiri-bikki, Garag a , Tel. Th e resin , — l)ecama llee,I n dia . Kun kham, A rab .
Habita t . G. lucida, Con can s. G. g ummif era, Sou th ern Mahratta
Cou n try, Can ara, Circars .
R emarks . I t is remarkable th at a resin so beau tiful lookin g an d power
ful smellin g sh ould be un k n own in E urope ex cept to th e curious . Can it
be th e x é‘
yx apov of Dioscorides wh ich (Lib . i, ch ap . 23) h e m en tion s as an
A rabian product ? I t is imported in to Bombay from A rabia to th e pre
sen t day. Plin y men tion s Can camum wh ich Spren g el h as referred toG . g ummif
’
era . Spren g el is th e au th ority for th e A rabic syn on yme aboveg iven . For th e varieties, see Gums an d R esin s.
44
DR UGS .
i n n .
L in n . Sy s t . Tetran dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root,— In dian Madder, Ch ay R oot .
Vern acular. I mborel, Sag a , Tam . Ch eriveloo, Tel .
Ha bita t . Sou th ern In dia.
R emarks . First described by Plun k en et . Called also by th e Tamools
R amiserumvayr, from its g rowin g in abun dan ce on th e islan d of R amise
ram .
“ In dian Madder”in cludes also th e Mu njeet of Ben g al, an d th e
A a l of Bom bay . See Dyes an d Colours.
”
M ussaen da fron dosa . Lin n .
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.Th e plan t .
Vern acular. R ebin a , Hin d . Sarwud, Bhootcase, Louchan t, By .
B elila , Mal . Vella -ellay, Tam .
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar, Travan core, Coroman del, Nepaul.R emarks . First described by Van R h eede . Used by th e n atives as a
ch arm ag ain st demon s.
R a n dia dum e torum . Lam .
L in n . Syat . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root, bark , an d fruit .Vern acular. Muenp hul, Hin d. Ghela , Gaerah , P iera loo, By . Ma
karun g Ma n g a-ka i, Tel. J owz -ul-kowsu l, A rab . J oos
u l—lrueh , Pers. Wa li-kukuru -ma n , Cey .
Habita t . Th e Con can s, Malabar, an d Coroman del.
R emarks . Ma inp hul is th e n ame also of A leurites triloba , N. 0 . E u
ph orbiaceae (see below) an d of Va n g uieria sp in osa of th e presen t order,th e A loo of th is Presiden cy . A loo is also a local n ame of Ca ladium escu
len tum (Will ) N. O . A raceae, th e Ben g alee for Potatoes, an d th e Persianfor several rosaceous fruits.
U n ca ria. Gam b ir . R ow. The Gambir.
L in n . Syst . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e ex tract of th e leaves,— Gambir, Gambir-Catech u, Terra J apon ica .
Vern acular. Gambir, Malaya . In dian syn on ymes, as for th e e x tractof th e wood of A cacia Ca techu, an d of th e kern els of A reca Ca t cchu,N. O . Palmae.
Habita t . E astern A rch ipelag o.
R ema rks . See also "Tan s.”
Un caria is also th e n ame of a g en us ofPedaliacae.
45
DR UGS .
N. O . 1 1 7 . VA LE R I ANACEZE . VA L E R I A N WOR TS.
Na rdosta ch y s J a tam an si . De 0 . Sp iken ard .
L in n . Sy st . Tn an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root, — Spiken ard (quasi Spica Nardi).
Vern acular. J a taman si, San s. , Hin d. , Ben g . , Tam . Chehur, B ale
h ar, Sumbu l, Hin d. Sh adama njie, Tarn . Sumbu l-h in dee, Sumbul
u l— teb, Usru reh, Mooeyg eeah , A rab . Na rd, Pers .
Habita t . Nepau l an d B ootan at g reat elevation s .
R emarks . Said to be th e Sp iken ard (uared) of th at “ Epith alamium
Epith alamiorum ,
”th e Son g of Son g s
”of Kin g Solomon on th e occasion
of h is u n scriptural marriag e with th e daug h ter of Ph araoh . St . Mark also
writin g“vdpdov 1 1 1 0 1 1.k n oh v'
re'
h ovs' (“n a rdi Sp ica ti p retiosi,
an d St . J oh n in th e same terms, both are th oug h t to refer to J a ta
ma n si . Dioscorides u n equivocally specifies it as vdpaos w a s, called also,as h e states, Gan g etic, from a river called Gan g es .
”He also men tion s
vdpdos Kel vi n ), vdpdos dpeivi), an d wipdos Evp ia x r), t h e last a variety Of th e I n
dian . Th ere can be n o doub t th at th e an cien ts, as SirW. J on es h as su g
g ested, u sed th e word n ard for an y In dian essen ce in g en eral, m ean in gwh at we n ow call' atar, an d eith er the dta r of roses from Ca shmir an d
Persia, th at of Cetaca or Pa n da n us, from the western coast of In dia, or th atof A g uru or A loe-wood, from A ssam or Coch in Ch in a , or th emix ed
perfume called abir, of wh ich th e prin ciple in g redien ts were yellow-san dal,violets, oran g e flowers, wood of aloes, rose-water, mu sk , an d true Spike
n ard .
”Th e word n a rd SirW. J on es proved to be Persian , wh o, as th e
carriers of J a taman si between In dia an d th e west, must h ave commun i
cated th e n ame to Hebrews (n erd), Greeks (vép80 g ), an d R oman s (n ardum).R u ssel in form ed SirW. Jon es th at Spiken ard is carried over th e desert
(from I n dia , I presume,) to A leppo, wh ere it is used in substan ce m ix edwith oth er perfumes, or worn in small bag s, or in th e form of essen ce,a n d kept in little box es or ph ials, like a ta r of roses . Th e various ph ials
of th e an cien ts, called alabastron , were used for preciou s scen ts an d
cosmetics. Avicen n a (R ay le) u sed th e word sumbu l as th e syn on yme of
vd o g , an d Persian books describe four k in ds, viz . l st, Sumbu l-hin dee
(yepso g Zuai x n) 2ud, Sumbul- italioon or Sumbul— uklete (vdpdo g x ek n x n) 3rd,Sumbul-jiba llee (vdpdos dpeim
'
y) an d 4th , Sumbulf arsee (uepso g Eupibm‘
;
Th e syn on ymes ofSumbul-h in dee th ey g ive as Sun bul-ool- leob, A rabic ;Nar
den , Greek Nardoom, Latin ; an d B a lchar an d J a tamasee, Hin dee an d,moreover th e am? of Dioscorides, th e Va lerian a dioscoridis of Sibth orpth ey call B ekh -i-sumbu l or Sumbul—root . This sh ould h ave early afforded
a clue to th e iden tification of J a taman si With true or I n dian Sp iken ard,bu t every writer on th e subject con sidered th at Nardwas g ram in eou s, u n tilSirW. J on es clearly establish ed it to be th e root ofNa rdostachys J a tama n si .SirW. J on es in a paper (A siatic R esearch es, vol . iv.) in reply to Dr. Sir
G. Blan e, . completely destroys th e arg um en ts of th e latter in favou r of A ndrop og on I wara n cusa (R oan ), SirW. Jon es remarks th at it is very curious,as n oticed by Dr. A n derson ofMadras, th at in Tamulmost words beg in n in g
46
DR UGS.
with n or h ave some relation to f rag ran ce ;‘
an d th at Nard is tran slated
n a rta in Tamul Bibles . Celtic Nard is th e Va leria n a celtica of Will
den ow, an d Moun ta in Nard th e A sarum europaeum W R osem ary an d
Laven der h ave also been looked on as kin ds of Spiken ard . See Miscel
lan eou s”Class .
N. O . 1 20. COMPOSI TZE . COMP OSI TE S.
A n th em is n ob ilis . Lin n . Common Chamomile .
L in n . Sy st . Syn g en esia Polyg am ia-superflua.Th e flowers,— Ch amomile .
Vern acular . B aboon ce-
phool, Hin d . an d Pers. Chama in doo-
p oo,
Tam . B a boon uj, Okh -hywa n , Tuf ah -ul-urz , Hubuek -u l- buck ir,
E l-dak -l-mirz a , A rab . B aboon eh -
g aw, Pers . Th e plan t,— A tn a
mees, A rab .
Habitat . Th e n orth temperate z on e .
R emarks . Con sidered th e n apde’
mov of Dioscorides, th e aveep lg of that
writer bein g th oug h t an oth er species.
A rt em is ia. in dica . Will. I n dia n Wormwood .
Lin n . Syst . Syn g en esia , Polyg amia-superflua.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular . Dan a , San s . Down a , Mus taroo, Ghun dumar, Murwa ,
D un a, Hin d . Afsu n teen , By . an d A rab . Maship utrie, Tam .
~Machi~p a tri, Tel. Walkolun do, Cey . Kushoos-roomee, A rab .
B urunjasif, Pers.
Habita t . Nepaul, Ch in a, Japan .
R emarks . Th e dxptvdi ov of Hippocrates an d Dioscorides is said to be
A rtemisia A bsin thium Common Wormwood . Th e Greek n ame
h as th erefore been traversed by th e A rabs to I n dian Wormwood, an d pro
b ably a portion of th e Af sun teen of th e baz ars is Common Wormwood .
Th e “Wormwood”
of th e Old Testamen t is iden tified by Spren g el withA rtemisia A brotan um.
A rtem isia s tern u ta toria . Sn eez wort .
Lin n . Syst . Syn g en esia, Polyg am ia— superflTh e leaf.Vern acular. Nackchikn ee, Hach ittie, Hin d. Utas, Uf kar, Arab .
Habita t .
A rtem is ia vu lg a ris .
'W\. Mug wort .
L in n .
‘
Sy st . Syn g en esia, Polyg amia-superflua.
Th e h erb .
47
DR UGS.
Vern acular. Nag down a , Hin d. Davan amu, Tel. A rtemasaya, Utmeesa , A rab . B irunjasif , Pers.
Habita t . Europe, Persia ?
R emarks . Nag down is th e n ame also of Crin um tox icarium, an d A sp ara
g us ofi cin alis N. O . Liliaceae .
A u ck lan dia Costus . Fa lc.
Th e root,— Costus.
Lin n . Sys t .
Vern acular. Koostum, Koot, San s. Koost , Pu tchuk, Hin d. Koostum,
Kostum, Tam . Kust-h in dee, A rab . Kust-tulk, Pers . Sep udday,Malay .
Habita t . Cashmere, at g reat elevation s.
R emarks . Dr. Falcon er h as satisfactorily iden tified th e Costus of th ean cien ts with th e above plan t . I ts roots h ave a stron g aromatic odour:an d are used as in cen se in th e temples of th e g ods, an d to protect th eex qu isite sh awls of Cashmere from th e attack s of m oth s, bein g packed upwith th em in th e bales. Plin y states th at “ in th e islan d of Patale, situa te
at th e very mou th of th e In dus, th ere are two kin ds of Costus foun d, th eblack an d th e wh ite : th e last is con sidered th e best .” Dioscorides en umerates th ree kin ds of Costus (Kdo'
ros) A rabia n (x éa rog dpaBi x bg )wh ite, best ofall I n dian (Kda '
ros‘ iuducbe), dark an d Syrian o vpta x bs)pale yellow .
R oyle observes th at Orris-root (beg -bu n up sh a) is often sold in th e
baz ars un der th e n ame of Koost . Th e Ka likootki of the baz ars is th e
Helleborus n ig er already catalog ued .
Formerly Costus a ra bicus (Lin n .) an d Cos tus sp eciosus , N. O . Zin g iberaceae, were con sidered th e sources of true Costu s, bu t it is n ow well
k n own th at th eir roots are quite in sipid, an d scen tless. See also
Miscellan eous Class.
Ca ca lia Klein ia . W. Olean der-leaved Caca lia .
L in n . Sy st . Syn g en esia, Polyg amia-asq uah s.Th e h erb .
Vern acular. E rmin akullie, Tam . Yen n apootoo-n a likehy’
emmoodoo,Tel. Lisan -u lasur, A rab . Gaosuban , Pers.
Habita t. Can aries. In dia ?R emarks . First m en tion ed by Clusius. A ll In dian au th orities refer
Gaoz uban to th e above plan t, bu t th e Gaos uban of th e baz ars is also
derived from A n isomeles malabarica, Labiatae ; Trichodesma in dieum,
Chota -ku lp ha , Heliotrop ium erosum, an d H . oph iog lossa , Borag in aceae
(Stocks) an d On osma bractea tum, with B ug looz un (Bug loss), an d Fooghulus as th e Greek syn on ymes, Scr0ph ulariaceae (R oyle).
48
D‘R UGS.
P y re th rum in dicum . H . K. I n dian Feverfew.
L in n . Sy st . Syn g en esia Polyg amia-Superflua.
Th e root .
Vern acular. A kurkura, I n d. A kkaracarum, Tam .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Possesses th e same properties as th e P ellitory ofA n a cyclus Pyrethrum, De. C., th e n bpefipov of Dioscorides an d
thrum of Plin y .
V ern on ia an th e lm in tica . Will. Purp le Vern on ia or F leaba n e .
L in n . Sg st . Syn g en esia Polyg am ia-aequalis.Th e seed.
Vern acular. Kan an az iraka , San s. Ka liez eerie,Hin d Dec . Samraj,Ben g . Ca t tasirag am, Mal. Caa t-sirag am, Tam . A da zy
'
e-z eela
kara , Tel . Sa n n i- n ayan , Cey .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks. First described by Van R h eede.
N. O . 1 26 . STYR A CACE fE . STOR A X WOR TS.
Sty ra x B en zoin . B ryan d . Gum-Benjamin Tree.
Li n n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon ogy n ia.
The con crete balsam— Gum -Ben jamin , Ben z oin , A ssa-odorata .
Vern acular. Ood, Looban ee-ood, Dec. Sambra n ee, Tam . Hassee
laoba n , Hassee-oolg’
awee, Pers . Cominja n , Malay .
Habita t . Siam, Sumatra, Java, B orneo .
R emarks . Th e an cien ts are said by th e h ig h est au th orities to h ave beentotally u n acquain ted with Ben z oin . Th is is remarkable, con siderin g h owfamiliar th ey were wi th eastern products, a n d th at B en z oin is the m ost
frag ran t of all th e balsams. I n fact, it appears to th e writer impossibl eth at it sh ould h ave been u n kn own , an d th at its apparen t omission fr
th e works of Dioscorides an d Plin y mu st be due to obscu rity an d con fusionof description on th eir part . R eadin g th eir workswith th e determ in atto fin d Gum -Ben jam in somewh ere, on e m ig h t believe it to be th e Ma la
ba thrum both describe, or at least on e variety. This article sold at from 1
den a riu s to 300 den arn (8&d . to 1 0. 2s . 6d .)per poun d, wh ile Bdelliumsold at 3, Costus at 5 , Fran kin cen se at 6, an d Myrrh (ex cep tin g Stacte,wh ich sold so h ig h as at th e very h ig h est at 1 1 den arii per pou n d.
I n dian Nard sold a t 1 00 den arii per lb . Crawfurd is of th is Opin ion , an dit is difficult n ot to follow h im on readin g th e description of Plin y . Plin yalso speaks of a myrrh a odoraria
”in a way wh ich sug g ests B en jamin
it sold at 1 4 den arii per lb . Ben jamin h as been called A ssa-odorata,A ssa-dulcis, an d Liquor Cyren aicus.
’
See Gums an d R esin s.”
50
DR UGS.
Sty ra x ofi‘icin a le . Lin n . Ofiicin al Storax .
L i n n . Sy s t . Decan dria Mono g y n ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. B oe, By . Us turak, A rab .
Ha bita t . Levan t, Greece, Palestin e, SyR emarks . This is the classical o rb 115, bu t n ow n o balsam is obtain ed
from it, th e Styrax of th e Lon don co leg e bein g th e balsam of qu 1 te an
oth ertree, an d th e R ose n ia lloes of th e Bombay Tarifi'
, to wh 1ch correc tlyb elon g th e n umerou s eastern syn on ymes erron eously supposed to referto classical Styrax . Th e presen t tree is th erefore in correctly called Ofi cin a l
S toraa . Th e root is u sed in Bombay like E ag le-wood, an d yellow San
dalwood as in cen se in th e temples. See N. O .
’s 1 43 an d, 21 0 below,
an d Gums an d R esin s.
N. O . 1 29. E R I CA CEE . HE A THWOR TS.
R h odod e n dron lep idotum . Wa ll.
Li n n . Sy st . Decan dma Mon og yn ia .
Th e leaf.Vern acular. Tsa luma, Tsuma , of Bhoteas. Ta leesfur, North ernI n dia .
Habita t . Sikkim, Nepaul, Cabul ?
R ema rks . B oyle states th at Maf a r, an d Maf a r -f oo z, are assig n ed as
its Greek syn on ymes in Persian Works . Ta lisaf a r h e also observes is th e
A rabic n am e in A vicen n a for th e pdx ep of th e Greek s an d Macir of Plin y,which h as n ot yet been iden tified. Th e Ta leesfur of th e baz ars certain lycan n ot be referred to it .
R h odode n dron cam p a n ula tum . Don .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e leaf.Vern acular. Hoolas-kasmeeree, B urg
- i- tibba t, North ern In dia.
Habita t . Gossain g-Th an in Nepaul : Kamaon : Th ibet
N. O . 1 36 . MYR SINA CEZE . A R D I SI A D S.
E m b e lia R ib e s . B urn s .
L i n n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fru it .Vern acular . B a ibarun g , Wa iwara n g , Hin d.
i
Karkun n ie,h aul, Mal. Vellal, Tam . Vayu -velan g am
-ch et tu, Tel.
1 1 11 611 11 1 . In dia., 5 1
'
DR UGS.
N. O . 1 38. OLEA CE I E . OLI VE WOR TS.
F ra x in us rotun difolia . Lam. R o‘
un d-leaved llI an ‘
n a A sh .
F ra x in us Orn us . Lin n . E urop ean Ma n n a A sh .
Lin n . Syst . Dian dria Mon og yn ia .
Sweet con crete ex udation , -Man n a .
Vern acular. Sh irkh ist, Bombay baz ar.
Habita t . A lpin e Sou th Europe ; Sicily, Calabria ?R emarks . Th is substan ce is said to h ave been u n k n own to th e an cien ts,
alth ou g h th ey are supposed by som e to refer to it u n der th e n ames of
8p0 0'
0p e’
h t (h on ey-dew), 01 11 1 0 11 01 1 (h on ey-oil), an d depon e’
h (h on ey- air).Certain ly Plin y
’
s description of elaeomeli sh ould satisfy th e most scep ticalth at h e mean s Man n a . See N. O . 25, an d Su g ars.
”
Olea.
L in n . Sy st. Dian dria Mon og y n ia‘
1
Sweet con crete ex uda tion , -Kh orafissan Man n a .
Vern acular. Shirkhist, Pers., By.
-Habita t . Khorassan .
R emarks: True Shirkhist . I t comes from '
Kh orassan , an d is supposed
by R oyle to be produced by an olive . Th e writer h as discovered leavesamon g st th e ba lls of Sh irkh ist wh ich come from Con sta n tin ople wh ichcertain ly belon g to a species of olive . See “ Sug ars .
N. O. 1 40. ASCLEPI ADA CEZE . A SCLE P I A DS.
A s clepia s cura ss avica . W. Curassavian Swa llowwort .
Lin n . Sy n . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.Th e root.
Vern acular THabita t . West I n dies. Quite n aturalised in In dia.
R emarks. I s a g ood emetic an d sudorific.
C a lotrop is g ig a n te a . R . B rown . Curled-flowered Calotropis .
Lin n . Syst . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.Th e root, bark , in spissated j uice, an d sug ar.
Vern acular. A rka , A kun d, Svaytaurkum, San s. A k, Muda r, Hin d.
R owce, By . Yecada , Can . Yercum, Vu llerkoo, Tam . Necla
jeeleeroo, Tel. Mooda -wara , Cey . Maiah , Bu rmah . Oshma r,
Oschar, A rab . R ejd—elosch ar, E min ion ? (Kerch er) Eg yp t . Wh itevariety,
— A larka, San s . Shwet aku n d an d urka , Ben g . Telta
jelladoo, Tel. Th e sug ar,— Sukhur-ool-ashur, Vulg . The spirit,
— B ar, By.
C
DR UGS.
Habita t . I n dia.
R emarks . First men tion ed by A vicen n a . A n in tox icatin g liquor alsocalled bar is prepared from th is plan t in Western In dia . Th e g reat
A lt -bar was born ben eath . th e A lt , an d took h is n ame from it accordin g toth e local tradition of Oomercote. See also Narcotics,” “ Sug ars,
”an d
Gums an d R esin s.
H emi desm us in dicus .
'
R . B rown .
L in n . Sy st. Pen tan dria Dig yn ia. o
Th e root,
'
— In dian Sarsaparilla.
Vern acular.
‘
Shadip o, San s. Mug rabu, Hin d. Un un tamool, Kara t,B en g . JlI uc/rwy, Dec. Na roon een dee, Mal. Nu n n ari-vayar,
Tam . Suog u n dup ala, P a la-chuhha n deru, Tel. I rimusu, Cey.
Oshba, A rab .
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar, Travan core, Coroman del.
Sa rcostemm a b revis tig m a . W. et A . Twistin g Sarcostemma .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.Th e stem .
Vern acular. Soma, Soma luta , San s. an d Ben g . Tig a-tshumoodoo,
P ullo - tig e, Tel. Muwa -lteeriya, Cey .
Habita t : Hills of Punjaub, Bolan Pass, R oh ilcun d. Khan deish ,h ills abou t Poon a, Coroman del.
R emarks . The Sam of th e Vedas, its n ame bein g: derived from th e
circum stan ce th at it was g a thered by moon lig h t by th e an cien t Hin doos .
Th ey carried it to th eir h omes l n carts draw n by rams ; an d a fermen tedliquor was prepared by mix in g its juice, strain ed throu g h a sieve of
g oat’
s hair, w ith barley an d g hee . Th is win e was dru n k at all th eir reli
g ion s ceremon ies, an d was u sed as an in tox ican t by the rishis, wh o, in th e
g olden ag e of Hin dooism,combin ed it at th eir m eals with beef. Water
passed th roug h a b un dle of Soma lu ta an d a bag of salt will ex tirpate wh ite
a n ts from a field watered with it (Orien ta l Christian Sp ecta tor). See
Narcotics.
”
N. O. 1 41 . A POCYNA CE ZE . D OGB ANE S.
A llam a n da. ca th art ica . R ae . a n d Sch . Willow-leaved d llaman da .
L in n . Syst . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e leaf.Vern acular. 1
Habita t . Sou th America . Naturalised in Bombay .
R emarks . First described by Plumier.
53
DR UGS;
A ls ton ia. s ch ola ris . Don .
L i n n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.Th e bark .
Vern acular. Sep tap ern a , San s. Cha tin n , Ben g . Sa tween , Sha ita n ,By . P a la, Mookam -
p a la, Mal. E er-ellay-
p a lay, Tam . E da/ca la
a riti, P a la -
g aruda , Tel.
Habita t . Sou th Con can , Travan core, Coroman del, A ssam .
R emarks .
“Th e n atives (of th e Ghats)h ave a superstitiou s fear of it,an d say, it assembles all the trees of
'
th e forest on ce a year to payh omag e .
”
(Grah am .
Cerb era Th evetia . Don . Lin ear-lean ed Cerbera .
L i n n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular.
Habita t . Sou th America . Naturalised th roug h ou t th e Western
Presiden cy .
R emarks . First described by Hern an dez . Two g rain s of th e bark are
said to equal in an tiperiodic power a scruple of Cin ch on a . Th ere is a g en us
Th evetia , bu t th e g en u s Cerbera in cludes n o tran sfer from th at g en us (f),an d it is wron g to g ive a specific term , u n less an old g en eric, a g en ericform . Th evetia above sh ould h ave been theretia n a or else th evetii.
B ein g g en eric in form , h owever, it is written as u sual with a capital in itial.
Nerium odorum . R oz . Sweet-scen ted Olean der .
L i n n . Syst. Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. Karravera, San s. Hyamara , Hin d. La t- kharubee,B en g . Ku n h er, By. Tsjavon n a - ara lee, Mal. A rali, Tam . Gh en
n eru, Tel.
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede . Th e “ tree in Psalm i,v . 3, refers to th e Neriam Olea n der, W. , Common Olea n der, accordin g toSpren g el.
Wrig h tia. a n tidy se n terica . Don . Oval-leaved Wrig fitz‘
a .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yma.
Th e bark an d seed.
Vern acular. Kootug a , Ch eeree, San s . Koorch i, Curag/ya , I n deryaw,
I n deryau-shireen , Hin d . I n derjo, Dowla koora , Koora , By . 00
dag a-
p a lla , P a lla-
p a tta , Mal. Vepp a lze, Pam P a l/a coodija , fil an oop a la , Girima llika ,Kodisa , Tel. Tiwaj, Lissan -ul-asaf eer, A rab .
Habita t . Con can , Malabar, Ceylon , Bourbon .
54
“DR UGS .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede . Th e bark is th e Con essi
bark of E uropean Ph arm acopoeias . I t is n amed I n dery'
aa -sbircea to dis
tin g uish it from I n dery'
au - ta lk,Holarrh en a a n tidysen terica an d H . p a
bescen s of th is n atural ofder. A n dusaroon is th e Yoon an ee syn on yme of
n ative writers.
Wrig h tia tin ctoria . Don . Dyer’
s Wrig h tia .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e bark .
Vern acular. Hyamaraka ? San s. B hoorcooree, Kala -koora , Ka la
kooda , BV. P a la , P a lak, P a lavay-rayn oo, Tam . Tshil- a n ka loo,
Ch it-a n kaloo, Amkada , Tedlap a la , Tel .
Habita t . Con can s,Malabar, Travan core, Corom an del, Coch in -Ch in a .
R emarks . See Dyes an d Colours.
N. O . 1 42. LOGANI ACE ZE . LOGANI A D S.
I g n a tia am a ra . Lin n .
L in n . Syst . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e seed, —St . Ig n atiu s’
bean , Faba febrifug a, F . amara, Nux Sera
p ion is .
Vern acular. P ap eeta , Hin d.
Habita t . Ph ilippin es.
R ema rks . First u n equivocally described by Kamel, wh o h as lost th e
credit of man y of h is discoveries, owin g to h avin g sen t th em to oth ers to
describe.
Stry ch n os Nu x -vom ica‘
. Lin n . Poison’
Na t.
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e seed,— Nu x -vomica, Nu x metella:
Vern acular. Veeshamoostie, Ka laka , San s. Koochila , Hin d. , Ben g .
Kajra, By . Kariram, Mal. Yettie-maram, Tam . Moostig hen z a ,
Ma sadi, Tel. Koodakad-doora tta , Cey . Kha - boun g , Peg u . I z a
ra lsee, Pers. F a looz -mah ee, Kh an eh -a l-kelb, A rab .
Ha bita t . Con can s, Travan core, Ceylon , Coroman del.
R emarks . Latin tran slation s of th e A rabian s, Joh n Serapion , an d
Avicen n a m en tion aNua -vomica , b ut are supposed to refer to St . I g n a tius ’bean , th eir Na r -metkel bein g con sidered our
“ P oison - n u t . I t proba
bly is Common'Hen ba n e seed . A vicen n a h imself callsNam-vomica , A z a ra
kh ee an d A darachi . Th e true Nag a-ma sada (Lig n um cola brin am, P a o
de-Cobra ,) of th e Teleg oos is S. colubrin a . Th e term Lig n um cola brin am
h as also, h owever, been applied to several oth er plan ts repu ted an tidotes to
sn ake-bites, an d amon g st oth ers to Cissamp elos acumin a tus, which is th eNag a
-mashadee of th e Hin doos an d Tileakoora of Ben g al.
55
DR UGS.
“
Stry ch n os p otatorrim . R oz .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e seed,— Clearin g n u t .
Vern acular. Ka taka , P aJ ap rasadi , San s. Nirmullee, Nell ma ll,Ch ilbin g e, Hin d. Gajra , Nirma lla , By . Tet tamp erel
-ma rum,
Mal. Ch i tta , Can Tet tam-cot tay marum Tan i. I n dup u, Ch illa
g hen z a loo, Ka takama , Tel. I n g in i, Cey.
Habita t . The moun tain reg ion s of th e Deccan .
R emarks . See Miscellan eous” Class.
N, O . 1 43 . GENT I ANA CE ZE . GENTI ANWOR TS.
Oph e lia Ch ira ta . Gries .
L in n . Sy st . Tetran dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e h erb , -Ch irayta .
Vern acular . Chira taka ,Kira ta - tieta , San s. Chirag/ ta ,Hin d. Shayra a t-coochie, Tam . Sh eelasu t too-coielloo
, Tel. Kabs-a l-s a rireh ,A rab .
Habitat . Nepaul ; th e Moru n g s.
R emarks . Was supposed by Guibort to be th e x akan og apmp a‘
rmbs‘ of th e
Greeks, a clear error. I t is th e Casab a l-da tereh of Math iolu s . Mr.
Balfour of th e Madras Museum states th at u n der th e n ame of Chiray ta
m an y oth er species of Gen tian worts are sold, as Ch iron ia cen taa roides ,
(R ose . th e Geema an d Girmi of Ben g al , E x a cum bicolor (R oar. E x amim
tetrag on um (R oar) th e I foocha ri of B en g al ; E x acum hyssop rfoliam
(Will ), th e Voella rekoo of Telin g a ; an d oth ers . Krea t is ou r local n amefor A n drog rap h is p an icu la ta , N. O . A can th aceae, an d Ch ira ti of Ma kia
scabrella, N. O . Cucurbitaceae .
Oph e lia. m u ltiflora . Dalz .
L in n . Sys t. Tetra n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular.
Ha bita t . Mah ableshwur.
R emarks . 0 . eleg a n s (R . W.) is a n ative of th e Puln ey Hills an d
North ern Circars, an d th us all In dia is provided w ith valuable bitters of
th e same order. Th e local n ames of the O. eleg a n s are Sila rn s a n d
Sa lag it accordin g to th e Hon orable Walter E lliot, F .L .S an d MajorDrury, wh ich 1 s a remarkable circumstan ce , seein g Silla rus is on e of th e
eastern an d commercial n ames of R ose Ma lloes, falsely . called Liqu id
Storaa: a n d Sa lajit , an Arabian syn on yme of Solid Storaa' as it is called, bu t wh ich in tru th is solid R ose Ma lloes. See N. O .
’
s 1 26 a n d 2 1 0,an d Gums an d R esin s.
”
56
DR UGS.
Vern acular. Neel-kulmee, Hind. Theseed, -Mirchai, Ka la-dam ,
Hin d. Hub-u l- n il, A rab .
Habita t . East In dies.
I pom re a. T urp eth um . Don . Square~stalked I p omoea .
Lin n . Syst . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e roon — Turpeth , Turbith .
Vern acular. Trivoorta , San s . Teoree , Doodh -ka lmee, Niama t, Nag
p u t tur, Hin d. , Ben g . , Dec. Shevadie, Tam . Tella - teg ada , Tel.
Trasta -wa la , Cey . Huda lz ung ee, Turbid (root), A rab .
.Habita t . Malabar ; Coroman del.
R emarks“
. First men tion ed by Avicen n a.
N. O . 1 53. COR DI ACE ZE . SE B E STENS.
Cordia a n g u stifolia . Don . Narrow -leaved Cordia .
L in n . Sys t . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Goan d, Goon dn ee, Gon di, Hin d . Liyar, Sin dh . Nar
roova lli, Ch in n a-botuha , Tam . Nukkeru , Tel .
Ha bitat . Deccan .
R emarks . Gon dn i is th e n ame also of a species of B ulrush ; an d
Goin dn of Diosp yros Goin du (Da lz ell), N. O . Eben aceae . See “ Fru its
an d Veg etables,”an d -Woods .
C ordia. M y x a . Lin n . Smooth - leaved Cordia .
Cordia la tifolia . R oar. B road- leaved Cordia .
Lin n . Sys t . Pen tan dr ia Mon og yn ia.
Th e fru it, — Seb esten plum .
Vern acu lar. C . M y x a— B akamp adaruka , B ahoovaruka, San s.
La sora , Hin d . B uhoora i, Ben g . Lesooroo, Sin dh . B ookhur, Dec.
Vidi-marum, Ma1 ., Tam . Nokra, Nakeru , I riki, P edda -botuka ,
Tel. Lola , Cey . Sep is ta n , A rab . Sep ista n , P is ta n-sug , Pers .
Ken da l, J ava . C . la tifolia ,— Sh eloo, San s . B hoka r, B ura
lesoora , Hin d . B urobuhooari, Ben g . Gedooroo, Sin dh . B ur
g oan d, Vu rg oon d, Gu z . B okhur, Dec . Kicha-vimg i-ch ettu, Tel.Sep is tan , A rab . Sep istan , P istan
-sug , Pers.
Habita t . C. Myr a , E g yp t, A rabia, Persia, Gooz erat, Silbet .
C. la tifolia , In dia with in an d beyon d th e Gan g es.
R emarks . Th e fruit of th e latter is larg er th an th at of th e formerSpecies, an d both con stitu te th e Sebesten a of old Ph arm acopoeiae . C.
Myr a h as been con sidered th e P ersea of th e an cien ts already shown to
refer to B a la n ites ceg yp tiaca it is very probably theMyr a an d Eg yp tia n
58
D R UGS.
p lum of Plin y, an d certain ly it afforded th e wood of th e E g yptian mum
m y cases . Th ere is j ust a ch an ce th at it also may h ave been th e P ersea
of Dioscorides, alth oug h th e probability is th at it is n ot, an d th at h e, likePlin y, in describin g th e P ersea , con fou n ded it with th e Persica or PeachSpren g el refers th e P ersea to Cordia Sebesten a , a species peculiar to th e
A n tilles, an d wh ich Lin n aeus most u n fortu n ately n amed after a ren own ed
product of th e old world. Th e seeds of Cordia Myr a are sold un der th e
n ame of Ch akoon -ke-ben ye . See Fruits an d Veg etables,”an d Woods .
”
N. o . 1 57. SOLANACE JE . NI GH TSHA DE S.
P h y sa lis som n ifera var. fle x u osa , Nees. Flex uose Win terCh erry .
Lin n . Sy s t. Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. A shava , A shwa, San s., Ben g . A sg un d, Hin d., Dec .
P evet ti, Mal . Amkoola n y , Tam . P en erroo, A swaya n dh i, P illi
oen dram, Tel. Amuk-kara , Cey . B ehmun , B arde, Obab, Uarah
essch ef a, A rab . Sekara n , E g yp t .
Habita t . Con can s, Travan core, Coroman del, Ben g al.
R ema rks . First distin ctly described by Van R h eede, bu t is th oug h t toh ave been th e o rpbx vo g brrvco
'rucbg of Dioscorides, an d th e secon d k in d of
h a licaca bum of Plin y called morio an d moly . Kn uth recog n ised it inE g yptian mummy cases. I t often g oes by th e n ame of Kakn uj in th e
ba z a rs, bu t erron eously . A sg u n d is also th e Hin dee n ame of J usticia
A dh a toda (R oan ), th e A dulsa , B alms, or Vasooka of Bombay.
Pu n e eria. coa g u la n s . Stocks.
L in n . Sy st . Dimcia Pen tan dria.
Th e berry .
Vern acular. Kakn uj, R ajp ootuka , B inp oon ka , Hin d. Pun eerjaf ota , Sin d. Shap ru n g a , Pesh awu r. Hub-u l-yahood, J owz -ul
murj, A rab . Kakn uj, Pers . Khumz uray, Can dah ar. A roosuk
p u s-
p urdah (B ride beh in d th e curta in ), Fars. Kuchoomun, Sh iraz .
Kumree-murja , Syria . A keedoleon , Turkey. Ousfudn oon , Yon an ee.
Ha lika bum, Latin of Baz aars. Hub-ul-kakin y, Vulg .
Habita t . Sin d, Belooch istan .
R emarks . Stock s (Jou rn al of th e R oyal A siatic Society, vol. iii.)ob serves th at th e
,
berry Hub-u l-‘
kakin y h as been referred to th e plan tf ‘called by Tourn efort A lkeken g i ofi cin arum, an d by Lin n aeus, Physa lis
A lkeken g i, an d th e sam e plan t is iden tified with th e o rpbx voc &kuzcix afio:men tion ed by Dioscorides. Dr. R oyle h as su g g ested the Nica n drain dica (R . a n d referred more properly to th e g en u s P hysa lis u n der th en am e of P . in dica (Lam.) an d wh ich Loureiro called P . A lkeken g i. Dr.
R oyle also th rows ou t th e idea th at th e widely distribu ted Physalis somn i
59
DR UGS;
f era (var.flex uosa , Nees) was th e orig in al Kakn uj, an d th at th e N. in dicawas merely u sed as a substitute .
”He th en g oes on to prove th at th e
P u n eer-ja -fota of Sin d is th e true Hub-u l-kahin g , an d establish es th e
plan t as a n ew g en u s, its Specific n ame bein g derived from its bein g u sed
as th e Sola n um sa n ctum, Forskal (S. coag ulo n s is th e n ame Forskal
g ives), is in A rabia to coag ulate m ilk . Th ere can be scarcely a doub t of
th e correctn ess of Stock s’ view ; of all writers on In dian botan y, h e h avin gb een th e most accomplish ed an d th e sh rewdest, an d always absolutelyt ru th ful. He warn s th e reader, h owever, th at if h is Pu n eeria coag u lo n sb e n ot th e source of Kaka nj, th e syn on ymes of th a t drug as above g iven
must be tran sferred to some oth er plan t . Th e Physa lis A lkeken g i
is Plin y’s first kin d of h a licacabum,
called also cullion an d vesicaria .
See Miscellan eous” Class.
N. O. 1 58 . ATR OPA CE ZE . A TR OP A D S.
A trop a. B ella don n a . Lin n . Deadly Nig h tshade, Common Dwa le.
L in n . Sy s t . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.Th e berry .
Vern acular. Say-a n g oor, Un yoor-shef a , Hin d. Gi rboolee, By.
Ha bita t . Temperate Europe.
R emarks . Not well iden tified with an y plan t described by Th eOph rastus, Dioscorides, an d Plin y . Trag us (A . D . 1 5 1 3) first u n doub tedlym en tion s it . I t is supposed to h ave been th e plan t wh ich so fatally affectedth e R oman soldiers durin g their retreat from th e Parth ian s an d Buch an antells u s th at wh en Swen o in vaded Scotlan d, th e wily Ban quo provided th e
h ostile army with liquors poison ed with Dwa le, on drin k in g wh ich th eywere qu ickly overpowered, Swen o h imself scarcely escapin g . Th e in san e
root that takes th e reason p rison er of Sh akespeare is also th oug h t to be
th e Deadly Nig h tsh ade . Th e appellation of Bella don n a arose, perh aps,from its bein g used by I talian belles to dilate th e pupils of th eir eyes.
D a tura. Humm a tu var . fa stu os a . B ern h . P urp le Thorn -app le .
D a tura M ete l . W. Down y Thorn- app le.
L in n . Syst . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.Th e seed.
Vern acular. Black Species, — Doostoora , Krish n a -dha t tura , San s .
Ka la -dha tura , L a l-dha tura , Hin d., B en g . Uma n a , Nela -hum
ma tu, Mal . Ka roo-ooma t tay , Tam . Nu lla -ooma tie, Tel . Ka loo
a t ta n a , A n ten n a , Cey . B unjdh es tee, A rab . Gooz y eeah , Pers .
R otecubu n y , Malay . Wh ite -species,— Sada -dh a tura , Hin d ., B en g .
Hamma ta , Mal. Yellay-ooma t tay, Tam . Tella -ooma tie, Da t
turamu, Tel. Sada -a t tan a , Cey . Both in common ,— Dha tura, '
I n dia. J owz -maz il (Meth el—seed), Arab .
Habita t . Eg ypt A sia.
60
DR UGS.
R emarks . The seeds of th ese plan ts and th ose of D . Ta tu la,of Sou thE urope, were probably u sed by th e priests of Delph i a n d o th er an cien toracles to produ ce proph ecies . Th e seeds of D . sa n g uin ea (Floripon dio)are to th is day so u sed in th e Temple of th e Sun , in th e city of Sag omoz o
in Peru (Lin dley). I n A vicen n a J owz maz el stan ds for D . bl etel,accordin g to Spren g el. D . Hamma ta is first well described by Veslin g .
See “Narcotics .
”
Hy os cy am us n ig er . Lin n . Common Hen ba n e .
L i n n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e seed,— Faba porcin a, Faba su illa .
Vern acular. Khorassa n ee ajwa n , Hin d. Khorassa n ie omum , Tarn .
Showkran, A rab . Sap h t, E g ypt . B unj, B uz ir-u l— bun y , Tokh em
bun g -roomee, Pers .
Ha bita t . Temperate E urope. Cultivated at Hewra on accoun t ofGovern men t .
R emarks . Th e boo /(frame n e’
Aa g of Dioscorides an d Hyoscyamus n ig er
of Plin y. Th e boo x ban os of Hippocrates refers to the Wh ite Hen ba n e of
M a n dra g ora offi cin a lis . W. Ofiicin alMa n drake .
L i n n . Syst . Pen tan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e root .
Vern acular. Luckmu n a , Luckmun ie, Hin d. Yebruj, Ben g . an d B y .
Ca a ty’
ootie, Tam . Ustru n y , Seray-a l-cosh rob, Ussul u l- loof ah
(root), Loof ah (plan t), Tuf a h u l-sh ita n (fruit), A rab . Yabrooz ,.Merdumy eeah , Pers . Loof ah a t, Malaya .
Ha bita t . Sou th of E urope ; A sia Min or.
R emarks . A ccordin g to Spren g el th e p a udpaydpa of Hippocratesan d n av ayopa g of Th eoph rastu s, wh ich Freas h owever refe1 s to
B elladon n a . I t is certain ly th e n a ubpayopa g p e’
ka s of Dioscorides an d
Man drag ora of Plin y, an d it i s g en erally allowed to be th e Duda im of th e
B ible, Gen . x x x . , ver. 1 4 . Th e word ma n drakes 1 n th is passag e th e Sept»
u ag in t ren ders n qk a p avdpayopcbv, bu t accordin g to Calmet th e J ews do n ot
u n derstan d its true sig n ification . He would t 1 an slate it citron s,” wh ile
o th ers, h e states, h ave sug g ested violets,” “ lilies,” jasmin es,” a n d
plan tain s th e last also bein g con sidered by th e A rabs th e Apple of
E ve,”an d th e “ fig
-tree,”with th e leaves of wh ich both A dam an d Eve
covered th em selves on th eir fall. Tak in g th e story of R ach el an d Leah ,
h owever, in con n ection with th e imm emorial u se of ma n drake in th e east‘by lovers as an in can tation , th e fruit bein g th e “ Love App les
”of th e
a n cien ts, a n d th e Heb rew root, Dod, of th e word Duda im sig n ifyin g love,th ere can be n o doubt of th e iden tification followed in th is catalog ue .
Math iolus (says Calmet) tells us th at“wh at has g iven occasion to man
6 1
DR UGS.
drakes h avin g th e n ame of A n throp omorp hos is th e h abit of quack sg ivin g th e roots of various plan ts th e fash ion of th e h uman body to
im pose th em on silly women u n der th e n am e ofMa n drakes or Ha n ds ofGlory . Th e belief in m an drake as a love ph ilter (h en ce Ven us was oftenstyled Ma n drayorites) is an absurd superstition ; an d yet a n early allied
p lan t, th e J a rba rosa , h as th e same reputation in Sou th America ! (Lin dley .) Persian writers describe th e Cen sin g of Ch in a as a Ma n drake .
Cucumis Duda im, W. , is th e App le-shap ed Cucumber of th e Levan t .
N. O . 1 6 1 . LAB I ATZE . LA B I A TE S.
A n is om eles m a la b a rica . R . B r .
L in n . Syst . Didyn am ia Gym n ospermia.
Vern acular. B oota n -kooshum, San s. Gaoz uba n , By . P emayrutie,
Tam . Moya-beerakoo, Mabheri, Chin a- ran abh eri, Tel.
Ha bita t . In dia .
R emarks. For Gaoz uban see also N. O . 1 20.
Dra coceph a lum roy lea n um . R oyle .7
L in n . Sy st . D1dyn amia Gym n osperm ia.
Th e seed.
Vern acular. Tukm ba lun g oo, B a lu n yoo, Hin d.
Habita t . Cultivated widely in n orth ern I n dia .
Hy ss op us ofli cin al is . W. Common Hyssop .
L in n . Sy st . D idy n am ia Gym n osperm ia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. Z oof ce yeabus, Ush n az -daoud, A rab .
Ha bita t. Sou th E urope ; A sia Min or.
R emarks . Alth ou g h th ere is mu ch dispu te on th e subj ect, th is is probably th e E sob so often men tion ed in th e Scriptures : stron g as th e arg u
m en ts for Capp aris ceyyp tiaca , may be . I t can n ot , h owever, be th e hyssopof 1 Kin g s iv., ver. 33, wh ere, recordin g th e learn in g of Solomon , it says“an d h e treated abou t trees, from th e cedar th at is in Leb an on u n to th e
hyssop th at cometh ou t of the wa ll. Th e writer would h ave u s u n der
stan d th at th e la rg es t an d th e sma lles t plan ts were k n own to Solom on , an d
h is an tith esis, as well as th e e x pression hyssop th a t cometh ou t of the
wa ll,”
poin t to som e moss or lich en , probably th e Gymn as tomumf asicu lare,a m oss very common in th e Holy Lan d, an d as m in u te as th at (Dicra n umbryoides)which revived hOpe in Mun g o Park in the deserts of A frica .
62
n aUGs .
Lavan dula. Stce ch as . W. Fren ch Laven der .
L in n . Sy st . Didyn am ia Gym n osp erm ia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. Oostakhoodus, A rab ., By .
Habita t . Sou th E urope an d A sia Min or.
R emarks. Th e igbvou of Th e0ph rastus accordin g to Spren g el.
M a rrub ium vu lg a re . Lin n . Common Wh ite Horehoun d .
T eu crrum C h am w dry s . W. Wa ll Germa n der .
L in n . Sy s t . Didyn amia Gym n ospermia .
Ha bita t . Temperate E u rope .
R ema rks . Th ese are two of th e in g redien ts of th e celebrated Trecak
f a rook of th e baz ars, wh ich is th e represen tative of th e M ith rida tum,
Th eria ca A n droma chi, or T. Damocra tis of th e an cien ts . Orig in ally it
con sisted of bu t a few simples, bu t n ow con tain s so m a n y as six ty-on e
in cludin g opium . I t is, in fact , a complete arom atic opiate, a drachm of it
b ein g equal to on e g rain of Opium . Th e little can isters of Treeak -f a rookfou n d in th e baz ars are w rapped in paper on wh ich is prin ted in Persian ,
“ Th e Th eriakh of A n dromach i, an in ven tion of Theron th e Presbyter.
I t is prepared, measured, an d m ade public by me, Joh n B aptist Sylvest rin s, in th e R ialto, by au th ority of th e ex cellen t Govern m en t Physicia n s of An cien t R ig h teou sn ess, an d of th e Coun cil of A poth ecaries an dlearn ed Ph y sician s, &c . , &c .
”
(Mr. Warin g ). Th eriaca Ven eta is also
a syn on ym e of th is electu ary, wh ich is, m oreover; th e orig in of th e E n g lish
word trea cle spelt triacle in th e ag e of E liz abeth . Wa ll Germa n der is
(Spren g el) th e X an a ibpvg of Th eoph rastu s . Th e n o’
k iov ofHesiod, Mu saeus,
a n d Th eoph rastu s (Polium, Plin y), is th oug h t to be th e Teu crium P olium
o f Lin n aeus . Dioscorides an d Th eoph rastu s m en tion Wh ite Horehoun d
u n der th e n am e of n pcio'
i ov, an d Ma rrubium is its orig in al ,
R oman title .
.Stin kin g bla ck Horehoun d , B a llota n ig ra, W., Labiatae , is th e 3m m ) ofDioscorides an d ba llota of Plin y .
M e lissa offi cin al is . W. Common B alm.
L in n . Syct . Didyuamia Gymn ospermia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. B adra n ybuyeh , Pers . , Hin d. R amtulsee ? Hin d. Mek
ka -su bz a , Dec. P arsie-cunjamkoray, Tam . B uklu t-ul-f aris toon ,B uklu t -u l-u trujyeh , A rab .
Habita t . Sou th Europe .
R emarks . Th e p arl iam ent s” an d p eh rraiva of Dioscorides, an d Melissop hyllum of Plin y .
63f
DR UGS.
M e n th a sa t iva.W. Ta ll red Min t .
L i n n . Sy st. Didyn amia Gymn osperm ia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. Poodin a, Dec. Widdetilam, Tam . Nan a, Hubbub,A rab .
Ha bita t . Temperate E urope an d A sia .7
R emarks . Th e p ivdn of Hippocrates an d Th eoph rastus accordin g to
Spren g el ; bu t it is very u n safe to iden tify Specifically th e sweet h erbs o f
th e an cien ts belon g in g to on e class, an d probably th ey th emselves did n ot
recog n iz e th e specific differen ces of modern scien ce . Mr. Warin g applies
th e above eastern sy n on ymes to M . crisp a, M . h ercyn ica of R oh lin g .
M e n th a. viridis . Lin n . Sp ear Min t .
L i n n . Sy s t . Didyn am ia Gymn ospermic.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. P ahari-p ooden ah , Dec.
Habita t . Temperate E urope, Himalayas .
O cym um B as ilicum . W. Common Sweet B asil.
L in n . Sy s t‘Didyn amia Gym n ospermia.
Th e seed.
Vern acular. JlI a nyzrika , San s. Ka lee- tulsee, Hin d. P asha n a bhed
die, B a booitu lsee, Ben g . Naz bo, Sin dh . Sabre, Dec . Tirn oot
p a tch ie, Tam . Vep oodip a tsa , R hu ta lsi, R udrajada , Tel. Saw
a n da ta la , Cey . R ih a n , Shahusf erum, Hebak, A sa ba -
,u l-f eteya t
B adrooj .7 B ucklu t-u l- z ub .
7 A rab . D eba n -sha b, Nae bu, Un y oosh t
kun ee-z uckau, Tureh khorasa n i .7 Pers . B eru nj mishk .
7 Vulg .
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . Th e”m in or of Hippocrates, Th eoph rastus, an d Dioscorides
it is beh aved, an d Ocimum of Plin y, bu t th is may well be doubted.
O cym um s a n ctum . W. Purp le-sta lked B asil.
L in n . Sy st . Didyn amm Gym n osperrn ia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular Parn asa , Sorasaw, Ajaka , San s. Ka la - tu lsi, Hin d
B en g . Kura l, Be11 g . Toolsee, Dec . Toolasee, Tam . Niella
tirtooa , Krish n a toolsee, Mal . Ulsee badroog e, A rab .
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . Sacred to Vish n oo, wh ose followers wear a n ecklace of its
stalks an d roots . 1 11 th e Deccan villag es th e fair B rahmin ee m ay be seen
everymorn in g , after h avin g g roun d th eo
corn an d performed h er simple toilet,64
DR UGS.
R osm arin us officin a lis . Linn . Common R osemary .
Li n n . Syst . Dian dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e tops.
Vern acular. Ukleel-u l-g i lba l, Hasa lba n -achair; Arab .
Habita t . Sou th of Europe ; A sia Min or.
R emarks . Th e h tBavwr‘
is m ecbavwn a r tmj Of Dioscorides an dof th e R oman s . Cachrys cretica , Lam ., N. O . 1 1 0, is th e
Th eoph rastus.
Sa lvia h aem a todes . W.
’ B loody-vein ed Sag e.
Lin n . Syst . Dian dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. Lal—behma n , By . B eh en , Arab .
Habita t . I taly.
R emarks . First men tion ed by Abulfeda .
Salvia. ofiiein a lis . W.
’
Garden Sag e .
L i n n . Sy st . Dian dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. Sa lbia , Hin d. Sofa/cuss , Ain slie .
Habita t . South Europe.
Th ym us vu lg a ris . Lin n . Garden Thyme .
Lin n . Sy st . Didyn amia Gym n ospermia.
The h erb .
Vern acular. I p ar, Hin d. Hasha , A rab .
Habita t . Sou th -west Europe.
R emarks . Th e Gin o: of th e an cien ts was closely allied to th is plan t .
N. VE R BENA CE ZE . VE R BENE S.
Sta ch y t a rph e ta.jam a ice n sis . Vah l. J ama ica B astard Verba in .
Li n n . Sys t . Dian dn a Mon og yn ia .
Th e leaf.Vern acular. R a ta -n il-n akuta, Cey .
Habita t . Jamaica .
V ite x t rifolia . Lin n . Three-lean ed Chaste Tree .
Lin n . Sy st. Didyn am ia Gymuosperm ia.
Th e leaf an d fruit .Vern acular. Sin dhuca , J ela -n irg hoon di, Sin dwara , San s. Nish in dha , Seduri, Sama lu, Sin balu, Hin d. Pen i-ke-shumba li, Hin d. an d
66
DR UGS.
Dec. Cara n osi, Mal. Neern ooch ie, Tam . Tellavavillie, Tel.
Meean -m ilila, Cey . Usslukeabie, Filfil burree, Arab . Lag on di,Malaya .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Probably some of th e above syn on ymes are mean t for th e
Vitex Ag n us Castus th e celebrated iiyvog of th e Greeks an d Cas tusof th e R oman s, or Common Chaste Tree of Sou th ern E urope, an d wh ichderived its n ames from its u se at th e Th esmophoria, or sacred rites of
by th e A th en ian women . Dioscorides an d Plin y both men tion it,
an d it an d its fru it are widely kn own in th e East by th e followin g syn
on ymes : Shumba loo, Hin d. Ursud, B uz ir-ul-f unfun g oosh t, F ilfil burree,A rab . Pu njun g oosh t, Pers . See “ Con dimen ts an d Spices.
N. O . 1 64. ACANTHACEZE . A CANTHA DS.
A n drog raph is p a n icula ta . W.
I / in n . Sy st. Dian dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. Caira ta,San s. Crea t, Ka lup n a th, Maha tita , Hin d.
Ka la -meg h, Ben g . Krea t, Ka lp a , Dec. Kiria tha , Cara -carin am,
Mal. Kiria t, Can . an d Tam . Nela -vemba , Tam . Kari an dNel
la-vemoo, Tel. A ttadie, Heen -bin -kohomba, Cey. Ujar, Arab .
H abita t . In dia.
A stera ca n th a. loh g ifolia . Nees. Lon g -leaved B arleria .
Lin n . Syst . Didyn am ia A n g iospermia.
Th e seed.
Vern acular. I tchoora, I kshug a n dha , San s . Gokshura , Hin d.
ta -koolika, B en g . Ta limkhan a, Dec. Wah el-schulli, Mal.
mollie, Tam . Neer-g oobbie, Tel. Ka tu -iriki, Cey.
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar, Travan core, Ben g al .R emarks . First described by Plun ken et .
N. O. 1 66 . PR IMULACEZE . P R I MWOR TS.
Cy clam e n europwum . W. Common Cyclamen .
L in n . Syst . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. Ha thajooree, Hin d. Urten ysa, Ussu l-ul-urten ysa, B ek
hoor-miriem, Pa njeh -miriem, A rab . Shejereh-miriem, Vulg .
Habita t . North temperate z on e.
R emarks . The x vxadn wor of th e Greeks, alth ou g h as un der th e eastern
syn on ymes,more th an on e Species ofSow-bread was probably in cluded67
‘DR UGS.
der th at n ame . Plin y calls it Cyclamin os or Tuber terrael I t is adulteratedwith a Violet root . Ceylon Moss,N. O . 276 too, is called Ha thajooree .
N. O . 1 67 . PLUMBAGINA CEZE . LE A D WOR TS.
Plum b a g o ros ea . W. R ose-coloured Leadwort .L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Pen tagyn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. R ukta -eh itraca , A roon a -chitraca , Chitraca , San s . Ch i
tra , La l~chitra , Hin d. R ak to-chitra , Ch itra , Ben g . Schet tie
codiva lie, Choooon dacoduva llie, Mal. Ch itturmol, Cit tra -molum,
Yerrai odivay lie, Tam . Yerra -ch itra , Tel. R a th n etul, Cey.
Sh itturridg e, A rab .
Habita t . East In dies.
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede.
N. PLANTAGI NACEZE . R I BWOR TS.
P la n ta g o I sp a g h ula.. F lem.
L in n Syst . Tetran dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e seed,— Spog el seed.
Vern acu lar. I sp ag ool, Pers. an d Hin d. I sp un g ur, Sin dh . I sp o
g hol, Tam . I sp hag ula , Tel. B uer-ka toon a , A rab . Fuslioon ,
Yon an ee .
Habita t . Persia.
R emarks . Th e q 4;v of Dioscorides an d Psy llium of Plin y refers toa F leawort, an d is said to be iden tified with the P la n tag o Psylliumth e F leaseed or F leaba n e of South E u rope . Th e Yon a n ee syn on ym e of
I sp ag ool would lead on e to suppose th at this species mig h t also h ave beenin cluded in th e term by medical Writers of an tiquity.
Plan ta g o Psy llium . W. F leawort .
L in n . Syst . Tetran dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e seed.
Vern acular. B arta n g , In dia .
Habita t . South Europe.
R emarks . See P . I spag hula .
'
N. O . 1 69. NYCTAG INACEZE . NYCTA GOS.
M irab ilis J alapa . W. Common Marvel of Peru .
Li n n . Syst. Pen tan driaMon ogyn ia.Th e fruit.68
D R UGS.
Vern acular. B ahubami, Sun diarag um, San s. Sa ng z , Hin d. Gu la b
bas, Hin d.,Dec . Krish n a -keli, Ben g . Goolbajee, By . Un di
ma n darei, P a trashi, Tam . Chan dra -h u n ter, Tel. Sen drikka,
Cey . Zahr-el-lejl, A rab . Sjibb-ellejl, E g ypt . R amba t-p oluk
amp a t, Malay . R eso, Japan .
Habita t . West In dies.
N. O . 1 70. AMA R ANTHA CETE . AMA R A NTHS.
A ch y ra n th es asp era . R ow. R oug h A chyra n th es, or Ch af iflower.
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit.Vern acular. Ap amarg a , San s. Ag areh , Hin d ., Dec. La lch irchuri,Hin d. Up un g a , Hoorhooriya , Chirchiria , B en g . Cadelari, Mal.
Nahi-ooroovie, Tam . Ooterayn ie, P ra tyuk-
p uskp i, A n tisa , Tel.
Gas-kara l-saebo, Cey . Neajam, E g yp t .
Ha bita t . In dia .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede.
N. O . 1 7 1 . CHENOPODI ACE ZE . CHE NOP OD S.
S a licorn ia a rab ica . W. A rabian Glasswort.
Lin n . Sy st. Mon an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root.
Vern acular. Chubuck-sowyeh , Chook, Hin d. Gh asul, Pers. Ushn a n , A rab .
Habita t . A rabia .
R emarks . Th e Mu seum sample is un certain . Sa licorn ia brachia ta ,(R oan ) Coroman del an d th e Sun derbu n ds
, an d S. in dica (W)Malabar,yield Barilla . Th e root of B lack P epp er is called Chubuck .
Spin a cia olera cea . W.
L i n n . Sy st. Dioecia Pen tan dria.
The seed.
Vern acular. Sag-
p aluk, Pa luk, Hin d. I sp an aj, Pers., A rab .
Habita t . (l)
N.
‘
O . 1 74. P HYTOLOCACEZE . PHYTOLA CCAD S.
Gisek ia. ph a rn a ceoides . W. Trailin g Gisekia .
L in n . Syst . Pen tan dria. Pen tag yn ia.Th e h erb.
69
DR UGS.
Vern acular. Ma n a lie keeroy, Tam . E asike'
du'
n tio koora, Tel. zE t
rilla -
p a la, Cey.
Habita t . Sou thern I n dia .
N. O . 1 76 . POLYGONACEZE . B UCKW-HE A TS.
R h eum p alm a tum . W. Ofi cin a i R hubarb.
L in n . Sy st . E n n ean dria Trig yn ia.
Th e root, - R hubarb .
Vern acular. R ewun d~chen ee, Hin d. R awa n d, R eebass, A rab . R 5
ven d- tehin i, Pers.
Habita t . Mon g olia
R emarks . The pa or pnou of Dioscorides is supposed to be modern
R h ubarb, an d h e speaks of it as comin g from the coun tries beyon d th e Bosph orus an d th e R heum R h ap on ticum a n ative of th e shores of
the E u x in e, Caspian , an d Siberia, was formerly th oug h t to be th e sourceof Gen uin e Turk ey, or R ussia -Crown R h ubarb . Mr. A n derson at Ch elsea
Garden s, h owever, foun d th at R heum p a lma tum, was th e on ly R hubarb
wh ich yielded a root at all like th e officin al article ; an d h en ce, alth oug h 1 10
attempts to iden tify th e plan t in Mon g olia h ave succeeded, it is very properly con cluded th at R heump a lma tum is the sou rce of th e drug n ow k n ownin commerce as R ussia n -Crown , because imported in to E urope by way of
R ussia, bu t formerly, from h avin g been carried th roug h Turkey, calledTurkey R hubarb. Ch in ese, E ast I n dian or Ca n ton , an d Dutch or B a ta
cian R hubarb are also derived from th is plan t, but would appear to be
merely th e refuse of th e R u ssian market . Taschken d R hubarb is also th e
refuse of th e g en uin e drug , Wh ite, or I mp erial, th e root of R . leucorrh iz um,
(P a l.)B uch aria n of R . u n du la tum, wh ile Siberi a n is fromu n determin ed plan t . Himalayan R hubarb is derived from several Spe ciesof R heum, n atives of th e Himalayas, an d E urop cea n R hubarb is obtain ed
from R . R hap on ticum, R . u n dula tum, an d R . comp actum ch iefly.
I t is stran g e th at a dru g g ist in Calcu tta or Lu ck n ow h as to receive h isR hubarb after passin g th rou g h Kiach ta, St . Petersburg h , and Lon don ,an d over two wide ocean s, in stead of th roug h th e Himalayan passes .
R um ex den ta tus . W. Den ta ted Dock .
L in n . Syst. Hex an dria Trig yn ia.
Th e n ut .
Vern acular. Gool-hamaz , Pers.
Habita t . E g yp t ; Himalayas ?
R emarks . Gool-h amaz , Pers., Chooka -ke-p hool, Hin d., an d.Tamir,
A rab ., are g en eral n ames for Dock -n u ts. Wh eth er I h ave properly identified th e Gool-hama z of th e Bombay Ba z ar, I h ave n ot data en oug h to
positively state. Th e smaller B acook-ke-p h a l, I refer, also ten tatively, toR . aeg yp tiacus, W., Eg yp tian Dock, B eejbun d seems an other R umors.
70
DR UGS.
N. O . 1 78 . LA UR ACE ZE . LA UR E LS.
C in n am om um C assia . B lume
Cin n am omum z ey la n icum var . Cassia . N .ees
L in n . Sy st. E n n ean dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e bark , — Cassia-lig n ea .
Vern acular. Tuj, Hin d. B archin i, Dec. Lawun g a , Tam . Dawul
kurun du , Cey . Seleekeh , A rab . Ng oo-see, Burmah . Cayooma
n is .7 Malaya .
Habita t . C. Cassia , Ch in a, cultivated in Java . C. z eylan icum var
Cassia, I n dia .
R emarks . I t 1 3 impossible, says Pereira, to determin e wh eth er th is 1 3 the
Kao o ia of th e Greeks. Spren g el states it to be so, an d as th ey also describe
a Kivvap wptov, an d Kashu is th e Malay word for wood, h is con jecture isp robably correct, alth oug h th e description s 1 n Hippocrates, Th eoph rastus,a n d Dioscorides of Cassia, an d m Hippocrates, Dioscorides, an d Plin y of
Cin n amon are vag ue” Nearly all th e so called Cin n amon of m odern
comm erce is Cassia . Cassia leaf, Tej-p a t, h as been thoug h t th e
n akaBaHpov of Dioscorides . Th e Kiddah of th e B ible, in th e{
E n g lish
version Cassia , 1 8 tran slated”ip i s in th e Septuag in t, bu t Cassia both by
St . Jerome an d Spren g el . Probably every Species of Cin n amomum yields
Cassia-lig n ea as stated byWig h t . Thu s th e Species wh ich yield Culila
wa n bark or the Clove bark of E astern Commerce, n amely C. Cu lilawa n ,Blum e, C. rubrum, Blume, (Laurus Ca ryop hy llus, C. Sin tocBlume, C. x a n thon euron , Blume, an d C. java n icum, B lume, (Laurus ,ma laba thrum, Horsf. an d on e of th e kin ds ofMasaog bark, vi z . C.Kiamis,Nees, (C. burman n i, B lume), all n o doub t are sources of Cassia , as w ell
as of Culilawan or Clove an d Massoy barks . C. z eyla n icum var. Cassia
is th e Laurus Cassia of Lin n . Syst . Nat ., ed 1 760, pag e 1 0 1 0. C. Cassia
is C. aroma ticum, Nees, an d Laurus Cin n amomum'
(B ot . R epos , table
See “ Con dimen ts an d Spices. See “ Cin n amon ,” “ Tamula
pu tra , an d “Orris-root,”below.
C in n am om um in ers . R ein .
L in n . Syst . E n n ean dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e leaf.Vern acular. Dar-chin i, Hin d. Coa t-carva, Mal. P ach chaku, Tel. .
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar.
Cin n am om um loureirii . Nees .
L in n . Syst . E n n ean dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e dry, immature flower-bud,— Cassia flowers.
Vern acular. Kio-kiu, Ch in a . Ni-kei, Japan .
Habita t . Coch in Chin a, Japan .
R emarks. This is the Laurus Cin n amomum of Loureiro .
71
DR UGS‘
.
C in n am omum n itidum . B lume.
Cin n am om um T am a la . Nees .
L in n . Syst. E n n ean dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e leaf, -Folia Malabath ri, F. Talamapath ri, F. In di.Vern acular. Tama lap u tra , San s. P u truj (bark), Sadrus, Hin d.
Tej-p a t, Ben g . Cadeg i-h in di, A rab .
Habita t . C. n itidum,— In dia, Ceylon , J ava . C. Tamala, — In dia .
R emarks,Supposed to be th e F olia ma laba thri of th e an cien ts de
scribed by Dioscorides an d Plin y, bu t p a n (P ip er betel) h as also beensaid to be th is article . C. n itidum above is th e same as Laurus Ma la
ba thrica , R ox . an d C. eu ca lyp toides, Nees ; an d must n ot be con fou n dedwith C. n itidum, Nees, or tru
'e Cin n amon tree .
Cin n am om um z ey la n icum .» Nees .
L in n . Syst . E n n ean dr ia Mon og ym a.
Th e bark , — Cin n amon .
Vern acular. Darasita , San s. Da lchin ee, Hin d. , Ben g ., Dec. Katukarua , Mal . Karruwa , Tam . Sa n a lin g a , Tel. Kuru n da ,R assu -coron de, Ca cin - n ama , Cey . Darchin i, Pers. Th eet - kyaboh
, B urmah . Cayman is, Malaya . Kin ma n , Hebrew. A kimoon a ,Yon an ee.
Habita t . Th e Trog lodyte coun try . Cultivated in Ceylon an d Java .
R emarks . Most assuredly in cluded u n der th e h ead of Ktw cip copov byDioscorides . I t is n ot to be doubted also th at it is th e X ylocin n amum of
Plin y, Lib . x ii. ch . 42 ; alth oug h h e probably con foun ds some oth er
aromatic with Cin n amon wh en Speakin g of it in ch . 63 of th e same book .
Cin n amon is before th is, h owever, men tion ed in th e B ible (E x odus x x x .
ver. an d by Hippocrates an dHerodotus (Bk . iii. ch . No doub tby all th e an cien ts, as yet by th e modern s, Cin n amon was n ever very carefu lly distin g u ish ed from Cassia -lig n ea ; yet th e an cien ts speak both of
Cin n amon an d Cassia , an d n ot a little remarkable is it, th at in th e passag e,
from Herodotus above n oticed, Cin n amon a n d Cassia are separately m en
tion ed w ith in a lin e of each oth er. I n th e E n g lish version of th e Bible
Cassia is also men tion ed in th e verse su cceedin g th at in wh ich Cin n amon
occurs in E x od . x x x . But some may reg ard th is as a mere coin ciden ce,th e Hebrew word kiddeh in verse 24 bein g , as before stated, ren dered byi'
p i s in th e Septuag in t, alth ou g h St . J erome (Oulmet) an d Spren g el tran slate it Cassia . I n Psalm x lv. ver. 8 th e word, h owever, occurs in th e
Septuag in t version Sybpva , Ka i o ra x ri), Kai Ka o ia ; s tacte h ere too bein gth ou g h t to mean n ot th e best myrrh bu t eag le
-wood. I t is stran g e th atboth Herodotu s wh en writin g of Cassia , an d Plin y of Cin n amon , h ave beent h ou g h t to refer to Nu tmeg , bu t on n o oth er g rou n d th an because int he eyes of th eir critics Cassia - lig n ea is n ot sufficien tly pron ou n ced .
”The same reason in g would be g ood for th istles or fig s. The h abitat of
72
DR UGS.
could be con verted in to B orn eo,— an d it mig h t be,- larg e fortun es would
be rapidlymade at th e first start of th e man ufacture, — th e value of B orn eo
Camp hor. bein g in Ch in a 80 times th at of Ch in a an d Japan . Karp oor
is a n ame of Column ea balsamica, Gesn eraceae . See Oils an d Oil-seeds .
”
Lauru s n ob ilis . Lin n . Sweet B ay .
L in n . Syst . E n n ean dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e berry .
Vernacular. Z af n ee, Hub-ul-g har (berry) Arab .
I I abita t . Italy .
R emarks . Th e seam of Hippocrates an d th e Greek s, an d n ot th e g reen
bay tree of th e Bible . Th is, an d n ot th e Laurel of E n g lish sh rubberies, is
th e true poet’
s an d victor’s laurel ; an d th e term B ach elor (in th e deg rees
of scien ce an d th e arts) is derived from th e cu stom wh ich on ce prevailedof placin g a crown of Sweet B ay , in berry, on th e h eads of successfulstuden ts, wh o were thus — B acca laurea tus . Th e common Laurel of
E n g lish sh rubberies is Cerasus Laurocerasus, an d th e Portug a l Laurel, C.
lusitan ica , both R oseworts . The Laurestin e is Viburn um Tin us , V.
Opulus bein g th e Guelder R ose, both Caprifoliaceae. On e kin d of 864m,ofTh eoph rastu s, Spren g el refers to A vicen n a tomen tosa (R on ) foun d in th esalt marsh es about th e Vellard an d Sion Causeway.
T etra n th era rox b urg h ii . Nees.
L in n . Syst. En n ean dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e bark .
Vern acular. Maida luckri, In dia.
Habita t. Moun tain s of In dia, Ch ittag on g , Cochin -Chin a, an d Java .
N. O . 1 84. PENJE ACE lE . SA R COCOLLADS.
P en maLin n . Syst . (Peuaea) Tetran dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e foetid g um -resin ,— Sarcocolla .
Vern acular. Goojur, By. Un z eroot, Arab . Kunjudeh , Pers.
Habita t . E thiOpia ? Persia ?
R emarks . The z apx ox fmta of Dioscorides, wh o says it is obtain ed froma Persian tree ; an d Lin dley is in clin ed to th in k it is th e product of an
Umbellifer, an d n ot of a plan t of th ep resen t order. Some say it comesfrom E thiopia. See Gums an d R esin s.
”
74
DR UGS .
N. o . 1 85. THYME LA CE ZE . DA PHNAD S
Dap h n e M ezere um . W. Mez ereon or Sp urg e-Olive.
Lin n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root, — Mez ereon .
Vern acular. Maz iryoon , Maz rioon , A dada .7 I shkhes f A rab . Mus
troo, Pers. Kameela , Yon an ee.
Habita t . Ken t,\
Hampsh ire, temperate Europe.
R emarks . Pereira states th at Trag us (1 532) is th e first to men tionSp urg e Olive, an d th at th e X an e
’
Aa ia of Dioscorides is probably an oth er
species of th e g en u s . Th e root of th e baz ars may th erefore be ob tain ed
from more th an on e Dap h n e .
N. O . 191 . A R I STOLOCHI ACEA‘E. B I R THWOR TS.
A ristoloch ia. b ra ctea ta . R eta . B ractea ted B irthwort .
L in n . Sy st. Gyn an dria Hex an dria.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. P a t trabun g a , San s. Gun da tee, Keeramar, Dec.
da tin ap a lly , Tam . Garida -
g uda-
p a , Tel.
Habita t . Ban k s of th e Jumn a an d Gan g es ; Deccan .
A ristoloch ia in dica . W. I n dian B irthwort .
Lin n . Syst . Gyn an dria Hex an dria.Th e h erb an d root .
Vern acular. I rkamoola , I shwara, San s. I srievayl, I srabel,mel, Hari, Hin d . I shurmool, Ben g . Samp sun , Dec. P erumarun doo, Kada leweg an , Mal. P erumarun doo, Telashroobe, Tam.
E esara , Doola -
g ooila , E rra -ka taba n da, Tel. Sa t-san da , Sacasa n der, Cey .
Habita t . B en g al, Con can , Travan core, Coroman del.R emarks . First described by Van R h eede.
A ristoloch ia lon g a . Lin n . Lon g-rooted B irthwort .
L in n . Sy st. Gyn an dria Hex an dria.
Th e root .
Vern acular. Z erawun d-tuweel, A rista lookheea, A rab. Z erawun d
draz , Pers.
Habita t . Sou th Europe .
R emarks . Th e cip ia-
rok ox ia aa rpa of Dioscorides, an d th e A ristolochiaW1 th roun d tubercles” of Ph n y . Th eophrastus men tion s an dp io roh ox ia .
75
DR UGS.
A ristoloch ia rotun da . Lin n . R oun d-rooted B irthwort .
Lin n . Syst. Gyn an dria Hex an dria .
The root.
Vern acular. Z erawun d-mooderuj, A rab . Z erawu n d-
g eerd, Pers.
Habita t . South E urope.
R emarks . Th e rip tcr'roh ox ia o rpoyybh n Of Dioscorides, an d th e A risto
lochia with an elon g ated root”of Plin y.
A sa rum europ aeum . Lin n . Common A sarabica , or Foa lfoot .
L in n . Sy st . Dodeca n dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root,— A sarabica .
Vern acular. Tucln'
r, Hin d . Mootricu njayvie, Tam . Chep ao-ta ta
koo, Tel. A saroon , A rab . , By .
Habita t . Temperate EurOpe, an d North ern A sia
R emarks . Th e do apov of Dioscorides, men tion ed also by Plin y .
N. O . 195. E UPHOR B I ACE XE . SP UR GE WOR TS.
A leurites trilob a . W. Three (in reality two) lobed A leurites .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon ad elphia.The fruit .Vern acular. A kola , Hin d. A khoroot, Ben g . J ap hul, By . Kara
a n g olam, Mal. Woodoog a , Tel.
Habita t . Ben g al, Deccan .
R emarks . Called B elg aum Wa ln u t on th is Side I n dia, but all localE n g lish n ames sh ould be avoided. See Oils an d Oil-seeds.
B ridelia sp in osa . W. Prickly B ridelia .
Lin n . Sy st . Polyg amia Mon oecia.
Th e bark .
Vern acular. Mooloo-va n g ay , Mal. Mooloo~venjay, Tam .
ma n , Tel. Ka tu-kceta -kwla, Cey.
Habita t . A ssam , Circars, Travan core.
Cicca dis tich a . W. Lon g- leaved Cicca .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon osem. Tetran dria.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. Hurf
’
arori, Ch elmeri, Hin d. Ch eramella , Hurip hu l,
Nubaree, Ben g . Urfa layoorie , Dec . Nelli, Mal. Cherambola ,Goa . A ru n elli, Tam . R acha-usirike, Tel. R ata-n elli, Cey.
Cheremin , Malaya.
76
DR UGS.
Habita t . Cultivated throug h ou t In dia .
R emarks. First described by Van R h eede. See “Fruits an d Veg etables.
”
Croton T ig lium . W. Purg in g Croton .
L in n . Sy st . Mon mcia Mon adelphia .
Th e seed, — Croton‘
seed .
Vern acular. J ayap a la , Nep a la, Dun ti, San s. J amalg ota, Hin d .
B en g . Dec . J ya l, R echuk , Ben g . Cadel- ava n a cu, Neervau la ,Mal. J ayap a la , Can . Neerva lum, Tam . Nayp a lum, Tel . Ne
p aylum, Cey . B a too, A rab . Dun d, Pers. Han n a/toll , B urmah .
B ari, Malaya .
Habita t . Travan core, Coroman del .R emarks . Croton Seed is also obtain ed from oth er Species of Croton
th e term Gra n am Mola ceum applied to it sh ould be restricted to th e Cro
ton P ava n a (Harm) of A va . U n der th e n ame of J ama lg ota, n ative
drug g ists also sell th e seeds of Croton p olya n clrum (R on ).
E uph orb ia. can a rien s is . Lin n . Ca n ary Spu rg e .
Lin n . Sy st . Dodecan dria Trig y n ia (Mon oecia Mon an dria, Sm ith ).Th e g um resin ,— E uph orbium .
Vern acular. Ulceil- n afsah , F irfyoon , Firbeyoon , A rab . Sh eer
derakh t-z ekoom, Pers. Sh ia -dz aon , Burmah . Sudusuda, Malaya .
Furbia n e, Morocco .
Ha bita t . Morocco ; th e Can aries.
R emarks . Discovered by Kin g Juba of Mauritan ia an d n amed by h im
after h is physician E uph orbus. A in s lie’s syn on ym es, viz . Sayn d
— lca -daarl,
Hin d. an d Dec., an d Suddray~kullie-
p aa l, Tam ., apply to E . a n tiquorum
(R oan )
J a troph a. Curca s . W. A n g u lar leaveal Physic Nu t .
L in n . Sy st . Mon mcia Mon adelphia.
Vern acular. Ka n a n a -kerun dum, Nep a la , San s. B ag-biteren ala ,
Hin d . Ben g . E run di, Dec . Ca ak - aven akoo, Mal. Mara - n am
lee, Can . Caar- n ooc/zie, Ca a t -amu n ak, Tam . Nep alam, A ltime
amia’a , Tel. R a ta en daroo, Cey .
Ha bita t . Sou th America . Naturaliz ed in In dia .
R emarks . First m en tion ed by Mon ardes. J owz ule lcowsa l an d J owz -ul
kie are g iven as th e A rabic an d Persian syn on ymes in some works, bu t
th ey belon g in my opin ion to R an dia dumetorum, wh ich see.
77
DR UGS .
Ph yllan th us E mb lica ; W. Shrubby Phylla n thus .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon mcia Mon adelphia.
Th e fruit, -Emblic Myrobalan .
Vern acular. Ama lki, Umrita , San s. Amla , Ben g . A on la, A n ooli,Amlaki, A oon g ra , A u n wercl, Hin d . Nelle, Mal. Nellie-kai, Tam .
Userekee, Woosheriko, Tel . Ama sada - n elli, Gey . Amlaj, A rab .
Amu leh , Pers . B oa -ma la eca, Malay .
Ha bita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . Th e pvpoBdAavovs émrx e'
rf, ofMyrepsicus accordin g to Spreug el. Compare its Syn on ymes with th ose of Cicca distich a above .
R i cin us comm u n is . Lin n . Cas tor oil p lan t, P a lma Chris ti .
Lin n . Syst . Mon cecia.Mon adelph ia.
Th e seed,— Castor seeds.
Vern acular. E ra n da , San s. A ren di, Hin d. , B en g . B heren da ,Ben g . Citava n akoo, A van ak, P a n diava n ak, Mal. Hara la , Can .
Sit tamun ak, Va lluk, Tam . Amadum, Sit tamin di, Tel. E n dara ,
Cey . Kh iroa , Ch eru a , Tehscha , Z asjt, Djar, A rab . B eedinjeer,B owyen , Pers. Kyet-hsao, Burmah . J arak, Citavan aca, Malaya
an d Sumatra .
Habita t . In dia.
R emarks . Th e x pém v of Hippocrates, Herodotu s, an d Dioscorides,also called Kim by th e Greeks, an d R icin us of th e R oman s ; its first Greekan d Latin n ames bein g derived from its resemblan ce to a t ick or dog
-louse .
Th e Kikayon of th e B ible is th ou g h t to be th e P a lma Chris ti, bu t so
dispu ted has th is referen ce been th at St . Jerome an d St . A ug ustin e, passin gfrom th e force of arg umen t to th e arg umen t of force, actuall
fy
ex ch an g edblows on th e subject (P ereira). Th e seeds h ave been oun d in th e
mummy cases of E g yp t . See also Oils an d Oil-seeds.
”
R ottlera tin ctoria . R ow. Dyer’s R ot tlera .
L in n . Sy st. Dioecia Polyan dria .
The powder on th e capsule, — Kamila .
Vern acular. Poon n ag , P oon n ag a , Keshoor, San s., B en g . Cama l,Hin d. Toon g , Ben g . Sh en dree, By . P oon n ag am, Cora n g a -ma n
jemarum, Mal . Cap ilap oclie, Tam . Vassa n tag un da , Ch en a’urap a,
Velig arum, Kun kuma -
p uova , Tel. Ham-
p aran dwlia , Cey.
Habita t . Con can s, Travan core, Coroman del, Mysore .
R emarks. Poon ag is th e Bombay n ame of th e female of Ca lysaccion
(Wig h t, N. O . an d P oon n ag an d P oon ag a th e San scritan d Ben g al n ames of A lp in ia n u ta n s , R oar. N. O . 233 . Keysur is also
th e Hin dee for th e Saf ron Crocus, an d Kesoor th e Hin dee an d Ben g al for
Scirp usKysoor (R oan ),N. O. Cyperaceae. Similar soun din g words also are
78
DR UGS.
Q
th e n ames “i n comp osi tion of man y oth er plan ts as Nag keshur, Kesura
vukoola , &c. See Crocus sa tivus below . See Dyes an d Colours.
”
N. O . 1 99. U R T I CACE EE . NE TTLE WOR TS.
Can n ab is sa tiva . W. Common Hemp .
I / in n . Sy st . Dioscia Pen tan dria .
Th e h erb an d th e r'
esin .
Vern acu lar. B ha n g a, Gu nj ika , Viyya ; San s. B ha n g , Hin d. Ga n
jar, Ben g . Ga nja , Dec ., Tam . , Malay . Tsjeroo o can sjava , Mal.
Ga n g ah , Tel . Ma t-kan sha, Cey . Kin n ub, A rab . B in , Burmah .
Guiji- la cki- lacki, Malay . Kin n abis, Def roon us , Yon an ee.
Habita t . Caucasus, Hin doo Koosh ,‘
Himalayas. Cultivated in
E urope for its fibre, an d in A frica an d A sia for th e sak e of its
n arcotic properties .
R emarks . Th e x aw aBi g of th eG reeks. Herodotus (Book iv. ch s. 74
an d 75) m en tion s its seeds bein g u sed by th e Scyth ian s as a n arcotic, an dDioscorides th at its ex pressed ju ice cures h eadach e. I n In dia th e h erb
is u sed as“th e in creaser of pleasure,
” “th e assuag er of g rief, ” “
th e
cau ser of laug h ter an d a reelin g g ait,”u n der several form s, as Gu njah th e
dried plan t, after h avin g flowered, an d from wh ich th e resin h as been
tak en ; B a n g , Subjee, Siolh ee, larg er leaves an d capsules with out th e
stalks, &c . Th e Hashish of th e Arabs con sists of th e ten der t0ps of th e
plan t after flowerin g . Th e resin in I n dia is called Churrus an d Momeea ,
th e latter th e fin er. B ha n g a is th e n ame also of Verbesin a pros tra ta , N. O .
1 20. A dam son an d R oyle su g g est th at th e min-w ees of Homer (0 d . iv. ,
may h ave b een Hemp . Saffron , E lecampan e, Man drake, an d Dwale
h ave also been sug g ested by oth ers. Homer, l n tru th , can m ean n o parti
cular substan ce by m’
preubes, bu t on ly th e quality of some substan ce, for h euses th e word as an epith et, n ot as a n ame . He sin g s simply of a ¢ app a x ovvan -wees, a drug ban ishin g sorrow, wroth allayin g , an d cau sin g oblivion of
all evils. Nepen th es can th erefore n o more be a dru g th an th e word
aKoh ou or an y oth er of th e epith ets in th e description . Th e pareg oricm edicamen t referred to, h owever, may h ave been some portion of Ca n n a
bis, bu t I believe n ot . Pope tran slates th e passag e referred to th usMean time with g en ial joy to warm th e soul
,
B rig ht Helen m ix ed a m irth in spirin g bowl.Temper
’d with drug s of sov’reig n use t
’assuag e
Th e boilin g bosom of tumu l tuous rag e.
These drug s, so frien dly to th e joys of l ife,B rig h t H elen learn
’d f rom T hon e
’s imp eria l wife5
Wh o swayed th e sceptre where prolific NileWith various simp les clothes th e fatten ’
d soil .From Paeon spru n g , their patron -
g od imparts
To all th e Pharian race h is heal in g arts.”
Now it was at Th ebes th at Men elau s sojourn ed in E g ypt, an d Helenlearn t to mix th is virtuous bowl. Diodorus likewise tells us that a potion ,
79
DR UGS.
h avin g the power to drown all care, was a secret which th e Th ebanwomen made th eir g lory ; an d, as Homer tells us, th e E g yptian s were
emph atically a n ation of drug g ists. I t is clear, th en , th at of all th e
an cien ts th ey must h ave k n own opium ; an d as to th is day th e Somn iferousPopp y is k n own as P ap aver Theba icum, Conf ection of Op ium as ConfectioTh ebaica, an d Tin cture of Op ium or Lauda n um as Tin ctura Th ebaica
,
th ere can be little doubt th at wh atever oth er in g redien ts Helen’
s bowl mayh ave con tain ed, th e active prin ciple in it was Opium in on e sh ape or
an oth er. Elecampan e or E n u la- campan a, is th e root of I n u la Helen ium
(W wh ich is said to h ave . derived its n am e from th e u se made of it byHelen , an d by oth ers to h ave Spru n g from h er tears . Th e roots may be
fou n d in th e baz a ar u n der th e n am es of Ula n eeyoon , Ussu l-ul-rasu n , A rab .
a n d B eykh-z u nje- beel-shamee, Pers . Th e A rabic n ame Kin
’
n ub th rou g h
th e Du tch corruption Hen n ep is th e orig in of th e E n g lish word Hemp .
B urch ell, Du Ch aillu , an d Burton all testify to th e u se of Hemp as a
n arcotic in Sou th an d Cen tral A frica . See Narcotics.
”
N. O . 207 . PI PER ACE fE . P EP P E R WOR TS.
Ch avica. rox b urg h ii. Mig . Lon g Pepp er .
Lin n . Syst . Dian dria. Trig yn ia .
The dry immature fruit,— Lon g Pepper an d th e root .
Vern acular. P ipp u li, Krish n a -
p ipp uli .7 San s . P ipp u l, P ilp ul, F el
fi ldraz , Hin d . P ip ilie, Dec. Tip ilie, Tam . Cey . P eep a l, P ip
p u loo, Tel. Tipp ili, Cey . Darfilfil, A rab . Filfildra z , Pers.
P eik-khyen , Burm ah . Chabai-jawa, Tabeo, Malaya. The root,
P ipp ula moola , In dia .
Habita t . In dia.
R emarks .
‘Probably th e 7re'
1 rept pap v of Dioscorides. Peep ul is also
th e n ame of th e familiar Uros tig ma relig iosa . See “ Con dimen ts an d
Spices.
”
Cub eb a. officin a lis . Mig .
Lin n . Syst . Dian dria Trig yn ia .
Th e berry,— Cubebs.
Vern acular. Sug an dha-maricha , San s. Timmue, Nepal. Ga bab
chin ee, Hin d., Dec. Dumkee mirchie, Hin d. Komoon koos, Mal.
Va l-mellag hoo, Tam . Sa lavamirria loo, Tel. Wa l-g ummeris, Cey.
Kubabeh, A rab . Kibabeh , Pers. Kurfiyoon , Yon an ee . Siuban
karawa, Burmah . R omoon -koos, Malaya .
Habita t . Ban tam . Cultivated in Lower Java .
R emarks . Pereira believes th is article to be th e pvpfl'
davov of Hippocrates “ for l stly, th e remedy termed pvpr ida x/OV is distin g uished frompepper (m
‘m pr) an d is said to be a rou n d I n dia n f ruit which the Persia n sca ll p epp er ; 2adly, the modern Greek (Pharma . Greeca, A th en is, 1 837)
80
DR UGS.
Storax does n ot n ow ex ist in commerce, bu t, perh aps, th is is too
h asty a con clusion , for alth oug h n o balsam is n ow obtain ed from S.
ofi cin a le, it does n ot follow th at th e a rbpa é} of th e Greek s, an d Styraa:of th e R oman s, was obtain ed ex clusively from th at tree ; an d, in deed, th e
probability I s th at th ey also ob tain ed it from L . orien ta te, con siderin gth e coin ciden ce of its g eog raph ical distribu tion an d properties ; an d it is
n ot impossible th at th ey were also acquain ted with th e iden tical productof Java . Liqu idambar 1 3 more ex qu i site an d powerful 1 n odou r th an even
B en z oin , of which also th e an cien ts are said to h ave been ig n oran t . This
m ay be as reg ards th e latter substan ce, bu t as respects Liqu idambar, at
least th at of Cyprus an d A n atolia, it m a be seriously doub ted, an d it
must b e on better eviden ce th an an y yet afforded th at th e Stora x of mo
dern E urope an d th e R ose Ma llocs of th e Bombay Tariff is deprived of
th e addition al aroma of classical association . Th e Greek s to th is day callth e balsam of th e Cypru s plan t o n ipaf type. I ts bark is th e X y lon Eff en di of th e Cypriots an d Cortex Thymiama tis vel Thuris of E u ropean
drug g ists . I n B ombay Silla rus an d Sa lajet are th e common n ames of
R ose Malloes, with Us turuk as a syn on yme . I t comes from J ava , th e
tariff term bein g a trade corrup tion of th e Malaya n am e R asama lla .
Such “ fan tastic tricks” are common in comm erce, but th is is on e of th e
most in stru ctive, ex ceptin g on ly th e con version by ou r merch an ts of
Sh akasi or Tree (th at is recen t, as Opposed to sem i- fossiliz ed), in to J a ckassCop al. Us turuk is also th e n ame of a wood u sed in Bombay by Parsees as
in cen se, an d th is I h ave, u n derN. O . 1 26, referred to S. ofii cin a le . Th e
Solid Storm: of commerce is p robably th e resin ou s portion of Liqu id
Storax mix ed with saw-dust or bran . Th e vé a x a cpeou or ydpx a cpeou of
Dioscorides, probably th e same as th e kdx acpeou of Pau lus ZEg in eta , is bysom e con sidered th e bark of S. ofi cin a le . Han bury says it is n ot th at of
L . orien ta le, bu t from th e description of Dioscorides it would appear
m ore likely to be th e fru it of some Liquidambar . Dioscorides says it camefrom I n dia . I k n ow n oth in g like it i n Bombay ex cept M a ida luckrie .
I t 1 3 remarkable th at Spren g el m 1 807 wu tin g of th e M iah of A vicen n astates h aec est arbor R as ama la quae storacem liquidum larg itu r e rimis
cortiois eman an tem .
”See Gums an d R esin s.
N. O . 2 1 2. CUPULI FE R ZE . MA STWOR TS.
du ercus B a l lota . W. B arbary Oak .
Lin n . Syst . Mon oecia Polyan dria.Th e acorn .
Vern acular. Shah -bu lloot, B a loot-u l-mu lk, Pers.
Habita t . Spain , Morocco, Greece .
R ema rks . Spren g el is n ot sure wh eth er th lS or th e Dyer’
s
8 as imepis‘ of Th eoph rastus. Dioscorides men tion s an oak ,
t 1 rteen kin ds of acorn s.82
D R UGS .
Quercus in fectoria . Olivier . Dyer’s or Call Oak .
Lin n . Syst . Mon mcia Polyan dria .
Th e g all,— Nu t g alls.
Vern acular. Majoop hu l, San s . Hin d. Maapu l, Dec” Machakai,
Tam . Uf es, A rab . Maz oo, Pers. Pyeen tag ar-n e- thee, Burmah .
Majakan ee, Malaya .
Habita t . Th e Levan t A n atolia, Karman ia, Aleppo, A lg ez ireh ,
Kou rdistan .
R emarks . Hippocrates first m en tion s th e n u t g all un der th e n ame of
x n x ig . Th e E ast I n dia Ca lls of commerce are B assorah Ca lls re-ex ported
from Bombay . Mecc'
a Ca lls are also B assorah Ca lls .
'
See also Tan s .
N. O . 220. CONI FE R ZE . CONI FE R S.
Cupressus s em p ervire n s . W. Common Cyp ress .
L in n . Sy st . Mommola Mon adelphia.
Th e con e .
Vern acular. Suroo, Shujruda l, Sarass, Hin d. Saruss, Ben g .
Sujru t -u l-hueya t (Tree of Life), Pers.
Habita t . Can dia . Cultivated widely .
R emarkZS. Th e Kvm ip i-rr os
‘
( 1561a Of Homer, Kvm ipw a os Of Th eOph l’
aStUS,
an d Dioscorides, an d th e Goph er-wood, some 1 n sist, of wh ich th e ark
was built .
P in ites su ccin ifer .
L i n n . Sy st .
The resin fossiliz ed,— Amber.
Vern acular. Kep oor, Hin d. Karooba, Pers. Hin d . Dec . Umbir,Tam . Kern u lbehr, I n ketreeyoon , A rab . Ambar,Malaya . Nambu,J apan .
‘
J an tar, R ussia .
Situs . Th e Sea-beach of the Baltic, Cape Koh in , Sicily, Japan ?Marylan d.
R emarks . Th ales of Miletus, 600, n oticed th e electric propertyof Amber . Dioscorides men tion s it un der th e n ame of fi
'
h ek rpov as
probably th e resin of th e B la ck Pop lar . I t was th e Succin um of th eR oman s . Th e word fix em
-
pov occurs also in Hesiod, Homer, Herodotu s,an d Hippocr
’
ates, bu t from th e vag uen ess of th eir referen ces it can n ot bepositively ascertain ed th at th ey mean amber, electron h avin g also been an
an cien t alloy of g old an d silver. See Gums an d R esin s.
”
83
DR UGS.
P in us Pin ea . W. Ston e P in e .
L in n . Sy st. Mon mcia Mon adelphia.
Th e seeds, - Pin e Nuts.
Vern acular. Chilg hoz a , Pers. Ch ilg oja, Hin d.
Habitat . Sou th Europe ; R aven n a .
R emarks . Th ese seeds are th e Kox x ahm of Hippocrates, an d m rviBeg of
Dioscorides. Th e tree is th e n if vs‘ of th e Greek s, an d in sure ) v ocli opos OfTh eoph rastus . R oyle says th e Ch ilg hosa of Cabul may be P . g erardia n a .
I ’in us sy lve s tris . Lin n . Scotch P in e .
P in us p a lustris . Lamb. Swamp P in e .
P in us d a . Lamb. F ran kin cen se P in e .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon mcia Mon adelphia .
Th e oleo resin ,- Common Turpen tin e ; th e volatile oil, - Oil of Ter
pen tin e, Spirits of Turpen tin e, E ssen ce of'
l urpen trn e th e resin ,
Yellow -R osin , an d Black R osin or Coloph on y an d th e productsof destructive distillation , - Tar (liquid), an d Pitch (solid)
Vern acular.
Habita t . P . sylvestris, North ern E u rope ; P . d a, Virg in ia ; P .
p a lustris, the Con federated States of Am erica .
R emarks . Th e r e’
ppweo g or r epe’
Bweo g of Hippocrates, Th eoph rastu s,an d Dioscorides is con sidered to h ave been th e P is tacia Terebin thusor Chia n Turp en tin e tree . B ut th e an cien ts may h ave in cluded Commonan d oth er Turpen tin es u n der th at term , or at least must have k n own
Common Turp en tin e, asTar is th e n ir'
ra of Th eoph rastu s, an d Kan / 0 9 or m’
o o-a
bypa Of Dioscorides, an d Pitch th e m'
0'
0'
a fnpa an d n ah imrw o-
a Of th e latter.
He also m en tion s Pin e Nu ts (m i-vibes) th e seeds of P in us P in ea (D eC.
Ston e P in e ; an d {dmw a a (Z opissa of Plin y), a mix ture of Pitch m ix edwith wax scraped off th e bottom s of sea-
g oin g sh ips . Plin y describesseveral Pin es, in cludin g probably Laria: europ aea Common
Larch P in us sylvestris ; an d A bies ex celsa Norway Sp ruceF ir an d h e m en tion s R osin , an d describes th e preparation of Tar an d
Pitch . Th e Scotch P in e is th e source of E u rop ea n Common Turp en tin e
th e Swamp an d F ran kin cen se Pin es o f America n ; B ordeaux Turp en tin e,an d Ga lip ot Ta r a n d P itch are from P in us Pin aster (Lamb), Clus terP in e . Ven etia n Turp en tin e is from Larisa europ ma , wh ich is also th e
sou rce of Oren burg h-
g um an d B rian con-m an n a . Strasburg h Turp en tin e
is n ow ob tain ed from A bies P icea (Lin d ), Silver F ir . Thus or Com
mon F ran kin cen se (A bietis R esin a, Phar . Loud .) an d B urg un dy Pitch(Pix Abietin a, Ph ar . Loud .) are from A bies ex celsa an d Ca n ada B a lsam
from A bies B a lsamea (Lin d . B a lm of Gilead F ir . E ssen ce of Sp ru ceis prepared
from th e tops of A bies n ig ra (I ll ichaua), B la ck Sp ruce, an d 1 8
used i n makin g Spruce Beer. See also Gums an d R esin s .
84
DR UGS.
J un ipe rus comm un is . Lin n . Commbn J un ip er .
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Mon ad elphia .
Th e berry .
Vern acular . A bhu l, B oober, Hin d . B ithara, Padma, Pumaroa,Netee Pass. A huber, Sin dh . Hu b-u l-urur, A rab . A rkon as, B ara tee, Yon an ee .
Habita t . North of E urope ; Himalayas .
R emarks . Th e d evezg of Hippocrates was (P ereira) th e fru it of a
J u n ip er . Sib th orp th in ks (P ereria) th at th e a’
pn evdor p u pil of Dioscorideswas a species of J un ip er, an d Freas th at h is Kébpo g p u pa was th e actualCommon J un ip er . Th eophrastus m en tion s th ree k in ds of x e
’
bpog , bu t
Spren g el refers n on e to th e presen t species, alth ou g h h e con siders th em all
of th is g en u s . Th e J u n ip er R esin or San darach of comm erce ex ported
from Mog adore, is th e produ ce of th e Ca llitris quadriva lvis (Ven t .) or
J oin ted A rbor Vites .
N. O . 221 . TA X AC EXE . TA X A DS.
T a x us b a cca ta . W. Common Yew .
T a x us n u cife ra . R oy le, Hima . Bot , p . 353 .
Li n n . Sy s t . Dioecia.Mon adelphia .
Th e leaf.Vern acular. T . b a cca ta , Thoon o, Hin d. T . n u cifera . Toon er,Hin d. Th e leafi— B irmee, Z irn ub- birmee, Hin d.
Habita t . T . ba cca ta , B ritain , Himalayas : T. n ucifera , Himalayas.
R emarks . T . bacca ta is th e a p ikaf, Cvpéh os, an d rdéos Of th e Greeks ;an d Taaus of Plin y .
N. O . 225. SM I LACE ZE . SA R SA PA R I LLA S.
Sm ila x Ch in a . W. Ch in ese Smilax .
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Hex an dria.
Vern acular . Choob- ch en ee, Hin d. Shook -cheen a, Ben g . Parin g ay,Tam . Chin a -a lla, Cey.
Habita t . Ch in a .
R emarks First m en tion ed by Th evetius. See also Starch es.
N. O . OR CHI DA CEZE . OR CHI DS.
E u loph ia
L in n . Syst . Gyn an dria Mon an dn a.
Th e root, — Orien tal Salep .
D R UGS .
Vern acular. Sa'
lep'
misree, A rab . Hin d ec. Khusyat-ul-salib,Khusya t-a l-kulb, A rab . Orkis, Sa tu ryoon , Turp hyla , Yon an ee .
Habita t . Cabul ? an d Cashm ir i
R emarks . Th e 3px i g of Th eoph rastus,Spren g el mak es Orchis Mario
Meadow Orch is . Dioscoridesmen tion s two kin ds of Salep un der th e
n ame of”Opt
‘
,an d a th ird, wh ich h e says is called O
’
a‘
rvpiov, or rp icv ov.
O . Morio ; O. mascula , (W. E a rly p urp le Orch is ; O . p ap ilon acea , (W.)B u tterfly Orchis ; O. coriop hora , an d O . u n du la tifolia , (P er . all
probably yielded classical Salep, a n d th e two first, an d O . militaris, (W.
M ilitary Orch is, produ ce th e best Salep in E urope . Th e source of
orien tal Sa lep is n ot determ in ed, bu t R oyle con jectures it to be derivedfrom species of E u lop h ia probably E . vera an d E . camp
N. O . 233 . Z INGI BE R ACEHE. GI NGE R WOR TS.
A lp in ia Ga lan g a . Swa r tz . Loose-flowered A lp in ia .
L i n n . Sy st . Mon an dr ia Mon og yn ia .
Th e root,— Greater Galan g al .
Vern acular. Koolu njun a , Seg u n da -
yog a, Dhumoola , San s. Koolin
ja n , Hin d . B en g . Dec. P a n kejur, Dec . Ch itta o ra t ta , Mal .
P ere-aretei, Tam . Doomp rastacum , Tel . Mahaka luwa la, Heen
ka luwa la, Cey . Khusroo-daroo, Khowlinja n , Koleejan , A rab .
Habita t . Sumatra, J ava .
R emarks . Men tion ed by Avicen n a . Th e sam e I n dian syn on ymes include Lesser Ga la n g a l, th e root of A . chin en sis, (R os .) a n ative of
Ch in a ; an d Lig h t Ga la n g a l th e root of A . n u ta n s, (R os . Noddin g A lp i
n ia, a n ative of th e E ast In dies g en erally . Th e root also of Kcempf eriaCa la n g a , (Lin n .) is often also substituted
‘
for true Ga lan g al in In diaitself. I t is quite a spuriou s article .
Cos tus sp eciosus . R ox . Showy Costus .
L i n'h . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root .
Vern acular. Kemboo, Kemooka , San s . Keoo, Hin d. Ben g . Tsjan akua , Mal . B omma -kach ica, Pushkara , Tel. Tebu-
g as, Cey .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . This an d C. arabicas , Lin n . , a n ative of both I n dies, wereon ce th oug h t th e sources of Costus.
Curcum a. mru g in osa . R ow. Green -rooted Turmeric .L in n . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root .
Vern acu lar.
Ha bita t . Peg u .
86
DR UGS .
Curcum a. Z edoa ria . R oa’.
Lin n . Sy st .‘Mon an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e tuber,- Zedoaria rotu n da .
Vern acular. Nirbisha , Ap avisha , Vish aha , Vu n ahuridra , Shoolika ,Sholee, San s. Nirbisi, Nira bisi, J un g li-hu ldee, Hin d . B un -hu l
dee, Ben g . Nirbisi, Dec. , Can . Ambi-h uldee, Dec . Cawa , Mal .
Castoorie-munjil, Tam . Tella -cas toorie-
p assoop oo, Tel. J udwar,Z edwar, Mahfirf een , A rab . Tomon .
7 Malay .
Habita t . In dia with in an d beyon d th e Gan g es, th e Sou th A siaticIslan ds, an d Ch in a .
R emarks . This is th e C. aroma tica of Salisbu ry . If it is n ot th e tru e
Z edoary, its syn on ymes must b e tran sferred to th e plan t h ereafter iden tified with th at celebrated drug . Nirbisi is a n am e of Kyllin g ia mon ocep ha la , an d B urra - n irbisi of Scirp us g lomera tus, both N. O . Cyperaceae .
Curcum a Z erumb et . R oan Zedoary, or B road- lean ed Turmeric .
L in n . Sy st. Mon an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e tuber, — Zedoaria lon g a .
Vern acular . Carchuraca , Carchura , Sa thi, San s. Kuchoora , Kakhura , Kakhur, Hin d. Carchuramu, Sa ti, Ben g . Gap ura , Ordoo .
Cachur, Ca rachur, Pu n j . Ku tchoora , Gu z . Dec. Can . Ka tonin sch i-kua , Mal. P a la n g -killun g u , Cap oor
-k ich lie ? Tam . Kasturi
p asap a , Kuchoora , Kich lie-
g udda , Tel . kVa l- kah a, Hin horoop e
ca llicu lla , Cey . Z erumbad, A rab . Tomon .7 Malay .
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar, Ch ittag on g , Ban tam .
R emarks . The C. Zedoaria of R oscoe .
H edy ch ium Spicatum . R oyle .
Th e tuber.
Vern acular. Seer, Su t tee, Kup oor-kuchree, Sidhoul, Hin d.
Habita t . Himalayas.
R emarks . Now Globba Sidhoul.
Kmmp feria rotun da . Lin n . R oun d -rooted Ca la n g a le .
L in n . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e tuber False ZedoaryVern acular . B huchamp aca, Bhoomich amp aca , San s. B un eamp a ,
Ch ambak, Hin d . B ooie-ch amp a, Hin d . Mal. ? Melan -kua, Mal.
Kah a, Sauken da, Cey .
Habitat . .7 Cultivated th rou g h ou t In dia .
87
DR UGS.
R emarks . Probably con foun ded by A vicen n a with A . Ca la n g a . Th is
was supposed th e source of th e Zedoaries u n til R ox burg h traced th em to
h is two Curcumas above n oted.
Z in g ib er Cas suman ar . R om. Down y-leased Gin g er.
L in n . Sy st . Mon an dri a Mon og yn ia .
Th e tuber, — Zedoaria flava, Cassuman ar .
Vern acular. Va n a -adrukum, San s. B un -add , Hin d. Ben g . Ka r
p ooshp a , Tel.
Habita t . East In dies .
Z in g ib er Z erum b e t . R oscoe . B road-leased Gin g er .
L i n n . Syst . Mon arldria Mon og yn ia .
Th e tuber,— Zerumbet .Vern acular. B ooteh , Mahaburree-hootch , B uch , Mahaburree-buch ,Hin d. ah d Ben g . Wa l- in g uru , Cey .
Ha bita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . R oatch is also a n ame of Maiz e, an d B ach of Sweet Flag .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. Deroon uj-akrubee, Arab .
Habita t . .7
R emarks. Th is root h as been referred x to Doron icum P arda lia n ch es,
W Crea t Leop ard’
s B a n e of B ritain , N. O . 1 20, an d th e (ix om‘
rbu of
Th eoph rastus accordin g to Praes . I t appears to me h owever to be a g in
g erwort .
N. O . 236 . I R I DACE ZE . I R I DS .
Crocus sa tivus . A llion i. Saf ron Crocus .
L in n . Sy st . Trian dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e dried stigma,— Saffron .
Vern acular. Kasmirajamma , Kun kuma , San s . Zofran , Keysur,Hin d . Khoon g oomap oo, Tarn . Khoon -koomap oo, Ku n kuma , Tel.Kohoon , Cey. Koorkum, Zaf ra n , A rab . Kerkum, Zaf a ra n ?
A beer .7 Pers. Th a n wen , Burmah , Saf aron , Con n yer, Malaya .
Habita t . A sia Min or ; Cashmir i Naturaliz ed over temperate
Europe .
R ema rks . Th e Careos (Calmet) of th e Son g of Son g s of Solomon ,
an d th e-x pox os of Homer an d th e Greeks. Hippocrates (Pereira) speaks
88
DR UGS.
R emarks . Th e root stalk of th is plan t appears to
mooslee of th e baz ars. Saf aid mooslee h as been referred to C. orch i oides,
bu t erron eously I believe from an ex amin ation of th e above plan t .
N. O . 242. LILI ACE I E . LI LYWOR TS.
A loe s ocotrin a . Lam .
A loe vu lg a ris . Lam .
A loe in dica . R oyle .
A loe Thurn b .
A loe litora lis . Koen ig .
L i n n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e in spissated juice of th e leaf,— A loes.
Vern acular. Mush abir, E y lwa , Hin d. Oolowa ton , Malaya . Cariap o
lam, Tam . B holum, Tel. Moosumbir, A rab . Sibr, B ol-seoh , Pers .
Tayef’
, Socotra . A . vu lg aris , Ku t ta lay , Tam . Mok , Burmah .
Gaha ru , Oolowa ton , Malaya . A . in dica , Ch eekoma r, Hin d .
Chrito-komaree, Ben g . Kun war, Dec . Ku t ta lay , Tam . Ka la
bun da , Tel . Korn arika , Cey . A . litora lis , Komaree, Ben g .
Chota -kun war, Dec . Siroo-ku t ta lay , Tam . Ch in ika la -bun da , Tel.
Habita t . A . socotrin a, Socotra, Caffre Coast ? Cape of Good Hope .
A . vu lg a ris, th e Mediterran ean coun tries , East an d,West I n dies
(probably n atu ralised), Cape of Good Hope ? A . in dica , I n dia .
A . sp ica ta , Cape of Good Hope, I n dia. A . litoralis, shores of the
Deccan , an d Gu z erat .
R emarks . Dioscorides an d Plin y are th e first to describe A loes, an d byits presen t n ame . Th e commercial kin ds of A loes are,
— l st, Socotrin e,Turkey , or E x tract of Sp iked A loes from A . socotrin a , an d probab ly also
A . p urp urascen s (Hawor th) ; 2n d, Gen u in e Hep a tic, B ombay , or E ast
I n dia n A loes from th e sam e species probably as th e last, an d certain lyob tain ed from the Islan d of Socotra ; B arbadoes A loes from A . vu lg aris
Cap e a n d Caba llin e A loes from th e several Cape of Good Hope specie-
s
above-n oted ; Mocha A loes probably from th e Socotrin e species, bein g therefuse of th e m arket ; I n dia n A loes (n ot E as t I n dia n ) from variou s In dianspecies, - th e rou n d cak es from J afferabad n ot n oticed in an y E u ropean
work s, bein g probably from A . litora lis ; an d Gara goa A loes probably fromA . vulg aris . See Gums an d R esin s.
”
A sp a ra g us a ds cen den s . R oz .
L in n . Sy s t . Hex an dr ia Mon og yn ia.
DR UGS.
h ead of B uch n ak, I provision ally referred the
root k n own in E n g lan d as B adsh ah -sa lep to . th is plan t . Sin ce th en ,
owin g to some B adsh ah -sa lep h avin g acciden tally become moisten ed an d
swollen by th e rain s, I h ave been forced to con clude th at it belon g s tosome oth er g en u s, probably A llium . On swellin g , it develops a powerfulodour like A safoetida, an d more persisten t .
A spa ra g us s a rm en tosus . W. Lin ear- lean ed A sp a rag us .
Lin n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root .
Vern acular. Shetavurrie, San s. Saf a id-mooslie, Hin d. Dec . Sha
tawri, Schwdaveli, Mal. Ta n n eer-vitta n g , Tam . Tsulla -
g heda loo,
Tel.
Habita t . Th e Deccan .
R emarks . Saf a id mooslie is in Bombay th e n ame also of a root wh ichseems to th e writer to be th at of a species of Spiderwort .
Polia n th es tub erosa . W. Common Tuberose.
Lin n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e seed.
Vern acular. Sa n dhy-arag a , San s. R ujun i-g un dha , Ben g . Cool
shaboo, Hin d. A n di -malleri, -Mal . Un diman dari, Tel. Th e
seed— Toodree, Vulg .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . Th e Toodrec seed of th e Bombay baz ar is like th at of th e.
Garden Wa llflower, an d certain ly of th e same g en us, if n ot Species . Ih ave n ever seen an y kin d of Toodree I could refer to Polia n thes tuberosa .
Towdree is also th e n ame of a species ofMallow-wort: See N. O . 30.
U rg in ea in dica . Ku n th .
Lin n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia.
The bulb .
Vern acular. J u n g ly-
p iaz , Con can s.
Habita t . Th e san dy sh ores of th e Deccan .
R emarks . Substituted in In dia for th e classical an dSquills, k n own in th e baz ars of In dia as I skeel, Vulg .
Peutag-
p a-dein , Burmah .
N. O . 243 . ME LANTHACE ZE . ME LANTHS.
M eth on ica sup erb a . Lam. Sup erb Cloriosa .
L in n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root.
91
DR UGS.
Vern acular. Cariari, Hin d.
'
Ula tcha7idu l, Lan g ool, E esha -nun g ula ,Kookora -n eja, Ben g . B uch n ay , Ka lawec, Karia n ag , By.
don i, Mal. Caa teeja n , Kartichey, Tam . A dari-n abh i, Pot tidump a, Tel. Niyag a la , Cey.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . First described by Herman n . Said to be a substitute for th eclassical an d officin al dru g Colch icum . Th ere is a larg e yellow
-floweredspecies on th e Moz ambique coast, an d an oth er with az ure flowers inSen eg al. Lan g oat is also a n ame of Commelyn a N. O . 248 .
L in n . Syst . 7
Th e corn ,— Tasteless Hermodactyl.Vern acular. Sorinja n shircen , Pers.
Ha bita t .7
R emarks . See n ex t .
7
L in n . Sys t . ?
Th e corn ,— Bitter Hermodactyl.Vern acular. Sorinjan - tulk, Pers .
Habita t
R emarks . Hermodactyl (épaoacix rvkos) is first men tion ed (Pereira) byAlex an der of Tralles (A .D . an d Paulus E g in eta (A .D . an d
A vicen n a, Serapion , an d Mesn e. Two kin ds are foun d in th e baz ars of
A sia, an d fin d th eir way in to E urope, th e Tas teless an d th e B it ter ; bu t
th eir botan ical sources an d h abitat still remain u n determ in ed, althoug h
th ere can be little doub t of th eir bein g Melan th s . Th e Ulf'
a z w iyeh
g ives A sa-ba - n oormus, an d Hu lbeeb an d Soorenja n -h in dee (Vul
g ar), as syn on ymes for Herm odactyls.
N. O . 248. COMMELYNA CE ZE . SP I DE R WOR TS.
M urda n n ia scap ifolia .
’
R oyle .
Lin n . Syst .
The root .
Vern acular. Moosics-seah, Hin d.
Ha bita t . Th e Himalayas .
R emarks . I refer provision ally to this plan t th e root k n own in Bas Saf aid—mooslie, wh ich is quite distin ct from Sa tawree, of wh ichmooslie is g iven as a syn on yme in books. If in th is th ere is n o error.
Bombay Saf aid-mooslie is th e same as the Nelep an n ay root, referred92
DR UGS.
N. O. 257 . A R ACE fE . A R A DS.
Scin daspus offi cin a lis . Schot t . Ofi cin a l Scin dasp us .
L in n . Sy s t . Mon oecia Polyan dria .
Th e fruit .Vern acular. Cuz -
p eep ul, Ben g . A n n a- tipp ilie, Mal. A ttic- tipp ilie,
Tam .
Habita t . East In dies.
Lin n . Syst . Hex an dr ia Mon og yn ia.
Th e root, - Sweet Flag .
Vern acular. Va cha , Colomi, San s . I g r, B uch , Kasseh-bewa , Hin d.
B uch , Saf ed B uch , Ben g . Vyamboo, Vashamp oo, Mal. -Vossum
boo , Tam . Vadea , Vadag a , Vasa, Tel. Wadda -kaha -vaesamboo,Cey . I g g h ir, A ka roon , A rab . Vudg e, Ug ir
- toorkee, Pers.
Lin h ay, B urmah .
Habita t . Nepaul, Malabar, Ceylon , Bourbon , Amboyn a .
R emarks . Th e dx opov of Dioscorides, an d n ot, as supposed by Spren g el,th e x ék ap os alpwpa n xog of th a t writer, an d sweet can e” of Jeremiah vi.
20. B a ck is a n ame of Zin g iber Zerumbet (R oan ). See “ A nd rop og on
Ca lamus aroma ticus”in Class Miscellan eous .
N. O . 265. CYPE R A CEAZ . SE D GE S.
C yp erus p ert en uis . R om.
Cyp erus rotun dus . Lin n .
Lin n . Sy st . Tria n dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root .
Vern acular. C . ”m m — Nag a, Nag ur-mootha, Ben g . C .
rotu n dus ,— Mooste , San s. Mootha , Hin d . Be n g . Motha ,
Moostaka , Nag ur-mooth a ? Dec . Shaka -tun g a, Tel. Kalan duru,
Cey. Sad, A rab . Fu n arus, Yon an ee.
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Probably both th ese frag ran t roots a re in cluded amon g the
n’
m a pov of Homer, Hip cerates, an d Dioscorides. The Arabic an d Yon a
n ee syn on ymes also pro ably apply to both .
94
DR UGS .
N. O . 266 . GR AM I NE ZE . GR A SSE S.
B am b usa. a ru n din a cea . Schreb . Common B amboo Ca n e.
Lin n . Sys t . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e siliciou s secretion deposited in th e join ts of this an d oth er species— Tabash eer.
'
Vern acular . Th e plan t ,— Vu n g ska , San s. B an s , Ben g . Ma n dg ay,
Dec . Ku ll-moollak, Mal. Moon g kill, Tam . Vedooroo,'
ickaka i,Tel. Niee-kin dee, Pers . Tabash eer, - B un -locku n , Hin d . J h on
g fiill-oopp oo, Tam . Vedooroo-oopp oo, Tel. Un a - lee, Cey . Teba
sheer, A rab . Tubskeer, Pers. Wak- tai-g a-kyouk, Burmah .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Tabas/zeer is yielded by several species, bu t I am u n able to
pecify an y oth er th an th e above plan t . Dalz ell g ives, besides th is
plan t, th ree other species as common to Bombay, viz . , B . s tricta (R oan )th e “ B as
”or Goa’ba
”of th e n atives, of wh ich Boar- spears are made ;
B . vu lg aris (Sckreb.) th e“Ka ltaok
”or
“ B amboo a n d B . aru n do
(Klein ) th e Ckiwaree”of th e Gh ats, fam iliar to E uropea n s in th e sh ape
of Mahablesh wur walk in g-sticks .
”Tabash eer is an article of th e
g reatest an tiquarian in terest, as Salmasius, Spre n g el, an d Fee are of
Opin ion th at it is referred to, a n d n ot sug ar, by th e an cien ts, Dioscoridesa n d Plin y for ex ample, wh ere th ey m en tion m ix x apov an d Sa cch arum .
Salmasius sta tes th at th e saccharum of th e an cien ts, as described by th em ,
h ad n on e of th e properties of sug ar, a n d was u sed in ways sug ar n ever
could be an d in a n oth er place th at th e m ix x apov of th e Greeks was taba
sh eer beyon d all con troversy. A g ain st th is dictum th e lin e in Lucanh as been cited
Qu ique bibun t ten era dulces ab arun din e succos
as if th e bamboo could be a“ten era aru n do . B ut Salmasius quotes
th is very lin e, an d yet g oes on to sh ow by arg umen ts on e fin ds it difficultto refu te, alth oug h common sen se would reject th e con clusion , th a t can esu g ar was u n kn ow n to th e an cien ts. On e would th in k Plin y
’
s descrip tionleft little room for doubt ; yet Salmasius, by m ean s of a comma, altersits wh ole m ean in g . Th e passag e is as follows—
“ Saccharon et A rabia
fert, sed laudatius In dia ; est au tem m el in arun din ibus collectum , g um
mium modo can didum , den tibus frag ile, amplissim um n ucis avellan ae
mag n itudin e, ad m edicin ae tan tum u sum .
”B u t, says Salmasiu s, ita h aec
distin g u en da, collectum g ummium modo, n on u t est vulg o g ummium modo
ca n didum . Haec omn ia prorsum qu adra n t in tabascir, vel sacch arummambu ;
”it is wh ite, brittle to th e teeth , is collected in reeds, is
sweet,”
(I)“an d useful in m edicin e . Dioscorides says “ wh at is called
o tix x apov is a kin d of con crete h on ey, fou n d in reeds in In dia an d A rabia
Felix , in con sisten ce like salt, an d brittle between th e teeth like salt .Taken dissolved in wa ter it is born e by th e stomach , &c . &c. I t is ditfi
95
DR UGS.
cult to den y th at sug ar is n ot h ere m ean t, an d very h ard to con sen t thatTabash eer is. Plin y, copyin g from Dioscorides, as is plain , perh aps con fusedTabash eer with sug ar in h is description ,
an d th u s h as in volved the subjectin a way well
-suited for th e ex ercise of sub tle an d learn ed criticism .
The Hon orable Presiden t of th e B ombay Bran ch of th e R oyal A sia ticSociety h as sug g ested to th e compiler a readin g of Plin y as in g en ious as
th at of Salmasius, an d probably more just, in asmu ch as it supports th e
common sen se view in the “ Sug ar Con troversy.
”Placin g a full stop
wh ere th e first semicolon occurs, th e Hon orable Mr. Frere reads th e passag e as follows Ssicch aron et A rabia fert , sed laudatius I n dia . E st au temm e] in aru n din ibus collectum , &c.
”A s if Plin y, on m en tion in g , at on ce
dism issed so familiar a n article as“ Sacch aron ,” an d th en wen t on to
describe in detail so rare a substan ce as Tabash eer mu st h ave been .
Fee, Spren g el, a n d Humboldt simply follow Salmasius -Humboldt
very difiiden tly . A passag e from h is Proleg omen a de distribu tion e Geo
g raph ica Plan tarum”
(quoted in h is Cosmos states an Opin ion all, onreadin g th e wh ole con troversy on sug ar, w ill probably acqu iesce in , an d ison oth er accou n ts worth in troducin g h ere . Con fudisse viden tur veteres
sacch arum verum cum Tebasch iro Bambusae, tum quia u traque in arun din i
bu s in ven iun tur, tum etiam quia vox san scradan a sch arka ra , quae h odie(utPers. sckakar e t Hin d. sckuku r) pro sacch aro n ostro adh ibetur, observan teB oppio, ex auctorita te Amarasin h ae, proprie n il dulce (madu) sig n ificat,sed quicquid lapidosum et aren aceum est , ac vel calculum vesicae . Verisimile ig itur vocem scakarka ra dun tax at tebasch irum (succur n ombu)in dicasse, posterius in sacch arum n ostrum h um ilioris aru n din is (ikscku,ka n desc/zu , ka n a
’a ) ex similitudin e aspectus tran slatum esse . Vox Bam
busae ex mambu deriva tur ; ex ka n da n ostratium voces ca n dis z uckerka n d .
I n tebaschiro ag n oscitu r Persarum sckir, h . e . lac, Sauser. Ksckiram .
”
Th e San scrit n ame for tabascker is tvakksckira'
, bark -milk . B erodo
tus, B ook x iv, ch . 1 94 , writin g of th e Gyz an tian s, observes that in th eir
cou n try, a vast deal of h on ey is m ade by bees very m u ch more, h owever,by th e sk ill of men .
”I n a n ote, R awlin son states, bees still abou n d in the
cou n try, an d h on ey is an importan t article of commerce . A substitu te for
h on ey is likewise prepared from th e j u ice of th e palm .
”Spren g el sta tes
th at th e su g ar-can e is first men tion ed by A bulfaidil, 1 3 th cen tu ry, an d
su g ar by Moses Ch oren en sis, A .D . 462 an d n otwith stan din g th at it must;th e writer would appreh e n d, be men tion ed in Hin doo books of a far
earlier date, it is n ot a little remarkable that a Hin dee n ame of sug ar is
Ckeen e.
N. O. 267 . F lLlCES. FE R NS.
A dia n tum lun u la tum . Sp r .
L in n . Sy st . Cryptog amia Fei ices.Th e fron d.
Vern acular. Hun sraj, Mobarkka , Hin d. Shuer-ul-J m ?
Ha bita t . I n dia .
96
DR UGS.
DRU GS DE TE RM INE D an d UNDE TE RM INE D wan ted for theMU SE UM COLL E CT ION . Ch iefly taken from th e Great E x h ibition List prepared
by Dr. R oyle, 1 85 1 .
Probably m an y en tered as u n determ in ed , are, un der un familiar n ames, iden tical with drug sa lready catalog ued .
R oot s .
NA ME S. R EMA R KS.
Aboo-kan us
A feem edoon
A n arooli.
A sg un d Th e kin d Hatrass, ofMirz apore .
A tees Th e k in d “ B ish”of Gu z era t .
A tees Th e k in d “Tirayamen”of Cabul .
A veel-ku smeree .
B ekh -atrilal.
B ekh -kurpus Delh i.
B ekh -mh uk .
B ekh -unjubaz Delh i.
B elamcon da .
Bh an g-i-g u n dama
Bidh ara
B ish
Boz eedan
Bu n ufsh a
B urah ee-ku n d
B urkuk -Sh iraz ee
B urmooloo
Ch aya .
Chirya-kun d Cashmir.
Ch okka Delh i.
Doodh ee Euph orbia tristis .
Fawan ia Paeon ia corallin a.
Filfil moorbel Poorab .
Gorkh e-pan .
Gun -matu t ee.
Gurbatas Delh i.
Gush oon a .
Jam g h a'
s. Polypodium ? Surat .
J un teean a Gen tian a ? Surat .
Kacoota—kalun g Madras Presiden cy.
98
Allium tuberosum .
Delh i.
Th e kin d Kala-koot ofUmritsur.
Surat .
Viola repen s, Cashmir.
Hedysarum tuberosum, Cabul.Surat .
DR UGS.
NAM E S . R EMA RKS .
Polypodium . Lu ck n ow.
Poorub .
Truffle .
I i cer.
Kibbur.
Kitch elly-kapoor.
Kombh u g rasKoon dushKooth ee.
I i reez .
Kukoora . Momordica mu ricata .
Ku rkee-
pon a-ke-jur.
Ku rroo Gen tian a ? Himalayas .
Ku tol Delh i.
Mahmiran R an u n culus. Cashmir.
Mahmiran -ku tai.
Moela-huldee Poorub .
Muleem Himalay as.
Moosli Every kin d procurable.
Nisoth .
Nur-kuch oor.
Pa ta . Sida acuta .
Peearan g a.
Pelig eree
Pokh ur-mool
Poombee-h uldee.
Puh aree-h u ldee.
Pukh an -bed Sax ifrag a lig ulata . Himalayas.Pursoon a.
R ataloo .
R utu njot, n ot Alkan et Lith ospermumSalep
-h in dee .
Salsa ? an d Falsa ? Grewia Surat.Sath eea Sah arun pore .
Serab .
Set-burwa.
Sh akakel.
Su tawur
o
-suffed Delh i.Suttee Globba Sin dh oul . Kan g ra .
Tsuk Euph orbia. Cashmir.
DR UGS.
NAME S . R E MA R KS .
Tu rasees .
U n duryan Colocyn th is? A rabia .
U n jbar Cashmir.
U njbar-roomee B istort .
Urkoh ? A rkuree Sin dh .
W ood s .
Deccan .
Pin u s Deodar. Himalayas.
Symplocos racemosa .
Simaruba quassioides .
Pru n u s Puddum . Deyrah .
Delhi.
B a rk s .
Bh aru n g ee Verbesin a prostrata ?Bh ojpu tra Betula Bh ojpu tra . Himalayas .
Bh umbel . Euon ymustin g en s. Himalayas.Burkuk -shiraz ee. Surat .
Dar-sh eesh an Myrica sapida . Himalayas.
Kayree.
Kh eree, — chips.
Kilioorum Madras.
Kirfae Furruckabad.
Koora E ch ites. Kh eree’
Pass.
Koorch ee .
Kun h ar-kapost .Ku saili Ajm ere.
Lu lka .
Musag Waln u t.
Ooshk -ch al.B OO.
Sut-peora, Booran s R h ododen dron arboreum . Himalayas .
NAM E S
Kal-meel .
Kamoh eeKapoor-ke-
pu tta .
Kh urz een .
Kh u sfer.
Kh u tso .
Khu ttooKin tooree .
Kin tooryoonKish u n -
g on ar.
Koorun d, false .
Ku ch ila-ke-mulun g
Lu topu ree .
Moobarka
Mukareh
Nah .
Nirg u n d-babu ree .
OordabegOostookh oodoos
Oostukh ar
Parpu t .
Pata
Patree .
Poden ca
Poon jee .
Post-burn ee
PurOl-lu ttee .
Purseeaosh an
PutOl-pu ttur.
R a -sen n a
Sal-pu rn ee
Sin g h a-koolee .
Sitawul.
Sudee .
Sun -
pat .
Surph on k a
Tootiyae-h aroon ee
Uftimoon
Umar-ben t
Umsookh
U n dh aolee
Z ak .
Z uek .
DR UGS.
R E MA R KS.
Phyllan th us multiflorus.
Merian dra ben g alen sis.
Delh i.
Polycarpa corymbosa . Cabul .
Viscum mon oicum . Cuttack .
Not Mobarka h un sraj.E uryale ferox .
Sh ah arun pore .
Pru n ella . Cabul .
Delhi.
Corch orus Olitorius .
Hedysarum alopecuroides.
Not Pureeseeaosh an .
Salvadora lan ceolata.
Sh orea robu sta .
Th e kin d, a Galeg a.
Herpestes mon n iera.
Species Of Cuscu ta .
Delhi.
Surat .
Delhi.
Delh i.
D R UGS.
Gum s,R esin s
,an d Gum - resin s .
NAME S. R E MA R KS .
Pterocarpu s Draco ?Said to be g um Of Bombax malaba
ricum .
Derisan a . See Seriss-ke-
g on d.
Hu z eez -mukke A kin d Of Ben z oin . Surat .
J in g u n-ke -
g on d, or Khun n ee
g on d
Kirasia !Ladu n !
Nag uoree g on d
Nish astehPudam -ke-
g on d
Sem -ke-
g on d. Gota-
g on d
Siriss-ke-
g on d
Toon -k e-
g on d
U n g oor-k e-
g on d
Z urdalOO .
Galls .
Mak ee-kh oord.
F low ers .
Sph aeran thu s in dicu s.
F ru it s a n d Seeds .
Icica resin ifera . Kh era Pass.
Ch erry Gum . Sura t !
Labdan um . Surat !
A lalle arch ea . Nag ora .
Mirz apore .
Cerasu s Puddum .
Bauh in ia g ummifera . Derya .
Mimosa Serissa .
Cedrela Toon a .
Vites vin ifera .
Prun u s Chooloo .
DR UGS.
NAME S. R E MA R KS .
Am g oolee
A n ak -dan eh
A od-suleeb
B adru n gB apch i
B awu rch ee
B in duck -h in dee
Bol.
B oom adur Absin th ium , Sp .
Bu ryan a Sida .
Ch imoti- suffed.
Ch impoute Ajmere .
Dardah .
Din dan a Compositae.
DOOkOO .
Furunj-mooshk .
Gab Diospyros embryop teris.
Geh oon le .
Goon dar-ph ul.
Gowmadur.
Gul-m iskh u n Pterospermum .
Gu n du n ah A n th ericum .
Hub -ool-koolkool Cardiosperm um Helicacabum .
Hub -OOl-m u sk A belmosch u s mosch atu s.Hub - OOl- triun eh .
Hoolh ool . Cleome pen taph y lla .
Hoormal . . Corch orus capsularis.
I n djan .
Jamph ul Surat .
Jeapola Nag eia Pu trajrva .
J ou z -boa . Myristica tomen tosa .
Ju rjur Morican dia tira .
Kakleh -kubar A lpin ia? Ben g al.
Kak sh ee .
Kan a-bij.Delhi.
Surat .
Salix mg yp tiaca .
Malva rotu n difolia .
Alth sea rosea.
Delh i.
Elaeag n u s con ferta .
Him alayas .
Iran .
X an th ox ylon Badrun g a .
Ajm ere .
Psoralea corylifolia .
Sapin dus deterg en s.
DR UGS.
NA M E S R E MA R KS
Thy-
g u l.
Tooree-siah .
Tukhm g an dah Delh i.
Tukhm kurpus.
Tu n tereeh R h u s parvifiorum .
U frunjeh U rticaceae .
Ukhburoos Coix in dica .
Wood .
Wu n g a-tukhm Cucurbitaceae .
Z ubeel-ool-jubbul Delph in ium staph isag ria .
Z uetoon Olea Z ytoon .
Zuh r.
A G R ICU LTUR A L P R ODUCE — CE R E A LS.
Hordeum h e x a st ich on . R em . et Schu lt . Win ter B arley .
L i n n . Sy s t . Tman dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. Situskooka , Yuva , San s . J ow, Hin d . J a b, Ben g .
Yoa , Kan g ra . Tosa , Nep . Sa too, Dec . B a rtee-arisee, Tam .
J ava , Ya sa la , Tel. Ma -
ya n , B urmah . Sckwir, A rab . Sjoeir,E g ypt .
Ha bita t . Cultivated durin g th e cold season in favourable localities .
R emarks . Plin y in form s u s th at ba rley“ is on e of th e most an cien t
alimen ts of man k in d .
”I t was th e orig in al priz e of th e victors at th e
E leu sin ian g ames. Barley is m en tion ed E x odu s ix . 3 1 an d by Herodo
tus, wh o in forms u s (Book 1 1 . ch . 77) Of th e Eg yptian s th at th eir drin k
is a win e wh ich th ey Ob tain from barley, o’
r’
vo g e’
x Kp tde’
wv as th ey h ave n o
vin es in th eir cou n try .
”Pereira states th at Hippocrates men tion s th ree
k in ds of barley,“probably H . vu lg a re, H . dis tic/zon , an d H . h ex asti
ckon ; species common ly cultivated in E n g lan d.
Ory za. s a tiva . W. Common R ice.
L in n . Sy st . Hex an dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. A rum/a , Dha n g/a , Un oo, Ta n n eola, A sboooriki, San s.
Ckawl, Hin d . Dec . Sari, Sin dh . D/za n , P n sn ee, Hin d. Ben g .
P ayera , Mal. A rissee, Nelloo, Tam . R ecum, Cken i, Gori, Urloo,Jll a t takaru ln , Nevari-d/za n yamn , Tel . W’ee, Cey . Sa ba, Burmah.
Ska li, Pers. R 003 , A roos, E g ypt . B rass, Malaya .
Habita t . Cultivated in I n dia in two crops a year, th e first bein gsow n in th e rain s, th e secon d in th e cold season . Cultivated also
in th e E astern A rch ipelag o, Ch in a, \ an d A sia g en erally, Sou th‘
E urope, an d Cen tral Am erica .
R emarks . Wild rice in In dia is k n own by th e followin g n ames, Nicara ,San s . Newa ree, Tel. Oorn vee , Cey . Abou t fifty varieties are cultivatedin th is Presiden cy, an d in Ceylon so m an y as 1 60 distin c t varieties are
recog n ised . Goba la ckowl is rice wh ich h as been boiled in th e h usk .
Th eoph rastu s an d Dioscorides an d Plin y m e n tio n rice u n der th e n am es‘
respecth ely Of 3pv§ov, spun , a n d Oryz a .
“ I n In dia ,” says Plin y, rice isth e m ost faVOI ite food of all.
”Org/3 a n ep a len sis is th e Up lan d R ice Of ‘
Nepaul.
P a n icum flavidum . W.
L i n n . Sy st . Tria n dria DI g ym a.
Vern acular B urti, Poon a .
I I a bita t . Common everywh ere in I n dia .
R ema rks . I am doubtful of th is iden tification .
“0
AGR ICULTU R A L PR ODU CE — CE R E A LS.
Pa n icum frum e n ta ce um . R ox
L in n . Sy st . Trian dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. Skyamaka, San s. Skama , Ben g . Soak,
San wa , Hin d . Soon , Sin dh . Skamoola , Ka th lee, Dec.
sbama, Tel. B ajri, Pers .
Habita t . Cultivated in I n dia in a su ccession of crops from Jun e toJan uary .
P a n icum italicum . R ox .
L in n . Sy st . Trian dria Dig yn ia.
Vern acular. Kn n yoo, P riy n n g oo, San s . Ka n g o'
o, Ka n g n i, Hin d .
B en g . R aw la , B eertia, Kokoon , Hin d. Kera n g , Sin dh . Kora
ka n g , Cben n ab , Dec. B ajiree, Gu z . Navon ay , Can . Ta n n a ,
Mal. Ten n ey, Tam . Kora , Koru loo, Tel. Ta n akol, Cey . Ga l,
Pers. Ka la -ka n g n ee, In dia (Lin dley).Habita t . Cultivated in Sou th ern E u rope, North America, an d th eE ast In dies.
R emarks: Th e x e’
yx po g of Hippocrates, an d milium Of Plin y, accordin gto Spren g el, both Of wh ich Fraas, h owever, refers to P . miliaceum . Spren
g el also believes it to be th e é’
Avaou of Galen .
P a n icum m ilia ceum . R oa’. Millet .
L in n . Syst . Trian dria D ig yn ia.
Vern acular. Vreekib-beda , Un ao, San s. Cken n ab , Hin d. B en g .
Ch in ee, Sin dh . Sawee, Warree, Dec. Ka tacun y, Tam . Worg a ,Worg lo, Dok/zn ? A rab . A rz a n , Pers.
Habita t . Cultivated th roug h ou t In dia .
R emarks . Th e “m ilium of Plin y, accordin g to Fraas ; oth ers refer itto h is
“pan icum .
”Fran s refers th e “
pan icum”
of Plin y, as well as the
a ut o. of Th eoph rastus, an d g hvft os i; y eh t’
m) of Dioscorides, wh ich oth ers
h ave referred to P . miliaceum,to Sorg hum cern uum.
Pan icum m ilia re . Lam.
L in n . Syst. Tetra n dria Dig yn ia.
Vern acular. Nella-skama , Nella-skama loo, Tel.
Ha
l
bi
éa t . Said by R ox burg h to be g en erally cultivated th roug hou t
n 1 a .
R emarks . Perh aps some of th e Museum varieties Of P . miliaceum an dP . frumen taceum should correctly be referred to this Species.
1 1 1
A G R ICULTU R A L PR ODUCE CE R E A LS .
P a n icum p ilosum . Sw .
L in n . Sy s t . Tetran dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. A rz a n , Hin d. B badlee, By .
I f abita t .? I t comes to th e Mu seum from Poon a on ly .
P a n icum ?
L in n . Sy s t . Tetra n dma Dig y n ia .
Vern acular. Da n g lee, Poon a .
Habita t .
? I t comes to th e Museum from Poon a o n ly .
Pa n icum 7
Lin n . Sy s t . Tetran dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. R a lee,
Habita t . I t comes to th e Mu seum from th e Pun jab .
P a sp a lum s crob icu la tum . R ox . P u n ctured Pasp a lum .
L in n . Sy st . Trian dria Dig ym a .
Vern acular. Korn doosba , Kodrn va , San s . Koda, B en g .
Kan g ra . Koda ka , Hin d. Men ya , Gu z .
’
odro, By . Kirarug a ,A lla , A rikelu , Tel. Wa l-amu , Cey .
Ha bita t . Cultivated th rou g h ou t I n dia in th e rain s.
R emarks . Th ere I S a variety called I I areek, said by Dr. Gibson to be
n arcotic, b ut wh ich is return ed as a cereal to th e Museum from several
collectorates .
P en icillaria spica ta . W.
L i n n . Sy st . Tetran dria Mon ogyn ia .
Vern acular. B ajera , a ra , Hin d . Mu t taree, Mal . Cumboo, Tam .
“
P eddig an ti (plan t), Ga n tiloo (g rain ), Tel.
Habita t . Cultivated in In dia as a rain crop ; cultivated also in
Eg ypt .
R emarks . Th is plan t h as man y syn on ym es, viz . Holcn s sp i ca tus , Lin n . ,
P an icn m sp ica tum, R ox . P en n isetum typ hoideum, Pers. I t also in cludesR ox burg h
’
s P an icn m in volu cra tum .
Sorg h um cern u um . W.
Lin n . Sy st . Trian dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. Koon kee, E ast Ben g al. Saan dia, Broach .
Habitat s ? Sen t from Broach . Kn own also elsewh ere in In dia.
1 1 2
A GR ICU LTU R A L PR ODUCE ~ CE R EALS .
Vern acular. Karaj, Poon a .
Habita t . R eceived on ly from Poon a .
L in n . Sy st . ?
Vern acular. B un tee, A hmedabad.
Habita t . R eceived on ly from A hmedabad.
R emarks . Amon g th e cereals from Ahmedabad I also received B owch'
ee,
bu t it appears n ot to be a g rass, but to belon g to some differen t order Ih ave n ot yet been able to determin e .
A GR ICULTU R A L PR ODUCEi— PULSE .
Ca n ava lia g la dia t a . DeC. Sabre-
p added Ca n ava lia .
L in n . Syst . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Shimbee ? San s. Mukshu n -sh im, Ben g . Kudsumber,Hin d. Seg ap oo, Tam . Tella - tumbetten -kag a , Ch amma , Tel.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . First n oticed by Van R h eede . Th ere are varieties, red,wh ite, larg e an d small, all from C. oirosa , W. an d A . See Narcotics.
”
Cicer a rie tin um . Lin n . Common Chick P ea, Common Gram.
Lin n . Sy s t. Diadelphia Decan dria .
Vern acu lar. Chen n uka , San s. Ch a la , Boot, Chun a o ba toola , Ben g .
Hurburg , Ch en n a , Hin d. Ch a n a , Sin dh . Ch a n a, Gu z . Kada la,
Mal. Cada lei, Tam . San ig heloo, Hariman dhakam, Tel. Nakhud,Pers. Homos, E g yp t .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean coun tries.R emarks . Th e e
’
pe’
d og ofHippocrates an d Th eoph rastus, th e Kp tds‘ ofTh eoph rastu s an d Dioscorides, an d Zrepov ciao; e
’
pe’
d ou of Dioscorides .
I t is the Cicer of Plin y, wh o men tion s a variety“arietin um
” from its
liken ess to “a ram
’
s h ead,”an d an oth er, th e
“ columbin e” Ch ick -
pea, or
Pea of Ven us.
”
C y am op sis p sora loides . DeC.
Lin n . Syst. Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Guva rp hu lli, Gu z . Goua ree, Gaur, I ll u tkee, Dec .
Koth -avcrag-ka i, Tam . Goruch ikkudu , Tel.
Habita t . Widely cultivated th roug h ou t th e Deccan .
R emarks . Th e Dolichos f abwformis of Willden ow, an d D . p sora loides'
Of Lamarck .
D olich os C a tja n g . W. Sma ll-f ru ited Dolichos .
Lin n . Sy s t . Diadelphia Decan dria .
Vern acular. Lasun da ? San s . B urbu t ti, Ben g . Lobeah ? Hin tLChora , Gu z . Lobeh ? Dec . Tadag u n n g , Ku rson -
p yro, Can . A la
sen di ? Mal. Caramun n g-
p yre, Tam . Dun too-
p esa loo, B obra ,
B oberloo (g rain ), Tel. Lee-mm, Cey.
Habita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks . Fraas th in ks th is may be th e Epam} Em’
; of Th eoph rastus}
Van R h eede is th e first to describe it clearly.
D olich os s in e n s is . Lin n . Chin ese Dolichos .
Li n n . Sy s t . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acu lar. Loobia , Hin d. Ch aun ro, Sin dh . Chowlee, Dec . P a ra ,
Mal. Kara -ma n i, Tam . A lsa n da , A lacha n da lu , B oberloo Karama n ulu, Tel. lVa n duru-mce, Cey. Lobiz/a, Pers. Ollreah , Eg yp t .
1 1 55
A GR ICU LTU R A L PR ODUCE— PULSE .
Habita t . East In dies .
R emarks . First n oticed by R umph ius.
Dolich os u n iflorus . Lam. Two-flowered Dolichos .
Lin n . Syst . Dxadelph ia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Kolu tha, San s. Kooltee, Hin d. .Moothera, Mal.
loo, Tam . Woolawooloo, Tel.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks. Th e D . biflorus Of Willden ow . First men tion ed byk en et .
E rvum Len s . Lin n . Len til.
Lin n . Syst. Diadelphia Decan dria .
Vern acular. Mussoora , San s. Mussoor, In dia. A dz , E g ypt .
Habita t . Fran ce. Widely cultivated in th e Mediterran ean cou ntries an d In dia .
R emarks . R eferred to Gen . x x v. 24, an d th e (pa /(Os of Hippocratesaccordin g to Spren g el, an d of Th eoph rastu s, Dioscorides, an d Galen , accordin g to Fraas. See Dolichos Ca tja n g . Plin describes it u n der th e n ame
of Len s ,”h is E rvum
”bein g referred to V
iicia E rvilia th e span s . of
Th eoph rastus an d Dioscorides. Th e E rvilia”
of Plin y, or dix pog Of
Th eoph rastus, is n ow referred to La thyrus Cicera Th e ci¢cim7 of Theo
ph rastu s an d Dioscorides is th e Vicia Cracca n ot La thyrus Ap hacawh ich , accordin g to Fraas, is th e apod x q of Th eoph rastu s, alth ou g h
Spren g el refers sass , to L . Ap h aca ; I t is th e Cicer Len s ofWillden ow.
R ox burg h men tion s an E rvum h irsu tum (Will.) cultivated in North ernIn dia for fodder un der th e n ames ofMussoor-chun a, an d J hunjhun ian kari.R evalen ta arabica is n oth in g more th an Len til bread, th e n ame bein g a
jug g le of E rvum Len s, n otwith stan din g th e illustrated advertisemen t of
n eg roes dig g in g at th e roots of stran g e palms
Lab lab vu lg a ris . Savi. B lack-seeded Dolichos .
Lin n . Syst . Diadelphia Decan dria.Vern acular. B a llar, Saim-ke-
p u ttee, Wa lp ap ree, By. Wa ll, Sin dh .
Ma tekeh , Tota-
p g re ? Tam . Lobig a , Pers . Liblah, Eg yp t.
Habita t . E g ypt . Widely cu ltivated in In dia .
R emarks . Th e Dolichos Labla b of Lin n aeus, first m en tioned byAvicen n a an d Serapion Th ere are n umerous varieties, an d th e followin gare en umerated by R ox burg h
l st . A n n ap a, Tel.
2ud. A n n ap a-chikurkai, Dolichos a lbus (Lour.)an d D. ben g a len
sis, Lin n .
AGR ICULTUR AL PR ODUCE— " PULSE .
3rd . Geea -sh im, B en g .
4 ih . Goordal-sh im, Ben g .
5ih . Dolichos p urp ureus, Lour. , D . Lablab, Botan ical Mag az in e,
plate 896 .
6th . B un -shim, Ben g . Adavi-ch ikkurkai, Tel. Dolichos sp icatus , KOR .
7th . A down y plan t, with red flowers, an d a dark -
g ray mottled
seed.
Dolichos lig n osus, W. , I h ave n ot detected in th e pulse sen t from an yOf th e collectorates of th is Presiden cy ; b ut as it is probably cultiva ted, alist of th e varieties g iven by R o x burg h may be of service h ere
l st . P a n ch -shim, Ben g . Tella -ch ikurka i. Tel . Dolichos n n g uicula tus, Lour. bu t n ot R umph . Leg umes straig h ter tha n
in oth er varieties, seeds reddish .
2n d . B ag a-n akhooa -sh im, Ben g . Leg umes curved : siz e of little
fin g er.
3rd . Saday'
amai-kooli-sh im, Ben g . D . cu ltra tus
4 th . P itu lig’
amai-p ooli-shim, Ben g . Flowers reddish purple, n ot
Wh ite as in previous vars .
5th . Doodha -
p ita li-sh im, Ben g . Leg umes curved, an d abou t
five in ch es lon g .
6th . Ga n ch i-shim, B en g .,Nella -chikurka i
,Tel. Flowers red,
leg umes 6 to 8 in ch es. Seeds black , with a wh ite eye.
Lath y rus s a tivus . W. Chicklin g Vetch .
Lin n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular . Khesaree, Teora , Ben g . Kussoor, Hin d. Ma ta r, Sin dh .
La n g , Gu z . Masa n g , Pers. Gilba n , E g ypt .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean cou n tries . O n ly received from Guz eratby th e Museum , bu t g en erally cultiva ted in Hin doostan .
R emarks . Th e Addupo g of Th eoph ras tu s, an d Cicercu la of Plin y .
Ph as e olus a con itifo lius . W. A con ite- leaved Kidn ey B ean .
L in n . Sy st . Diadelph ia Decan dria.
Vern acular, Vasun ta , San s . Moot , Hin d . Dec. Moha r, Sin dh .
Ma t, Guz . Tu lka ~
p g re, Tam . Koon cooma -
p esa loo, Tel. A das,Pe ns.
Habita t . E ast In dies .
Ph as e olu s M a x . W. Ha iry-
podded Kidn ey B ea n .
Lin n . Syst . DI adelph ia Decan dria .
Vern acular. Krish n a -moog , Ka la -moog , Ben g . Ka li—mun g , Hin d.
1 20
A G R IGU LTUR A L PR ODUCE — CE R E A LS
Mag , Gu z .
’
Harie-moon g , Dec. Cheroo-
p oia ar, Mal . Hasaroo,
Can . P a tchay-
p yre, P an n y-
p yre (a Tam . P a tsa -
p esa loo,Tel.
Habita t Ch in a . Cultivated widely in North ern In dia .
R emarks . I s th e most esteem ed of all th e Leg umin ce, an d bears th eh ig h est price (R ox burg h ). See P . Mun g o .
P h aseolu s vu lg a ris . W'
. Common Kidn ey B ea n , Haricot n ain .
L i n n . Sy s t . D I adelph ia Decan dria.
Vern acular. B akla , Loba , Hin d. Damba la , Ceylon .
Habita t . Cultivated widely over th e world.
R emarks . E rron eously called F ren ch B ean . I s th e bék tx oe Of Hippocrates an d Th eoph rastus, an d th e Ph aseolus
”of Plin y accordin g to
Fraas . A ccordin g to Spren g el it is also th e O'
ju ih af of Dioscorides . P .
multiflorus is th e Sca rlet Kidn ey B ea n , Scarlet R un n er, or Harricot
a rames . Non e oth er th an th e above species of Ph aseolus h ave been .
return ed to th e Mu seum , bu t several more a re cultivated in Hin doostan ,an d in fin ish in g with th e g en u s it m ay be u seful to en um erate th em .
Phaseolus a la tus, W. P . cu ltra tus, Wa ll. Win g ed Kidn ey B ea n .
Vern acular. B un -burbu ltee, Hu lloun da , Hin d. Ka ton -
p aera ,
Mal. Kar-a lsun da , Tel. A n ative of Be n g al an d tropicalAmerica ?
Ph aseolus lun a tus, W. Scymetar-
p odded Kidn ey B ea n , Dufi‘in B ea n .
Vern acular. Ooru -dumba la, Cey . A n ative of th e E ast In dies.
Phaseolus max imus, Sloa n .
No vern acular. Widely cultivated, h avin g probably been in troduced from Am erica . Th ere are six varieties.
Phaseolus trorsus, R ox .
Vern acular. Seeta maas of th e Newars. Cultivated in Nepaul .
Ph aseolus trilobus . W. Three- lobed Kidn ey B ean . I s edible, butn ot cultivated.
Vern acular . Moodg a-
p urn ee, San s. Tria n g g u li, San s. Hin d.R akh a l-kulay, Hin d. A rkmu t t, Moog a n ee, By . P elli-p essara ,Tel. B in -mos, Cey . A n ative of th e E ast In dies.
P isum a rve n se . W. F ield P ea .
Lin n . Sy st . D iadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Keiao, Ben g . B isilleh , E g ypt .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean coun tries.
R emarks . See Pisum sa tivum.
1 22
A G R ICULTU R A L P R ODUCE — CE R E A LS.
P isum sa tivum . W. Common P ea .
L in n . Sy st. Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Haren so, San s. B urra -mu tur, B en g . B u tta n i, Mu t tur,
Hin d . Wa ta n a , Dec. P u t ta n ie, Tam . Goon doo-sa n i-g h eloo, Tel.
R a tag oradiya , Cey .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean cou n tries.
R emarks . Th e e’
péfiwbo g Of Hom er an d Hippocrates, an d th e e’
pe’
d os
SpoBt a tos‘ of Th eoph rastu s, are referred to th is plan t by Spren g el . Th ese
Fraas refers to Cicer a rietin um, an d con siders th at th e Common Pea is
th e m'
O'
ov an d n ie c e s of Th eoph rastu s, an d probably th e e’
pe’
d os fip epo g OfDioscorides . Spren g el ag rees with h im reg ardin g th e referen ce of a la rm ;
an d refers th e e’
pe’
fiwdo g Of Th eoph rastus to C. arietin um .
P soph oca rpu s T e tra g on olob us . W. Square-
p added Dolichos ,Win g ed P ea , Ch evaux -de-Friz e B ea n , Pois carré.
Lin n . Sy st . D1 adelph ia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Cha n daree, Charp u ttee, By . Dara -damba la, Cey .
Habita t . Sicily . Widely cultivated in th e E ast .
R emarks . Th is plan t is th e same as Dolichos tetrag on olobus, W.
stated to be a n ative of th e Mauritius. I believe it to be th e same as
Tetrag on olobus edu lis, Lu n k , wh ich is th e same plan t as Lotus tetra
g on olobus, W. an d a n ative of Sicily . Th e flowers are white, blue, an d,if th e same as th e Sicilian plan t, reddish .
V icia Fab a . L in n . Garden B ean , Fa ba Gresca , F aba major, Fa bam i n or.
L in n . Syst. Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular. Fu l, E g ypt,
Habita t . Eg ypt .
R emarks . Men tion ed in th e Bible . Th e Koajuos‘
p eh avo’
x poos‘ Of Homer,
x iap oem am as of Hippocrates, x i an ce of Th eoph rastu s, an d“ F aba
”Of
Plin y. Th e last writer would in fer th at th is pulse is th e B ean of Pyth ag oras u sually referred to Nelumbium sp eciosum . Th e Vicia of Plin yis Vicia sa tiva , L . th e Bieou of Galen , an d F aurum of modern Eg yp t,by some th oug h t th e tru e F aba Gresca . Plin y n otices th e derivation ofsome of th e m ost an cien t surn ames of th e g reat R oman families fromdifferen t pulse, as Cicero, Len tulus, Piso, Fabius.
A GR I CULTU R A L PR ODUCE FODDE R .
N. O . 55. LINA CE ZE . FLA X WO R TS.
Lin um us ita tissimum . Lin n . Common Flax .
Lin n . Syst. Pe n tan dria Pen tag yn ia .
Th e seed cake .
Vern acular. A tasi, Ma tasi, Ooma , San s. Ulsi, Tisi, Musin a , Mus
n ee, Hin d. J awas, Dec. A licerce, A llo-seroo-sa n ul, Tam .
B as rae, Ket tan , A rab . Ku tan , Pers.
Habita t . E g ypt . Cultivated widely in Europe an d In dia .
R emarks . See Drug s,”an d Oils an d Oil-seeds.
”
N. O . 74. LEGUMINOSZE . LE GUMI NOUS P LANTS.
A ca cia a ra b ica . Lin n . Gum A rabic Tree .
Lin n . Sys t . Polygamia Mon oecia.
Th e pod.
Vern acular. Th e tree, - Barbura , San s. Ka likeker, Hin d. B a
bula, Gursoon der, Hin d. B en g . B abla , Ben g . B abool, Ka tiekeeker, Dec. Kurroo vaylum, Mal. Nella toomie, Tmn ma ckettu ,
Tel . A kakya, Umg keelan , A rab . Mug kilan , Pers. A variety,
R amkan ta ; an d an other E rce-babool, Dec.
Ha bita t . In dia, A rabia, Eg ypt, Sen eg al.R emarks . A cacia Farn esia n a is also called E ree-babool. See “Drug s.
M edica g o sa tiva . W. Lucern .
L in n . Syst . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular.~Valaitee~g awa t, By .
Habita t . Persia, Peru ? Cultivated in In dia .
R emarks . Th e armiesof th e Greeks an d Medica of th e R oman s, like
th e Citron from Media . I t was in troduced in to Europe durin g th e warswith Darius, as th e British E x pedition of 1 856-57 in trodu ced Huraya lee
in to Farz an d Khu z istan . Th e plan t h as been immemorially k n own i n
Peru . M . f a lca ta, W. Yellow Medick or Swiss Lucern is more h ardyth an Lucern , an d mig h t probably be advan tag eously attem
'
pted in In dia,wh ere th e soil is barren .
N. O . 120. COMPOSI TE . COMP OSI TE S.
Carth amus tin ctorius . W. Ofiicin al Cartkamus .
L in n . Syst. Syn g en esia E qualis.
Th e seed cake.
1 26
A GR ICULTUR AL PR ODUCE — FODDE R .
Vern acular. Cusn mbka, Kamalot tara , San s. Koosumbka , San s.
B en g . Hin d. Kajeerak, Ben g . Koosum, Hin d. Seen doorkum,
Tam . Cassumba , Cey . Usfiir, A rab .
Habita t . E g ypt . Widely cultivated in In dia .
R emarks . Th e x vfix os an d x vi/cos of th e Greeks.
N. o . 147 . PEDA’
LI ACEJE . P E DA LI A D S.
Se sam um in dicum . DeC. I n dia n Oily-
g rain .
L in n . Sy st . Didyn am ia A n g iospermia.
Th e seed cake.
Vern acular . Tila , San s . Til, Ben g . Hin d. Krish n a - til, Hin d.
Gin g elie, By . Wu ll—ellu, Can . Sckit- elu ? Mal. Yelloo, Tam .
Nomi, Tel . Tel- ta la , Tu n -
p a t- ta la, Cey . Dubn , Djy layyla
‘
n ,
A rab . R og /zen , Pers. Semsem, E g ypt . B enjam, Sum atra .
Ha bita t . In dia, from wh en ce its m ig ration s are traced to Mesopo
tam ia, Eg ypt, an d th e West In dies on th e on e h an d, an d to Ch in aa n d A u stralasia on th e oth er.
R emarks . DeCan dole’
s plan t in cludes th e S. orien ta te of Spren g el, th eOrien ta l an d I n dia n Oily
-Grain , bein g varieties, n ot separate species.
Varieties are represen ted in R umph . Amboy . 5, plate 76, fig . 1 ; Bot .
Mag . Sims, plate 1 688 ; Van R h eede, Hort . Mal. ix , plate 54, et
f orte 55 . S . la cin ia tum, W. of th e n eig hbourhood of Hyderabad in th eDeccan would also appear to be on ly a variety .
I t is th e ofia ap ov of th e Greeks, an d Sesam s of th e R oman s. Herodotu s
(Clio, cx ciii) writin g of th e produ ction s of th e fertile plain of Babylon ia
observes I k n ow n ot h ow to m en tion , alth ou g h I h ave seen it myself,the imm en se h eig h t to wh ich Millet an d Sesamum ~ will g row ; for I amwell aware th at th ey wh o h ave n ot visited th is cou n try will deem wh at
ever I m ay say on th e subject a violation of probability. Th ey h ave n o
oil, bu t wh at th ey ex tract from th e Sesamum .
”
N. O . 266 . GR AM INEZE . GR A SSE S.
A n drop og on g lab er . R ox .
Lin n . Sy s t . Polyg amia Mon tecia.
Vern acular. Gu n dka -
g ooran a, Ben g . Tamba t, Dec.
Habita t . In dia .
A n drop og on s ca n de n s . R ox .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon mcia.
Vernacular. bl arwail, Dec.
Ha bita t . In dia.
1 27
A GR ICULTUR A L PR ODUCE — FODDE R .
R emarks . Grows abou t h edg es in th e rain s. Cattle are n ot fo n d of
it. (R ox burg h .)
C y n odon D a cty lon . P ers . Creep in g Cyn odon .
L in n . Sy s t . Trian dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. Durva, San s . Doorba , Doobla , Ben g . Doob, G/i a n er,Hin d. Huraya lee, Dec . A rug amp illee, Tam . Gh erka , e ricka ,Tel.
Habita t . E urope. In dia .
R emarks . Th e a’
ypmm s of th e Greek s accordin g to Fraas. I ts flowersin th eir perfect state, are amon g th e loveliest objects in th e veg etable
world, an d appear, th roug h a len s, like ,min u te rubies an d emera lds in
con stan t motion°
from th e least breath of air. I t is th e sweetest an d most
n u tritious pasture for cattle ; an d its u sefuln ess added to its beau ty .
in duced th e Hin dus, in th eir earliest ag es, to believe th at it was th e m an
sion of a ben evolen t n ymph . Even th e Ve’
da celebrates it ; as in th e
followin g tex t of th e A'
t’
kcirvan a :‘May Daron, wh ich rose from th e
water of life, wh ich h as a hun dred roo ts an d a h u n dred stems, efl'
ace a
h un dred of my sin s, an d prolon g my ex isten ce on earth for a h u n dred
years !’
I t is sacred also to Gan esh a . Durva a n d Doorba must n ot be
con fou n ded with Darbha a sy n on yme of th e celebrated Ousha g rass . See
Miscellan eou s” Class.
Sorg h um vulg a re . P ers . I n dia n Millet .
Lin n . Sy st . Trian dria Dig yn ia .
Th e stalks, — Ku rby .
Vern acular. Z oorn a, San s. J oar, J aun dri, Kurbi (stalk), Hin d.
Yoar, Kan g ra . J owaree, J on dla , Dec. J olak, Can . Ckavela ,Mal . Cliolum, Tam . J on n a , J on n a lo, R amadi- ta lambra ln , Tel.
Taam, A rab . Kaydee, Durra , Eg ypt .
Habita t . Th e E ast In dies, widely cultivated .
R emarks . See Cereals. Th e g rasses, formin g th e g reatest portion of th e pasture for h orses, cat tle, an d sh eep, in m ost parts of th e
world, at th e same time th at th ey yield g rain , wh ich forms th ree- fourth sof th e food of man , are n ecessarily th e m ost importan t class of plan ts
in an econ omical an d political poin t of view .
”Th e cultiva tion of
pasture-
g rasses h avin g on ly recen tly form ed a part of E n g lish ag ricu lture ,it can n ot be ex pected th at mu ch atten tion sh ou ld h ave been paid to th e
subject of h ay an d pastu rer
g rasses in In dia, th oug h some districts as th a t
of HU R R I ANA ,
* like th e n atu ral pastures an d meadows of th e B ritish
isles, are celebrated for th eir pastures an d h erds of cattle .
Th e g rasses of B urrian a b elon g to th e g en era P a n icum , Pm n isct um,Cen ch rus ,
Chre ta ria , Vilfa , D actylocten ium, Ch loris , E leusin e, A ch rach n e, P oa , E ra g rost is ,
an d A n dropog on , th e g rasses of th e Doab on ly fin er perhaps. R oyle, H ima. B ot .
p . 421 , n ote.
1 528
A G R I CU LTU R A L PR ODUCE fl
FODDE R
th e meat on ly“
n ot u n eatable because with ou t it was starvation . I t is
such eatin g h owever th at mak es all th e differen ce between an E n g lishman
in In dia, an d an E n g lishman in E n g lan d, an d th e cach ectic meat of th is
cou n try is owin g to th e in atten tion to pasture an d h ay g rasses. I n
B ombay even , h orse dun g 1 8 u sed as fodder for buffaloes an d cows .
“ A ll
flesh i s g rass,’’
an d n o plan ts th erefore are m ore worth y of ex perim en t
an d improved culture in In dia . Lin n aeus, as qu oted by R oyle, h as terselysaid “ Gram in ea , folia pecoribus et jumen tis leeta pascua, semin a min ora
avibus, m ajora h om in ibu s esculen ta sun t .
’
(Jamel fodder plan ts also, in some provin ces of th e Empire, call forin tellig en t observation an d cu lture . Th e compiler h as n ot studied
th e su bject, bu t submits th e followin g list of Cam el Fodder-
plan ts fromthe Govern men t records of Sin dh , on th e au th ority of th e late. D1 . Stock s,wh ose accu racy is always as con spicuous as it is rare in In dian botan icalworks of a late date .
Cam el F odd er -
p lan t s of Sin dh .
SIND E E NAM E . B OTANICA L NA M E .
A ou t-lan ee, or Ush uk -lan ee Sueda Sp .
B aver A cacia farn esian a, W.
Bubber A cacia arabica, W.
Gh awr A g iceras maj us, Gatu .
Ch otec-lan ee, or Fysur-lan ee Trian th ema m icran th a, Stocks.
D ru n oo Crotalaria Bu rh ia, Ham .
Fysur-lan ee, aide Ch otec-lan ee .
Gah ro lan ee
Goon
Gudh a lan ee, or Pu t lan ceHajerooJ h il
J uree
Kan dero .
Kh aree djar, or li uberKh aree lan eeKip
Salsola sp .
Cressa in dica .
X n phyllum simplex , Lin n .
Mimosa tubu caulis, Lam .
In dig ofera pauciflora .
A triplex sp .
A lh ag i maurorum , Town .
Salvadora persica, Lin n .
Salsola sp .
Leptaden ia jacqu emon tian a, DeC.
A GR I CULTU R A L PR ODUCE -r — FODDE R .
SIND E E NA ME . B or Am ca r. NAME .
Kon tee- lan ee Salsola sp .
Kotuk Glin us lotoides, Lin n .
Ku her ; s ide Kh aree dj ar.
Ku n do Prosopis Spicig e
Mith o-lan ee, or Samu n dur-lan ee Sueda sp .
Moodh eree Corchoru s h umilis, Mun ro .
Mulleero . Amaran th us ten u ifolius, R ox .
Put-lan ce ; vide Gudh a-lan ce.
Seduce djar Salvadora in dica, R oyle .
Samun dur-lan ee ; viole Mith olan ee .
Tik E clipta prostrata . R ox .
Timm er Avicen n a tomen tosa, Lin n .
Ush uk lan ee ; s ide A ou t-lan ee.
Wah o Trian th ema in termedia, Stocks .
Wukku n Zapan ia n odiflora, Lin n .
Th e Camel rej ect s th e followin gPu n eer Pun eeria coag ulan s, Stocks.
Sewur, or Sihar Kh az ya stricta, DeC.
Thuhur Euph orbia n ereifolia, Lin n .
Uk Calotropis h amilton ii, Wig h t.
Th e Camel eats th e J owr, Zowr, or Nerium odoriim,W. Sweet -scen ted
Olea n der, bu t th e plan t is n early always fatal to h im . P ron g os p a bu~
laria , N. O . 1 1 0 (see“ Drug s
”
) is described by Moorcroft as affordin gex cellen t fodder for cattle in th e n eig h bou rh ood of Draz . A tten tion h asalready been turn ed to it in In dia . Th e stalks of I mp kee form ex cellen tfodder, an d probably th is is th e on ly service th e plan t will be in In dia .
FR UITS A ND VE GE TA B LE S .
Habita t . Sou th America ? E x ten sively cultivated in In dia .
R emarks . I fi n d n o earlier referen ce to it th an th at of Van R h eede.
A n n on a s q u am osa . Lin n . Sweet -sop .
L i n n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Polyg yn ia.
Th e fru it, u sed as a f1 u it .Vern acular. Gu n da -
ya tra , San s . A ta, B en g . Hin d . Loon a , Meba
,
B en g . Seetap ku l, Dec . A n ta -ckeecka , Mal . Sitap n llam, Tam .
Sitap n n doo, Sitap /i u lam, Tel. A t ta , Cey . Skurifa , A rab . Man n a
p ap awa , Srikaya , Malaya . Secree-cayoo, Sumatra .
Ha bita t . Sou th Am erica . E x ten sively cultivated th rou g h out th eE ast .
R emarks . Va n R h eede, so far as I can say, is th e first to describe th isplan t . Th e A te of th e Ph ilippin es appears to be a n oth er species. A .
Ckerimolia , Mill, th e Ch erimoyer of Sou th Am erica, h as been tried, bu t
with ou t su ccess both at B ombay an d Poon a . I t is con sidered on e of th e
fi n est fru its in th e world . A n n on a sen eg a len sis is worth in trodu cin g .
B etween N. O .
’
s 4 an d 1 0 we h ave N. O . 8, B erberidaceee, species of
wh ich yield Barberries, wh ich probably cou ld n ot be acclimatiz ed inBombay .
N. 0 . I O. NYMPHfE ACE fE . WA TE R -LI L I E S.
Nym ph aea. Lo tu s . Lin n .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root, stalk, leaf, an d flower, usedas veg etables ; an d th e seed as
a n u t .
Vern acular. The red variety :Hn luka, R n cta -sin duka, San s. R ucta
kumba la , Ben g . R n k ta - cha n da n a , Hin d . Kumul, By . Yerriz
k n lwa , Tel. R u ta -ce t -olu, Cey . Th e wh ite variety : Koomooda ,San s . Ska look, Kyrob, B en g . B hamber, B kambu l, Sa ran g ,
Nilof ar, Kuwulg ot ta , Hin d. Koon ee, P oon ee, Nap a (seeds),Lorh ee (root), Sin dh . I f oee, Kumu l, By . Tella -kulwa, Tel .
Suda -ee t -olu , Cey . Nilof er, Na nf ar (quasi, Nymp kcea Nili),B eskn in , E g yp t . Nen up kar, Th ibet.
Habita t . E g ypt, abou t th e marsh es of R osetta an d Dam ietta E ast
In dies.
R emarks . Th is Species in cludes N.
‘
rubra , W. et A ., an d N.
p ubescen s, W. et A . Does it in clude N. coeru lea , Savig n y ? I t is
said to be th e h a n ds described by Th eoph rastu s, Hist . Plan t . iv.
an d th e 6 h en -és e’
v a iybrrm of Dioscorides, iv. 1 1 4 . I t is men tion ed byHerodotu s , Bk . 1 1 . 92, wh ere, describin g th e cu stoms of th e marsh
m en of th e Nile, h e writes Th ey g ath er th e b lossom s of a certainwater-lily, wh ich g rows in g reat abun dan ce all over th e flat coun try
1 34
FR U ITS AND VEGE TA B LES .
at th e time wh en th e Nile rises an d floods t h e reg ion s alon g its
ban k s— th e E gyp tian s call it th e lotus— th ey g ath er, I say, th e blossom s
o f th is plan t an d dry th em in th e su n , after wh ich th ey ex tract from th e
cen tre of each blossom a substan ce like th e h ead of a poppy, wh ich th eyc rush an d m ake in to b read . Th e root of th e lotu s is likewise eatable, an d
h as a pleasan t, sweet taste : it is rou n d, an d abou t th e siz e of an apple .
Th ere is also a n oth er Species of lily in E g yp t wh ich g rows like th e lotusin th e river, an d resembles th e rose (30 7 1. Be Kai 570 m Kpivea podom
'
i
Th e fru it sprin g s up side by side with th e blossom , on a separate stalk,
an d h as almost ex actly th e look of th e comb made by wasps . I t con tain sa n umber of seeds, abou t th e siz e of an olive-ston e, wh ich are g ood to
eat : an d th ese are eaten both g reen an d dried .
”Sir J . G. Wilkin son , in
a n ote on th e above ch apter, sta tes th at th e A rabic n am e of N. Lotus is
derived from th e p i-skn een of th e an cien t h ierog lyph ics . Th e God Nofr
A tmoo bore th e flower o n h is h ead, an d Harpocrates th e E g yp tian A urora ,or Daysprin g , is often represen ted seated on it . Garlan ds of Lotus w ere
pu t rou n d th e n eck s of th e g u ests at an E g yp tian party, an d it frequ en tlyo ccu rs in th e sculptu res of E g ypt , wh ile Nelumbium sp eciosum , says Sir
J . G . Wilkin son , n ever is seen . A ll oth er au th orities con sulted in th e preparation of th is Catalog ue, state th at it is th e latter flowerwh ich is reallyrepresen ted, th e Kean e : a iyvn
'
r tbg of th e Greek s, ca lled also Koh ox aa t’
a an d
F a ba E g yp tiaca .
"Th e descrip tion s of Herodotu s an d oth er an cien t
writers appear to th e compiler to rath er bear ou t Sir J . G. Wilkin son ’
s
opin ion . Most probably, h owever, u n der lotu s, cyamu s, colocasia, an d
E g yp tian b ean , th e an cien ts in cluded various plan ts, eatable roots, an d
b ean s or n u ts, wh ich , of cou rse, in con ju n ction with th eir loose an d con fuseddescription s, would ren der absolu te iden tification impossible . A catalog ue,h owever, sh ou ld follow au th ority, an d accordin g ly Nelumbium sp eciosum,
is h ere adopted as th e myth ic Lo tu s . Water-lilies were con sideredodiou s to Ven u s, as th ey rivalled h er beau ty ; an d th is it m ay be sus
pected, a n d n ot th eir ch aste wh iten ess an d h abitation am on g st th e coolwa ters, as supposed by Wig h t, is th e reason of th e g en eral belief in th eir
imag in ary qu alities. N. Lotus is th e Lotus E g yp tia of Plin y, Bk . x iii.
ch . 1 7 an d of Prosper Alpin us, de plan t . E g yp t . 2, pag e 49 th e N.
Neup kar E g yp tum o f Veslin g ; Cas talia mys tico of Salisbu ry ; an d N.
Lotus of Lin n . Porsk . Willd . R eich . an d Delile . Th e red variety is th e
N. rubra of B ox . an d Casta lia mag n ifica of Salisbu ry. Th e variety with
h airy leaves is N. p ubescen s , Willd . ; Casta lia sacra , Salis . ; N. Lotus ,B urman n N. in dica min or, R umph ius ; an d Ambel of Van R h eede . Th e
vvpcpa ia of Dioscorides, m’
bq of Th eOph rastu s, an d Nymph ae of Plin yis th e N. a lba , Lin n . an d th e w p gba ia of Th eoph rastu s an d w p cpa t
’
a a n yof Dioscorides, N. lu tea , Lin n . ; an d of th ese iden tification s th ere can belittle doubt .
Nym ph ma s tella ta . W. Stary‘lowered Wa ter- lily .
L in n . Sy st. Polyan dria Mon og y n ia.
Th e parts u sed, as in N. Lotus .
FR U ITS AND VEGETA B LES
Vern acular. Coblara , Nelumboy'
un ma , I n d eevura , San s . Soon dki,Neel-p odma , Ckota -ska look (a B en g . Neety
-kulwa , Tel.Nil- tel-olu, Suda - tel-olu (wh ite), R u ta-tel-olu (red), Ma -n el (purple), Cey .
Habita t . Malabar, Coroman del, Tran g uebar, Ben g al.
R emarks . This species in cludes N. cya n ea , B ox . an d N. versicolor,B o x . Th e latter is very like N. Lotus . N. s tella ta is the Citambel ofVan R h eede.
N. O . l l . NELUMB I ACEZE . WA TE R -B E A NS .
Ne lum b ium sp e ciosum . Will. E g yp tia n Lotus .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Polyg yn ia .
Th e root, stalk , an d leaf, u sed as veg etables an d th e seed as a n u t .
Vern acular. Kama la , P udma , San s . Kumma l, P udum, Ambuj,Kun g wel, La l-Kummu l, Hin d . Pudmap odoo, Komol, Pon g kuj,Ben g . Neelofir, Sin dh . Ku n g wel, Ku n g evel/ra , Dec . Tawmaray ,Tam . Yerra - tamaray , Teila n i-p udmam , Tel . Tamara , R em
tamara , Mal . Nelu n , Cey . B akla -koobtee, Neelufir .7 Pers .
Habita t . In dia, Persia, Ceylon , Siam , Co ch in -Ch in a, th e Ph ilippin es, an d Moluccas (ex cep t Amboyn a), Ch in a, J apan .
R emarks . See Drug s . The root is probably on e Colocasia of th e
a n cien ts, an d th e seed on e F a ba E g yp tiaco . l’lin y describes th e Colocasia, b . x x i, ch . 1 5, an d it is eviden t h is accou n t con fu ses two plan ts a n d
perh aps th ree, viz . an arum , an d Nelumbium sp eciosum, an d probably also
Nymp kcea Lotus . I n his ch ap ter on bean s (b . x viii. ch . 1 2) th e“ faba
in JE g yp to can be referred to m ore th an on e source, alth ou g h wh ere
h e adds n ascen s capite papaveris, colore roseo,”h e probably mean s by
th ese words N. sp eciosum . Wh at we mean by th e E g yp tian bean g oes
also by th e n am e of Phyth ag orean , Cop tic, an d Pon tic bean : an d is said
to be th e Hub-ul-kilkil of th e A rab s, alth ou g h th at n ame is g iven inB ombay to Ch erry
-ston es, an d elsewh ere also to Pom eg ran ate pips . N.
sp eciosum is u n doub tedly th e rp t’
vea fiéeoi g e’
pcpepe'
a of Herodotus the Kbap o f
a lybn r tog of Th eoph rastus a n d Dioscorides th e k e rb: bobtbow bg of A th en
eeu s ; th e Colocasia quam Cyam um aliqu i vocan t”
of Plin y ; Nymp kceain dica major, an d Ta ra t ti, B umph ius ; Nelumbo Z ey lon en sium, Tour
mefort ; Cyamus mysticus, Salisbury ; Tamara , an d R em- tama ra , Van
R h eede ; Nymp kcea Nelumbo, Barman n Nelumbo, Herman n ; an d Ne
lumbo n ucifera , Gaertn er.
I n Bombay it bloom s in th e beg in n in g of th e rain s, th e flowers bein gbeau tiful beyon d all description , every lively h ue of celestial rosy red,
”
an d milk wh ite.
1 36
FRU ITS AND VE GE TA BLES ;
Lepidium sa tivum . Lin n . Common Cress.
Lin n . Syst Tetradyn amia Silicu lose.
Th e youn g leaf,— used as small salad.
Vern acular. A leverie, Ben g . Ha leem, Ben g . an d Dec. A breo,Sin dh . A da la vita la , Tel. Ha lf, A rab .
Ha bit a t . Persia ; widely cultivated.
R emarks . Th e d dap ov of Hippocrates an d perh aps of Dioscorides, an dthe Nasturtium a n d Dit ta n der of Plin y . A lleeverag/ is th e Tamil forLm seed. See also Drug s,
”an d Con dimen ts an d Spices.
R ap h a n us ca uda tus . Lin n . Lon g-
p odded R adish .
L in n . Sy s t . Tetradyn am ia Siliquosa.Th e root,— u sed as a salad.
Vern acular.
Habita t . Java .
R aph a n us s a tivus . Lin n . Common R adish .
a . ra d icu la . DeC. Lon g R adish .
B. ob lo n g a . DeC. Turn ip R a dish .
L in n . Sy st . Tetradyn am ia Si liquosa.
Vern acu lar. Mooluka , San s. Moola , Hin d. B en g . Mu li, Hin d .
Dec . Muri, Sin dh . Mura , Gu z . Moolin g h ie, Tam . Mulla n g i,Tel. R a bu, Cey . F iog l, B okel, A rab . Turb, Pers. Fidjel,E g yp t. Lobak, Malaya .
Habita t . Ch in a . Cu ltivated over the world .
R emarks . Th e tarta r/ls an d pacimvls d‘
ypia of Th eoph rastus an d Dios
corides, an d R ap ha n us of Plin y .
Sin a p is sp s . Lin n . Sp ecies of I ll ustard .
L in n . Sy st . Tetradyn am ia S1liquosa .
‘
Th e youn g leaf, - u sed as small salad.
Vern acular. R dj l /Ca , Sarshap a , Tuverica , San s . Surson , R a i, Ka li
sursoon , Tooria , B un g a-surson , Hin d. and Dec. Ka ee, B un -ra ce,
B u l-raee, Shwet—ra ec, Sada -ra ce, J oon i-raec, Sa n chi-su rsoon , Ben g .
Surag-bij, Sin dh . Kadag hoo, Tam . A va loo, Tel. Ga n - aba , R a ta
a ba , Cey . Kurda l, Kubbr, A rab . Sirshuf; Pers.
Ha bita t . Th e temperate z on es : widely cu ltivated.
R emarks . Th e yam. of th e Greeks. I n I n dia are cu ltivated ch ieflyramosa , R ace ; S. g lauca , Toria ; S. dichotoma, Ka lie-
‘
surson ; an d S.
jun cea , B u n g a-surson , th e R
’
h ardel or Kubbr of A rabia an d Eg ypt .
Besides th e Cru cifers above catalog u ed, th e followin g m ig h t be in troducedin to Bombay, an d some have already been on a small scale
1 38
FR U ITS AND VE G ETAB LE S.
Nasturtium ofi cin a le, R . B r. Wa ter Cress. Loot -p utiah, Dec.
Crambe ma ritima , Lin n . Sea -ha il.
Coch learia ofi cin a lis, Lin n . Common Scurvy g rass .
Coch learia A rmora cia , Lin n . Horse-radish .
B rassica E ru ca , Lin n . Ga rden , or Strip ef lowered R ocket .
B arbarea p reeox , R . Br. America n Cress, or B elleisle Cress .
B a rba rea vu lg a ris, R . Br. Common IVin ter Cress .
See also Con dimen ts an d Spices,”an d Oils an d Oil-seeds
N. O . 1 6. CA PPA R I DACE ZE . CA P P A R I D S.
Capp a ris a p h y lla . R ox .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og y n ia.
Th e berry,— used as a pickle.
Vern acular. Keril, Hin d . Kirrur , Kureel, Doro (u n ripe fruit),P ukko (ripe), P usse (flower), Sin dh .
Ha bita t . In dia .
R emarks . With th e buds of Capp aris decasn cei, th e P a n eero of Sin dhwould m ake a g ood su ccedan eum for th e ordin ary Capers of comm erce,wh ich are th e buds of C. rup es tris, Greece, C . f on ta n esii, Barbary, an d
C. azg gp tiaca , Eg ypt . Th is last h as been thou g h t th e E sobh of Scrip tu re.
N. O . 1 8 . FLA COU R T I A CEZE . B I X A D S.
F la cou rtia m o n ta n a . J . Graham .
L in n . Sy st . Daoecia Polyan dria.Th e fruit, - u sed as a fruit .Vern acu lar 7
Habita t . Western In dies .
F la courtia. s ap ida . W. E sculen t F lacourtia .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Polyan dria.Th e fruit, — used as a fruit.Vern acular. Swadoo-kun tuka , San s. P an awla , B owch ee, By . Pudda -ka n rew, Nakka -n eredu
, P edda -ka n a -reg u, Tel.
Habita t . Hin doostan .
R emarks . B owch ee is also th e Ahm edabad n ame of a cereal n ot yetIden tified in th e Mu seum Catalog ue . F la courtia in ermis, R ox . th e Tomitomi of th e Moluccas mig h t be in trodu ced ; as also of N. O . 28 , Caryophyllaceae, Silen e infla ta , I nfla ted Ca tchfi g , or B ladder Camp ion , th e
youn g sh oots of wh ich combin e th e flavour of. A sparag us, an dP eas.
1 39
FR U ITS AND VEGE TA R LES.
N. O . 30. MALVA CE ZE . MA LLOW—WOR TS.
A b elm os ch us e scu len tu s . Lin n . E a table Hibiscus, Ochro .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Polyan du'
a .
Th e fru it, — u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Gen damoola ? San s. Dhen roos, Ben g . R am- tura i,
Hin d . R en die, Dec. Ven dah , Mal . Tam . B in da, Tel . B amia ,
E g yp t .
Ha bita t . .7 Cultivated th rou g h ou t th e E ast .
R emarks . First described by A lpin us.
Hib iscus Sa b da rifi'
a . Lin n . I n dian Hibiscus, R oz elle.
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Polyan dria.
Th e calyx , -u sed as a tart, an d con serve fruit .Vern acular. .Mesta, B en g . P olechee
,Mal.
Ha bita t . East I n dies .
R emarks . First described by Clu siu s. Durio z ebethin us, R ox . , th e
Durian of th e E astern A rch ipelag o, belon g s to N. O . 3 1 , Sterculiaceae .
N. o . 33 . T I LI A CE ZE . LI NDE NB LOOMS.
Grew ia a s ia tica . W. Lea n n Grewia .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. Phu lsha , Hin d. Ben g . Dec. Ph araho, Sin dh .
Ha bita t . E ast I n dies. Mu ch cultivated in Gu z erat :R emarks . Ch iefly u sed in th e preparation of P h a lsi sh erbet . Th e
Ga n g ree of Sin dh is a fruit ob tain ed from G. sa licifolia , Stock s, G. rig ida}Stocks, an d G. afi n is, Stocks ; an d Ga n g ro from an un determin ed Grewia .
See Substan ces used in I n fusion an d Decoc tion .
”
N. AU R ANT I ACE ZE . CI TR ONWOR TS.
E g le M a rm e los . C. de S . Thorn y B en g a l Quin ce .
Lin n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit, -used as a fruit .Vern acular. Vilva, Shreep hu la , San s. B ael
, Shreep hula ,
Corca lum, Mal . Viloa -marum, Tam . Maredoo, B ilvamu,
ramu , Tel. B eli, Cel.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . First described by Boutin s. The tern ate leaf of this tree isa symbol of th e Hin doo Triad.
1 40
1 1 11 s AND VEGETA B LES }
C itru s R isso . Citron .
Lin n . Sy s t . Polyad elpln a Polyan dria .
Th e. rin d, — u sed in con serve.
Vern acular. B eg ap oora , San s. Leemoo , Hin d. B eg-
p oora , Ben g .
Lu n g amoo, B ijap u ramu , Jll adip hu lla ch et tu , Dabba ch et tu, Tel.”Sidora n , Cey . Utruj, Ooturuj, A rab . Toorunj, Pers . Limu n
ma lehh , E g ypt . J a rok, Malaya:
Ha bita t . A sia . I n an cien t times it derived its n ame from Media,a n d is n ow fou n d w ild alo n g th e base of th e Himalayas . Plin ysays that m h is day it wou ld g row n owh ere but i n Media .
R emarks . Th e pfik ov p n dt k ov of Th eoph rastus, an d Ma lum citreum of
Plin y . See also “ Drug s.
F eron ia. e leph an tum . C. de S. I n dia n E lep han t App le .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fruit, — used as a fruit .Vern acular. Kup it th a , Bhu -Kup ittham, San s. Ku th -bel, B ooien
kavi te, J faw tha , Koeet , Hin d . Ku th - bel, Ben’
g . Kaweet, Dec .
Vela n g a , P itavoola , Vu llum, Nilavoola , Cootievella , Tam . Nela
e ellag a , Yela n g a , Tel. Dewu l, Cey .
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . See also Drug s.
T riph asia. A ura n tiola . Lour . Three-leaved Trip hasia .
L in n . Sy s t . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fruit,— u sed in con serve.
Vern acular. Ch in a n ara n g i, Il iad. Ben g .
Habita t . Ch in a. Completely n atu raliz ed in Bombay.
R emarks . Cookia p un cta ta , the Wamp ee of Ch in a , an d Citrus
Limon um, R isso, th e Lemon , h ave both been in troduced in to Bombay, bu twith out success.
N. o . 42. GUTTI FER ZE . GUTTI FE R S.
Ga rcin ia. M a n g osta n a . RV. Common Ma n g osteen .
L in n . Syst . Dodecan dria Mon og yn ia.
The fruit,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. Mun g eestu n , By . Jll iz n g g usta, Malaya. Man g g is, J ava,Bali, an d Su n da . Ma n g g os, Lampu n g . fil a n g g isi, B ug is.
Habita t . Malaya .
R ema rks . First"
described by Garcias. Has been su ccessfully in tro“1 42
FR U I TS AND VEGETA BLES.
duced by th e Hon orable Mr. Frere an d Mr. R ustomjee'
JamsetjeeJejeebhoy in to Bombay .
Ga rcin ia. purpurea . R ox .
L in n . Syst . Dodecan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fruiu— used as a fruit ; an d th e rin d,— used as a g arn ish in cur
ries chiefly .
Vern acular. Kokum,By. B rin dao, Goa .
Habita t . R avin es of Con can .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede . Mammea america n a , th e
JlI ammee-app le or Wild Ap ricot of Sou th America ; Clusia flava , th e
Yellow -flowered B a lsam Tree, or Moun tain or Wild Ma n g o ; an d Grias
cauliflora , th e Stem-flowerin g A n chovy -Pear of J am aica an d X a n thochgmus p ictorius, H. K. , of th e E ast I n dies, sh ould all be tried in Bombay .
N. O . 45 , Malpig h iaceae, yields Ma lp h ig h ia g labra , an d M . p un icif olia ,Smooth - lea n ed an d P omeg ra n a te
- lea n ed B arbadoes Ch erries ; an d Nitraria t riden ta ta of Tun is, th e true Lotus tree, of th e Lotoph ag i ; an d N.
s choben i, th e berry of wh ich is th e ch ief lu x u ry of th e tribes of th e Cas
pian desert . See also “ Con dimen ts an d Spices an d Oils an d Oil
seeds,”a nd “Drug s.
”
N. O . 48 . SAP INDA CEJE . SOA P WOR TS.
Neph e lium Lit ch i . Don .
L in n . Sys t . Octan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fru it, -used as a fruit .Vern acular. Litch i, Ch in a, Ben g . Hin d.
Habita t . Ch in a . T horou g hly n aturaliz ed in Bombay. N. Lon g a n um.
is th e Lon g a n of Ch in a an d N. I app aceum, th e R ambu ta n of th e
sam e coun try . Th e Lon g a n h as been _
tried an d failed in Bombay ;as also Cup an ia sap ida , th e A kee of A frica, in trodu ced in to th e
West'
In dies by B lig h . Th e leaves of Ca rdiosp ermum Helion
cobum, a plan t in dig en ou s to th is Governm en t, are eaten in the
Moluccas. N. O . 49. R h iz obolaceae presen ts u s with Caryocarbu tg rosum, th e Son aria , Suwa rrow, or Surwha Nu t tree of
Demerara . N. O . 50, Meliaceae , La n sium don zesticum, th e Lan sium
an d a species of Sa n doricum, th e Sa n toor of th eMalay A rch ipelago.
N. O . 53 . VI TACEfE . VI NE WOR TS.
V it is vin ifera . lV. Common Grap e.
L in n . Sys t. Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— used as a fruit, con serve, an d pickle .
Vern acular.
.
Draksh a, San s . B en g . Drakhg a lu ta, Ben g . Dakh ,A n g oor, Hmd. Kodrimoon drie, Tam . Dracha, Kisumisu-chet tu,1 43
FR U ITS AND VE GETA BLES.
Tel. ”f eel-midi, Gown s, Cey . Kerm (vin e),'
A n ub (grape),Umaseen (ju ice), Meweez , Z ebeeb (raisin ), A rab . Un g oor, Pers.
B ooan g oor, Malaya .
Habita t . Persia . Cultivated th roug h th e old world from In dia toth e 5 1 ° North .
R emarks . First m en tion ed by Moses in th e h istory of Noah . I s th edp n eh og oivocfidpp s
‘
Of th e Greeks an d th e Vitis Sa tiva Of Plin y . Homer
men tion s th e mm in h is description of th e g arden of A lcin ous, Odys. vii.
C lose to th e g ate a spacious g arden lies.From storms defen ded a n d in clemen t sk iesFour acres was th ’
allotted Space of g rou n d,Fen ced with a g reen en closure all arou n d .
Ta l l thrivin g trees con fessed th e fruitfu l m ouldT h e redd
’n in g appl e ripen s here to g old .
I l ere th e b l ue fig with lusciousju ice o’erfiows,
With deeper red th e fu l l pomeg ran ate g lows .
T h e bran ch here ben ds ben eath th e weig h ty pear,A n d verdan t o lives flourish rou n d th e year.
Th e ba lmy spirit of th e western g aleE tern al breathes o n fruits un taug ht to failE ach droppin g pear a fo l lowin g pear supp l ies ,O n app les app les, fi g s on fig s ariseQ h e same m i ld season g ives th e b looms to b low,
T h e buds to harden,an d th e fru its to g row.
Here order’d v in es in eq u a l ra n ks appear,
With all th e u n ited labours of th e year ;Some to un load th e fert ile b ran ches ru n ,Som e dry th e black
’n in g cluster in th e sun ;
O thers to tread th e liqu id harvest join ,
Th e g roan in g presses foam with floods of win e.
Here are the vin es in early flower descried ,I l ere g rapes d iscoloured on th e sun n y side,
A n d here in a u tum n’
s richest pu rp le dyed;B eds of all various h erbs , for ever g reen ,
I n beau teous order term in ate th e scen e.
Two plen teous foun tain s, th e whole prospect crown ed .
A g ain Odys. x x iv— th e scen e referred to bein g Ith aca .
Twelve pear trees bowin g with their pen dan t load,A n d ten , that red , with b lush in g app les g low’
d ;Fu l l fi fty purple fig s : an d m an y a row
Of various vin es that then beg an to b low,A future vin tag e ! ivh en the hou rs produceTheir laten t buds, an d Sol ex al ts th e juice !
Herodotus (Eu terpe, ch . 77) says th e E g yptian s“ h ave n o vin es in th eir
coun try.
”Of N. O . 54, Geran iaceae, Gera n ium p arviflorn m h as a root
eaten i n Australia ; an d Pelarg on ium triste, tubers eaten at th e Cape of
Good Hope.
N. O. 56. O X A LIDA CEZE . OX A LI D S.
A verrh oa B ilim b i. W. B ilimbi‘
.
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Pen tag yn ia.
The fru it, — used as a fruit, an d pickle .
1 44
FR U ITS AND VE GETAB LE S .
R emarks . First u n equivocally described by Va n R heede . Z . Lotus,
h as been thoug h t th e Lotus of th e Lotoph ag i, n ow referred to .Nitra ria
triden ta ta , N. O . Malpig h iaceae . Z . x y lop yra ,W. th e Gootee, an d Z . ra
g osa , Lam . th e Toorn n of this Presiden cy, h ave both palatable fru it .Hoven ia a
’n leis h as, like the Cash ewn u t, a su cculen t pedun cle, mu ch
esteemed as a fruit in Ch in a .
N. O . 7 1 . ANAOA R D I A CE ZE . ANA CA R DS, OR
TE R E B I NTHS.
A n a ca rdium occide n ta le . W. Gammon Caskew .
Lin n . Sy st . E n n ean dria Mon og yma .
Th e fruit, - u sed as a n u t an d th e su cculen t pedun cle— “used as a fruit .Vern acular. B eejara -sala , San s . Hijilee-badam,
B en g . Cajoo,Dec . P arn n kima n vak, F eiteira-ma njo, Mal . bl oon dri, Tam .
J icli-memidi, Mn n tamamedi, Tel‘
. Wa tu -cajn , Cey .
'
adju ,
Malaya . J amboo-eeron g , Sumatra .
Ha bita t . Sou th Am erica . Na turaliz ed in Malabar, Coroman del,Ch ittag on g , Trich in opoly .
R emarks . First described by Th evetius.
B u ch a n a n ia. la tifo lia . R oar.
L in n . Syst . Decan dria Pen tag yn ia .
Th e kern el, — u sed as a n u t .
Vern acular. P ig/a la , San s . B en g . P eeg/a r, Ckeroonjie, Hin d.
C/zarolee, By . Al orceda , Momda , Ka t -ma n g o, Tambi, Tam .
roo-mamadi, Tsa -roo-
p app oo, Tel.
Ha bita t . Belg aum , Malabar, Coroman del.
M a n g ii‘
era in dica . Lin n . Common Ma n g o .
L in n . Sys t . Polyg amia Mon oecia .
Th e fruit, — u sed as a fru it .Vern acular. Amra , San s. Am, Hin d . Ben g . Dec . JlI ava , Mal.
Mammarn m, Tam . Maka n clamu, AI avi, llI ama alicket too,
mamiali, Tel. E tamba (w ild), Amba (cultiva ted), Cey . Mam/y a
(wild), Sun da . Mamp a lam,Malaya . P a lam, J ava . Kap a lam,
Lampu n g .
Habita t . E ast I n dies. Cultivated n ear Mu scat, an d th roug h out
th e E ast, an d in th e West In dies all th e cultivated varieties ap
pearin g to h ave orig in a ted in In dia .
R ema rks . First . described by Garcias ab Orto, Bou tin s, an d Kam el .
Th e Arch ipelag ic n am es of th e c ultivated Man g o are all,accordin g to
Crawfu rd, derived from th e San scrit “ Mah a-
pah ala .
”Th roug h th e
1 46
FR U ITS AND VEGE TA B LES.
ag en cy of European s h owever, th e corrupted form of theSun da n ame for
th e wild Man g o, is becomin g prevalen t th roug h ou t th e E ast, from th e
Ph ilippin es to Madag ascar, an d h as ex ten ded even to th e West I n dies .
Th e Man g os of Maz ag on , were on ce celebrated.
Sem ecarpus A n a ca rdium . Lin n : Markin g m a.
L in n . Sy st . Polyg amia Dioecia.
Th e kern el, — u sed as a n u t .
Vern acular. Nreeskura , B u lla takee, San s. B kela , B elawin a , B ke
lama n , B kelawa n , Hin d. B iboe, By . e ru , Can . Kamp ira ,Mal . Skayn g ce t tay, Skayran g cot ta g , Tam . Nellajieli, J eedi
g ken z a alee , B k a lla taki, B ka lla tamn , Tummeda -mamidi, Tel. Kiribadn lla , Cey . Ckaibin , Peg u .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Th e SavdoBdh avov pf Galen . See Fruits an d Veg etables,Oil an d Oil-seeds,
”an d “Miscellan eou s Class, an d “Woods .
Sp o n dia s m a n g ifera . W. et A .
I n'
n n . Sy st . Decan dria Pen tag yn ia .
Th e fru it,— used as a fru it .Vern acular. Amra taka , San s. Amra , Ben g . Hin d. Ambara , Hin d .
R a n -amb, J un g li-am, Dec. Ca t-ambolam, Mal. Ca a t-maavu ,Tam . Ama tum, A alivie-mamadie, Tel. E mbcerwlla , Cey.
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . Several species of Sp on dias h ave edible fruits as S. p urp urea
an d S. Mombin , th e Hog Plums of th e West In dies ; S. B irrea , of
A byssin ia ; an d S . dulcis, th e Otaheite App le .
N. O . 72. AMYR I DA CE ZE . A AI YR I D S.
Ga rn g a p in n a ta . H . K. Win g -lea n ed Garug a .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit, -u sed as a pickle .
Vern acular. Teem, Ben g . Hin d. Keerak, Kka n g kn r, Dec. Garag e ,Ka lug utln , Tel.
Habita t . East In dies.
N'
. O . 74. LEGUMINOSTE . L E GUZITI NOUS P L ANTS .
A den a n th era p avon in a . W. Yellow-flowered Aden a n tkera .
Lin n . Syst . Decan dria Mon og yma .
Vern acular. Keeckun eln n a , San s. Hin d. R n cta -cha n d’a n a , R a njn n a ,Ben g . Ma n da teea, Can . Man sen i-ketta, Tel. Man siacli, Cey .
1 47
FR U ITS AND VEGETABLES .
Habita t . East In dies.
R emarks . Th e seeds are said to be eaten in South America, bu t th estatemen t seems in credible.
A g a ti g ra n diflora . Desa .
L in n . Sy st. Diade lphia Decan dria.
Th e leaf, th e pod, th e flower, — as veg etables.
Vern acular. Ag as tia , B n ka , San s. B n ka -ag usta, Ben g . A ug usta ,By . Ag a ti, Tam. an d Mal. A n isag , Tel.
Habita t . I n dia.
R emarks . See “Fruits an d Veg etables an d Gums an d R esin s.
T am a rin dus in dica . Lin n . Common Tamarin d.
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Trian dria.
Th e pulp of th e pod,— as a con serve an d pickle.
Vern acular. Umlika, Tin tiree, Tin tili, San s. a i, Ambli, Hin d .
an d Ben g . Amlee, ,Ten teel, Ben g . B a lam-
p ol lie, Mal. P ellin m
Tam . Chin ta, Tel. Malia siyamba la, Cey . Amblie, Tamar
kin dee, Hemar, A rab .
Habita t . In dia.
R emarks . First men tion ed by th e A rabian s, Mesn e, Serapion , Avi
cen n a (Pereira). Th e 6§v¢ow tx a of Th eoph rastus (Spren g el). See Fruits
an d Veg etables,”
Con dimen ts an d Spices,”an d Woods.
T rig on e lla. Fre n um -Graecum . Lin n . Common Fen n ug reek .
L in n . Syst. Diadelphia Decan dria.
Th e h erb,— as a g arn ish in curries.Vern acular. Metkee, Moot/lee, Hin d. Metkee-skak, Metkika, Ben g .
Ma lkec, Dec. Men tia , Can . Ven diam, Tam . Men tluoe, Tel.
Oolowa , Cey. Helbeh , A rab ; Skimlet, in th e Ulfaz Uelwig ek .
Habita t. Th eMediterran ean coun triw . Cultivated widely in In dia .
R emarks . The Bobx epa g of Hippocrates accordin g to Spren g el.Th e other veg etables of th is order common in th is presiden cy are g iven
u n der A GR ICU LTU RA L PRODU CE — PULSE .
”Th e followin g n ot yet
"
in troduced are deservin g of atten tion
Ap ies tuberosa, of Can ada.
B auhin ia escu len ta, of th e Cape of Good Hope, the Yam-likeroot of wh ich is eaten .
Dolichos bulbosus (l) of Polynesia.
Dolichos Soja, Soy of East I n dies.
1 48
FR U ITS AND VEGETA B LES.
R emarks . Th e ;u yh e'
a m pm m’
, of Th eoph rastu s an d Dioscorides an d
Persica of Plin y . See Drug s,” N. O . 62. B a la n ites wg yp tiaca .
E riob otry a.ja p on ica . Lin d . Common Loquat .
L in n . Sy st. Icosan dria di Pen tag yn ia.
Th e fruit, — used as a fru it .Vern acular. Loqua t, Chin a, By .
Habita t . Ch in a .
R emarks . Well establish ed abou t Belg aum .
F ra g a ria. e la tior . E krn . Hau tboy Strawberry .
F ra g’
aria ves ca . Lin n . Wood Strawberry .
L in n . Sy s t . Icosan dria Polyg y n ia .
Th e succulen t recep tacle, — u sed as a fruit .Vern acular.
Habita t . B ritain .
R emarks . W'
ell establish ed in all first- rate Deccan g arden s . This
is a most profitable fru it to rear ; a bed o f a few square ya rds brin g s in
from 1 5 to 20 th e season . F . cesca is th e Frag a of th e R oman s .
Pa rin arium e x ce lsum . Sa ls . Guin ea P lum .
L in n . Sy st. Heptan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular.
Habita t . Sierra Leon e ?
R emarks . Naturaliz ed in Goa .
Py ru s M a lus . App le .
L in n . Sy st . Icosan dria d i Pen tag yn ia.
Th e fruit, u sed as a fru it .Vern acular. Seba, San s. Seb, See, Hin d. Tuf ak, A rab . Seeb,Pers.
Habita t . Britain .
R emarks . Th e pinata of Homer an d Th eoph rastus. Plin y describesseveral varieties. I t is very widely n aturaliz ed in In dia, bu t does n ot
bear well. B esides th e above th e followin g R oseworts desery e atten tion ,man y of th em bein g familiar importation s from Persia an d elsewh ere
1 50
O
FR U ITS AND VEGETA B LES.
Amg g da lus P ersica , W. var. BNectarin a, th eNectarin e. Vern acular.
Shuf t a loe, .Meon dla areo, Pers .
Chrg seba la n us I caco, Cocoa -
p lum ofWest In dies .
Chrg seba lan us lu teus, Cocoa-
p lum of Sierra Leon e.
n on ia chin en sis, Th ouin , Chin ese Quin ce .
n on ia vulg aris, Common Quin ce . See Drug s.
I ll esp ilus g erman ica, Common F a table .Medlar . Vern acular. Ukaj,Sh ejeru t u l dub, Arab . Keel, Pers. Larees, Vulg . Ton em ih ou
e’
u’
I ra7u’
a of Dioscorides ; an dMespilus, var. Setan ia of Plin y .
Poterium San g uisorba, W., Common B urn et of Britain .
Prun us A rmen ia ca, Common Ap ricot . Vern acular. Khoeba n ee,Hin d . Za rd -a loo, Cheoleo, Ch in areo, B adam-koh ee (th e k ern el),Himalayas . P is te /i ? By . B urkeek , A rab . Mishmish , Pers .
B akur-kokan ee, Bok h ara . Mnh e’
a ripp er/ t a x i) of Dioscorides an d
Praecocia min ora an d Malus A rmen iaca ofPlin y
P run us Cerasus . Common Ch erry . See Dru g s .
P run us domestica, W. Common P lum. Vern acular. A reo, Hin d.
B arg ug , Ejass (a I drich (a Sh ah looj (a yellowA rab . A loo, A loo-ch eh (a small Sh ah -a loe (a yellowKen ar .
7 (Ziz yph us Jujuba l ), Pers. Th e wpobmy of Th eoph rastus
G up tam'
y ice /(Kq h e'
a Of Dioscorides a n d Prun us of Plin y .
Pg rus commu n is . Common P ear. Vern acular. Umreod, Kumusra,
A rab . Kummitri, E g yp t . Nashp a tee, Pers . Th e b'
yx vr) of Homer
an d Th eoph rastus ; firm s of Th eoph rastus an d Dioscorides, an d
Pg rus of Plin y .
Pg rus domestica . True Service
.
App le . Th e 0577 an d 03a of th e
Greeks, a n d Sorbus of Plin y .
R ubusf ru ticosus . Common B ramble .
R ubus I dceus . R asp berry . Th e Bdros‘ spaces”. of Th eoph rastu s ;
Bdrog iea i’
a of Dioscorides ; an d “ R ubus called by th e Greeks
Idaeu s” of Plin y.
R ubus rotun difolius (Zard-a n choo), R . f ru ticosus, R . lasiocarp us(Ku l- a n choo), a n d R . con color, are all fou n d in Cashmere an d yield
g ood fruit . F rag aria n ubicola ,Wall. of th e Himalayas resemblest h e E uropean Strawberry . Th e B isseh ur Peach (B h emee) isB oyle
’
s P ersica sa lig n a . Cerasus Puddam of th e Himalayas (th esource of Pudmak bark) is u sed. to flavour b ra n dy . Th e A loo
bokh ara cultivated abou t Gu z n ee is referred by Lin dley to P run us
bekka rien sis, R oyle . R oyle states Kokama lis (Kox x vuqh e’
a) is itsYon an ee sy n on ym e in Persian work s on Materia Medica . Th e
plum of I rki, R oy1e referred to P . A looch a , an d th e plum of Ladaki s R ox burg h
’
s P . trif olia . P g rus sin ica , th e Sa n d P ea r of Ch in a ,1 s cult1 rated in North ern In dia, an d th e in dig en ou s Species of th e
1 51
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLES.
Himalayas, Pg rus la n a ta , P . cren a ta , an d P . Pash ia are alledible, th e fruit of th e two termer bein g calledB a lteo by th e n atives
(R oyle). Th ese R oseworts, n o less th an th e better k n own Speciespreviously en um erated, mig h t be tried in Bombay. R ubus
lasiocarp us in deed ls in dig en ous to th is Presiden cy.
N. O . 8 1 . COMBR ETA CE ZE . MYR OB A LANS.
T erm in a lia. b e lle rica . R ox .
Lin n . Sy st. Polyg am ia Mon aacia.
Th e kern el,— used as a n u t .
Vern acu lar. Vibh eetakee, B ukira, San s. B ulla , B eheyra, Hin d.
B uhura, Hin d . Ben g . B og ra , Ben g . R herda, Yekola, B u llah ,Dec. Tamhai, Tam . Toan di, Tadi, Tel . Ta n i, Mal. B oeloe ,Cey . P a n g ah , Peg u . B eleg luj, A rab . B eleg leh , Pers.
Habita t . I n dia.
R emarks . See also Tan s, an d Woods.
T erm in a lia. Ca tapp a . Lin n . B read- leaved Termin alia .
L i n n . Sys t. Polyg amia Mon oecia.
Th e kern el, — ~Malay A lmon d, u sed as a n u t .
Vern acular. I n g uddi, Hin g hoodie, San s . B adamie, Hin d . B adam,
Hin d. an d Ben g . J u n g li B adam, B udamic-kin dee, Dec . A da
maram, Mal . Na ttoovadamcot tag , Tam . Vodamovet tilla, B a
damchettu, Tel. Cotumba , Cey . Ca tapp a , Malay .
Habita t . Malaya . Cultivated in In dia.
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede . He fig ures also (Part 5 .
T ab . 47) Colubrin a asia tica (W. et N. O . R h am n aceae, u n der th e
n ame ofKa tap a . See also “Woods .
T erm in al ia ch eb u la . R ox . Ova l-[caved Termin a lia .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia.
Th e k ern el,— u sed as a n u t.
Vern acu lar . Ha ritika , San s . Ha r, Harkara, Hu ldah , Hura, Um
bedhur .7 Hin d. Huritukee, B en g . Heerde , Hu ldah
, Dec .
A ru lay , Mysore . Kodorka , Mal . Kaduka i, Tam . Ka raka ia ,
Srin g i- tig e, Tel. A ra loo, Cey. Kayee - bin , Peg u . He
lee, A rab . Helilehkeela n , l’ers. Th e u n ripe dry fruit is k n ow n
by th e followin g n am es, Kurkadag a , San s . Zen g i-har, Ben g .
Sin g i, Tam . A h leluj aswuel, A rab . Helileh seeah , Pers.
Ha bita t . Cabul, I n dia .
R emarks . First described by Avicen n a, an d ag ain by Bryen ius, 1 7th
cen tury . Clrebulic Myrobalan s are u sed for man y purposes in I n dia, an d1 52
FR U I TS AND VE GE TA BLES.
P sidium pyriferum . W. White G uava .
P s idium p om iferum . W. R ed Guava .
L in n . Syst . Icosan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— used as a fruit .Vern acular. P eyara , A njeer, Lal-p ayara (red), Ben g . Suf ry am
(wh ite), Amru t (white), La l-suf rijam (red), Hin d . J am, Dec .
Ma lacka-
p ela (red), Mal. Coia , Tam . J ama, Tel. Suda -
p era ,
(wh ite), R a tu-
p era (red), Cey. J ambu , Malaya .
Habita t . West In dies. Naturaliz ed th roug h out th e East I n dies.
R emarks . First n oticed by De Valdes. P . ca ttleyan um of Sou th
America h as purple fru it .
P u n ica Gra n a tum ,Lin n . Pomeg ra n a te .
L in n . Sy s t. Icosan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit, — used as a fruit .Vern acular. Darimba , San s . A n ar, Gu ln ar, Hin d. Dalim, Darim
,
Darmec, Ben g . Madala , Mal. Mada lum, Mag ila n , Tarn .
'Dadima -
p a n doe , Puevu da n imma , Tel. Delumg h edie, Cey . R uma n ,
R a n a , Kilku l, A rab . A n ar, Pers . Delema , Malay. Ga n g sa la n ,
J ava .
Habita t . North ern A frica, A rmen ia , Maz an deran , Bokh ara, Cabul,Cashmire . Cultivated widely in A sia .
R emarks . Men tion ed in th e Bible (as Numb . x x . Hippocratescalls th e rin d o ieerou an d th e g rain s x éx x coveg . I t is th e Pu n icum Ma lum,
Gra n a tum, an d B a laustium of Plin y. He men tion s a seedless variety,
Ap yren um, as th e most ag reeable. Th e famous pomeg ran ate of B a labag h ,
in Maz an deran , is also with out seed, an d is probably iden tical with th e
Ap yren um of the an cien ts.
Sy z y g iurn J am b ola n um . W. et A .
L in n . Sy s t . Icosa n dria Mon og yn ia.Th e fruit,— u sed as a fruit.Vern acular. J ama n , Hin d. Ka lajam, Ben g . J ambool, Dec. Perin
njara, Mal. Nawel, Tam . Naredoo, Tel.
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . The berry of E ug en ia earyOp hylwum is eaten in Ceylon .
E . cotin ifolia is th e Cayen n e Cherry , an dE . p seudo-Psidium th e B astard
Guava of th e West In dies. N. O . 87. Lecythidaceae presen ts u s with
B ertholletia ex celsa , th e B raz il or Casta n ha n u t tree, an d Lecythis olle ria ,th e tree wh ich yields the Sap ucaya or Mon key
-
p ot n ut, th e fin est of alln u ts.
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLES.
‘
N. O . 90. HALOR AGA CE ZE . H I PP UR I D S.
T ra p a b isp in os a . W. et A .
Lin n . Sy s t . Tetran dria Mon ogyn ia.
Th e fruit, used as a n u t .
Vern acular. Serin g a ta, San s. P a n ee-p ku l, Ben g . Hin d . Sin g ara,
Hin d . Shin g a ree, Dec. Karim-
p o lam, Mal .
Habita t . In dia
N. O .
'
92. CUCUR B I TACEZE . CUCUR B I TS.
Gon a n s .
C itru llus vu lg a ris . Schrad .
Lin n . Syst . Mon oecia Mon adelphia.Th e fru it, - used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Jil che , Sin d. D ilp asa n d, Ka chrek, Pers .
Habita t . Cultivated in Sin d an d Goo z erat .
R emarks . Cucumis Citru llus, Lin n . C. fistu losus, Stocks .
paren t of the ;Wa ter Melon .7
Coccin ia. in dica . W. et A .
Lin n . Sy st . Dicecia Mon adelphia .
Th e fruit,— u sed as a fruit an d veg etable .
Vern acular. Vimbika, San s. B eemboo, Tela -keocha , Ben g . B h imb,
Hin d. Gelaro, Sin d. Covel, Mal . Coca, Tam . Kaydu n da ,
Turulliamoek-mool, Tel.
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Momordica mon adelp hia, R ox .
Cucum is M e lo . W. et A . Melon .
L in n . Sy s t . Mon oecia Mon adelphia.
Th e fruit, — used as a fruit .Vern acular. Kurbooja , Ben g . . Hin d . Gidhro, Sin d. B aka -coy ,
Mal. Me lam, Tam . R a ta -kemadu, Cey . B eteekh (Musk
melon ), A rab . Kirbooz eh , A rab . Labof ra n g ee, Malaya .
Habita t . Persia ? Cultivated over th e world .
R ema rks . Th e Cucumbers ofNumbers x i. 1 4 ; th e o iKvos rre’
iroov ofHippocrates, th e o ix vos‘
n
of Th eoph rastus a n d A ristotle, accordin g to Sp ren g el,an d o ix vq vel a ix va of Th eoph rastus, accordin g to Fraas the m
’
x vg of
Dioscorides, accordin g to Spren g el, an d th e n e’
n a v of th at writer accordin gto Fraas an d th e Melon
”of Plin y . A ccordin g to,
Fraas, C. ac tion s is
1 55
FR UITS AND VEGETA BLE S.
the a irw ay of Th eoph rastus, Cucurbita Pepe bein g th e o ik va of TheOph rastus accordin g to Spren g el.
Q
Cu cum is pub es ce n s . W. Pubescen t Cucumber .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon adelphia.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. B un -
g umuk, Hin d. Ch ibbur, Sin d. Kodi-badin g a or
— budama, Nella -budin g a (a Tel. Keekeri, Cey . R ausha n ak,Pers.
Ha bita t . Levan t, Coroman del, B en g al .
R emarks . Th e paren t of th e Melon ? I t is th e same as C. maderas
p a tan us, R ox ., C. turbin a tus, R ox ., an d C. cica trisa tus, Stocks.
Cu cum is sa tivus . W. Common Cucumber.
Lin n . Sy st . Mon oeciaMon adelphia.
Th e fruit,— used as a salad, an d veg etable.
Vern acular. Sookasa , San s. Susha , Ben g . Keera , Hin d. Keera
ka n kurai, Dec. Mu llen -belleri, Mal. Mooloo-velleri, Tam . R a ta
kecheri, P ip in g ya , Cey. Kusud, A rab . F akus, Eg ypt . A n timun ,E astern A rch ipelag o .
Habita t . East In dies. Cultivated over th e world.
R emarks . Th e Koh ow vflis‘ of Theoph rastus, Hippocrates, an d A ristotle,an d Koh ox r
'
wdn of Dioscorides, accordin g to Spren g el ; an d a bove : an d. of
Hippocrates, o ix vos of Th eoph rastus an d a larms fip epos of Dioscorides,accordin g to Fraas.
Cucum is u tiliss im us . W. et A .
Lin n . Syst . Mon oecia Mon adelphia.
Th e fruit,— u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Ka n koer, Kurk tee, Ben g . Kakrie, Hin d. Dos—hay,P a n dili-dosa, Nakka -dosa, Tel.
Habita t. E ast In dies ?
Cucurb ita. Citrullus . W. et A . Wa terMelon .
Lin n . Sy st. Mon mcia Mon adelphia.
Th e fruit, -used as a fru it .Vern acular. Ch aya
-
p u la, Ku t teo-toombie, San s. Titu -laeo, Ben g .
Turbooj, Turmooz , Samauka, B en g . Hin d. Hin dan e, Cauho,
Sin dh . P itch a , Sh akara -kooma tei, Tam . Darboojie, Tel. B iteba
g hedie .7 Komadu, Cey . B eteekht z ichee, A rab . Hin duwa n eh ,
Tarbeoz eh , Pers. Man dekee, Sume n g ka, Pa taka, Malaya . Lamu
ja, Lampun g .
1 56
FR U ITS AND VEGETA B LES.
C u curb ita'
P epo. W. Pump kin , or Wh ite Gourd .
L in n . Sy st . Mon mcia Mon adelphia.
The fruit, — used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Kurka ree,San s. Kosh n an to, Ben g . Keomra, Ben g .
Hin d. F audree-ch ickee, By . Cumbulam,Mal . R oorda -
g omodoo,Cumbu ly, B adadi-yumadi, Pot ti
-
g umadi, Tel. A lu -
p uhul, Cey .
Habita t . Levan t . Cultivated widely .
R ema rks . The o ix va of Th eoph rastus accordin g to Spren gel ; an d
Koh omir/Cr) of Hippocrates an d Th eoph rastus, an d x oh o x évda of Dioscorides,accordin g to Fraas. See Cucumis Melo, a n d C. sa tivus . Cucurbita P epe
var. Ca lyp ea tus is th e Turban Pump kin . Th is is th e Melon , or Millionof old E n g lish h orticulturists,— th e true Melon bein g th eir Musk Melon .
Lufi’
a a cu ta n g u la . W. et A . A cute-a n g led Cucumber.
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Pen tan dria .
Th e fru it,— used as a veg etable .
Ver nacular. Damarg ava ? San s. J in g a , B en g . Hin d . Turi,Hin d . Sin dh . Teora i, Dec . P eech en g g ah , Mal. P eeku n
ka i, Tam . B ira -kaya , Tel. Dj lfljl, Malaya .
Habita t . In dia . E g yp t ?
R emarks . First described by R umph ius ; an Alpin us ? I s the Cucumis acu ta n g ulus of A in slie .
Lu ffa. p e n t a n dra . W. et A .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon oecia Pen tan dria.
Th e fruit, — used as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Dhoen deel-g heosa , Ben g .
Turi, Sin dh . Geosa lee- toorai, Dec.
Pers.
Ha bita t . E ast In dies.
M om ordica. Ch ara n tia'
. W. et A . Ha iry Momordica .
L in n . Syst . Mon oecia Mon adelphia .
The fru it, — used as a veg etable, an d pickle.
Vern acular. Karavu lli, San s. Kurilla, Ooch i, P e ti-kakar, B en g .
Tel. Carela , Hin d . Karelo, Sin dh . P urwud, Ka ra ila , Dec .
Pa n di-p avel, Mal . P a '
va -ka i, Tam . Kakerkai, Potti Tella
an d Ura -kakara , Tel. Karawila, Cey. Karelah, Pers.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . First described by Van R heede.
1 58
F'
aurrs AND VE GETA B LES.
M om ordica. dioica . W. et A .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon adelphia.
T he fruit, — u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Vah issee, San s. Kurtoli, Dec . E rimap asel, Mal.
A g okara, A n g akara , Pooag akara th a , Tel. Tumba - karawilla, Cey .
Habita t . In dia .
M om ordica B a lsam i n a . Lin n . B a lsam-app le .
L in n . Syst . Mon mcia Mon adelphia .
Th e fruit,— used as a pickle .
Vern acu lar. Kurelog'
a n g ro, Sin dh . .Mekah , B alesa n ,E g ypt .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . First men tioned by Dodon aea s .
T e lfa ria p e da ta . W. et A .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Pen tan dria .
Th e seed,— u sed -
as a n ut .
Vern acular.
Ha bita t . Zan z ibar.
R emarks . Was in trodu ced from Zan z ibar by Nimrn o, bu t has died ou t .
T h e seeds are as fin e as a lmon ds, an d yield an abu n da n ce of fin e blan d
o il. I t would be a g reat ben efi t to re- in troduce it a n d all th e Cu curbitsd eserve atten tion as a source of valuable oil .
T rich osa n th e s A n g u in a . l/ V. Common Sn ake Gourd .
L in n . Syst. Mon oecia.Mon adelphia.
Th e fri1 it,— u sed as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Pot tola ? San s. Chich inja , J ijin g a , J in g a , B en g .
Purwar, Hin d . Kadotri, R ebhri , Sin dh . Ch ichon da , Dec . P eed
a lu n g a i, Tam . Poa lkaya , P otlakaya, P odi-wila n g a , P a tola,Tel. Podi-wila n g a , Cey . Peta lu o u lar, Malaya .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . First described by B reyn ius, an d Mich eli. Sech ium edule,
th e Checho, belon g s to th is order, an d sh ould be in troduced .
N. O . 93 . PAPAYA CEZE . P A P A YA D S.
Ca rica P a p a y a . W. Common Pap aw.
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Decan dria .
Th e fruit,— used as a fruit.1 59
FR UI TS AND VEGETA B LES.
Vern acular. P ap eya , P ap aya , Ben g . Hin d . Dec. P app oia , Umboalay , Mal. Pupp a li, Tam . B op a i, Mada n a a n ap a , M adhurn akam,
ge
pp ayi, Tel. Poep ol, Cey. P ap a , Malaya . Gada n g
-eastila,a r.
Habita t . East I n dies, Con federate States of America, Braz il.
N. PA SSI FLOR ACE ZE . P A SSI ONWOR TS.
Pa ss ifi ora. q u a dra n g u la ris . W. Square-sta lked Passion -flower .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelph ia Pen tan dria .
Th e fruit, — u sed as a fru it .Habita t . J amaica . Cultivated in Bombay.
R emarks . Th is is th e Gra n adilla of the West In dies, but h as n ot yetfruited in Bombay . P . ma liformis, P . edulis. an d P . laurifolia , all
furn ish dessert fruits, as also do Ta cson ia mollissima, T. trip artite, an dP a rop sia edulis .
N. o.97. PORTULACACE ZE . P UR SLANE S.
P ortu la ca olera cea . H . S. Small Purslain .
Lin n . Sy st . Decan dria. Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Len ika, Loon ia , San s. Meen cha, Leon ia, Khursa,Kurfa , Hin d . I ll een ya , Hin d. an d B en g . B uro-leon ia , Ben g .
Ka rie- ch eora , Mal. Dooda -
g ora i, Can . Caril-keeray , P urop oe
keeray, Tam . P eda -
p a il-kuru, B oddup avili-kura , Ga nja -
p auili— kura , Tel. Gen da -kola, Cey. B uklu t-u l-hukema , A rab . Turuck,Kh eref eh , Pers .
Habita t . Th e temperate z on e.
R emarks . Th e drepdxm of Th eoph rastus an dDioscorides an dPorcilacaof Plin y . Th e dudpcix rn ) of Th eoph rastu s, or dvepo
'
rx h q as it is,sometimes
called, is th e A rbu tus A n drach n e accordin g to.
Spren g el, an d h as been
con fou n ded by an cien ts an d modern s with Purslai n . A n dra ch n e telep h i
eides, N. O . E uph orbiaceae, is so called m erely from resemblin g Purslarn .
Between th is order, an d th e n ex t furn ish in g our In dian fruits an d veg eta
bles, th ere are th ree deservin g of n otice .
N. O . 1 00. Ficoideae, of wh ich Mesembrya n themum edule affords an
edible leaf, an d M . a loides, an edible root at th e Cape ; N. O . 102.
Cactaceae, of wh ich Cactus Op u n tia h as a fru it often eaten ; an d N. O .
1 03 . Grossulariaceae wh ich in cludesR ibes Grossu laria . W. R oug h Gooseberry .
R ibes Uva -crisp a . W. Smooth Gooseberry .
R ibes n ig rum . W. B lack Curran t .
R ibes rubrum. IV. R ed Curra n t .
0 album, ll’h ite Curran t .
FR UITS AND VEGETA BLES.
followin g Umbellifers mig h t also be n aturaliz ed in In dia, man y of th em
bein g already cultivated by amateurs .
A n g elica A rchan g elica . W. Garden A n g elica .
A rracach a esculen ta . Th e A rra cacha of Peru .
B un ium B ulbocastan um . W. Grea t E arth Nut .
Chccrophyllum sa tivum. P . S . Garden Chcrvil.
Crithmum maritimum. W. Sea Samp hire. Th e x pwpov of Hippocrates an d Dioscorides, an d Baticula of .Plin y .
E ryn g ium campestre. W. F ield E ryn g o.
E ryn g ium f oetidum. W. Stin kin g E ryn g o, th e
“
Cuta n tra of
Pan ama .
Lig us ticum Levis ticum. W. Common Lavag e. Th e h ymn-mo» of
Dioscorides accordin g to Spren g el ; an d Lig usticum of Plin y.
Lig usticum scoticum. W. Scotch Lavag e.Myrrh is odora ta . P . S. Sweet-scen ted Myrrh .
’
The pvfifiig of
Dioscorides ; an d Myrrhis of Plin y.
Pastin aca sativa . W. Garden Parsn ip . Th e o-i’
o apovof Dioscoridesaccordin g to Spren g el, an d h is a aaosom p accordin g to Fraas ;an d th e Pastin aca of Plin y .
Sium Sisarum. W. Skirret . Th e m'
o-apov of Dioscorides accordin g
to Fraas,'
an d his fl aqbofioo x ov accordin g to Spren g el ; an d th e
Siscr of Plin y.
Smyrn ium Olusa trum. W. Common A lex a n ders . Th e im roa e’
kwov
of Hippocrates, Th eoph rastus, an d Dioscorides ; an d Olusatrum,
Smyrmum, an d Hipposelin um ofPlin y .
Besides th ese, A n ise,‘
Common Cumin , Common Dill, Common an d
Sweet F en n el m ig h t also be cultivated as g arn ish in g h erbs . Th e Yamp a
of North America, a mu ch esteemed veg etable, is th e root of Common
D ill. See “Drug s”an d “ Con dimen ts an d Spices. Th e th ree follow
in g orders presen t edible species n ot in dig en ous to In diaN. O . 1 1 1 . A R AL I A C E JE . Casimiroa edulis, Zap ote bla n co ofMex ico .
N. O . 1 1 2. CORNA CE E . Corn us mascula , Carn elia n Cherry .
N. O . 1 1 3 . CA P R I FOL I A CE /E . Sambucus n ig ra , Common E lder;
an d S. n ig ra var. a , viridis, Green f ruited E lder.
N. O . 1 15 . CINCHONACE ZE . CI NCHONA D S.
M ussaen da fron dosa . Lin n .
L in n . Sy st. Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e wh ite leaf of th e calyx ,— used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. R ebin a , Hin d. Sarwad, B hootcase, Lan chaut,
B elila, Mal. Vella -cllay , Tam .
1 62
FR UI TS AND VE GE TA BLE S.
Habitat. Con can s, Malabar, Travan core, Coroman del, Nepaul.
R emarks . First described by Van R heede .
Va n g uieria Sp in osa . Hort . Prickly Va n g uieria .
Lin n. Syst. Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fruit, —used as a fruit .
Vern acular. P in deetuka, San s. Muyuan a, Madun a , Main a , Hin d.
Ben g . Mainf ul, Ben g .
_
A laa, By . Voa -va n g uier, Madag ascar.
Habita t . Madag ascar ; Western In dia .
R emarks . Larg ely con sumed by th e labourers on th e railway works
in th e h ot season . Th e fruit of Morin da citrif olia , th e A a l of th is
Presiden cy, is eaten in A u stralia , bu t is u n fit for use h ere . Cop rosma
microp hylla of th is order is on e of th e plan ts called Na tive Curra n ts in
A u stralia . See N. 0 . I 32 an d 1 90 . U n derN. O . 1 1 7,Valerian aceae, weh ave F edia corn ucop ice, R ed F edia of Sou th E urope, an d Va lerian a
edulis, Kaoyah of North America, both deservin g in troduction .
N. O . 1 20. COMPOSI TZE . COMP OSI TE S.
C arth am us tin ctorius . W. Ofi cin al Carthamus .
L in n . Sy st . Syn g en esia B an alia.Th e h erb, -u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Cusumbh a , Kama la tta ra , San s. Kaosumbha , Ben g .
Hin d . Tel. Dec . Kajeerah , Ben g .
‘ Haasum, Hin d. Seen door
kum, Tam . Cossumb, Cey. Usf‘
ur, A rab .
Habita t: E g ypt . Widely cultivated in In dia.
R emarks . The x m‘
jx og of Hippocrates, Theoph rastu s, an d Dioscorides .
Safflower is cultiva ted in I n dia ch iefly for iu flower an d its seed. See
Oils an d Oilz seeds”an d Dyes an d Tan s.
”
C y n ara Scolym us . W. Garden Artichoke.
L in n . Sy st . Syn g en esia E q ualis.
Th e immature flower h ead, an d bottom (receptacle), - used as a veg e
table.
Vern acular. Ku‘
nyir, Hind. Pers. Kharchiqf, Hirshuf, Arab .
Habita t . Sou th E urope. Widely cultivated.
R emarks . Th e o x o’
kun os of Dioscorides, Fraas con jectures.
,1 63
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLES.
He lian th us tub erosus . W. J erusalem Artichoke.
Li n n . Syst . Syn g en esia Frustran ea.
The tuber,— used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Bhramaka, Saorjya-mookhee, Ben g .
Habita t . Braz il. Widely cultivated.
R emarks . First described b Column a . J erusalem (Artichoke) is a
corrup tion of g ira sale, th e I ta ian for turn an d sun .
Lactuca sa tiva . De C. Garden Lettuce, Cos Lettuce.
Lin n . Syst. Syn g en esia Polyg amia-requalis.The h erb, — used as a salad.
Vern acular. Kahao, Hin d. Sa lado, Cey. Chef , Eg ypt .
Habita t. In dia ? Widely cultivated in Europe.
R emarks . Th e aprons of Greeks an d R oman s. Dioscorides men tion sapzoa g fip epog a n d apzaag &ypia . Th e first is con sidered th e Garden an d th e
secon d th e Stron g-scen ted Lettuce. Musa th e broth er of E uph orbus is
said to h ave saved th e life ofAug ustus by prescribin g Lettuce ad libitum .
see Drug s.”Th e followin g edible Composites also deserve atten tion in
In dia .
A rtemisia A bsin thium. W. Common Wormwood . Th e (Neil/Gia n ofth e Greeks.
A rtemisia Dracun culus . W. Tarrag on . Tarchon , Arab .
Ca len dula ofi cin a lis . W. Common Maryg old . Caltha lu teola of
Virg il an d Caltha of Plin y accordin g to Samasius an d Spren g el.Carduus Mariamus . Lin n . Our Lady
’s This tle.
Garde n s mrg zma n us . ? Thistle of th e R ocky Moun tain s.
flickerium E n divia . W. E n dive. A ccordin g to Spren g el the a e'
pi s
m evo¢6kkog an d accordin g to Fraas the EpidaKode'
a repa cre'
pis
.of Dioscorides.
;Cichamium I n tybus . Lin n . Wild Succory . Th e x ix cbpiov of Th eo
ph rastu s ; an d, accordin g to Spren g el, th e Cpiba x oaeo-repa ore
’
is,
"
fi ned, accord mg to Fraas, th e a ims m eun‘
) m euo¢6M os Of Dioscori S.
Crep is p arviflora . Used as a salad.
Cy n a ra Cardun culus . W. Cardaon . Perh aps th e x cip'ros of Theo
"
ph rastus.
I n ula Helen ium. W. E lecamp an e . The {Mi/coy ofHippocrates an dDioscorides ; an dHelen ium of Plin y.
Leon todon Tarax acum. W. Common Dan delion . Probably on e
d¢dl<71 of Theophrastus.
1 64
FR U ITS.
AND VEGETA BLES .
N. o . 1 33 . EBENA CE ZE . E B ENA DS.
Diospy ros g lu tin os a . R oar.
Lin n . Sys t. Polyg am ia Dioecia.
Th e fru it,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. Sin dica , Timbiri, San s . Ga b, Ben g . Gaub
,Hin d.
Timbooree, Dec . P a n itsjika , Mal . Pa n ichekai, Toombika i,
Tam . Tamika, Tel. Maha- timbiri, Cey .
Habita t . In dia .
Diospy ros Goindu . Dale .
L in n . Sys t . Polyg am ia Dimoia.
Th e fru it, — u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. Gain du, By.
Habita t . Western I n dia .
R emarks . See N. O . 1 53 . D . Kaki is th e Keg -fig or J ap a n Da te
P lum D . virg in ia n a , th e Persimmon , or America n Da te P lum D .
Lotus, th e E urop ea n Da te P lum, an d oioa n vpo g of Th eophrastus accordin gto Spren g el . E uclea ova ta of th e Cape h as also edible fruit.
N. O . 1 35. SAPOTACEZE . SA P OTA DS.
A ch ras Sap ota . W. Common Sap ota .
L in n. Syst . Pentan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit, — u sed as a fru it.Vern acular. Kowu t, By. R a tamee, Cey.
"
Habita t . South America . Completely n aturaliz ed in Bombay.
R emarks . A . mammosa , W. of Sou th America’
has a fruit called Mar
malade . I t is also called Mammee App le, a n ame also g iven to Mammea
american a, N. O . 42. A . Zap atilla, is the Naseberry .
B assia la tifolia . R oar. B road-leaved B assia .
L in n . Sys t . Dodecan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e en larg ed calyx ,— u sed as a fruit.
Vern acular. Madhooka , Madaoka , San s. Mahwa , Muhoaa , Mou la ,B en g . Hin d . Mowa , Mowrah, Dec. Poaun um, Mal. Caa t
ella‘
op ei, Tam . I p is, Tel.
Ha bita t . East In dies.
R emarks . B . butyracea h as an oily fruit, used as butter in Nepaul.1 66
FR U ITS AND .VEGETA B LES
M im trsop s Kak i . W. Obtuse-leaved Mimusop s .
Lin n . Sy s t . Octan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. Ksh eerike, San s . Ksh eern i, Ben g . E kseri, Ch irn i,Hin d. B oasoa, Ma n ilo kara , Mal.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . Th e fruit of M . E len g i is eaten in some cou n tries, but
th oug h th e tree 1 8 common in th is Presiden cy its fruit h ere is u n palatable ,Ch rysop hyllum Ca n ito of th is order is th e well k n own
'
Sta r- app le of th e
West In dies . N. O . 1 38 . Oleaceae presen ts us with th e E urop ea n
Olive (Olea europ aea), th e Z ait of th e Hebrews, an d e’
Aa r'
a an d cicyp i ex a r’
a
of th e Greek s.
N. o . 1 39. SALVADOR A CE fE. SA LVA D OR A D S.
Sa lva dora p ers ica . Lin n .
L in n . Sy s t . Tetran dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— u sed as a fruit.Vern acular. Kubur, Khareedjar, Khuree-p eero (fruit), Sin dh .
Ha bita t . Western A sia .
R emarks . R oyle h as proved th is to be th e “Mustard-tree of Scripture . I n Sin dh , Peero with a prefix , is th e n ame of th ree difl
'
eren t
fruits, vizSa lvadora in dica , R oyle. Meetha -
p eero, also Sadn eeiar .
Solarium in certum, Don . Ka (n) -
p eeroo(n) .
Phyllan t hus multiflorus .7 P ecka -
p eera, alsoKamoh ee.
N. o . 14 1 . A Poo'
YNA oE zE . D OGB ANE S .
Ca ris sa Ca ra n da s . R ox . J asmin ezflowercd Carissa .
L in n.Sys t . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
The fruit,— u sed as a tart fruit, an d con serve.
Vern acular. Krish n ap ak-
phu la, Sush en a s, Avig n a, Karamurdaca,San s. Kurumch a , P an iama la .
7 Ben g . Kurun da, Hin d. Keelay,Mal. Ka laka, Tam . Waka, P edda -kalevie, Oka, Vakudu, Tel.
Maha -karamba , Cey.
Habita t . E ast In dies.R emarks . First
'
described by’
Garcias ab Orto . Oka is also th e Telun g a
for A cacia Catechu , an d A ka-mun del th e desig n ation in this Presiden cyof th e Doum Palm.
1 67
FR U ITS AND VE GETA B LE S.
C arissa sp in arum . Dan . Sp in y Carissa .
L in n . Syst. Pen ta ndria.Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit, — used as a tart fruit an d con serve .
Vern acular.
Habita t . East I n dies.
R emarks . This species is n ot in dig en ous to Bombay as C. Caran dasis ; but is completely n aturaliz ed.
R oupellia. g rater. Wa ll. Grateful Cream Fruit .
Lin n . Syif . Pen ta n dria Mon og yn ia.
The fruit — used as a fruit.
Vern acular. 1
Habita t . Sierra Leon e.
R emarks . Flowers rich ly in Bombay, but has n ot yet fruited.
N. O. 142. LOGANI ACE ZE . LOGA NI A DS.
Stry ch n os Nux -vom ica . Lin n . Poison Nut .
L in /n . Sys t. Pen tan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e fruit, - used as a fruit .Vern acular. Veeshamaastie, Kulaka, Saris. Kaochila, Hin d. Ben g .
Kajra , By. Kariram, Mal. Yet tie-marum, Tam . Moostig 'hen z a,JVI usadi, Tel. Kaodak
'
ad-daorut ta, Cey. Kha-baun g , Peg u .
Habita t . Co n can s, Travan core, Ceylon , Coroman del.R emarks . See “ Drug s .
”Th ere can be n o doubt, th at th is fruit is
common ly eaten in the Con can s, for th e sake of th e pulp en closin g itsdeadly seeds. Livin g ston e (Mission ary Travels, ch . x iii.) states that th e
villag ers of th e Ban ye ti eat a variety of th e Nu x -vomica .
“ The pulpbetween th e n uts is th e part eaten , an d is of a pleasan t juicy n ature,
h avin g a sweet acidulous taste . Th e fruit resembles a larg e yellow oran g e,bu t th e rin d is h ard, a n d, with th e pips an d bark , con tain s much of th e
deadly poison . The n u ts swallowed in adverten tly cau se cousi
derable pain , but n ot death ; an d to avoid th is in con ven ien ce th e peopledry th e pulp before the fire, in order to be able th e more easily to g et rid
of t h e n o x ious seeds. Burton also (Lake R eg ion of A frica, ch . iii.) statesthat th e Nux -vomica is eaten in A frica . Th e fruit is of an a g ro dalce
flavo ur, with a suspicion of th e man g o : - an d th e n uts are swallowed
with impun ity, bein g too h ard to dig est.
1 68
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLES.
1
Habita t . C. Myr a , Eg ypt, Arabia, Persia, Gooz erat, Silbet . C.
la tifolia, In dia with in an d beyon d th e Gan g es.
R emarks . Th e fruit of th e latter is larg er th an th at of th e former
Species, an d both co n stitu te th e Sebesten a of old Pharmacopeias . C.
Myr a h as been con sidered th e P ersea of th e an cien ts already sh own to
refer to B a la n ites wg yp tia ca it is very probably th eMyr a an d Eg yp tia n
p lum of Plin y, a n d certain ly it afi'
orded th e wood of th e E g yptian mum
my cases . Th ere is just a ch an ce th at it also m ay h ave been th e Persea
of Dioscorides, alth ou g h th e probability is th at it is n ot, an d th at h e, likePlin y, in describin g th e P ersea, con fou n ded it with th e Persica or Peach .
Spren g el refers th e P ersea to Cordia Sebesten a , a species peculiar to th e
A n tilles, an d wh ich Lin n aeu s most u n fortun ately n amed after a ren own ed
product of th e old world. Th e seeds of Cordia Myr a are sold u n der th e
n ame of Chakoon -keo ben g e . See N. O . 1 78 ; an d Drug s,”an d “Woods.
”
N. O . 1 57 . SOLANACEZE . NI GHTSHA DE S.
Ly cop ers icon es cu le n tum . Dan . Love App le, Toma tae .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit,— u sed as a salad an d sauce.
Vern acular. Wa ll-wan g ee, By. Seemie- takalie-p ullam, Tam .
Maha-ra ta - tama t tie, Cey . Tama t tie, Malaya .
Habita t . Sou th America. Cultivated widely .
R emarks . First described by A n g uillara ; but Fraas con siders it maybe th e Avx on e
’
pa i ov of Galen .
P h y sa lis p eruvian a . W. E a table\
Win ter Cherry .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit, -u sed as a fruit, tart fru it, an d con serve .
Vern acular. Tap ureea, Tep eeriya, Tap h iae, B en g . Macao, Hind.
B udda -busara , P ambudda, Tel.
Habita t . Sou th America . Cultivated widely .
Solan um M e lon g e n a . W. E g g Plan t .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fru it,— used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Vartta , San s. B an g , B artakao, Mahotee, Hin g olee,San s. B en g . B eg oon , Ben g . B ain g a n , Dada njan , Hin d .
Wa n g a n , Sin dh . Wa n g ce, By . Va looth a la, Mal. Ka t trikai,Va lootha lay, Tam . kVan g kai, Chirivan g a , Niru -va n g a, Met ta
van ke, Tel. Wamba tu , Cey. B adan g a n , A rab . Pers . Tron g ,
Malaya . B adin g an , Sumatra . A lon g variety,- Kootee, San s.
Coa ti-beg oan , Ben g . Kodivelun g -ka ttrikai, Tam . Neerwa n g a,1 70
FR U I TS AND VE GETABLE Si'
Tel. A n oth er variety,— Deerg avartaka, San s. Buri-byin g un ,
Dec. Ka lia n a -ka trikai, Tam . Kodika lao-van kaia, Tel.
Habita t . A frica . Cultivated roun d th e g lobe.
R emarks . Th e a rpvx vos of Th eoph rastus, an d Meg ilan a of th e A bbess
Hildeg ard accordin g to Spren g el . Th e lon g variety R ox burg h makes a
distin ct Species, S. lon g um . I n Bombay th ere are several varieties, viz .
Doorlee-wa n g ee, rou n d B rin jal ; B an -wa n g ce, comm on , lar'
g e Brin jal ; an dYel—wan g ee, lon g , wh ite Brin jal, of wh ich a sub -variety is striped red
(Grah am). S. ovig erum, S. n ig rum, S. g uit'
o’
en se, Quito Ora n g e, S . laci~n ia tum, Ka n g aroo App le, an d S . w thiop icum (cultivated in Ch in a), h aveall edible berries . Th e Th orn s of Prov. x v. 1 9, B riar of Micah vii. 4,Cockle of J ob x x x i. 40, an dWild Grapes of Isaiah v. 2, are supposed to
refer to Species of Solan um (Balfour). Th e R ev. Dr. Wilson (Lan dsof th e Bible, ch . x iv) foun d S. san ctum, Lin n . , in Palestin e, wh ere th e
A rabs call it Leimi’i n Lt d, a Lot’s Lemon ; an d Dr. Wilson believes it tobe th e “
vin e (Deu t . x x x i . 32)
which g rewNear that b itumin ous lak e where Sodom stood .
Hasselquist (Lan ds of th e Bible), u n der th e n ames of Mala in san a, an d“ Poma sodom itica,” refers th is berry to S. Melon g en a . Th e tru e Mad
Ap p le h owever is S. in sa n um, called, accordin g to Dr. Wilson , A n eb- edh
dh ib, or Grap e of th e Wolf , by th e A rabs. Dr. R obin son (Lan ds of th e Bible)b elieves th e Ca lotiop is g ig an tea, our A h orMuda r, to be th e A pple of
Sodom b ut h e can h ardly h ave seen th e true A k , as Dr. Wilson writes ofit as h avin g a fruit of a yellowish colou r,
”an d certain ly like an apple
or oran g e in siz e an d form .
”Th e passag e in Deu teron omy is Th eir
vin es are of th e vin eyard of Sodom , an d of th e suburbs of Gomorrha ;th eir g rapes are g rapes of g all, an d th eir clusters most bitter an d
probably refers to th e austerity of th e fru its of th e plain of th e presen tSalt Lake, rath er th an to a n y particular plan t .
Sola n um tub erosum . W. Pota toe .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e tuber, — u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. A lu -
g udda lu, Tel. R a ta -in n a la , Cey.
Ha bita t . Peru . I ts cu ltiva tion h as spread from th is over th e wholeearth , to Spi tz berg en , Kam tsch atka, an d Van Dieman
’s Lan d .
R ema rks . The P ap as of Peru . I t was in troduced intoSpain early inth e 1 5th cen tury, an d from th en ce passed in to Italy, an d A u stria . Th e
“
colon i sts sen t ou t to Virg in ia by R aleig h are supposed to h ave in troducedit
.
1 n to E n g lan d on th eir return h ome in J u ly 1 58 6 . Gerardo fig ures it in
11 1 8 Herbal, 1 597 bu t men tion s it as h avin g been th en u sed like th e SweetPotatoe as a con fec tion (Lon don ). See Con volvulus B a ta tas, ,
N. O . 1 5 1 .
For th e g en us Cap sicum, soc Con dimen ts an d Spices.
”
' 1 71
FR U ITS AND VE GE TA BLES.
N. O . 16 1 . LAB I ATEE . LA B I A TE S.
SWE ET HE RBS
R emarks . See Con dimen ts an d Spices. Th e tubers of Ocymumtuberosum are eaten in Java an d mig h t be tried h ere .
N. O . 1 70. AMA R ANTACE ZE . A MA R ANTHS.
A m a ra n tus olera ceus . W. E a table Amaran th .
Lin n . Syst . Mon tecia Pen tan dria.
The h erb,— u sed as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Skada -n u teeya , Ben g . Tamdoolia , Maa t-tambree, Dec.
Tota -kzura , E rra-tota -kura, Tella-tota—kura , Mokka , Perug a - tota
kura , Tel. Sudu- tam-
p ala, Cey . Sekedack-uin di, A rab .
Habita t . East In dies.
A m aran tus p oly g am us . W. Hermap hrodite Amara n tk .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon mcia Pen tan dria.
Th e h erb,— used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. Sfiakin ee ? Gbamp a n u teeg/a, Poorika , Ben g . Cha n di
sag , Ckuolaee, Hin d. Ckolai-bajee, Guz . Cboolae, R ag g keree
ke-bajee b ? Dec. Molay-keeray , Tam . E rra -dog g a li
-k’ura,Dag la
-kura, Mola -kura ? Tel. Sula -koora -tamp ala, Cey.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
A ma ra n tus tricolor. W. T h ee-coloured Amaran tk .
Lin n . Sy s t . Mon mcia Pen ta n dria .
Th e h erb,— used as a veg etable.
Vern acular. ?
Habita t . East In dies.
Am a ra n tus tristis . W'
. R ou n d-beaded Amaran th .
L in n . Syst . Mon oecia Pen tan dria.
Th e h erb,— used as a veg etable .
Vern acular. San s. Mau t-ke-bajee ? Dec. Kapp ei-kirei,
A ray-keray ? Tam . Quoi- tota -kura, Ta n takura ? Tel.
Habita t . Chin a . Cultivated in In dia.
1 72
FR U I TS AND VEGETABLES.
N. O . 1 72. BASELLACE ZE . B A SE LLAD S.
B a se l la a lb a . W. Wh ite Malabar Nig h tshade.
B a se l la cordifolia . W. Heart-leaved Ma la bar Nig h tshade.
B ase lla lu cida . W. Sh in in g Ma la bar Nig h tsh ade.
B ase lla rub ra . W. R ed Ma labar Nig h tshade.
Lin n . Syst . Pen tan dria Trig yn ia.
Th e h erb,— u sed as a veg etable.
Vern acular. B . a lb a ,— Ka lumbi, San s . Saf et-p ooi, Ben g . Hin d .
B ag l-ke-bu tch la -ke-bag z, Dec. Mag a l
-ke- bajee, Wah lea , By.
Codip assa lei-keeray, Tam . Tin g he- ba tsa li-koora , A lla -ba tsa lla ,
A lubach - ch a li, Karu -bachchali, Tel . Sudu - n iwiti, San s. B lu cid a ,an d B . cordifOlia l — Oop odaki, San s . Pooi, Ben g . Hi n d. Coot
toop assa lei-kerag , Tam . Pedda - ba tsa lla
, Poti-ba tsa li-koora , Tel .
Ma -
p a t-n iwiti, Cey. B . rub ra ,— P ootika , San s. R acta - bun
p ooi, Pooi, Ben g . Yerra -ba tsalla , Tel. R a t- n iwiti, Cey .
Habitat . E ast In dies.
R emarks . Th e above four plan ts are probably varieties of on e an oth er,an d n ot separate Species. B . n ig ra, W. is cultivated in Ch in a .
N. POLYGONACE ZE . B UCKWHE A TS.
R um e x ves ica rius . Lin n . B ladder Dock .
L in n . Sys t . Hex an dria 'I‘
rig yn ia.
Th e h erb,— used as a g arn ish .
Vern acular. Chuko, Sin dh . Chucaka -ke-bag z , Dec. A mbaree
chucka , By . Soori, Cey . Tursh ak , Pers . Humbaejt, E g yp t .
Habita t . A frica. Cultivated in th e Deccan .
R emarks . R . P a tien tia , W. P a tien ce of I taly, th e h én adovmn evrc‘
w
of Th eoph rastus, an d Dioscorides, an d R umex sativu s of Plin y ; R .
san g uin eus, W. B loody-vein ed Dock, of E n g lan d ; R . scuta tus, W.
F ren ch Sorrel ; R . acetosa, W. Common Sorrel ; an d R . a cetosella , W.
Sheep’
s Sorrel of Britain , are all u sed eith er as Spin ag e plan ts or Salad .
For Fag op yrum escu len tum of this order, See“ Starch es.
”Coccoloba
uvifera, W. is th e R ou n d-leaved Sea - side Grap e of th e West In dies.
B etween th is order an d th e n ex t, yieldin g in dig en ous fruits an d veg etables,th e followin g call for atten tion for th e fruits specifiedN. O. 1 78 . LA U RA CE E .
P ersea g ra tissima, W. A vocado or'
A llig a tor P ear of th e West
In dies. A n n on a p a lustris, W. Cork lVood of West I n dies,yields th e A llig a tor App le, an au stere, n arcotic fruit .
N. O . 1 83 . E LZE A GNA CKE .
'
Hipp op hae rhamn oides, W. Common Sea B uck thorn of Northern
1 74
F R U ITS AND VEGETA BLE S.
Europe, th e berries of wh ich are much eaten by'
th e Tartars, an d
from wh ich th e fish ermen of th e Gulf of Both n ia prepare a rob ,
u sed with fresh fish . (Loudon .)O . 1 85. THYM E L I A CE JE .
I n ocarp us edu lis, th e If ; Maip e, an d R a ta of Tah iti, or Otah eite
Ch esn u t .
O . 1 89. SANTA I IACE A J .
Fusa n us acumin a tus, th e Quan don g or Au stralian Peach ; an d
Lep tomeria a cida , on e of th e Native Curran ts of Australia. See
N. O .
’
S 1 1 5 an d 1 32.
E UPHOR B I ACE ZE . SP UR GE WOR TS.
Cicca. distich a . W. Lon g- leaved Cicca .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon mcia Tetran dria .
Th e fruit, - u sed as a pickle.
Vern acular. Hurf a rori, Chelmeri, Hin d. Ch eramella, Hurip hul,Nubaree, Ben g . Urjfa lag oorie, Dec . Nelli, Mal. Ch erambola, Goa .
A run elli, Tam . Cheremin , Malaya .
Habita t . Cultivated th roug h ou t I n dia .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede .
P h y llan th us E m b lica . W. Shrubby Phyllan thus .
Lin n . Syst . Mon oecia Mon adelph ia.
Th e fruit,— u sed a pickle .
Vern acular. Amu lki, Umrita , San s. Amla , ,Ben g . A oula, A n ooli,
Amlaki, A oon g ra , A un werd, Hin d . Nelle, Mal. Nellie-kai, Tarn .
Usereke, Woosh eriko, Tel. Ama sada - n elli, Cey . Amlaj, Arab’
.
A mu leh , Pers. B oa-malacca , Malaya .
Habita t . East I n dies.
R emarks . Th e pvpoBciha z/ovs E'
p n'h e
'
rf Of Myrepsicus accordin g to
Spren g el. Compare its syn on ymes with th ose of Cicca dis ticha . U n der
N. O . 1 99. Urticacee, we h ave Gun n era sca bra u sed for tarts like th estalks of species of R h ubarb .
N. O . 200. A R TOCA R PACE ZE A R TOCA R PA D S.
A rtoca rp us in te g rifolia . W. J aca .
L i n n . Sy st . Momecia Mon an dria .
Th e compoun d fruit, u sed as a fruit an d th e seed, used as a n u t.
Vern acular. Kan ta l, Ken tal, B en g . Phun us, Dec. Tsjacka ,P ilavoo, Mal. P ila, Tam . Pan a sa, Tel. Kos, Heralee, Gediya
1 75
FR U ITS AND VE GETAB LE S.
(th e fruit), Waka ra (a l a (a Cey . B aoa - n an ca ,Sukun , Kluwi, Tambul, Malaya . Chop ada ? Sumu tra .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . First n oticed by Zan on i. Th e Champ ada of th e A rch ipelag o is smaller, bu t far superior in quality . A . in cisa, W True B read
F ruit of th e Sou th Sea Islan ds, h as been successfully reared in Bombay,b ut h as n ot vet fruited.
A rtoca rpus La k oo ch a . R ox .
L i n n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon an dria .
Th e fruit,— u sed as a fru it .Vern acular. Lakoocha, San s . Dep hul, Ben g . Lowi, By .
Habita t . In dia .
F icus Ca rica . W. Common F ig .
Lin n . Syst . Polyg am ia Dioecia.
Th e closed, su cculen t recep tacle,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. A damvara , San s . Doomoor, B en g . Unjeer, Dec.
Semica ttie, Tam . Mag dip oon doo, Tel. R a ta -a t tikka , Cey . Tin ,A rab . Eg yp t . Unjeer, Pers .
Habita t . Sou th Europe. Widely cultivated ; an d very su ccessfullyin th e Deccan .
R emarks . Men tion ed frequen tly in th e Bible, th e“wild fig
”of our
tran slation h owever bein g F icus Sg comorus, th e O'
Ud tr/os e’
v a i‘yr'
zm m of
Th eoph rastus, an dwh ich must n ot be con fou n ded with th e Sycamin e tree ofth e B ible, th e Morus n ig ra, Lin n ., or CommonYlI u lberrg of Italy, probablyon e O
'
vk cipwos of th e Greeks. Th e fig is th e e’
pw ebg of Homer, an d on e kin d
of m m?) probably of Th eoph rastu s an d Dioscorides. Plin y m en tion s several
varieties of Ficus. Th is fru it h as played a g reat part in th e h istory of
man . Th e fig s of A th en s are said to h ave temp ted X erx es to th e in vasion
of A th en s, an d with fig-leaves our first paren ts first cloth ed th em selves .
Plin y h owever tells th e m ost strikin g an ecdote in th e h istory of th e fig .
Cato, bu rn in g with m ortal h atred to Carth ag e, an x iou s too for th e safetyof h is posterity, an d ex claimin g at every Sittin g of th e sen ate th at Carth ag e
mu st be destroyed, on e day brou g h t with h im in to th e Sen ate-hou se a
ripe fig , th e produce of th at’
cou n try ex h ibitin g it to th e assembled
sen ators I ask you ,
’
said h e, wh en do you suppose th is fig was pluckedfrom th e tree A ll bein g of Opin ion th at it h ad been bu t lately g ath ered,Kn ow th en ,
’was h is reply,
‘th at th is fig was plucked at Carth ag e th e
day before yesterday— so n ear is th e en emy to our walls 1’ Imm ediately
after th is th e th ird Pun ic war commen ced, an d th us at last, as Plin y says,th at m ig h ty city, th e rival of R ome for th e sovereig n ty of th e world durin g a
p eriod of a hu n dred an d twen ty years, fell by a fig ! Th e term sycoph an th as its orig in in th e fig . Fig s, Olives, Win e, an d Hon ey were th e staple
1 76
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLE S.
ph rastus accordin g to Spren g el ; th e “ Glan s J ovis of th e
R oman s ; an d E g oz of th e Heb rews.
Vern acular. Un koth a, San s. A krot, Hin d . Dec . J owz ,Ukruf us, A rab . Cha rmag h z , Geerdig a n , J aws -roomee, Pers .
J ug la n s cin erea, W. B utter n u t of North America .
0 . 220. CONI F E R AZ
A raucaria bidwilli i , Hook . B idwell’
s A raucaria of Moreton Bay .
A raucaria imbrica ta , W. of Ch ili.
P in usf remon tia n a, E n dl. Nu t P in e of North America .
P in us P in ea , W. Ston e Pin e. See “Drug s .
O . 221 . TA X A CE JE .
Sa lisburia adia n tifolia , L. T . Ma iden -h air-Fern - leared Sa lisburia
of J apan .
0 . 223 . CYCA DA CE E .
Cycas a n g ula t a'
, of A ustralia .
N. O . 224. DI OSCOR I ACELE . YA rWS.
D ios core a adu le a ta . W. P rickly-stemmed Yam.
L in n . Sy st. Dice cia Hex an dria .
Th e tuber,— u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Mou-aloo, Hin d. B en g .
’
a ta -kelen g a ,Mal . Ka n tookela n g oo, Tam . Kaku-kukula la , Cey .
Ha bita t . East Indies.
R emarks . Goa Pota toe of Bombay bu tlers.
Dios core a. a la ta . W. Win g -sta lked Yam .
Li n n . Sy st . Didacia Hex an dria.
Th e tuber,— u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Ham-a loo, Ben g . Hin d . R'
astsje-kelen g a , Perin vullie
kelen g a , Mal. Yamska lun g , Tam . R osaken da, Cey .
Habitat. In dia .
D ios corea b ulb ifera . W. B ulb-bearin g Yam .
Lin n . Syst . Dioecia Hex an dria.
Th e bulb on th e stem, an d th e root, — u sed as veg etables.
Vern acular. Caroa-karin da , By Ka tu o ka tsn l, Mal. P a n u-kodol,Cey .
Habita t . East In dies .
1 78
FR U ITS AND VE GETA BLE S.
D ios corea p e n ta ph y lla . W. F ive-leaved Yam.
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Hex an dria.
Th e tuber,— u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Ka n ta -a loo ? Ben g . Hin d . Sh en dorva il-chan d, Colsee,By . Nuren i-kela n g u, Mal.
Habita t . East In dies.
Dioscorea. s ativa . W. Common Yam.
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Hex an dria .
Th e tuber,— u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. P erin vullie-kelen g u ? Mal. Yamskalun g .7 Tam . R a ta «
kodol, Cey.
Habita t . West In dies ; widely cultivated .
D ios corea triph y lla . W. Three-leaved Yam .
L in n . Sy s t . Dioecia Hex an dria.
Th e tuber, — used as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Ma r-chain a, By . Tsiag ri-n uren , Mal .
Habita t . Malabar.
R emarks . Dioscorea bulbosa, R ox . is also cultivated in In dia . I n
E n g lan d th e stem s of Tamus commu n is, W. Common B lack B rg on g ,
h ave bee n u sed as A sparag u s ; an d at th e Cape Tes tudin aria elep ha n tip es ,‘
B urch . Common E lep ha n t’
s f oot, or Hot ten tot’
s B read is ea ten by th e
Hotte n tots. Wh at is common ly called Cafi’
re B read belon g s to N. O . 223 .
See “ Starch es .
”U n der N. O ; 229, Hydroch aridaceae, we fin d E uclea
ova ta , h as a fru it, eaten a t th e Cape.
N. 0 . 235. MUSA CEfE . MUSA D S.
M us a p a ra dis ia ca . W'
. Common P la n ta in .
L in n . Sy st . h ex an dma Mon og y n ia.
Th e fruit,— used as a fruit, an d bread stuff.Vern acular. Hada li, San s . Ka ch -kula , Ben g . Hin d. Maoz -kella ,Kayla , Hin d . Ka il, Maoz , Dec . Vellacoy, Mal . Va lei, Tam .
Komaret tei, A rit tie, B ou ta -ariti, Ch akrakelei, Kommuariti, Na lla
a riti, Tel. A n awa lu -kesu t, Kh el-kh an g , Cey . Pesa n g , Malava .
Gada n g , J ava . Mowz , A rab .
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . Th e n ame of th is deliciou s an d u n cloyin g fru it has
b een derived from Mu sa, th e ph ysician of A u g ustu s, an d broth er
of Euph orbus, after wh om J uba called th e virulen t g um-resin Euph or
bium. I t is almost self-eviden t, however, it 1 s derived n eith er from the
1 79
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLES.
physician of A ug ustus, n or th e Muses, bu t is simply th e A rabicill uz a , taste, sig n ifyin g th at th e plan tain is th e relish of th e palatea s Op ium is th e j uice, B a rk, th e bark , p ar ex cellen ce . Mus a itselfis referred by Lassen to Moko th e San scrit for plan tain . I lumh oldt sta tes th at Sa n scrit book s g ive two oth er n am es, viz . bha n up ha la ,(su n fru it) an d va ra n a busch a a n d w ith referen ce to th e “
,arbori n ome n
palae, porn o arien ae”of Plin y, qu otes from Lassen to th e effec t th at “
th eR oman s m istook th e word pha la fru it, for th e n am e of th e tree, wh ilstva ra n a , ch an g ed in th e m ou th of th e Greek to oura n a , was tran sformed in toa rien a . Th e A rabic mau z a is probably from Moko, an d bha n u seems toapp roach ba n a n a .
”Plin y, copyin g from Th eOph rastu s, says of th e p a la
t ree, th at its leaf resemb les “th e win g of a bird, bein g th ree cubits in
len g th , an d two in breadth . I t pu ts forth its fruit from th e bark , a fruitremarkable for th e sweet n ess of its juice, a sin g le on e (bran ch ?) contain in g e n oug h to satisfy four person s . A g ain , th at th e sag es of I n dia liveupon its fruit, called a rien a . Th ere can be n o dou bt of th e plan tainb ein g m ean t . B u t B a n a n a can scarcely com e from bha n u, th e B a n a n a
b ein g th e M . sap ien tum of th e West I n dies . I t h as been th ou g h t by someto be th e tree of life” of th e g arden (n apddew ov e
’
v’
E be’
y— P aradisum
colap ta tis) of E den , an d by o th ers, wh o distin g uish between th e two,“th e t ree of kn owledg e of g ood an d evil .
”St . Pierre observes
th a t th e violet co n e a t th e e n d of'
a b ran ch of plan tain s, with th es tig mas peerin g th rou g h like g leamin g eyes, mig h t well h ave su g g ested to
th e g u ilty imag in atio n of Eve th e semblan ce of a serpen t, temp tin g her
to pluck th e fo rbidden fru it it bore, as an erect an d g olden crest . Th e
g rape, sh addock, ch erry, apple, a n d man y oth er pleasan t fru its, h avealso been th oug h t th e forbidden fruit ;” th e last from th e passag e of
th e Can ticles, ch . viii. 5,“ I awaken ed you u n der an apple tree ;
’
twas
th ere your moth er lost h er in n ocen ce “as if,
”says Calm et, Solomon
h ad h ere in ten ded to speak of the fall of th e first woman .
”Observin g
paren th etically that th e “tree of life” is probably on e with “
th e tree of
k n owledg e of g ood an d evil,”it appears to th e writer absurd to a ttemp t
to iden tify it . Neith er ch erries, apples, fig s, g rapes, Shaddocks, n or
pla n tain s can con fer immortality an d om n iscien ce an d if ever a tree is
foun d th a t ca n , t h ere w ill p robably be n o place for it eith er in th e systerrro f Lin n aeus o r of J u ssieu . Th ere are som e very pecu liar ' stories abou t
th ese fig ura tive trees, for a n y wh o m ay ch oose to search for th em .
Th e orig in al h abitat of the commo n pla n tain was probably from th e"
Valley of th e E uph ra tes, alon g th e wh ole of th e Sub -Himalayan trac t,b efore th e Deccan was j o in ed to A sia by th e formation of th e alluvial
plain of Hin doostan . T he succulen t h erbaceous stern of th is plan t,crow n ed w ith la rg e tran slucen t g reen leaves, polish ed, parallel vein ed,a n d arra n g ed as in th e palms, ren der it on e of th e most g ra teful obj ectson wh ich th e eye ca n res t in th e tropics, especially wh en in con trast witho ther v eg etable form s . I ts g olden fruit, in h a n dsom e clusters, — eacha weig h t for a m a n ,
—co 11 tain every elemen t of an imal n u trition , m ix ed
w ith frag ra n t prin ciples in such p roportion ,th at at on ce it possesses all
the wh olesomen css an d u n cloyin g taste of th e fin est Wh eaten bread, an d
1 80
FR UITS AND VE GETA B LES.
R emarks .
Men tion ed Numb. x i. , an d is th e «papavou of Theoph rastusan d D1 0 scor1des, an d Cepa of Plin y . Th e followin g Species of th e g en usare also m ore or less cultiva ted a t la rg e E u ropean sta tion s
,viz .
A llium A sca lon icum, W. Sh a llot , a n ative of Palestin e, th e (iO'
Kah cbmou
Kpéaavou of Th eoph rastu s ; A scalon ia of Plin y ; A scalon itas of th eCapitularies of Ch arlemag n e ; an d, accordin g to Spren g el, th e
Garlic” ofNumbers x i. l l .
A llium Porrum, W. Leek, a n ative of Switz erlan d, th e n pdo ov of Th eo
ph rastu s an d Dioscorides A llium Capitatum of Plin y ; Porrus ofth e Capitu laries of Ch arlemag n e ; an d Leek of Numb . x i. 1 1 .
Vern acular. Puroo, Ben g . Khora t, By . Koorn as, A rab . Ca n den a ,Pers . Korra l, E g ypt .
A llium Schoen op rasum, W. Ch ives, a n ative of B ritain ; th e a'
d odou
a x i a rc‘
w of Th eoph rastu s accordin g to Spren g el an d th e Britta of th e
Capitularies of Ch arlemag n e .
A llium Scorodop rasum, W. R ocambole, a n ative of Den mark , th e
bgbtoa x épobov of Dioscorides accordin g to Fraas, an d h is a x opoborrpcio ou
accordin g to Spren g el, which Braas makes A . descen den s .
A llium sa tivum, W. Garlic, will be men tion ed un der Con dimen ts an d
Spices .
”
A sp ara g u s o ffi cin a lis . W. Chard, Common A sp arag us .
L i n n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e you n g sl1 oot, — u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Hilyoon , Nag down , Hin d. Yeramya, llI archoobeh ,
A rab . llI a rg eeah , Pers.
Ha bita t . E n g lan d .
R ema rks . Th e followin g edible Lilyworts are also deservin g of atten
t ion in In dia
Camassia esculen ta , Lin d. Quamash of Columbia, th e bulb of wh ich
b aked, form th e ch ief win ter food of th e I n dian tribes of th at
t erritory .
Cya n ella lin ea ta of th e Cape of GoodHope, wh ere its bu lb is eaten .
Dracaen a termin a lis, or Cordylin e Ti, th e Ti of A u stralasia, which sup
plies at on ce food, sug ar, an d a n in tox icatin g drin k .
Lilium kamtscha ticum
L ilium Pomp on ium,W. Scarlet Pomp on e ;
Lilium sp ecta bile, Lin k . Showy Lily ;
Lilium ten uifolium, Fis. Slen der—leaved Lily ; h ave all bulbs used as
food in Siberia .
FR U ITS AND VEGE TA BLE S
Orn ithog a llum umbella tum,W. Common Star of B ethlehem is deser
vin g of n ote also, as its bulb is su pposed to be th e Chirion im or
P ig eon s’
Du n g of 2 Kin g s, vi. 25. (Balfou r ) A ccordin g to Fraas
it is th e BékBiwy of Th eoph rastu s dpmdciyah ov of Dioscorides ; a n d
Bolbin e alba of Plin y .
N. O . 25 1 . PA LMER . P A LMS.
B ora ssu s fi ab e lliform is . W. F a n -leaved B orassus, Pa lmyra .
L in n . Sy s t . Dioecia Hex an dria.
Th e n u t,— u sed as food in in n um erable form s an d th e g erm .
Vern acular. Ta la , San s . Ta l, B en g . Hin d . Ta rie, Hin d . Ta r,
Dec. Amp a n a , Ca rimp a n a ,Mal . P a n a n g
-ku lloo, Tam . Pu too
toa a’i, Ta ti- ku lloo, P en ty , Tel. Ta l-g ah a , Cey . Dom (Porsh n i),
Tafi , A rab . Lon tar, Malaya .
Ha bita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks . Crawfurd, Ten n an t, an d oth er writers state th at th e g erm
of th is n u t pu sh ed to th e first stag e of g rowth , dried in th e su n , con stitu tesa palatable veg etable a n d th at th e sam e su n -dried an d reduced to powderforms a flou r h eld in th e g reatest esteem by th e Du tch for its delicacy .
Cocos n u cife ra . W. Common Cocoa - n ut .
L in n . Sy s t . Mon mcia Hex an dria .
Th e n u t,—u sed in man y ways .
Vern acular. Na rikela , San s . Hin d . Ten g a ,Mal . Tayn g a , Tam . Ten ka ia , Na rikadam
'
, Kobba ri, Tel . P ol
Nawasi, Tcembili, Cey . J owz -hin dee, Nardjil, A rab . Nu r
Malaya . Ka lap a , J ava .
Habita t .'
E ast In dies .
R ema rks . Th e first distin ct m en tion of th is, plan t is by th e Arabs
(Abu z eidi an d Wahebi) ; an d later it is described also by De Valdes(Spren g el)
Hyp h aen e th eb a ica . Mart . Doum P a lm, Gin g erbread- tree .
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Hex an dria .
Th e n ut,— u sed as a fruit .Vern acular. Oka -mun del, Din Islan d.
Habita t . E g yp t .
R ema rks,Th is is the raft? of Th eoph rastus accordin g to Fraas,
Cucus of Ph n y accordin g to Fee .
1 83
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLE S.
Ph oen ix da cty lifera . Lin n . Common Da te P alm.
L i n n . Sy s t . Dioecia Trian dria.
Th e berry,— 1 1 sed as a con fection , con served in its own su g ar.
Vern acular . Kurmah , Chuhara , Hin d . Temr, Na khel, R utub (th efruit), Us tek-khurma (th e ston e), A rab . K/iurma, Pers.
Ha bita t . Th e Levan t .
R emarks . Th e Th ama r of th e B ible, wh ich g ave its n am e to Tha
ma r or Tadmor, u n til it was ch an g ed to Palmyra after th e con questsof A lex an der an d wh erever th e palm is men tion ed in th e B ible, th e date
tree is m ean t . Th e dates of Palestin e were fam ous in an cien t times,
especially th ose of J erich o, wh ich is Spoken of (Den t . x x x . 3) as th e cityof palm trees .
”Th e Greek s called th e tree (boll/cg from Phoen icia , wh en ce
th e b est dates as already stated were broug h t , distin g uish in g th e femaleas i; (pali ng Sak a i/Wipe s, an d th e m ale as 6 (boil/ if é
’
pmpz . Th e m ale flowersth ey called 3d (th e n am e also of a Pin e) an d c a ddy , an d th e fru it(pow tKoBcih avos ; alth ou g h from Plin y
’
s description of th e Ph oen ico-balan u s,
or palm acorn , it is n ot clear wh eth er h e m ean s th e Date, or th e fruit of
Hyp h aen e th ebaica , or even of E lw is g uin een sis, W. orGuin ea Oily Pa lm,
wh ich is foun d in Upper E g ypt . Hom er in h is hym n s celeb rates th e
sacred palm of Delos, wh ich Spru n g from th e g rou n d on th e b irth of
Apollo, an d ag ain refers to it in th e Odyssey at the con clusion of th e
address of Ulysses to Nau sicaa .
Never, I n ever viewed til l th is bless’d hourSuch fi n ished g race ! I g az e an d I adore !Thus seems th e pa lm with stately hon ours cro'wn ’
d
By Phoebus a l tars ; thus o’erlook s th e g rou n d ,
Th e pride of Delos. By th e Del ian coa st
I voyag ’d,leader o f a warrior host .
R aptu r’d I stood, an d at t his hou r amaz
’d ,
With rev’ren ce at th e lofty won der g az
’d
R ap tur’d I stan d ! for earth n e’er k n ew to bear
A p lan t so stately , or a n ymph so fair.
”
Solomon it will be rem embered in th e Son g of Son g s compares h is spouse toa palm (i. e . date) tree an d Madame de Stael remarks th at th e com
plimen t would b e very ag reeable to a b eau tiful woman as th e two
wisest m en of an tiquity wou ld seem to h ave been aware . Calmet con sidersth e comparison very just b ecau se th e palm t ree with some of its bran ch esh an g in g down like arm s an d som e stuck up like th e h ead, an d its lon gtrun k , resembles th e h uman fig ure, as represen ted by th e E g yptian
sculptors . Th e R everen d Fath er appears to accep t th e comparison too
literally, u n less h e implies th at statu esque is m ean t . Th e mean in g h ere,’
h owever, as in Homer, is obviou sly“ full of dig n ity an d g race
”as th e
palm ,
“th e prin ce of veg etation
”of Lin n aeu s, in th e form of wh ich th ere
lies an in ex pressible eleg an ce an d g ran deu r, fresh in its impression on th e
m in d after years of fam iliarity as wh en first seen . Th e a n cien ts carriedth e Palm -bran ch b efore th eir con querors, th e kin g s of Syria receiveda g olden Palm-bran ch in tribu te, an d the J ews laid th em on th e altar
1 84
FR U ITS AND VEGETA BLES.
Vern acular. Kun dah , San s. Ol, Hin d. Sooran , By. Karun a, Mal.
Tam . Mun cha -kun da , Te‘l.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
A rum Coloca sia . W. E g yp tia n A rum.
L in n Sy st . Mon mcia Polyan dria.Th e corm , used as a veg etable .
Vern acular. Ha choo, Kuchwee, San s. Goori-hachoo,A shoo-kuchbo,Ka la -kuchoo, Ch ar-kuchoo, an d B un -kuchoo, B en g . Ch ama -kura , .
Tel. Gah a la , Tada la, Habara la, Cey . Kalkas, Kur, A rab .
Habita t . Th e Levan t . Foun d in th e Con can s.
R emarks . Certain ly in cluded by Plin y with in h is description of Co
locaS1a Th e an cien t Eg yptian n am e would seem to h ave been A ron ,
wh en ce th e Greek c’
ipau, applied to m an y Species of th is g en u s. Th e
reader is referred for details to Salmasius,“ De Homon ymis,
”cap . cx iv.
De n ymph aea, an d cap . cx v. De colocasia et furig is . A rum macu la tumyW. Common A rum of B ritain is th e sou rce of Portlan d Sag o, an d, accordin g to Lin dley, is
“un iversally cultivated in In dia, an d k n own th ere u n der
th e n ames of Kuchoo an d Gag lee . I am n ot aware of th is. A . triloba tum,
‘
W. of Ceylon , an d th e West I n dies ? h as edible corm s, as h as also A .
esculen tum .7 of Can ada, th e E ddoe or Coco of th e West In dies accord
in g to Simmon ds. A rum in dicum, Lour. is th e Ma n hachoo or Man g uri
of Ben g al. A . n ympo
hmifolium, R ox . th e Sar-h a choo of Ben g al, R oyle'
con siders on ly a variety of A . Colocasia, or Colocasia a n tig uorum, as
som etimes called, an d A . E g yp ticum by R umph ius,“ Amb . v. fig .
Caladium aqua tile, an d C. vicorum of th e latter botan ist are also
on ly varieties accordin g to R ox burg h .
Caladium g ra n difolium . W. Great-leaved Ca ladium.
Lin n . Syst . Mon oecia Polyan dria.
Th e root, an d leaf, - u sed as veg etables.
Vern acular. A loo, By .
Habitat . Caracas. Common in Bombay .
Ca la dium ova tum . W.
Lin n . Syst. Mon oecia Polyan dria.
Th e leaf, — u sed as a veg etable .
Vern acular. A loo, By . Maha-Ketola, Cey .
Habita t . Con can s ?
Ca la dium sa g ittifolium . W1 A rrow-leaved Caladium.
Lin n . Syst . Mon oecia Polyan dria.
Th e root an d leafi— used as a veg etable.
1 86
FR U ITS AND VEGETA B LES.
Vern acular. A loo, By .
Habita t . West In dies. Common in Bombay .
R emarks . 0 . g ra n difolium an d C. sag ittifolium, th oug h frequen tlymet with in Bombay, are n ot common ly eaten , alth ou g h edible
, th e latterbein g g reatly priz ed in th e West In dies. Ca laa’ium Seg uin um, W. or
Dum Can e of America is u sed in th e West In dies an d Sou th America toset sug ar ; an d two years ag o th e writer failin g to brin g some (I mp h ee .
7)syrup to a g ood g rain , foun d th at th e n ative sug ar
-makers of th e Deccanuse th e stalk s of th e th ree species o f Ca laa’ium h ere catalog ued for th epurpose . Th e n atives of Bombay could n ot h ave learn t th is from th eWest In dies, an d such remarkable coin ciden ces of wh ich Botan y ofl
'
ers
man y in stan ces, deserve th e atten tion of ph ilolog ists . Of this orderalso Colocasia hima len sis forms th e prin cipal food of some of the h illtribes of th e Himalayas ; an d Colocasia macrorhiz a yields th e celebrated Tarah or Kop eh root of Polyn esia an d A ustralasia, n ow bein gcultivated in B ritain . A ccordin g to Simmon ds th e tuber of C.
costa tumis eaten by th e n atives of th e Pedir coast . Oth er species are alSo n u tritive .
Of N. O. 258, A coraceae, Ca lla p alustris of Laplan d has edible rh iz omes.
N. O . 260. NA I ADA CEZE . NA I A D S .
A p on e g eton m on ostach y on . W. Simp le sp iked Ap on og eton .
Lin n . Syst. Hex an dria Trig yn ia.
Th e tubers, -u sed as a veg etable.
Vern acularHabita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . A . distachyon , W. B road-leaved Ap on og eton of th e Cape,h as also edible roots, an d th ose of Potamog eton n a ta n s,W. B road-leaved
Pon dweed, are eaten in man y coun tries. Of N. O . 265. Cyperaceae,Scirp us tuberosus, is th e Pi-tsi or. Wa ter Chesn ut of Chin a ; Cyp erus
escu len tus, W. th e R ush -n ut of Sou th E urope an d C. usita tus of th e
Cape, an d C. bulbosus, h ave also edible roots.
’
For Carea: in dica, seeStarch es.
N. O. 266. GR AMI NEE . GR A SSE S.
‘
CE R E A LS.
R emarks . See A g riculturalProduce— Cereals. A lthoug h few of th em
are E astern produ cts, th e edible Species of th e followin g cryptog amic ordersare en umerated for th e purpose of completin g th e list of Fru its an d
Veg etables.”
They are ch iefly taken from Balfour’s Class Book of
Botan y ,
”
1 87
FR U ITS AND VEGETA B LES.
N. O . 267. FE LICE S.
fil ara t tia ala ta, W. , of J amaica an d Polyn esia .
P teris esculen ta , Su z . E seulen t-B rake of Au stralasia .
Cibotium billardieri .7
4 1301011 1516, .7
.
of Tasman ia .
N. O . 273 . LICHE NE S .
Cetraria icela n dica , A ch I cela n d .Moss .
Cetraria n iva lis, A ch . Sn ow Citraria of North E urope .
Leca n ora escu len ta .
Lecan ora afi n is .
Stricta p ulmon acea , Ach . Liverwort Stricta . Th e Kirg h iz Tartars
also eat an un determin ed lich en un der th e n ame of Earth -bread.
N. O . 274 . FUNGIAg aricus spemes, furn ish in g Mush rooms prin cipally A . camp es
tris, Lin n . Common Mushroom of E n g lish meadows ; A . Georg ii,
Sowerby, St . Georg e’
s Ayaric, an d A . Pru n ulus , Caesalp . Fren chMushroom .
B oletus esculen tus, Per. of Britain .
Cy ttaria darwin ii, of Terra del Fueg o .
Cytta ria berteroi, of Ch ili.
Emidia h isp idu la, of Ch in a .
Morchella esculen ta , Pers. E sculen t Morel of Europe .
Mylit ta austra lis, ofVan Dieman’
s lan d, weig h s from 1 lb. to 1 1 lbs.,an d is called Native bread.
”
Tuber cestivum, of Frarice.
Tuber cibarium, Sibth . Common Tufl e of Europe.
Tuber melan osp ermum, of Fran ce.
O .
‘
276. A LGzE .
Chon a’rus mamillosus
Chon drus crisp us
D’Urvillcea u tilis, of Ch ili.
Fucus, species.
Carrig een Moss.
Gig artin a sp eciosa, of Swan river.
Gelia’ium corn eum, formin g th e Bird’s n ests eaten by the Chin ese .
Gracilaria lich en oides, Cey lon Moss .
Gr
gfiilaria sp in osa, Ag ar
-Ag ar of the Eastern Arch ipelag o an d
ma .
1 88
D IV I S I O N I .
C la ss 3 . C .
SUBSTANCES, NOT NA R COTIC, USED'
IN INFUSION, DECOC
TION, OR OTHE RWISE IN SOLUTION OR MIX TUR EWITHWATE R , AS DR INKS.
Sh erb et s .
N. O . 33 . TI LI ACEZE . L IND ENB LOOMS.
Grew ia. a s ia tica . W. A sia tic Grewia .
Lin n . Syst. Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. P ulsha, Ben g . Hin d. Dec. Tam; Dowan iya, Cey .
Habita t . East In dies.R emarks . Th e berries of G. elastica, R oyle, are used for th e same
purpose . See Fruits an d Veg etables.
”
N. O. 40. AUR ANTI ACEJE . CI TR ONWOR TS.
Citrus A u ra n tium . R isso. Sweet Oran g e.
L in n . Sy s t . Polyadelph ia Polyan dria.Th e fruit,— Oran g e.
Vern acular. Narun g a, San s. Narin g ee, Hin d . Kumla- n eeboo,Ben g . Kitch lee, Tam . Kich ili, Kitta li-haya , Tela Doda n , Cey .
Nara nj, A rab . Narin alj-hcelu, E g yp t . J aroh -man is, Malaya .
Habita t . Ch in a ? Cultivated in In dia, South Europe, A z ores, an dWest In dies.1 91
SUBSTANCES, NOT NA R COTIC,
Citrus B erg am ia . R isso. B erg amot Citrus .
L in n . Sy st . Polyadelphia Polyan dria.
The fruit, —Lime, Berg amot .
Vern acu lar. Nimbooka , San s. Nemboo, Hin d. Neboo,Lemboo ? Dec. E eroomitch ee- n arracum , Mal. E lemitchum,
Nemma -p a n doo, Gajan imma , Tel. Deh i, Cey .
Habitat . Sou th Europe z.
In dia .
R emarks . Th e C. acida of R ox burg h .
N. R HAMNACEZE . R HAMNA DS.
Z izyp h u s J ujub a . Lam . B lun t-leaved Ziz yp hus.
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fru it.Vern acular. Koli, Kurkhu n da, Vadari
,Phen ila ? San s.
B udree, Narikelee-kool, Ben g . B ier, B ag r, B eri, Na z uc,
beri, Hin d . P erin toclda li, E len tha, Mal. E la n dei, Tam .
g h a , R eg g hoo, Tel . Mah a -alebara, I la n da , Masan , Cey .
Na bik (fruit), A rab . Con ar, Pers.
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede, alth ough supposed to be
referred to by Diodorus u n der th e n ame of Con n arus.
N. O . 74. LEGUMINOSZE . LE GUM I NOUS P LANTS.
T am a rin dus in dica . Lin n . Common Tamarind .
L i n n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Trian dria.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. Umlika , Tin tiree, Tin tili, San s. Nuli, Ambli, Hin d .
B en g . Amlee, Ten tool, Bén g . B a lam-
p ollie, Mal. P allium,
Tam . Ch in ta, Tel . Maha -sirjambala, Cey. Amblie, Tamarh in
dee, A rab .
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . First men tion ed by th e A rabs ; an d th e i guqbowik a of
Myrepsicus.
N. O . 76. R OSACEZE . R OSE WOR TS.
R osa ce n tifolia . Lin n . Cabbag e, Hun dred-leaved, or Provin s R ose,
R osa dam a s ce n a . Mill. Damask R ose.
R osa m os ch a ta . Mill.
Volatile oil of th e petals,— A ttar, or Ottb of R oses an d volatile oil
of the petals distilled u ith water,- R ose Water.
1 92
SUBSTANCES,"
n or NA R COTIC, USED m INFUSION, &c .
N. O . 16 1 . LAB I A’
I‘
fE . LA B I A TE S.
M e n th a. s a tiva . W. Ta ll R ed Min t .
L in n . Sy st . Didyn amia Gymn ospermia.
Th e h erb .
Vern acular. Pooclin a, Dec. Widdetilam, Tam . Nan a, Hubbak,A rab .
Habita t . Temperate E urope an d A sia .
R emarks . See “Dru g s, an d Con dimen ts”an d Spices. Sh erbet
(Sh arba t) like th e Latin sorbeo, an d syrup , an d sh rub, is from th e
A rabic sh araba, to drin k . A Sh erbet is essen tially water, su g ared, but
u sually furth er flavoured with some perfume, fru it, con serve, or sweetm eat .
Says Sir Th omas Herbert, of Sh erbet, it is a drin k th at qu en ch es th irstan d tastes deliciously. Th e composition is cool water, in to wh ich th eyin fuse sirrOp of Lemon s an d R ose-water in th ese torrid coun tries (Gomb rown ) bein g th e most refresh in g sort of liquor th at can be in ven ted,albeit th e win e th ere was so g ood th at we refused n ot to drin k it with
m oderation .
”The best accou n t of Sh erbets, th e compiler h as m et with ,
’
is in Lan e’
s delig h tful work on th e Modern Eg yptian s. Th e E g yptian s,”
h e writes,“ h ave various k in ds of Sh erbets or sweet drin ks . Th e most
common k in d ismerely sug ar an dWater, bu t very sweet lemon ade (sh era bcl- leg moon ) is an oth er. Th e th ird kin d, th e most esteem ed (sh ara b elben efseg ), is p 1 epared from a h ard con serve of violets m ade by pou n din gviolet flowers, an d th en boilin g th em with sug ar . th is violet su g ar is of a
g reen colour. A fourth k in d (Sh arab cl- toot) is prepared from mulher
ries : a fifth (Sh arab cl-hommeg d) from sorrel. Th ere I S also a kin d of
sh erbet (Z ebeeb) sold in th e streets, wh ich is m ade with raisin s, as its
n ame implies . A n oth er wh ich is a stron g in fu sion of liquorice root
(E rk -soos), an d called by th e n ame of th at root ; an d a th ird kin d wh ich 1 8
prepared from th e fruit of the locust tree (Karrob), an d called in like
m an n er from th e n ame of th e fru it . Th e Sh erbet is served in coveredg lass CllpS, g en erally called kulleh s,
” con tain in g abou t th ree quarters of
a pin t ; some of wh ich (th e more common kin d) are orn am en ted with
g ilt flowers. Th e Sh erbet cups are placed on a rou n d tray, an d coveredwith a rou n d piece of embroidered silk, or cloth of g old. On th e rig h t
arm of th e person wh o presen ts th e Sh erbet 1 s h u n g a larg e oblon g n apkin
with a wide embroidered border of g old, an d colou red silks at each en d .
”
No preach in g will mak e men teatotallers, for th e min d is dru n k with win e,red i n th e cup , before it passes th e lips : bu t Sh erbets with th eir eleg an t
service, an d fascin atin g association s, would probably ch eck mu ch of th e
mere idle bibbin g of n arcotic stimu lan ts.
Sh erbets .called Z oof a an d Lilloof a l are also sold in Bombay, bu t
bein g imported from Persia, prepared, I am un able to refer th eir flavourin g ag en ts to an y plan ts. Z aafa is th e Arab n ame of Common Hyssop .
NA R COTICS .
N. O . 1 3 . PA PAVER ACE lE . P OPP YWOR TS.
P ap aver som n iferum . Lin n . Garden Poppy .
Lin n . Sgat . Polyan dria Polyg yn ia.
Th e co n crete juice of th e immature . capsule, -Opium, Man us Deian d the mature capsule,— Papaver, Poppy h eads.
Vern acular. Th e plan t,— Chosa , San s. Post, Hin d. Pasta, B en g .
Casa -casa, Tam . Cassa -cassa, Tel . A boon dm (fath er of sleep),A rab . Th e capsules, - Post, Vulg . Opium ,
— Af eem, Hin d. Dec.
Afiun , Hin d. Pers. A bin ie, Tam .
'
Af eeoon , A rab . Malaya .
Habita t . A sia an dE g ypt . Cultivated in E g yp t, A siaMin or, British .
In dia, an d Chin a.
R emarks . Th e black poppy,” an d Opiumwere k n own to the an cien ts,an d th e celebrated (bdpp a x or min er/deg of Homer was probably some pre
paration of Opium . Th e Museum is . u n u sually fortu n ate in itsrepresen tation of Opium . E very in strumen t used in th e cultivation ofth e poppy an d th e man u factu re of the ex tract in Cen tral In dia an d Hindoostan all th e application s of th e plan t, an d each stag e of th e drug , an devery commercial variety, h as been supplied by Govern men t . I n additionI have received an u n described variety from Colon el Taylor, th e R esiden t atZan z ibar, wh o ob tain ed it wh ile trayellin g th roug h Persia at Y'
ez d . I t isin a stick like Sealin g
-wax , liver coloured, an d very h ard. Samples ofCh in a an d Pun jab Opium were also supplied, bu t th e former turn edbad, wh ilst th e latter h as been ex pen ded in an alysis. On e Of the most
in terestin g Objects in th e‘ collection is th e orn amen ted apparatus u sed
by th e R ajpoots in preparin g an d drin kin g Kussumbah a watery solu tion
of Opium . Th ere is also a complete opium smokin g service‘ from Ch in a,
with Ch in ese pictures illustratin g th e‘
practice . I n Bombay Opium is
g en erally taken in th e form of small pills,\
but in Hin doostan it is
employed in a n umber of forms, as sweetmeats, con serves, drin ks, butn ever smoked as in Ch in a, u n less th e practice h as been commu n icated toth e people by Chin ese immig ran ts as in B ombay, wh ere chan doo or th esmokeable ex tract ” is quite familiar. Ma n illa Ch eeroots con tain
Opium . Kokemar is a decoction of poppy-h eads u sed. in Persia . Popp y
an d P ap aver, are said to be from “pap,
”because g iven with th eir food
to quiet ch ildren !P eg an um Harma la , W., Syrian R ue, N. O . 63 (See
“Drug s Ma
rucuia ocella ta, B u ll-hoof or Du tchman ’
s Lauolan um Of Jamaica,Passifloraceae an d Lactucarium, th e ex tract of Lactuca sa tiva , Garden
Lettuce, an d L . virosa, Stron g -scen ted'
Let tuce, N. O . 1 20 (See‘
Drug s h ave been recomm en ded as substitutes for Opium .
.
Th e
followin g plan ts also are used similarly to Opium i n d1tferen t coun triesN. O . 46. E R YTHR OX Y LA CE E . E rythrox ylon Coca, th e leaf ofwh ich
is th e Coca of th e Bolivia an d Peru .
N.
'
O. 68 . CE LAST R A CE JE . Ca tha edulis, th e'
leaf of wh ich is th eKhat of th e Arabs an d E thiopian s (v. infra).1 98
NA R COTICS.
N. O . 74 . LE GUM INOSE . A cacia Ca techu, th e ex tract of th e wood of
wh ich is Ca techu, ch ewed th rou g h ou t th e East (0 . inf ra)“
Can avalia virosa, th e,bean Of wh ich is common ly used as a n arcotic
in th e Con can s (v. inf ra).
N. O . 1 1 3 . LO R ANTHA CE JE . Loran thusf a lca tus, th e‘
bark of whichis used in Can ara as a substitu te for Betel-n u t .
O . 1 1 5 . C I NQHONA CE JE . Un caria Gambir, th e ex tract of th e leafofwh ich is Terra Japon ica (v. infra).
O . 1 34 . A QU I FOL I A CE E . I lea vomitoria , th e decoction Of th e leafOf wh ich ' is th e black drin k of th e Sem in oles.
”
O . 1 58 . A T R OPA CE E . Da tura -Humma tu, var.f astuosa, an d D .
llI etel, th e seeds an d leaves of wh ich are th e Datura of A sia
in fra) ; D . Stramon ium, th e seed an d leaf Of wh ich is th e
Stramon ium of E urope ; an d D . san g uin ea, from th e fru it of
wh ich th e Ton g a drin k Of th e n atives of th e A n des is prepared.
Nicotia n a Ta bacum, an d oth er species ofNicotia n a , th e leaves of
wh ich con stitu te th e differen t kin ds of Tobacco (v. inf ra).
N. O. 1 99. U R T I CA CE JE . Can n a bis sa tiva, wh ich h erb an d its resin
'
are used th roug h ou t A frica, an d parts of A sia (11 . inf ra).O . 207. PI PE RA CE E . Ch amca B ette, th e leaf of wh ich is th eP a n of Sou th A sia inf ra) ; Macrop ip er melhg sticum, th e
rh iz om e of wh ich is u sed in the preparation , by simply ch ewin g ,of th e A va of th e Sou th Seas.
N. O . 25 1 . PA LM ZE . A reca Ca techu, th e kern el of which yields
on e kin d of Catech u (v. infra).
N. BYTTNE R I AOE ZE . B YTTNE R I A DS.
T h e ob rom a. Ca ca o . W. Smooth - leaved Chocola te Nut .
L in n . Sy st . Polyadel phia Decan dria.
Th e k ern el, burn t, poun ded, an d made in to a paste with su g ar, an d
van illa, or cin n amon ,- Ch ocolate an d th e seed coat, or Nibs with
portion s of th e kern el,— Cocoa, or Miserable.
Vern acular.
Habita t . Mex ico, Caraccas, Demerara. Cultivated in Bourbon an d
Mau ritius.
R emarks . Th rives well in Bombay . A n in tox icatin g liquor is preparedalso from th e pulp of th e fruit. Th ere are two oth er species, T. g uia n en
sis, W. an d T . bicolor .7 I n B raz il th e seed of P a u llin ia sorbilis, Sapin
daceee, is substitu ted for Cocoa ; an d that Of A rach is hg p og cea, Leg um in osee, an d th e root of Cyp erus esculen tus, Cyperaceee, are also g ood
succeda n ea .
1 99
NA R COTI CS.
N. O . 33. TI LI ACE JE . LI NDE NB LOOMS.
Grewia a sia tica . W. A siatic Grewia .
L in n . Sy s t. Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fermen ted juice of th e fruit.Vern acular. Phulsha, Ben g . Hin d. Dec. Tam. Dawan iya,
R emarks . See Vitis vin if era, N. O . 53 .
N. O . 36. TE R NST R OMI ACE ZE . TH EA D S.
T h ea. ch in e n s is . Sims, B ot . Mag . fig . 998 .
var. a B oh ea , Lin n sp . 743 .
var. B viridis , Lin n sp . 735.
L in n . Syst . Mon adelphia Polyan dria .
Th e prepared leaf, ch iefly of eith er T. B ohea, or T. viridis, in differen tly,
— Black Teas, an d Green Teas .
Vern acular. Char, By.
Habita t . Ch in a, Japan . Th e variety T. B ohea is cultivated abou tCan ton , an d T. viridis abou t k ych ow. A variety, T. assamica .
7
is also cultivated in A ssam .
R emarks . Tea is first men tion ed (ex cept by th e Ch in ese) in an
Arabian itin erary of th e n in th cen tu ry . A ll th e cul tivated Teas aren ow con sidered to be mere varieties of T. ch in en sis . Neith er of th ese
yield ex clusively eith er Black or Green Teas, bu t both T. B oh ea
a n d T. viria’is yield both Black an d Green accordin g to th e treat
m en t of th eir leaves. T . viridis cultivated abou t k ych ow yields th e
b est Black'
an d Green Teas, an d T. B oh ea abou t Ca n ton , the in feriork in ds. Th e prin cipal kin ds of Black Tea are Boh ea, Pekoe, Sou ch on g ,Campoi, Con g ou , an d Caper ; an d of Green , Imperial, Twan kay,Hyson -sk in , an d Gu n powder. True Imperial— “ Flos- th eae — is rarelyseen in E urope, an in ferior kin d scen ted with th e blossoms of Olea f rag ran sbein g substitu ted . Th e Ch in ese perfum e th eir teas with various Odori«
ferous plan ts an d n ame th em accordin g ly, as th e rose, plum , J asmin um
Sambae, Ag la ia odora ta , oran g e, Garden ia florida , Cloran thus in con sp i
cuus, Murraya ex otica , Vites: sp ica ta , Camellia Sasa n qua, Camellia
odorifera , I llicium an isa tum, Mag n olia Yu lan an d with turmeric, orrisroot, an d oil of arn otto . Som e of th e in ferior description s of teas are
adulterated with Prussian -blue, g ypsum , &c. to improve th eir appearan ce .
Lie- tea con sists of th e sweepin g s of th e tea wareh ou ses cemen ted tog eth erwith rice-water an d rolled in to g rain s. B rick- tea is essen tially Lie
- tea
dampedwith bullock’
s blood an d pressed in to a mould . An in fusion of it
is beef tea an d tea at on ce . Th e Ch in ese also prepare loz en g es with th e
ex tract of tea leaf wh ich are ex ceedin g refresh in g . Th e n arcotic effectsO f tea on man , seem to in crease towards th e equator. Th ere are twelve
varieties of Can ton teas in the museum .
200
NA R COTICS .
N. O. 1 6 1 . LAB I ATJE . Micromeria Thea -sin en sis, used in Fran ce.
Mon arda didyma , an d M . p urpurea , Osweg o Tea . Ocymum
a lbum, used in I n dia . Sa lvia oflicin a lis, Sag e Tea .
”
N. O . 1 62. VE RBE NA CE JE . La n ta n a pseudo-Th ea ,
“ Capitao da
Matto of B raz il.”
Stachytarp h eta jamaicen sis, used in A ustria,u n der th e n ame Of Bra z illian Tea .
”
N. O. 1 7 1 . CHE NO PO D IA CE E . Chen op odium ambrosioides, u sed in
Mex ico an d Columbia .
N. O . 1 79. A NTHE R OSPE R MACE E . A n thcrosp erma moscha ta,u sed in A ustralia .
N.
'O . 1 95. E U PHO’
R B I A CE zE . Cro'
ton E leu teria, an d perh aps also
Croton Casca rilla , are u sed in Hayti.
N. O . 230. ORCH IDA CE E . A n g rcecum frag ra n s, Fah am ofMauri
tius an d Bourbon .
N. O . 53 . VI TA CE Z-E . VI NE WOR TS.
V itis vin ifera . IV. Common Grap e.
L in n . Sy s t. Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fermen ted j irice of th e g rape,-Win e.
Vern acular. Draksh a , San s . B en g . D rakhya lu ta , B en g . D akh,
Un g oor, Hin d . Kodrimoon drie, Tam . Dra ch a , Tel . Al lie/drop ,
Cown s , ”f eel-midi, Cey . Kerm (the bin e), I n u b (th e g rape ),Umaseen (mu st), Z ebeeb, .Meweez (raisin s), A rab . Un g oor, Pers .
B ooaan g oor, Malaya . Win e,— Kh amr, A rab .
Ha bita t . Persia . Cultivated th rou g h ou t th e old world from In diato the 5 1 ° n orth .
R emarks . See Fru its an d Veg etables . Grape j uice, or mus t in th eair
, at a temperatu rebetween 60°an d 80
° Fah r. , ferm en ts, ,an d th is ferm ety ,drawn Off its sedimen t, racked, su lp hured, an dfi n ed , is win e . Persia is
u n doub tedly th e n ative coun try of th e Vin e, an d on th e g roun d of th e storyOf Noah , we may con clude th at win e was first made in th e n eig h bou rh oodof A rmen ia . Th e Persian tradition is, th at win e was discovered byth e ren own ed J am sh id . He was immoderately fon d of g rapes, an d de~
sired to preserve som e, wh ich were p laced in a larg e vessel an d lodg ed in a
vault for future u se . Wh en th e vessel was open ed, th e g rapes h adfermen ted ; th eir j uice in this state was so acid, th at th e kin g believed it
must be poison ous. He had some vessels filled with it, an d pOiso nwritten upon each ,— th ese were placed in h is room .
”Here, h owever, we
must con fess J amsh id’
s sh are in th e discovery en ds ; for, ag ain , it was a
woman wh o first tasted th e forbidden fruit .” I t h appen ed th at on e
of h is favourite ladies was affected with n ervous h eadach es th e pain
distra cted h er so th at sh e desired death ; Observin g a vessel with poison
written on it, sh e took it an d swallowed its con ten ts . Th e win e, for suchit h ad become, overpowered th e lady, wh o fell down in to a soun d sleep
202
NA R COTICS .
arid awoke much refresh ed. Delig h ted . with th e remedy, sh e repeatedth e doses so often , th at th e mon arch ’
s poison was all dran k . He soon
discovered th is, an d forced th e lady to con fess wh at sh e h ad don e . A
quan tity of win e was m ade an d J am sh id an d all h is court dran k of th e
n ew beverag e wh ich , from th e circum stan ce th at led to its discovery, 1 S toth is day k n ow n I n Persia by th e n ame of Zeker- i- I (oosh , or th e delig h tfu lpoison . Th e Greek s a ttribu ted th e discovery of win e to Dion ysos , an d
B och art wou ld iden tify h im with th e foun de1 of Babylon . Th e Greeks
an d R oman s recog n ised abou t on e h u n dred kin ds of win e . Th e vin eyards
of Fran ce, Spain , Hun g ary, Sicily, Naples, th e Cape of Good Hope, POI
tug al, A u stralia, an d th e Ca n aries, n ow p roduce more than a th ou san d
varieties, th e poorest Of wh ich probably as far ex cels th e Falern ian of
Horace, as it is ex celled by th e best win es of th e Cote d’
Or, Zem plin , an dth e Hau t R h in . I t is impossible in th is catalog ue to en um era te th e
a n cien t an d m odern win es ; bu t th e followin g list Of plan ts, oth er th an th eVin e, yieldin g vin ou s liquors, or arden t spirits, in variou s parts Of th e world,is in serted to prove h ow I n every cclime, an d from every order of plan ts,n ature offers alcoh olic Stimulan ts to m ake g lad th e h eart Of m an .
N. O . 4 . ME N I SPE R MA CE JE . Cocu lus Ceba tha , used in A rabia in
th e preparation of Kamr-ool~majn oon . Cissamp elos obtecta , used
in Gurhwal.
N'
. O . 33 . T I L I ACE rE . A TiSl0 telia Maqui, in Ch ili. Grewia osia tica ,in In dia (v. sup ra). Grewia flava ,
“ Bran dy Bush”
of th e
Cape Of Good Hope .
N. O . 40 . GUT’
I‘
I F E R AZ . Mammea american a, in Sou th Americato prepare E au de Creole .
N. O . 70. R HAMNA CE JE . Ziz yphus Lotus, abou t Tripoli. Z .
orth aca n thus, in Gambia .
N. O . 7 1 . A NA CA RD IA CE A} . A n acan dium Occiden ta le (v. inf ra),an d Ma n g ifera in dica , in In dia .
N. O . 74 . LE GU M I NOSZE . A cacia leucop h lma , an d A . f errug in ea ,in In dia . P rosop is A lg aroba , in Sou th America in th e prepa ra
t ion of Ch ica .
N. O . 76 . R OSA CE /E . Pyrus Ma lus, an d P . commu n is in E n g lan d,th e first for Cider, an d th e secon d for Perry. Sp ircea kamtscha
tica , u sed in Kam tsch atka .
N. O . 85. MY R TA C E JE . E uca lyp tus g un n u of Tasman ia affordsan ab un dan t sap, wh ich fermen ts in to a beer-like liquor.
N. O 1 03 . GR OSSU LA R I A CE JE . R ibes Grossularia, used I n Europe
u n der th e n ame of Ch ampag n e.
N. O . 1 1 4 . CA P R I FOL I A CE ZE . Sambucus n ig er, yields ElderberryWin e of Eu rope .
N. O . 1 35. SA POTA CE ZE . B assia la tzfolia, yields the Ill awhra of
In dia. (V. inf ra).
NA R COTICS.
N. O . 1 40 . A SCLE P IAD ACE AE. Ca lotrOp is g ig a n t ea , yields th eB a r of th e Western Ghai ts, an d the Giy a
”of th e A frican s
(Barth) (v. inf ra). Sa rcostemma brevis tig ma , yields th e Son i aof the Vedas (v. inf ra .)
N. O . 1 5 1 . CONVO LVU LACE AJ. B a ta tas edulis , y ields th e Vin troda Balatas Of B ra z il.
N. O . 1 57 . SO LANA CE /E . Sola n um tuberosum, used in E urope inth e preparatlon of Bra n dies .
N. O . 1 95 . E U PHO R B I A CE JE . Al a n ihot u tilissima , used in th e
p repara tion Of th e P iworree, or Ouycon of Guyan a , Masa to ofMex ico, an d A ip y an d Ka via raku 0 1 B raz il. P iworree is p reparedsimilarly to Maiz e, an d Alg aroba (i.
'
e . P rosop is A lg aroba) Chica ,
an d A va . A portion is chewed, spa t in to a bowl, mix ed wit hwa ter, allowed to fermen t, an d dru n k .
N. O . 1 99. U R T I CA C E AB.
“Ficus Carica, yields th e .Mahayah ofMorocco .
N. O . 207. PI PE RA CE A) . Macrop ip er methysticum, u sed in pre
parin g th e A va Of th e Sou th Seas.
N. O . 21 1 . B E TU LA C E AE. B etula a lba , an d B . g lu tin osa, affordth e Birch win e” ofNorway .
N. O . 220.
’
CONI F E mE . A bies ca n aden sis, an d A . n ig ra , u sed irrth e preparation of Sp ruce beer .
”Species Of fir are also used in
th e preparation Of th e Mum of B ru n swick .
N. O . 242. L I L I A CE JE . Ag ave america n a , yields th e Pu lg ue, Cotti,or Ag ava win e Of Mex ico . D ra cce n a termin a lis (Cordylin e Ti),yields th e I
’wero Of th e San dw I ch Isles .
N. O . 25 1 . PA LME . B orossusfi abelliformis ; Ca ryota uren s Cocosbu tyracea , New Gran ada, an d Ven ez uela ; Cocos n ucifera , E astIn dies R lceis g uin een sis, A frica, an d tropical America ; Mauritia
vin if‘
era , Braz il ; Nip a f ru ticous, E astern A rch ipelag o ; Phoen ixda cty lifera , an d P . sy lvestris ; R ap hia vimf era , West Coast of
A frica A ren g a sa cch arifer, E as tern A rch ipelag o A i’
n ocarp us B a
ca ba , AB. B a ta ca , an dHi . dis tich a of th e Am az o n s ; from wh ich th evarious P a lm w in es an d Sp irits of th e tropics are prepared, amo n gwh ich may be n amed th e A rrak of Goa, I ll ilaf o of Con g o, Ch a
of Ch in a, Tori, Sin day, an d Toddy of In dia, Saura of Nicobar,Tuba of Man illa, an d Sag wire of Celebes .
N. O . 266 . GRAM INA C E E . A ven a sa tiva , u sed in th e preparation
Of th e B rag a of R u ssia, Schara of th e Calmu cks, an d oth er malt
liquors, an d corn spirits . E leusin e cora ca n a , u sed in th e preparationof th e B oyah Of the Deccan (A in slie), an d Murw a of Nepaul .Hordeum sps ., u sed in E urope in th e preparation of A le, B eer, an d
P orter . Poa abyssin ica , the Tefl'
of A byssin ia, similarly used in
th at coun try . Oryz a sa tiva,yields th e A rrak of Batavia, Ma n drin
0 04
NA R COTICS.
tion , for wh at is th e differen ce between eatin g lettuces, or drin kin g tea,
coffee, o r Kh é t, an d drin k in g alcoh ol dilu ted to a stren g th wh ich ch eersbu t n ot in ebriates ?
”Caf ta above is th e same as Khdt . Th is im portan t
econ om ic plan t flourish es lux u rian tly in Bombay . A lth oug h described,it is n ot n amed in my edition of Forskal . See Opium
”an d Tea .
”
N. o. 70. ANA CA R D I ACE ZE . ANA CA R DS, on TE
A n a ca rdium o ccide n ta le . W. Common Cash ew .
L i n n . Sy s t . E n n ean dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e succulen t pedu n cle .
Vern acular. B eejara -sa la , San s: Hijilee- badam, Ben g . Caiao, Dec .
P eitiea manjo, P aru n kimavah , Mal . JlI oon dri, Tam . J ia’i fi — an d
Al u n ta — mamedi, Tel. kVa tu -caju, Cey . Oudja , Malaya . J umboo
ceron g , Sumatra .
Ha bita t . America . Cultivated in Malabar, Trich in opoly, Coroman
del, Ch ittag on g .
R emarks . First described by Th evetius. A spirit is prepared fromth e pedu n cle by th e Portug uese . The ripe pedu n cle itself h as cerebraleffects . Th e man g o is also similarly employed.
N. O . 74 . LEGUMINOSZE . LE GUMI NOUS PLANTS.
A ca cia leu coph leea . R oar.
L in n . Sys t. Polyg am ia Mon mcia .
Th e bark .
Vern acular.
Ha bita t Sou th ern Mah ratta Coun try : Coroman del.
R emarks . A Spirit is distilled from th e bark , an d th e trees are farm ed
on accou n t of Govern m en t (Dalz ell). I n Corom an del Spirit is also p re
pared from th e bark of A . f errug in ea an d A in slie states th at th e b ark of
a species of Phoen ix is also sim ilarly u sed in In dia.
Ca n ava lia viros a . W. et A .
L in n . Sy st . Dradelph ia Decan dria.
Th e pod.
Vern acu lar. Kudsumbar, By.
Ha bita t . Th e Con can s, in h edg es.
R emarks . This is th e paren t of C. g ladia ta , De C. Th is is a common
n arcotic in th e Con can . Th e pods are sh red like Fren ch bea n s, boiled ,
a n d eaten , wh en in tox ication follows. I h ave n ot met with an accou n t ofth is plan t in an y book n or with an y bu t th e h umblest n atives wh o are
aware of its effects. See Opium .
”
NA R C’
OT I‘
CS.
N. 0 . 1 15. C I NCHONACE fE . CI NCHONA DS.
C ofiea a ra b ica . Lin n . A rabian Caf es .
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Mon og y n ia.
The burn t seed,— Coffee ; th e pericarp, or Sh ell, an d th e leaf, — CoffeeTea .
'Vern acular. Khwa, Ben g . B oon al, Caphee, By . B oon n (th e seed),Qahoueh (th e decoction ), A rab . Cahwa , Pers. E leave, Eg ypt .
Cahvey, Turk .
Habita t . Caffa an d E n area in Abyssin ia . Cultivated in Arabia
from circa 1 554 . Cultivated in Malabar, Ceylon , th e Caffre Coast,Mauritius, J ava, West I n dies, an d B raz il.
R emarks . Coffee h as been in u se in A byssin ia imm emorially . I t was
in u se in Persia, A . D . 875, an d from th en ce was g radually in troduced in toSyria, E g yp t , Con stan tin ople, an d A rabia . We fin d it at Ven ice abou t
1 6 1 5, a t Marseilles 1 644, Lon don 1 652, an d Paris 1 657. I n 1 688,R ay observes, Lon don m ig h t rival Gran d Cairo in th e n umber of its/coffee
h ou ses . Th e A rabs roast th e wh ole f ruit of th e coffee an d n ot th e seed
o n ly, an d th is th ey call Sakka or Sa labi . I n Bombay, I am told, som e
A rabs use on ly th e pericarp of th e fru it . Th e leaf is u sed wid ely in th e
E astern A rch ipelag o . Besides th e Cofi'
ea a ra bica , o th er species h ave b eenformed, ,
as C. ben g ha len sis . C. z a n g ueba ria , C. mauritia n a , an d o th ers,b ut th ese can on ly b e varieties of th e orig in al A byssin ian p lan t . A vicen n ac irca A . D . 1 000, a n d after h im R an wolf describe A rabian Coffee .
”
T he followin g p la n ts are used as substitu tes for Coffee in variou s cou n triesof th e world
N. O . 1 4 . LE GU M I NOSAZ . Cicer arietin um,Common Ch ick P ea , o r
Gram, th e seed . I n g a big lobosa , th e seedibein g u sed in Soudan .
Pa rkia af rica n a , th e seeds bein g u sed in E th iop ia .
N. O . 1 1 4 . CA PR IFO L I A C E AE} . Triosteum p erf olia tum, th e seeds
bein g used in North Am erica .
N. O . 1 1 5 . C I NCHONA CE E . Psychotria Sps . , the seeds bein g used
in th e West In dies .
N. O . 1 1 6. GAL I AC E zE . Ga lium Ap arin e, th e roots bein g used in
I relan d .
N. COM POSITE . Cichorium I n tybus, th e source of
Ch icory . Leon todon Tara x acum, th e room bein g used like
Ch icory”in E urope .
N. O . 1 58 . A T R OPA CE /E . Hyoscyamus sp ., th e seeds bein g used
by th e Ton g uses .
N. O . 21 2. CO R Y LA CE rE . Quercus sp . , th e A corn bein g u sed in
E urope .
N. O . 236 . I R I D A C E AS. I ris p seud’
A corus, th e seeds of wh ichh ave been ex perimen tally u sed in E n g lan d. Th e seeds of in n umer
207
NA R COTICS.
able o th er plan ts h ave been tried, a n d even burn t bread. The
seed of a plan t called Ken g n el in Turk ey, was also sh ow n at th e
E x h ibition of 1 85 1 , as ex ten sively u sed in th e Kair-ar-eh , an d
Komah .
N. O . 1 35. SA POTACE ZE . SA P O TA D S.
B a ss ia la tifolia . W. B road- leaved B assia .
L in n . Sy st . Dodecan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e flowers .
Vern acular. Madhoolca , Ma rion /ca , San s . Mou la , Ben g .
Ma/zwa , Muhooa , Ben g . ill ourfia, By. P oou n um, Mal.
elloop ei, Tam . I p ie, Tel.
Ha bita t . East I n dies.
R emarks. A Spirit is distilled from th e flowers .
N. O . l 4o. A SCLEPI ADACE IE .
Ca lotrop is g ig a n te a . R . B rown . Carledzflowered Ca lotrop is .
L in n . Sy l t . Pe n tan dria Dig yn ia .
Th e milk sap .
Vern acular. A rka , A /cun d , Seay taa rkum,San s . A le, M
’
udar, Hin d.
R owee, By . I’
scada , (Ja n . Yercum, Vullerlcoo, Tarn . Neela g'
eeleeroo .
Tel. Moodu-wara , Cey . a‘
on , Burmah . Osfima r, Csen a r, A rab .
B ejd-el-osch a r, E rmin ion .
7 (Kerch er)Eg yp t . Wh ite var.— A larka ,
San s . Shwet -a/t u n d an d — n r/ca , B en g . Tellay'
elladoo, Tel. Th e
sug ar,- Sa /chur-ool-asliur, Vulg . Th e spirit ,
— B ar, By .
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . See Dru g s . Th e in tox icatin g liquor B ar is prepared byth e tribes of th e Western Ghats . I t is th e last plan t in th e w orld fromwh ich an in tox ica tin g spirit m ig h t be ex pected, an d yet Barth a lso s ta tes
of th e tribes of th e Tag am ah that th ey fermen t th eir Gig/ a”with its
m ilk-sap .
Sarcostemm a b revistig m a . W. et A . Twisting Sarcostemma .
Th e juice of the plan t .Vern acular. Soma , Soma ln ta , San s. Ben g Tig a
- tsh n moodoo, P a lla
t ig e, Tel . llfuwa-keerig/a , Cey .
Ha bita t . Hills of Pun jab , B olan Pass, R oh ilcun d, Khan deish ,Hills abou t Poon a, Co roman del.
R ema rks . Th e Sum o f th e Vedas, a n d Ham of th e Zen d A vesta . Man y
passag es m ig h t be quoted from th e Vedas to sh ow th e superlative estima tion
in wh ich Soma was h eld by th e B rahmin s of th e olden time. I on ly. g ive
208
NA R COTI CSL
n ew ! I t was afterwards described by B en z on i abou t 1 556, a n d byThevetiusabou t
'
1 558 . Hern an dez in trodu ced it in to Spain an d Portu g al, an d fromth e latter cou n try J oan Nicot sen t a plan t to Cath erin e de Medicis, wh en ceth e Fren ch n am e Herbe a la R ein e . Tobacco leaf was broug h t to E n glan d by R alph Lan e in 1 586, on th e return of Sir Fran cis Drak e with th e
Virg in ian colon ists, an d th e practice of smok in g h avin g been adopted bySir Walter R aleig h , an d oth er cou rtiers, soon became common . Sh ortlyafter th e seeds were in trodu ced from th e West In dies . In dulg en ce in
Tobacco was proh ibited by Popes, Sultan s, Kin g s, Cz ars (or rath er Gran d
Duk es of Moscow), an d Sh ah s a h u n dred book s were written ag ain st it,amon g st th em th e n otorious Coun terblas t to Toba cco , th e k n ou t a n d
death even were prescribed ag ain st sm ok ers ; bu t Tobacco was g reaterth an all, an d prevailed, an d prevails u n impaired in in fluen ce wh en n ow
th e Popes an d Sultan s are all bu t n ames of h istory. Tobacco is probablyfrom Ta ba c, th e sm okin g in strumen t of th e n atives of Am erica ; possiblyfrom Tobag o in th eWest In dies, or Tabasco in New Spain . Th e E astern
syn on ymes, an d th e prevalen ce of smokin g in th e East , ex cite th e suspicionth at both th e practice an d th e h erb mu st b e in dig en ous h ere, an d some
au th orities h ave asserted th is. We fi n d, h owever, th rou g h ou t A sia n o
species ofNicotia n a bu t wh at are in dig en ous to Am erica, alth oug h of ten
fou n d wild, a fact wh ich n eed scarcely be weig h ed in th e arg um en t wh en
we con sider th at two of th e most widely Spread, abu n dan t, an d pestilen t
plan ts in In dia— Op u n tia d illen ii an d A rg emon e mex ica n a — are n atives of
Am erica . I t m ay be doub ted, also, wh eth er th e so- called Species of
Nicotia n a are n ot simply varieties of N. Ta ba cum . Th e u se at least
of Tobacco in A sia can n ot well h ave been prior to th e 1 7th cen tury, or
th e Sh ah s an d Sultan s of th at era would scarcely h ave protested ag ain st
it in th e tyran n ical m an n er th ey did . Lan e ex pressly states th at Tobaccowas in trodu ced in to Turkey an d E g ypt in th e 1 7th cen tury, an d in
1 60 1 it was carried to J ava .
“ Smokin g , of cou rse, is k n own to h ave
b een immemorially practised in th e old world, bu t h ere th e smok in g”
of Tobacco is alon e m ean t . Th e followin g so called Species ofNicot ian a h ave been recog n iz ed, but perh aps th e majority of th em are on lyvarieties of th e first .
(L) N. Tabacum, Lin n . , th e sou rce of Virg in ia n , Mary lan d, Ken :
ta cky, Ca rolin a , an d B ilsak Tobaccos .
N. la tissima, Miller, in cludin g N. f ru ticosa , Lin n . , an d N.
chin en sis, Fisch er, th e source of larg e Hava n n ah Cig ars .
N rustica , Lin n ., in dig en ous to America, an d foun d wild alsoin Europe, A sia, an d A frica, th e sou rce of La takkia (Laodicea),Sa lon ica (Th essalon ica), an d Turkey Tobaccos .
(4 ) N. p ersica, Lin dl., th e source of P ersia n or Skiraz Tobacco .
N. rep an da, W th e source of small Hava n n ak or Queen’
s
N. quadricalvis, Parsh ., th e source of I ll isw n ri ? an d Ohio .7
Tobacco.
2 10
NA R COTICS
N. n a n a, Lin dl. , a n ative of th e R ocky Moun tain s.
N. multiva lvis, Lin dl th e sou rce of th e varieties of Columbia n
Tobacco, as Columbian , Varin a .7 Cuman a B esides th e Com
’
m ercial kin ds Of th e leaf already n am ed, B ra z ilia n , Du tch or Amersf oot, rlf a n illa , St . Domin g o Tobaccos, all from N. Tabacum probably,an d Orin oco probably from N. la tissima are met with . I n In diaN. Ta bacum
.is cu ltivated in th e Deccan , an d N. rustica to th e
n orthward . N. p ersica was in troduced g en erally in to th e Bom
bay Presiden cy som e years sin ce by Colon el Barr.
TOBA CCO prepared for Ch ewin g or Smokin g may be eith er cu t as Sh ag ,
R eturn s, B ird’
s - eye, Mary lan d,Ka n as ter, Orin oco, Turkey, P ersia n , an d
Varin as : or sp un , rolled, or twis t, as Pig ta il, Neg ro-h ead, Caven dish ,
I rish - twist, B og ie, A lloa or m ade up in to Cig ars as Hava n n ah ,O
or
Ch eroots as Ma n illas,— a cig ar bein g poin ted at th e ex tremities, a ch eroottrun cated.
SNU FFS are preparation s of th e leaf powdered an d fermen ted, an d may be
eith er dry, as Scotch , I rish , I/Velsh , Sp a n ish or moist, as th e Simp le R a
p ees, B rown , B la ck , Cuba , Ca rotte, an d B ola n g ero mix ed R ap ees, as Hard
ma n’
s Gen uin e, No . 37; an d Scen ted R ap ees, asP rin ce’
s Mix ture, &c .
Tobacco is used over a wider area th an an y oth er n arcotic, an d probably inlarg er quan tity th an an y oth er, ex ceptin g P a n , th e leaf of Ch avica B ette,an d the popularity of bo th is probably owin g to th e g en tle an d con tin u ou scalm an d ch eerfuln ess of m in d th ey are capable of sustain in g . Tobaccosmokin g is of course alon e h ere m ean t, an d in moderation . Tobaccotak en in tern ally, acts very violen tly on th e h uman system , an d probablyTobacco ch ewin g an d sn u ffin g are always dan g erou s . A cciden ts m ay h ave
also atten ded Tobacco Smokin g , bu t taken with care an d temperan ce it iscertain ly th e most in n ocen t, delig h tful, a n d effi cien t of human in dulg en ces .
Th ere is n o ch ag rin , fret, or wearin ess, a pipe or. cig ar can n ot dissipa te .
Pereira (from wh om most of th e above in formation h as been abstrac ted)in deed states, I am n ot acqu ain ted with an y well
-ascertain ed ill effectsresultin g from th e h abitual prac tice of smokin g .
”A n d Ch ristison w rites,
I n man y in dividuals, wh o u se it (Tobacco) h abitually, th e smoke h as
an ex traordin ary power in removin g ex h au stion , listlessn ess, an d restless
n ess, especially wh en broug h t on by bodily or m en tal fatig ue, an d th isproperty is th e basis of its g en eral use as an article of lux u ry . Som e
imag in e th at th e practice of sm ok in g an d sn u ffin g is detrim en tal to h ealth ,
bu t th is supposition is doub tful . Neverth eless th e Opposite testimon y of
oth er g rea t au th orities m u st be con sidered , con clusive of evil of ex ces
sive smokin g . Wh at ex cessive sm ok in g .may be, is h owever a verydifficu lt question . I k n ow an Offi cer wh o h as for years sm oked £ 300worth of cig ars yearly, an d seem in g ly as yet is o n ly th e better for it .Says Burton , A .D . 1 652, Tobacco, divin e, rare, super
-ex cellen t tobacco,wh ich g oes far beyon d all th e pan aceas, potable g old, a n d ph ilosoph ers
’
ston es, is a sovereig n remedy in alli
diseases . A g ood vomit, I co n fess,a virtuou s h erb, if it be well qu alified, opportu n ely taken , an d medicin allyused bu t as it is common ly abused by most men ' wh ieh take it as
2 1 1
NA R COTICS.
tin kers do ale,’
tis a plag ue, a misch ief, a violen t purg er of g oods, lan ds,h ealth , h ellish , devilish , an d damn ed tobacco,— th e ru in an d overth rowof body an d soul.
”See Opium an d Hemp.
A t th e Cape of Good HOpe th e Hotten tots smoke th e leaves of Tar
chon a n thus camp hora tus, Lin n . N. O . 1 20 ; an d of Leon otis Leon urus,R . Br., an d L. ova ta, N. O . 1 6 1 , Labiatae.
N. O . 1 99. U R TI CACE ZE . NE TTLE WOR TS.
C a n n a b is sa tiva . W. Common Hemp .
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Pen tan dria.
Th e h erb an d resin .
Vern acular. B han g a, Gunjika , Vyya, San s. B han g , Hin d . Ganja r,B en g . Ga nja, Dec . Tam . Malaya . Tejeroocan sjava, Mal. Ga n
jah , Tel. Ma tka n sha , Cey . Kin n ub, Arab . B in , B u rmah . Guijila cki-lacki, Malaya . Kin n abis, Def roon us, Yon an ee .
Habita t . Caucasus, Hin doo Koosh , Himalay as. Cultivated in
E urope for its fibre, an d in A frica an d A sia for th e sake of its
n arcotic propertiesR emarks . See Dru g s. Th e Herat Churrus orKirs is esteemed
th e,most . Th e dried flowers are used in Morocco u n der th e n ame ofKief .
Th e A ssassin s , or followers of th e Old Man of th eMoun tain s (whosedescen dan t, accordin g to Sir Ch arlesNapier, is A g a Kh an of Bombay l),are said to h ave derived th eir n ame from th e u se of Hash ish or Hemptops. R un n in g a mu ck is derived from th e effect of Opium on th e
J ava n ese, wh o become fran tic u n der an ex traordin ary dose, an d rush abou t
with k n ives, sh ou tin g Amok , Amok— kill, kill ! B urch ell, Livin g ston e,
B urton , an d Du Ch aillu testify to th e wide u se of Hemp as a n arcoticin A frica.
N. O . 207 . P I PE R A CE ZE . P E P P E R WOR TS.
Ch avica. B e tel . Mig . B etel P epp er.
C h avica Sirib oa . Mig . Siriboa Pepp er .
L in n . Syst. Dian dria Trig yn ia.
Th e leaves,— Pan .
Vern acular. Tamboolee, Purn a, San s. P a n , Ben g . Dec . Nag bel,
Hin d . B eta lacodi, Mal. Vet tilei, Tam . Tama lap , Tel . B ula t-wce la ,
Cy n g . Wurka- tu n bole, A rab . B irg tum-bowl, B eykh
-
p an (root),Pers. Siri, Java . B asi, Bali. Chambai, Lampu n g . B ayo, Ph lllp
pin es.
Ha bitat . East I n dies.
NA R COTICS.
COCOS n u cifera . W. Common Cocoa - n u t Tree .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Hex an dria .
Th e sap, fermen ted.
Vern acu lar. Na rikela, San s . Na rikel, B en g . Na rel,
'Hin d . Ten g a ,Mal. Tayug a , Tam . Ten ka ia
, Na ri/ra d ia n , Kobba ri- ch e t tu , Tel.Nur
, Ca lap a , Malava . P ol, Nawasi, Tcembili, Cey . J owz -h in dee,
Na rdjil, A rab . Ka lap a , J ava .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
Ph oen ix sy lve stris . R ox . Wood Da te Pa lm.
L in n . Sy st. Dioecia. Trian dria.
Th e sap, fermen ted
Vern acular. Khuyyooree, San s . Sen dh i, Kajur, Hin d . E etchum
p a n nag , Tam . E cto, Tel.
Ha bita t . E ast In dies .
N. O . 266 . GR AM I NE ZE . GR A SSE S.
Ory za s a tiva . W. Common R ice .
L in n . Sy st . Hex an dria Dig yn ia.
Th e g rain .
Vern acular. A run ya, Dh a n ya , Un ao, Ta n n eola , A shoovrih i, San s .
Ch awl, Hin d . Dec . Sari, Sin dh . Dh a n
, P us n ee, Hin d . Ben g .
P ayera , Mal. A rissee, Nelloo
, Tam .
\‘
B eeum, Ch en i, Cori, Urloo,fil a t taka ru lu, Neva ri-dh a n y amu . Tel. lVee, Cey . Saba
, Burm ah .
Sh a li, Pers. R ooz , A roos, E g yp t . B rass
, Malaya .
Habita t . Cu ltivated g en erally in th e trop ical an d sub -tropical
z on es.
Sa cch a rum ofl‘icin a rum . L in n .
L in n . Sy st . Trian dria Dig yn ia.
Common Sug ar Ca n e .
Th e sap, fermen ted .
Vern acular. I ksh 00 , P oon dru, R usa la, San s . I h
, A kh , Ookh , Ukyo,B en g . Ga n n a , Khu loa, Kay'
ooli, I ch , Uch , Hin d . 0 0s, Dec .Ka rumboo, Tam . Tebu
, Mal. Cherukoo- bodi, Ch erukoo- du boo,Tel. Kusseb-u i- sookr
, Mudda rdjen d (Forskal,A rab . Nie-shukr, Pers . Gh ah , E g yp t .
Ha bita t . In dia . Cultivated to th e 40° on both sides of th eE quator.
2 14’
NA R COTICS.
R emarks . For th e co n troversy reg ardin g su g ar, see B ambusa arun di
n aesa , u n der Dru g s,”
an d Saccha rum ofi cin a rum, u n der Sug ars .
”
Th e ju ice of th e Common Sug a r Ca n e is little u sed as an in tox ica n t inth e Presiden cy . Guarap o is prepared from it, an d also th e B asi of th e
Ph ilippin es . Oth er Gram in eae are distilled in In dia, a n d doub tless plan tsof m an y orders besides th ose en umera ted are u sed su rreptitiously for th e
prepara tion of win es an d spirits u n der th is Govern m en t . Th u s small
quan tities of spirit .are, it is said, secretly prepared by th e Hak ims or
lVieds from rose buds, j asm in e flowers, oran g e peel, fen n el seed (In dian ),&c . Spirits from th ese wou ld be stron g ly flavoured with th eir volatileoil, an d mu st be of th e n ature of weak liqu eurs .
CONDI MENTS AND SPICE S.
B un g a-sa rson , th e Khardel an d Kubbr of A rabia an d E g yp t are ch iefly
cultivated. Th e oth er pu n g en t Cru cifers, Lep idium sa tivum, Nas tur
tium ofi cin a le, or Loot p u tiah , R ap ha n us sa tivus, an d R . cauda tus are
m en tion ed amon g st veg etables . Coch learia A rmoracia , Horse R adish , is
substitu ted in th is coun try by th e root of Morin g a p teryg osp erma . N. O .
1 6. Capparidaceae furn ish es th e Cap ers of commerce .
N. A UR ANTI ACE ZE . CI TR ONWOR TS .
B erg era. k o n ig ii . W. et A .
L in n . Syst . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e leaf.Vern acular. Kristn a -n imba, San s. Koria-
p hu llee, Ben g . B ursu n g a ,
Hin d . Karay-
p aak, Dec . Hoodia -n eemb, By . Kari-bepon , Karreya
-
p ela , Mal. Kari-p illi, Haraway-
p illay, Tam . Kari-vep a ,Karri-baymp akoo, Tel. Wa tu-karap in cha , Cey .
Ha bita t . Cultivated in In dia .
R emarks . First described by R umphius .
Citrus B erg am ia . R isso. B erg amot Citrus .
Lin n . Syst . Polyadelphia Polyan dria.Th e fruit, — Lime : an d th e rin d .
Vern acular. Nimbooka , San s. Nembao, Hin d. Neboo, Ben g .
Lembooo ? Dec. E roomitchee-n arra cum,Mal. E lemitchum, Tam .
Nemma-p an doo, Gajan imma, Tel . Deh i, Cey.
Habita t . South Europe, I n dia .
R emarks . C. acida of R ox burg h . Th e n atives employ also th e rin d
of oth er well-kn own Citron worts.
N. O . 42. GUTTI FE R ZE . GUTTI F E R S.
Garcin ia. purpure a . R ox .
Lin n . Syst . . Dodecan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e rin d.
Vern acular. Kokum, By. B rin dao, Goa.
Habitat . R avin es of th e Con can .
R emarks . First described by Van R h eede. Tropaeolum majus , W.
Grea t I n dian Cress, belon g s to N. O . 58 . Tropaeolaceae ; Zyg op hyllumF a bag o, W. Common B ea n -Cap er, to N. O . 62. X n ph yllaceae an d
X a n thox ylon B adrun g a an d X . R hetsa of In dia an d X . p ip eritium of
J apan , to N. O . 64 . X an th ox ylaceae, most of th e Species of which are
u sed as pepper in th eir n ative cou n tries.2 18
COND IMENTS AND SPICE S.
N. O. 7 1 . ANACA R D I ACEZE . ANA CA R DS or TE R E
M a n g ifera in d ica . Lin n . Common Ma n go .
Lin n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia.
Th e u n ripe fru it, — fresh an d preserved.
Vern acular. Amra , San s. Am, Hin d. Ben g . Dec. Mara, Mal.
Mam-marum, Tam . Makan damu, Mavi, Mamadichet too, Tel.
E tumba (wild), Amba (cultivated), Cey. Man g g a (wild), Sun da .
Mamp a lam, Malaya . P a lam, J ava . Kap a lam, Lampu n g .
Ha bita t . E ast In dies. Cultivated n ear Muscat, an d th roug h ou t
th e E ast .
R emarks . See “ Drug s . Th e in spissated juice of th e ripe Man g o
cu t in to cakes, is sold in th e baz ars of th is Govern men t u n der th e n ame
Of Amba p ooree. I t 1 8 both acid an d sweet, an d u sed like R ed Cu rran t
j elly with certain kin ds of meat, is a fin e z est . Cakes of the in spissated
ju ices of various fruits are also common in Bombay .
Sp on dias m a n g ifera . W. et A .
Lin n . Sy st . Decan dria Pen tag yn ia.
Th e u n ripe fru it.Vern acular. Amra taka , San s. Amra, Ben g . Hin d. Ambara,Hin d. J un g li-amb, Dec. R an -amb, By . Ca t-ambalam, Mal.
Caa t-mavu, Tam . Adivie-mamadie, Amatum, Tel. E mbcercella,Cey .
Habita t . In dia .
N. O . 72. AMYR IDACE ZE . AMYR I D S.
Garn g a. p in n a ta . H. K. Win g -leaved Garn g a .
L in n . Sy st. Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e ripe fruit,— fresh an d dry .
Vern acular. Toom, Ben g . Hin d. Koorak, Kan g hur, Garag e,Ka lug udu, Tel.
Habita t . East In dies.
N. LEGUM INOSZE . LEGUMI NOUS PLANTS.
T am a rin dus Lin n . Common Tamarin d.
Lin n . Syst. Mon adelphia Trian dria.
Th e pulp'
of th e pod.
219
CONDI MENTS AND SPICES.
Vern acular. Umlika, Tin tiree, Tin tili, San s. Nuli, Ambli, Hin d .
Ben g . Amlee, Ten tool, Ben g . B alam-
p ollie, Mal. P ollium, Tam .
Chin ta, Tel. Maha —siyambala, Cey. Amblie, Tamarhin dee, A rab .
Habita t . I n dia.
R emarks . Fru it men tion ed by th e Arabian s, an d th e bgocpow t'
x a of
Myrepsicus.
T rig on e lla a um Grmcum . Lin n . Common Fen n ug reek .
Lin n . Syst . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Th e leaf.Vern acular. .Methee, Moothee, Hin d. Meth ee-shak, Methika,B en g . Ma thee, Dec. Men tia , Can . Ven dium, Tam . Men t
luoo, Tel. Colawa, Cey. Helbeh, A rab . Shimlet, in th e U1 az
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean coun tries. Cultivatedwidely in In dia .
R emarks . Th e Bovx e'
pa s‘ Of Hippocrates .
N. O . 75. MOR INGACEZE . MOR I NGAD S.
M orin g a. p tery g osp erm a . Gcert . Smooth Horse-R adish Tree .
Th e root .
Vern acular. Sig roo, Sobhanjun , San s. B en g . Shan n a, B en g .
Macug ay, Sujn a, Hin d . Sain ya , Saig u t, By . Moorin g ay, Mal.
Nug g a, Can . Mooru n g ay, Tam . Moorun g a, Moon ag a, Tel.
.Merikoolu, Gan muru n g a, Cey.
Habita t . Th e two In dies, Af rica .
R emarks . See “ Drug s. N. O . 85. Myrtaceae yields n o con dimen ts an d Spices, n ative of, or cultivated in Western In dia . Th e berries
ofMyrtus commun is, W., are fou n d in th e baz ar ; . an d Cloves, th e dry,immature buds of CaryOp hyllus aroma ticus, Lin n ., are larg ely imported.
See “ Drug s.
”Th ose of Ca lyp tra n thes aroma tica (of Braz il) may be
advan tag eou sly sub stitu ted . Th e Pepper called Allspice or Pimen to is
th e dried (immature) fruit of E ug en ia a cris, an d (E ug en ia) P imen ta .
”
(De C.) Th e fruit ofE . Caryop hyllus is used in th e same way in Braz il,an d of Myrtus Ta basco in Cuman a.
”
(Lin dley). Myrtus p imen toides,N. ab E ., yields th e Ovate Pimen to of th eWest In dies.
N. O . 1 1 0. UMBELLI FE R IE . UMB E LLI FE R S.
A n eth um Sow a . R ow
Lin n . Syst. Pen tan driaMon og yn ia.Th e fruit,- (I n dian Dill seed.
CONDIMENTS AND SPICE S.
Pimpin ella. A n isum . Lin n . A n ise.
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fruit,— A n ise seed .
Vern acular. Setap ushp a ? San s. A n esu n , Saurif; Hin d. Ma
hooree, Ben g . E rvidos, E ch ra , Sa tap hushp h a, Sonf , By . Som
boo, Tarn . Kup p i-ch et tu, Tel . Sin h a la -a samodag a n , Cey .
A n esoon , A rab . B az a n eh - roomee, Pers. J erama n is, Malaya .
Habita t . Scio, Eg yp t, A sia . Cultivated Widely .
R emarks . See Dru g s.
P ty ch otis A jow a n . De 0 .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Th e fruit .Vern acular. Ajamodum, San s. Ajwa n , J uean ee, B orog
’
oan , Hin d.
Ben g . Womum, Tam . Amoos, A rab . Na n kok, Pers.
Habita t . Cultivated in In dia .
R emarks . See “ Dru g s, u n der wh ich Class A safoetida, on e of th econ mon est con dimen ts in u se h ere, is catalog ued. Th e plan t is n ot
k n own in Bombay, h en ce is omitted in th is place . Th e A n g elica ofE urope is the root of A rch an g elica ogicin alis, Hoff . et Koch .
N. O. 1 57. SOLANA CE ZE . NI GH TSHA DE S.
Capsicum a n n uum . Lin n . Common Capsicum.
Capsicum b a cca tum . Lin n . B ird-
p ep per .
Cap sicum g rossum . W. Larg e Cap sicum, B ell-p epp er .
Ca p sicum fru tesce n s . Lin n . Shrubby Cap sicum, Guin ea-pepp er ,
Cap sicum m in im um . B lan ca .
Cap sicum n ep a le n s is . Dr. Owen .
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e—
fruit,— Ch illies ; an d th e powdered capsule of C. f ru tescen s,Cayen n e Pepper.
Vern acular. C . a n n uum ,— Gachmurich, B en g . Cap ao-malog oo,
Mal. Mollag h ai, Tam . Merap u-ka i, Tel. R a tamiris, Cey .
C . fru te s ce n s ,— B ra n -maricha, San s. La ll-lun ka-murich a,Hu ldi- lun ka-murich a, B en g . La l-mirch ie, Dec. Men esh en a
, Can .
Tambhudud-da -meerch in g ay, Mah ratta . (Piddin g ton .) Mollag ha i,Tam . Merap u
-kai, Tel. Gas-miris, Cey. Darf elfel, A rab .
F retflel-achmar, E gypt . C . m in im um ,— Dh an -lun k-murich ,
B en g . Dhan -murich , Ben g . Nayi-miris, Cey .
222
COND I MENTS AND SPICES.
Habita t . C. a n n uum,- E qu in octial America . Cultivated in A frica
an d In dia . C . ba cca tum,— I n dia ? meridion al Am erica . C. g ros
sum,— E ast I n dies ? C. f ru tescen s , — E ast In dies ? an d inter
tropical America . C. min imum— Ph ilippin es . C. n ep a len sis,Nepaul ?
R emarks . Besides th e above, C. p yramidale, Mill . C. con oides, Mill.C. f as tig a tum, Blume, C. a n g us tifolium, De C . C. cerasiforme, W. C.
lon g um, De C . C. cordiforme, Mill. C. tetrag on um, Mill. are said to be
in dig en ou s to In dia ; C. sin en se, J acq . to Ch in a ; an d C. crisp um, De C .
to Mauritius. C. lu teum, Lam . is th e Pimen t de Moz ambique, an d also
in dig en ou s to In dia . Th e g reatest doub t is en tertain ed of th e Common
Cap sicum bein g a n ative of A sia , bu t Spren g el says th at it is,“with out
doub t,”th e Piperitis an d Siliqu astrum of Plin y . I t is first u n doub tedly
m en tion ed tog eth er with C. ba cca tum an d C. g rossum by Fusch ius.
Fraas con siders th e n e
’
n-ep i dn dp n k eg of Th eoph rastus to refer to C. lon g um.
C. f ru tescen s is first described by Mon ardes . The word x dxlr i n ou firstoccurs in A ctuariu s. Chili is th e Mex ican term for all species an d varieties of Capsicum .
N. O . 1 6 1 . LA B I ATIE . LA B I A TE S.
Swe ar HE RBS.
Lava n du la vera . De C. Common Laven der .
L i n n . Syst. Dig yn ia Gymn ospermia.
Vern acular.
Habita t . Sou th Europe.
R emarks . Cultivated by A n g lo-In dian s . Spren g el, on th e authority
of Heysch iu s, refers th e t’
abvov of Th eoph rastus to this plan t, h afiaw idabein g th e iden tification of Heysch iu s . Freas refers Th eoph rastu s
’
plan t,with th e a ro zx ds of Dioscorides an d
'
Stoech as of Plin y, to L . Stcech as . De
Can dolle m akes distin ct species of L . oera an d L . Sp ica . See Drug s.”
M e lissa Offi cin alis . W. Common B alm.
Lin n . Sy st . Didyn am ia Gym n osperm ia .
Vern acular. B adrun g buyeh , Pers’
. Hin d. R amtu lsee ? Hin d.
M ekka -sa bea, Dec. P arsie-cunjamkoray, Tam . B aklu t-ul-f aristoon , B uklu t -u i-u trujyeh , A rab .
Habita t . Sou th Europe .
R emarks . Th e p eh ta a odJiihh ov an d p eh irra iva of DIOSCOI ‘ideS, an d MeliSOphyllum of Plin y. See
223
CONDIMENTS AND SPICE S.
M en th a p ip erita . Lin n . P epp ermin t .
Lin n . Syst . Didyn am ia Gym n osperm ia.
Vern acular.
Habita t . Watery places in E urope, A sia, A frica, an d America.
R emarks . Th e p it/90 9 17133110 0p Of Hippocrates, an d p ix/977 Of Th eo
ph rastus, accordin g to Fraas bu t Spren g el refers th ese Greek n ames to
M . sa tiva, W.
M en th a Pule g ium ,Lin n . Pen nyroyal .
L in n . Syst . Didyn amia Gym n ospermia.
Habita t . Europe, Caucasus, Ten eriffe, Ch illiR emarks . Th e ‘
yAijx a wof Hippocrates an d Dioscorides, an d Puleg ium
M en th a sa tiva . W. Tall R ed Min t .
Lin n . Sys t. Didyn amia Gymn ospermia.
Vern acular. Poodin a, Dec. Widdetilam, Tam . Na n a, Hubbuh ,A rab .
Habita t . Europe an d A sia
R emarks . See “Drug s”an d M. p ip erita .
M en th a viridis . Lin n . Sp ear Min t .
Lin n . Sy st . Didyn amia Gymn ospermia .
Vern acular. Pahari -p ooden ah, Dec .
Habita t . Temperate Europe, Himalayas, parts of A frica an d
Ocymum B asilicum . W. Common Sweet B asil.
Lin n . Sy st. Didyn amia Gymn ospermia.
Vern acular. Ma ng i rika, San s. Ka lee-ta lsee, Hin d. Pashan abheddie, B abooie-tulsee, Ben g . Naz bo, Sin dh . Subec, Dec. Tirn
ootp a tchie, Tam . Vep oodip a tsa , R hu - tu lsi, R udrajada, Tel.Sawan da tala, Cey. R ihan , Shahusf erum,Hebak, A saba-u lf eteya t,B adroqj .
7 B uck lu t-ul- z ub .7 A rab . Deban -shab, Naebu, Un g oosh t
kun ce-z uckan , Tureh -khorasan i .? Pers. B erunj-mishk .
7 Vulg .
Habita t . In dia.
R emarks . The c’
o’
mpov of the Greeks, an d Ocimum of Plin y, it isbelieved.
CONDIMENTS AND SPICES .
R emarks . Probably th e bp t’
yavov pe'
h av of Theoph rastus, an d dyp0piyavoro f Dioscorides. See Dru g s .
”
R osm a rin u s ofl‘icin a lis . Lin n . Common R osemary .
L in n . Sy s t . Dian dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acu lar. Ukleel-u l-jilbal, Hasa lba n -achsir, A rab .
Habita t . Sou th of E u rope, A sia Min or .
R emarks . Th e h tBa z/ oor‘
ts a remav td'
r tm) Of Dioscorides, an d R osmarin umof th e R oman s. See Drug s.
”
Sa lvia officin a lis . W. Garden Sag e.
L in n . Sy st . Dian dri a Mon og yn ia .
Vern acu lar. So lbio, Hin d. Sef akuss, A in slie .
Habita t . Sou th E u rope .
Salvia. Scla rea . W'
. Common Clary .
L i n n . Sy st . D 1 an dr1a Mon og yn i a.
Vern acular .
Ha bita t . I taly .
R emarks . First m en tion ed by Trag us . Th e A n n ua l Clary is Sa lviaHormin um, VV. , th e dppw ov of Dioscorides, tippnvov ofTh eoPh rastus, (pdpp tovof Paulus ZE g in eta, an d cpcbpfii ou of Galen .
Sa tu reja m e n ta n a . W. Win ter Savory .
L i n n . Sy st . D idyn am ia Gyrn n ospcrmia.
Vern acular.
Ha bita t . Sou th E urope.
R emarks . First m en tion ed by Math iolu s. Th e g en eric term is fromSa ta r , th e collective n am e amon g st th e A rabs for all Labia tes (Loudon )bu t wh ich is som etim es also Sp ecifically u sed .
Sa tu reja h orte n s is . W. Summer Savory .
Lin n . Sy s t . Didyn amia Gymn ospermia .
Vern acular.
Ha bita t . I taly .
T h ymu s citriodorus . P . S. Lemon Thyme.
Lin n . Sy st . Didyn amia Gym n ospermia .
Vern acular.
fHa bita t . B ritish h eath s.
226
COND IMENTS AND SPICES .
T h ym us vu lg a ris . Lin n . Garden Tfiyme .
L in n . Sy st . D idyn am ia Gym n osperm ia .
Vern acular. I p a r, Hin d. Hasha, Arab .
I I abita t . Sou th -West E u rope.
R ema rks . Th e bbp og of th e an cien ts perh aps. Amon g st“SweetHerbs,
g arden ers also in clude th e Composites Ta n a cetum vu lg are, \V., Common
Ta n sy, an d B a lsameta vulg aris, W Common Costmary .
N. O . 1 62. VE R BENA CE ZE . VE R B E NE S.
V ite x b icolor . W. Two- coloured Chaste Tree.
L in n . Sy st. Didyn am ia Gym n osperm ia .
Th e fru it .Vern acular. Neerg oon da, By.
Habita t . E ast I n dies.
R emarks . Th e fruit is n ot u sed as a con dimen t , an d is in ferior to th atof C. trif o lia , Lin n . , in pu n g en cy a n d arom a . Both plan ts are ap t to be
con foun ded with TV. Neg zin do, Lin n . , Qu adra n g u la r Ch a ste- tree, th e
E astern syn on ym es of wh ich are,— Sin d/zooka , Sin duya , San s . Nirg
'
u n d i,
Ben g . Nisin a’a , Sh umba lie, Hin d. Noocfiie, Tam . PVa g/a lalcoo, Tel.
See V. trifolia ,“ Drug s .
”
N. 0 . 1 78 . LAU R ACE ZE . LA UR E LS.
Ca ssy th a. fi liform is . Lin n .
L in n . Sy st . E n n ean dria Mon og ym a .
Th e plan t .
Vern acular. A kash -wail, By.
Habita t . I n dia .
R ema rks . A parasite, foun d in lon g festoon s g rowin g over trees, an dsaid by A in slie to be used for season in g b u t ter
-milk by th e Brahmin s . ofSouth ern I n dia .
Cin n am on um imers . R ein .
L in n . Sy s t . E n n ean driaMon og yn ia.
Th e leaf.Vern acular. Dar-ch in i, Hin d. Coa t-carver, Mal. Pacficbaku, Tel.
Habita t . Con can s, Malabar.
R ema rks . For th e ren own ed aromatic products of th e Laurels, Cin n a~m on , Sa n ta Fe, an d B ou rbon Cin n am on s, (Jassia- lig n ea, Folra
-Malaba th ri,an d Culilawan or Clove-bark , Massey
-bark , Ma ida - ta cit ri, an d Cassiaflowers, see Drug s .
”B esides C. in ers, C. Z eyla n icum vai n
, Cassia,
CONDIMENTS AND SPICES.
Nees, C. n itidum, Blum e, an d C. Tama la , Nees, a re in dig en ous to
I n dia . Sassafras n u ts or Pich u rim bean s, u sed in flavou rin g Ch ocola te, areth e seed lob es of Necta n a’ra P ackurg , Nees, of th e R io Nig ro ; a n d Gujum ary bean s are from A yd
’
en dron Cajum a ry , a n d .4 . Laurel . Necta n a’ra
c z/mba rum , Nees, of R io Nig ro , Sa ssaf ras P a r' tken ox g/ lon of Suma t ra,
B en z oin odorif erum, Lica ria g u ia n en sis, an d Mesp iloclap k n e p retios a ,have all arom a tic ba rk s . Carrella o rWild Cin n amon ,
a n d VVin ter’
s ba rk , are
al ~o u sed as a roma tic co n dimen ts ; th e form er b ein g ob ta'
n ed from Ca n ellaa lba , Mu rray , a Meliad ; a n d th e lat ter from D rimys w in ter
-i, De C . , a
Mag n oliad. For Casca rilla, or E leu th eria bark , see No . 1 95 . E uph orbiaceae .
N. O . 1 80. MYR I ST I CA CEZE . NUYME GS .
M y ris t ica fra g ra n s . Hou tt . True Nu tmeg .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Mon adelphia.
Th e false aril, — Mace ; a n d n u cleus, —Nutmeg .
Vern acular. Mace, — J a tip u tri, San s . J a epu tree , Hin d . Dec .
J a /iip a tri, Tam . B a s bas, A rab . B isba sek , Vulg . ea: U ltaz
w iy eh . B oon g a-
p a la , Malaya . Nu tmeg ,—J a tip ka la ,
Sa n s .
J a g a-
p ku la , Ben g . J a ep li a l, Hin d . J adica i, Tarn . J ajika ia ,Tel. Sa clikka , J a tipa llum, Ceylo n . J owz bewa , Pers . J owz
u l- teib, A rab. Ga l/zg o, Ban da . P a la , E astern A rchipelag o .
Ha bita t . Moluccas — especially th e Ban da g rou p . Cultivated in
J a va, Suma tra, Sin g apore, Pe n an g , Ben g al, B ourb on , Mauritius,“les t I n dies, an d formerly in XVes tern I n dia by th e Po rtug u
R emarks . Th is is th e I ll . ofi cin a lis of Lin n aeu s, I ll . a roma tica or,
Lamarck , an d IV1 . moscka ta of Th u n b erg . Th e kern els of o th er spec iesare o fte n su bstitu ted . Th u s th e Lon g or W
'
z lcl Nu tmeg s of comm erce are
from N. f a tua , Houtt . of Ban da . I ll . Otoba , Hum b . e t B o n p . yie lds
th e n u tm eg s of Sa n ta Fe, a n d Wh ite Mace . I ll . madag asca ren sis , Lam .
a n d I ll . a cumin a ta , Lam . are u sed in Madag ascar . M . Sp il i‘ia . a n d
an oth er called Du n g a n , are sub s titu ted in th e E astern A rch ip elag o ;.M. oj icin a lis , Mart . in B ra z il ; an d I ll . tomen tos a , Hook . fil. et
Th . in Pen n n g . IlI . ma la ba rica , Lam . (I ll . da clg loia’es, a n d
M . a t ten ua ta , Wall. Ca t 679 1 , a re. in dig e n ou s to th e forests of the Co n
ca n ard Malabar. Th is is th e pl an t Grah am h as referred to Wallich’
s
I ll . amyg da lin a , a n a tive o f Martaban an d Maulmein . Th e former y ields
th e M'a la ba r Nu tmeg s of commerce . Th e (Tam ara or A ckawi Nu tm eg
of Guian a , t he Clove Nu tm eg , a n d th e B ra z il Nu tm eg , are respec t ive lyfrom A crodiclifl ium Cama ra
,Sch om b . A g a tkop kg/ l/u /n a roma ticum,
a n d
Cryp toca rg a mosch a ta , a ll Lau rels. Th e Ca la ba sh Nu tmeg is fromrMo n odora I ll g ris tica , N. O 4 . Th e Plume Nutmeg s, in termedia te
between Lau rels a n d Nu tmeg s, yield frag ran t produc ts also, bu t as yet of
n o g reat econ omic in terest . Bo th n u tmeg s a n d m ace,” observes Pereira ,“ were u n k n own to th e a n cien t Greeks an d R oman s, un less in deed th e
228
I
CONDIMENTS AND SPICE S.
N. P I PE R ACE ZE . P E PP E R WOR TS.
Ch avic a rox b u rg h ii . Mig . Lon g Pep per.
L in n . Sy st . Dia n d ria Trrg yn ra .
Th e dry immatu re fru it, — Lon g Pepper .
Vern acular. P ipp uli, I i’
risfin a -
p ipp uli ? San s . P ipp a l, Pilp u l,F el/z ldra z , Hi n d . P ipp ilie, Dec . Tip ilie , Tam . Ca n . P eep a l
P ipp u loo, Tel. Tipp ili, Cey . D arfilfil, A rab . F ilfi ldraz , Pet'
s.
P eik -klag en , Burmah . Ckaba ijawa, Ta bee, Malaya .
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R emarks . Probably th e n e'
n'
epr praKpbv Of Dioscorides .
P ip er n ig rum . W. B lack P epp er .
L in n . Sy s t . D ian dria Trig yn ia .
Th e dry imma ture berry,— Black Pepper an d th e same h usked,~
Wh ite Pepper.
Vern acular. Vellajun g , I l'
I ureecku n g , Kola /run g , Muricka , San s .
B en g . Goolmurick , F ilfilg ird , M irck , Hin d . Giroed , Ka lg-mir
ch in g ay , Dc . IVI e/lag koo, Tam . Moloovookodi, I ll iria loo, Tel .
Gammiris, Cey . F ilfiluswud , A rab . F ilfil-seeah , P i/p il, Pet'
s .
B a ba ree, Syria . Ng a -
g oke~kou n , Burmah . Lada , Malaya .
Ha bita t . E ast I n dies . Cultivated also in th e West I n dies .
R emarks . Tb n e
'
n’
epr. o rpo'
yyrih ov Of Th eoph rastu s, n e
'
n epr Tb n e’
h av Of
Dioscorides, an d Piper of Plin y . See Dru g s .
”Th e follow in g a rticles
h ave b een sub stituted for Pepp er, viz— th e seeds ofNig ella sa tiva , Fen n el
th e fru it X y lop ia aroma tica , Piper I E th iopicum th e fru it of X a n tkory lon
B adru n g a , X . p ip eritium, a n d IV. R h e tsa , th e fru it o f Vitex Neg u n do, V.
bicolor, a n d V. trif olia th e frrrit of Myrtus commun is ; a n d th e fruit ofTasma n ia a roma tica , a Mag n oliad.
N. O . 230. OR CH lDACE rE . OR CHI D S.
V a n illa p la n ifo lia . H . K. F rag ra n t Va n illa .
L i n n . Sy s t . Gyn an dria Mon an dria.
Th e fru it, -Va1 1illa .
Vern acu lar.
Ha bita t . West I n dies . Cultivated in Bourbon an d Mauritius witho th er species, a n d successfully reared in Bom bay .
R ema rks . Th is is th e Bom bay Species. V. a roma tica , Swartz , also
yields a pod wh ich p asses for true Van illa, bu t th e best Mex ican Van illais from V. p la n ifolia . V. g uia n en sis, Sp iltb erg er, yields th e larg e
Van illa of Gu ian a, an d V. Pomp an o, Sch iede, an d V. p a lmarum, Lin d. are
also produc tive.
230
COND IMENTS AND SPICES .
N. o . 233 . Z ING I BE R A CE J-E . GI NGE R WOR TS.
Curcum a lon g a . R os . Lon g-rooted Turmeric.
L in n . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e rh iz ome,— Tu rm eric .
Vern acular. P eeta , San s . Haridra , B en g . San s . Hu ldi, San s .
B e n g . Hin d . Hu lud, Dec . A rsin a , Can . .Mu n g e/la cu a , Mal .
DI u nJ i l, Tam . P a ssap oo, P amp i, Tel . Ha rada l, Ha ra n -kaba ,
Cey . Z irsood, Urook-a s -sefer, A rab . Z irdc/ioobe/z, Pers . Coon /let,Malaya .
Habita t . Cultivated in I n dia, Java, Ch in a, Coch in Ch in a .
R emarks . Th e Klin '
a pos ivdt k bs of Dioscorides, an d Cy pira , h erba
I n dica ,” of Plin y . Curcuma is from Kirkum , th e Persian for Saffron . Of
Tu rmeric (quasi Terra R oyle w rites, I t is rem a rkable th at in
Persian work s, Kba ldoon io n tomag b a is assig n ed as its Greek n am e in th e
Tof /i t -u l-Mumin een , th e descrip tion by Dioscorides of Ch elidon ium majus,is tra n slated an d applied to th e turm eric . B u t in th e M u/rh z u n - ut
w ieb, a true descrip tion 1 8 g iven of th is sub stan ce, but th e corrup taltered form of X emsém u Top e
’
ya is equally applied .
”
Z in g ib e r offi cin al e . R os . Narrow-leaved Gin g er .
L in n . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e rh iz ome, — Gin g er.
Vern acular . A rdru/ra, A rdru/cum, San s. A dru/c, Ben g . Dec.
A da, B en g . Hin d . Se n t/i , Hin d . Dec . I scb i, Mal . I njie , Sou/clcoo, Tam . Ullum , Son ti, T el . Ammoo- in g uroo, Cey . Z injebeelru tb, A rab . Z injebeel- tur, Pers . A lia ,
‘
Malay .
Ha bita t . Cultivated in tropical A sia an d America, an d at SierraLeon e .
R ema rks . Th e (cyytfiepw of Dioscorides,an d Zin g iber of Plin y . Of th is
order E let taria Ca rdamomum, Ma ton , th e Tru e Ca rdamom yields th e
Cardamom s of Malabar, w hich h owever are n ot cultiva ted in B ombay .
Th e plan t is th e A lp in ia Ca rdamomum o f R ox bu rg h , a n d R a n ea lmia Ca rda
mamam of R oscoe . Th e Ceylon , or Wild Cardam om , is from E let ta ria
major, Smith , cultiva ted a t Kan dy . A momum Ca rdamomum of Lin n aeus,a n a tive of Sum atra an d J ava, yields R oun d Ca rdamoms . A . Gra n um
P a radisi, A fz eliu s, an d A . meleg ueta ,R oscoe, of Gu in ea, yield Gra in s of
P aradise an d Ma lag u eta P epp er . A . ma x imum, R ox bu rg h , of J ava, yield
th e larg er J ava Ca rdamoms of commerce . A . ma crosp ermum, Smith , ofSierra Leon e, yield th e so -called Cajup u ti seeds . B esides th ese A . g lobosum,
Loureiro, of Coch in Ch in a a n d Chin a, an d A . villosum, Lou reiro, ofCochinCh in a, A . clusii, Smith , an d A . da n ielii of A ttapah , (Pereira fig s . 249, 250,25 1 , are used locally . Pereira n otices two in terestin g species of
Cardamom , on e of wh ich , in “Dr. Burg ess’
s collection at the Colleg e of
23 1
GONDIMENTS AND SPICE S.
Physician s, h e h as referred to a hypoth etical plan t, A . citra tum, an d th e
oth er, th e Kora rima , or Gurag ie sp ice o f A byssin ia, to th e h ypoth eticalA . Kora rima . Dr. Cleg h orn , in h is ch ap ter on B otan ical I n qu iren da
”
Forests a n d Garden s ofSou th ern I n dia” )w rites, Th e so- called wild orbastard Cardam om of Siam is p roduced by A momum x a n t/zioides, Wallich ,a plan t of wh ich comp lete a n d w ell -
preserved specim en s a re req uested in
order th at it m ay b e described a n d fig u red. Th e seeds p er se h a ve beenim ported in to E n g lan d, wh ile th e em pty capsules are fou n d in th e drugsh ops of Ch in a . A re th e la tter e x ported from Siam to Ch in a ?
”He also
sta tes th a t in form a tion is req uired reg ardin g th e Ya n g- cku n -sli a (Ha iry
Ch in a Ca rdamom), Tso an -kow (R oun d C/i in a Ca rdamom) , Yili - cli e- tz e(B it ter Seeded Ca rd amom), a n d Qua- lea or Ta ou-kwo (OL’Oid Cardamom),of Ch in a . Th e Wild Cardamom o f th e Cape of Good Hope is th e fruitof F ag arastrum cap en se, Don . N. O . 64 . X an th ox ylaceae .
N. O . 236 . I R I DA CE E . I R I D S.
Crocu s s a tivus . A llion i. Safi'
ron Crocus .
L i n n . Sy s t . Trian dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acu lar . Kasmirajamma , Ka akama , San s . Z of ra n . Keysur,
Hin d . K/i oon g oomap oo, Tam . K/ioon -koomap oo , Ku n kuma , Tel.
Kokoon , Cey . Koorkum, Zaf ra n , A rab . Ker/cum, Zaf ara n ?
A baer Pers . T/i a n wen , B urm ah . Saf aron , Cari n g/er, Malaya .
Habita t . A sia Min or, Caskmir ? Naturaliz ed over temperate
E urope .
R emarks . Th e Ca rcos of th e “ Son g of Son g s, an d Kpci
x og of th e
Greek s . A t th e Cape of Good Hope, th e flowers o f Lyp eria crocea , E rki.N. O . 1 60 . Scroph ulariaceae, are su bstitu ted for Saffron u n der th e
n ame of Geele boemefjes .
N. O . 2452. LI LI ACEEE . L I LYWOR TS.
A llium s a t ivum . Lin n . Cultiva ted Garlic .
L in n . Sy s t . Hex an dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e bu lb, — Garlic .
Vern acular. Mabooskooda , Lusun a ? San s . Los/zoon , Lusboon a ,
R usboon , Ben g . Lussu n ,Dec . B ellu ly ,
Ca n . Vu llay-
p oon doo,Tam . Vellig udda , Tel. Soodooloon oo, Cey . Ter in o-rows tya n ,A rab . Seer, Pers. Tom, E g ypt . B uvaag
-
p ootie, Malaya .
Ha bita t . Sicily . Cultivated widely .
R emarks . Th e o x opoaou of Th eoph rastu s an d Dioscorides, an d A lium
of Plin y . A n alliaceou s odour is fou n d is several plan ts, as in P etiveria
tetra n dra , an d Seg uiera a llia cea , of B raz il, N. O . 1 75 . Petiveriaceae .
Certain Meliads (N. O . 50) belon g in g to th e g en era, Hartig bsea an d
Dysox ylon , have fruits used as g arlic in Java .
232
D I V I S I O N I .
C la ss 3 . F .
STARCHES .
N. O . 1 95. EUPHOR B I A CE ZE . SP UR GEWOR TS.
J a troph a. M a n ih ot . Lin n . Cassava, Man iac.
L in n . Sy st . Mon cecia Mon adel phia.
Fecula of th e root,— Cassava Starch , Braz ilian A rrow-root, Cipipa,Mousach e an d th e fecu la of th e root, roasted,— Tapioca .
Vern acular. JlI arackeen ie, Mal. .Maravullie, Tam . Man g yokka,Cey .
Habita t . Tropical America . Cultivated on th e E ast an d West
coasts of A frica, on th e Malabar coast, an d in Ceylon .
R ema rks . First n oticed byMon ardes an d Piso . Th e rasped root, mix ed
with water, boiled an d fermen ted, yields a liqu or called Cassiri. Cassava
m eal is ob tain ed by subj ec tin g th e g rated root to pressu re to ex press th e
ju ice, an d th en dryin g an d pou n din g th e residual cak e. Of th ismeal Cassava
B read is m ade . Th e ex pressed ju ice, by repose, deposits th e farin a calledCassava starch or Tapioca . A sauce called Casareep , or Cassireepe, is
m ade from th e ju ice .
”Tapioca is properly speakin g Cassava meal, wh ich
h as been roasted wh ile moist . Th e juice of th e root is poison ou s, an d
u sed by th e n atives of Sou th Am erica for poison in g th eir weapon s .
Ma n ikot A ip i, Poh l, is th e Sweet Cassava, an d is probably on ly a varietyof th e Cassava . Ma n ikot J a n ip ka, Poh l, of th e West I n dies, is also pro
b ably on ly a variety . Th ese species or varieties possess n o poison ous
juice.
N. O. 223 . CYCA DA CEJE . CYCA D S.
C y ca s circin a lis . W'
. B road-leaved Cycas .
Lin n . Sy st . Dioecia Polyan dria.
Th e fecula of th e pith .
Vern acular . Sag a , Ton quin , Moluccas, E astern Arch ipelag o ?B uz ur-butoo, By .
STA R CHES.
Habitat. East I n dies. Naturaliz ed in Bombay .
R emarks . Various Cycads co n tain starch in th eir stems or fruit,wh ich , wh en ex tracted, con stitu tes a variety of Sag o or A rrowroot . C.
circin a lis yields it in th e E astern A rch ipelag o from th e pith of th e tru n k ,a n d also of an in ferior qu ality from th e kern el. Th e fru it is also eate n
,
an d th e plan t ex udes a g um similar to T rag acan th . Cycas revolu ta , W.
a n ative of Ch in a, is th e sou rce of J apan Sag o .
” Zamia p umila , B .
t h e Cape of Good HOpe (Lon don ), a n d West In dies (Lin dley), Z . in
t eg rifo lia , W. also of th e West In dies, various Cape species of E n
cep ka la rtos, as E . caf er, Lehm . a n d th e seeds of Dion edu le, Lin d . ofMex ico, also yield th e same k in d of fecula . Tru e Sag o is th e fecula ofseveral species o f Palms. See N. 0 . 233 - 234 an d B uz ur- bu too is aDeccan n ame (A in slie) of Coryp ha umbraculifera, W. Grea t F a n -Pa lm .
N. O . 233 . Z INGI B E R ACEPE . GI NGE R IVOR TS.
C urcum a. a n g us tifo lia . R ox . Narrow- leaved Turmeric .
L in n . Sy st . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fecula of th e tubers, - E ast I n dian A rrow-root .
Vern acular. Ticar, Tikur, Hin d. Kooa-kog kei, Hin d. Mal. Kooamaoo, Tam .
Ha bita t . Th e Con can s, Nag pore, Travan core, Ben ares.R emarks . Th is is said to yield th e E ast I n dian A rrow -root of commerce,
an d most probably it does a p ortion . Mu ch con fusion ex ists, h owever,re g ardin g th e A rrow
- roo t yieldin g Gin g erworts of I n dia, an d I am as yet
able to th row n o p ositive lig h t on th e su bj ec t . B efore last rain s I plan tedou t roots, ob tain ed from Nag pore, R aipore,
‘ Trava n core, R u tn ag h erry,a n d Mah ablesh wu r, b u t n on e, save th e Mahableshwur species (C . caulin a ,Grah am , v. inf ra), flowered ; a n d all I can n ow state is, th at ex cep t th e
Mah ableshwu r Species, th e oth er tubers an d leaves could in n o way be
distin g uish ed from each oth er. Th ey will probably flower n ex t rain s
wh en I h ope also to raise plan ts from B en ares an d B en g al.
Dr. Warin g , wh en forwardin g m e th e roots of th e T ravan core Cur
cuma , believed th e Species to be 0 . a n g us trf olia , R ox . bu t h ad n ot
ex am in ed th e flower. I t yields, h e states, on ly a portio n of wh at is calledTravan core A rrow-root,
”by far th e g rea ter portion bein g ob tain ed from th e
West In dian Mara n ta a ru n din a cea , Lin n . Often un der th e same n ame,
h e also states, Cassava m eal is sold,— th e Man ioc bein g larg ely cultivatedabou t Trava n core . O
’
Sh au g h n essy states th at th e tubers of C. rubescen s,R ox . are u sed in Trava n core an d B en g al th ose of C . leucorrkiz a , R ox .
in Beh ar ; an d th ose of C. a n g us tif olia , B ox . in Ben ares . Tikor h e g ives
as th e n ative n am e of each . R oyle sta tes simply, Th e pen du lous
tubers of Curcuma rubescen s, leucorrkiz a, a n d a n g us tifolia, yield a veryb eau tiful fecula or starch , wh ich form s an ex cellen t substitu te for th e
West I n dian Arrow-root, Maran ta arun din acea . I t is sold in th e baz ars
236
STA R CH E S.
N. O. 234. MAR ANTACEZE . MA R ANTS .
M a ra n taL in n . Sy s t . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e fecula of th e tubers.
Vern acular.
Ha bita t . B urmah ?
R emarks . Th ere is a plan t larg ely cultivated at Kirk ee by th e Ag ri
Horticultu ral Society of Western In dia, with tubers an d starch in dis
t in g u ish able from th e tubers an d starch of Mara n ta a run din acea, Lin n .
TVest I n dia n A rrow -root . I t is n ot th e West-In dian plan t h owever, bu tI believe Ill . ramosissima , w ith wh ich h owever I '
can n ot iden tify it, as n o
description of th at pla n t is accessible to m e . Th e West In dian plan t is
said to be cultiva ted in I n dia by n early every A n g lo- I n dian
'
writer. I s
th is tru e ? T he Society’
s pla n t is said to h ave com e orig in ally from Cal
cu tta (Silb et’
l). I”. a run din acea was firs t described by Martyn , a n dWest
I n dian A rrow-root was men tion ed by Hug h es in 1 75 1 .
N. O . 240. TACOACHE . TA CCA D S.
T a cca p in n a t ifi da . R ox . Sa lep Ta cca .
L in n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root ; an d th e fecu la of th e root, — Tah iti A rrow-root, Otah eite
Salep , Tacca starch .
Vern acular. Kun da , Dec. Ca rackun ay, Tam . Ckun da, Tel.
Habita t . Th e Con can s, Malabar, Zan z ibar, E astern A rch ipelag o .
R emarks . Th e Species o f Ta cca wh ich yields th e Tacca starch ,ac tually
produ ced at Tah iti, an d th e oth er islan ds of th e Sou th Sea, is T . ocea n ica ,
Nu ttal . T . p in n a tifida h owever yields an ex cellen t starch , in cluded u n der
th e sam e comm ercial desig n ation , an d was u n til lately con sidered th e
tru e Poly n esian plan t .
N. O . PA LMZE . P A LMS.
B ora ssu s flab e liiforrnis . W. F a n -leaved B orassus . Pa lmyra .
L in n . Sy s t. Dioecia Hex an dria.
Th e g erm .
Vern acular. Ta la , San s. Ta l, Ben g . Hin d . Ta rie, Hin d. Tar,Dec . A mp a n a , Ca rimp a n a , Mal . P a n a n g
~kulloo, Tam . Pu too
taadi, Ta ti- ku lloo, F en ty , Tel . Ta l-g aka, Cey . Dom (Forskal),Taft, A rab . Lon ta r
, Malaya .
Habita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks. Crawford, Ten n an t, an d oth er writers, state th at th e g ermof
238
su aca n e.
th is n u t, push ed to th e first stag e of g rowth , an d dried in th e sun , .
con stitu tes a very palatable veg etable, an d th at subsequen tly reduced to powderforms a fecula h ig h ly esteemed by th e Du tch . Th e g erm is eaten inB ombay a n d is th e Pa n n ag
-kalun g of th e Tamils.
Cary ota u ren s .
’ W. Torn -leaved Caryota .
Lin n . Sy st . Mon oecia Polyan dria.
The fecula of th e pith .
Vern acular. B keerlee-makr, By . E rimp a n a , Sckun da-
p an a , Mal.Coan da -
p an n a, Tam . Teeroog a , Tel. Kitul, Cey .
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R emarks . Th is tree is ch iefly fou n d in Malabar, B en g al, A ssam, an d
oth er parts of I n dia, a n d is more remark able for th e immen se quan tityof toddy, an djag g ery (sug ar) it yields th an for its fecula, wh ich h oweveris palatable, an d easily ob tain ed . I am n ot aware of its sag o bein g u sed in
th is Presiden cy . Ain slie g ives Codda -
p a n n a , as th e Malabar n ame of
Corg p ka umbraculifera, W. th e pith of wh ich also yields Sag o . Th e
best Sag o, an d th e substan ce wh ich is familiar to Eu ropean s u n der th at
n am e, is ob tain ed from two Species of Ill etrox ylon , n amely, Metrox y lon
rump /iii, Martin s (Sag us rump/iii, W. Sag us g en u in a , R umph ius),R ump kius
’
s Sag o-P a lm, an d Metroccg lon lceve, Martin s (Sag us lesais,
R umph iu s), of th e E astern A rch ipelag o, th e R ambig a of th e'
Malays.
A ren g a sacckarifera, Labill. (Sag uerus rump kii, R ox . , B orassus Gomu tus,
Lou r. Gomu tus sacckarifera, Spr. Sag uerus sa cckarifer, Blum e . Palma
In dica vin aria secu n da, Saqu eru s sive Gom u tu sGomu ti,”R umph ius.
'
A n au ,
Marsden ) - th e Sag wire, or Gomu ti of econ omic works, an d also a n ative
of th e E astern A rch ipelag o, yields larg ely a g ood Sag o . Like th e Caryota
uren s, it is yet more famous for its toddy an d jag g ery, as well as for th e
fibre coverin g th e b ase of th e petiole, th e Ejoo or Gomu ti of th e Malays .
Th e flesh of th e fruit yields th e Hell water of Dutch writers, bu t th e
seed is edible . Th e I p urma sag o of St . Th omas is ob tain ed from Mau <
ritiaflex uosa, Wallace an d Giulielma sp eciosa, Mart . of Guian a an d th e
Amaz on coun try is also farin iferous. Metrocvy lon fi lare, Mart . yields
a very in ferior Sag o ; as is also stated of R ap h is flabellif ormis, A it . a.
n ative of Sou th ern Ch in a ; an d Corgp ka Geba n g a , B lum e, of J ava .
Pkcen ix f arin ifera ,W. Sma llDa te-
p a lm of Corom an del, th e Sirroo-eetckum
of th e'
Tamils, an d Ckit tyeita of th e Telin g as, h as a floury drupe ea ten
as a b read stufl'
by th e n atives with out preparation . Th e an cien ts wouldappear to h ave been u n acqu ain ted with Sag o, an d th e substan ce is firstm en tion ed by Marco Polo . Th e word is from th e Malay Sag a , wh ichseem s to be applied to wh atever species of Palm or Cycad m ay in an yreg ion of th e E astern Arch ipelag o be th ere the Special source of th e
farin a used.
239
STAR CHES.
N. O . 256 . TYPHACE ZE . B ULR USHE S.
T yph a e leph an t in a . R ox .
L in n . Syst . Mon oecia Trian dria.
Th e pollen .
Vern acular. Hog la , B en g . B oar, B ooree, Sin dh .
Habita t . Sin dh , Deccan .
R emarks . Th is species of Ca t’s Ta il affords th e Booree bread of Sin dh .
Th e pollen of Typ ha a tilis forms th e Hun g a-Izun g a bread of New
Zealan d .
N. O . 265. OYPER ACEEE . SE D GE S.
L in n . Syst. Mon oecia Trian dria.
Th e cormVern acular. E n tolzera, By .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . A root is sold in Bombay u n der th e n ame ofKu tcbera , an d
I am credibly in formed from Tan n a an d Ahm edabad th at it is common lyeaten in th ose Collectora tes . I t is apparen tly a Sedg e . Kutc/zera is a
n ame applied also to Species of Cu rcum a, an d is equ ivalen t to th e term
fecula . Th e corm s of Cyp erus esculen tus, W. (aakwofidmu; of Th eo
ph rastus), are u sed in th e Sou th of E urope . Th e Ch in ese eat th ose of
Scirp us tuberosus, th eir P i- tsi an d Cyp erus bulbosus, an d Scirp us dubius,R ox . are u sed by th e Telin g as.
Th e followin g list of plan ts in cludes such as yield fecula, or are valued
on accou n t of the starch con tain ed in th eir roots, bulbs, corm s, or tubers
an d fruits, an d wh ich are n eith er in dig en ous to, n or cultivated on an
econ om ic scale in Western In dia ; an d also a few in dig en ou s plan ts little
priz ed for th eir fecula, an d wh ich h ave already been catalog ued in detail
u n der th e h ead of “ Fru its an d Veg etables”
N. O . 1 0. NYM PHZE A CE ZE .
Nymp bwa Lotus . Lin n . Seed an d root . See Fruits an d Veg etables.
”
N. O . 1 1 . NE LUM B I A CE AZ .
Nelumbium sp eciosum. W. Seed an d root . See Fruit an d
Veg etables.
”
N. O . 58 . Ta om aom crzaa.
Trop ceolum tuberosum. .Maun d of Peru . R oot .
N. O . 71 . A NA CA RD IA CE AE.
Ma nn era in dica . Lin n . Kern el. See “Fruits an d Veg etables.
240
STA R CHE S.
N. Q 1 70 . AMARANTA CE E .
Th e g rain R ajg cera of th is Presiden cy belon g s to th is order. Lin dleystates th at th e seeds of Amara n tus f rumen taceus, an d A . A b ard
h an a are g ath ered as corn crops in In dia .
0 . 1 7 1 . CHENOPOD I A CE JE .
Cben opoclium Qu in oa . W. Quin oa g rain of Peru.
N. O . 1 76 . POLYGONA CE E .
F ag opyrum escu len tum . Bu ckwh eat .O . 200. A R TOCA R PA CE JE .
A rtocarp us in cisa . W. True B read Fruit Tree of Sou th Seas.
F icus p a n ifica . A byssin ia .
N. O . 220. CON I F E R JE
A raucaria bialwillu . Hook . Th e B un z'
a Tu n sa of Moreton Bay .
Seed.
A rau caria imbrica ta . W. Ch ili. Seed.
P in us f remon tian a . E n dl. R ocky Moun tain s . Seed .
P in us P in ea . Lin n . South E urope. Seed.
N. O . 224 . Di osco a rA cn za.
D ioscorea a culea ta . W.
'
1D ioscorea a la ta . W.
D ioscorea bulbifera . W. >See“ Fruits an d Veg etables .
D ioscorea p en tap fiy lla . W.
D ioscorea sa tiva . W. JTestuclin aria E lep h a n tip es . Caffraria . Pith .
N. 0 . 230. ORCH IDA CE E .
E u lop bia cera . he roots of th ese plan ts probably con stiw
E ulop liia camp estris . tu te Orien tal Salep .
Gastrodia sesamoides . R . Br. New Hollan d . R oot .
Orch is JlI orio, 0 . mascu la , W. 0 . milita ris , W. 0 . p ap ilion acea ,
W. 0 . coriophora , Per. an d 0 . u n du la t zf olia , Per . yield E uropea n
Salep .
Th e B ayams root ofNew San th Wales belon g s, it is said, to th is order.
N. O . 235 . Mrisa c n az .
I llusap aradisia ca ,WV. Both yield fecula . See Fru its an d Veg e
JlI usa sap ien tum, W. tables .
N. O . 236 . IR ID A CE AE.
A Species of Tig ridia, yields an edible root in Mex ico.
N. O . 23 7 . L IL IA CE E .
Camassia esculen ta . Quamash ofNorth American In dia n s .
STA R CHE S .
O . 257 . A R A C E JE .
Amorpbop ba llus camp an ula tus, W . \R oo t .
A rum Colocasia , W. R oot .
A rum escu len tum .7 E ddoes an d Coco
ofWest In dies . R oot .
A rum in dicum.
‘
Lour. R oot .
A rum ma cula tum, W. Th e Sourceof Portlan d Sag o .
A rum n ymp breifolium . R oot .
A rum triloba tum, W. R oot .
Ca ladium costa tum .
Ca laa’ium g ran difolium, W. R oot .
Ca laalium ova tum, W. R oot .
Ca ladium sag ittif olium, W. R oot .
Colocasia h ima len sis .
See “Fruitsan dVeg etables.
Colocasia macror/ziz a .
A rum rump /m of Polyn esia, yields farin a accordin g to Simmon ds.N. O . 266 . GRAM INA CE E .
A ven a sa tiva, Lin n . an d oth er Species . Oats .
Festuca (Glyceria ,Brown )fluita n s, Lin n ., of R ussia .
“Man n a
Croup .
Hordeum dist icfion , Lin n .,an d oth er Species . Barley .
Org z a mutica , R ox . Uplan d R ice .
”
P a n icumf ascicula tum, Swartz . Jamaica, Cuman a, Mex ico, Guian a,Q uito, St . Thomas .
P an icum org z oides, Swartz . Jamaica an d Braz il.
P asp a lum ex ile, accordin g to Simmon ds th e Fun rli or c udun g i of
West A frica .
P ea abyssin ica, Jacq . Tayf of A byssin ia .
Seca le cerea ls, Lin n . R ye .
Sorg hum aven a ceum, Beauv. Cape.
Sorg hum cafiirorum, B eauv. Cape .
Triticum vulg are, Ku n th . an d oth er Species V’heat .
Ziz a n ia aqua tica . H . K.
“ Can ada R ice .
Soojee, R olon g , Semola , Semolin a , Semolet ta , Semola rarita , an dUren a , are simply forms of Wh eat flour. See also A g riculturalProduce — Cereals .
243
STA R CH E S .
N. O . 267. FIL ICE S .
A lsop lzila Sp . Tasman ia . R oot .
Cibotium billa ra’ieri . Tasman ia . Pith .
Cg a tliea medu llaris .
D ip laz ium esculen tum .
Gleiclicn ia fierman n i .
Mara ttia ala ta . Swz . San dwich Isles.
Nep h rodium esculen tum. Nepaul . R h iz ome .
P teris esculen ta . Swz . A ustralia .
0 . 273 . L ICH E NE S .
Cetraria icela n dica , A ch . Icelan d Moss.
Cetraria n iva lis, A ch . Sn ow Citraria of North E urope.
Lecan ora escu len ta .
Lecan ora afi n is .
Stricta pulmon acea , A ch . Liverwort Stricta of E n g lan d .
Th e Tartars also eat an u n determin ed Lich en un der th e n ame of“ E arth bread .
”
0 . 274 FUNG I .
Ag aricus Sps. Mush rooms of E urope .
B oletus escu len tus Per. B ritain .
Cy ttaria darwin i i , with A rbu tus berries, con stitute th e on ly veg etablfood of th e people of Terra del Fueg o .
Cy t taria berteroi . Ch ili.
E a'idia h ispidu la . Chin a .
Morch ella escu len ta Per. E sculen t Morel of E urope .
Mylit ta australis . Native Bread of Tasman ia .
Tuber sps. Truffles of E urope .
N. O . 276 . A LGAE.
Chon drus mamillosus .
Chon a’rus crisp us .
D’
Urvillcea u tilis . Ch ili.
F ucus sps .
Carrig een moss.
Gig artin a sp eciosa . Swan R iver.
Geliclium corn eum, formin g th e B ird’
s n ests eaten by the Ch in ese .
Gra cila ria lich en oicles, Ceylon Moss .
Gracila ria sp in osa, Ag ar-Ag ar of th e E astern Arch ipelag o an d
Ch in a .
24 1
D I V I S I O N I .
Gla ss 3 . G .
SUGAR S .
N. O . 25. TAMA R I CA CE ZE . TAMA R I SKS.
T am arix in d ica . R ox . a . Ga llica . Lin n . I n dian Tamarisk .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Trig yn ia.
Th e sacch arin e ex udation , — A rabian Man n a .
Vern acular. Th e tree, — I kaoo, Hin d . P akke, Tel . Toorfa, A rab .
Gus , Pers . Th e ex udation , - Gu z u njabin , Pers . Vu lg .
Habita t . Th e Mediterran ean lan ds, A rabia, Sin dh , R oh ilcu n d.
R emarks . This ex udation is said to be produ ced by th e pu n cture of th e
Coccus man ip arus . I t is often called A rabian Man n a to distin g u ish it
from Tooru njabin , or Persian Man n a, secreted,
by A lhag i maurorum,
Tourn . N. O . Leg umin osae ; Skirk ist, or Kh orassan Man n a, said to be
th e produ ct of a species of Olive ; an d Sicilian Man n a th e sweet con creteex udation of F rax in us Orn us , Lin n . an d F . rotun difolia, Lin n . both
Oliveworts. A u stralian or Gum - tree Man n a is a spon tan eou s ex udation
from E uca lyp tus ma n n ifera , Moudie (Tran s. Med . B ot . Soc . iii .
N. O . 85 . Myrtaceae . B en n ett states th at th e E ucalyp tus vimin a lis of
Hook er is th e sou rce of A ustralian Man n a, an d th at it is produced by th ep erforation s of a Tet tig on ia . He also states th at a sacch arin e an d m ucilag in ou s substan ce, called Lerp by th e n atives, is produced on E uca lypt us dumosa , A . Cu n n . by a P sylla . I n a n ote to chap ter viii. of Livin gston e
’
s Mission ary Travels, it is said th at a sweet g ummy ex udation calledaborig in es of New Hollan d Wao-me—la , is produced by a species of
on a species of E uca lyp tus . I s th is Lerp .7 I n th e ch ap ter q uoted,
Livin g ston e m en tion s th a t th e larvae of a species of P ag lia appear in Sou th
A frica on th e Mop a n e tree (B au bin ia sp . l N. O . covered with a
su g ary secretion , wh ich th e in h ab itan ts collect an d eat . A t the Cape
of Good Hope, Vascau amp lex icaulis, De C . h as a sacch arin e root,
247
SUGA R S.
called Z oetkou t -bosckjc, used by th e colon ists as a substitu te for Liquorice,th e root of Lig uoritia ofi cin a lis , Mon eh . Th e root of A brus p reca torius,Lin n . , J amaica Wild Liquorice, is sub stitu ted h ere, an d in th e West
I n dies . On on is sp in osa , W. Common R es t Ha rrow of B ritain , Glycg r
rkis a eckin a ta , G . g la n dulifera , an d Trifolium a lp in um , h ave sweet
roots, wh ich h owever are little k n own . A ll are Leg um in ous Plan ts . A t
th e Cape of Good HOp e also th e n ectar fou n d in th e in volu cre of P rotea
mellifera , Lin n . N. O . 1 82 . Proteaceae, is collected an d u sed u n der th e
n am e of B osckjes Stroop . Oth er species also probably con tribu te to th isn atu ral syru p . Th e flowers of Column ea sca n den s, N. O . 1 45 . Gesn eraceae,secrete so larg e a qua n tity of hon ey th at it is called Lia n e a sirop by th e
Fren ch colon ists . Quercus ma n n ifera , N. O . 2 1 2 . Corylaceae is said
to y ield a Man n a in Kurdistan . Brian con Man n a is ob tain ed fromLa ria: eurOp cea, De C . Common Larch , N. O . 220. Con iferae . Cedar
Ma n n a occurs on Cedrus Liba n i, Barrel, Cedar of Leba n on , also a Con ifer .
Orcin Man n a is fou n d in variou s Lich en es, N. O . 273 ; an d variou s
A lg ae, N. O . 276, as Lamin aria sacckarin a , A g . , Ha lidrg s siliquosa , an d
Fucus vesicu losus , Lin n . con tain a con siderable per cen tag e of Man n a- like
su g ar . Sukkur-ool- askur, th e su g ar of Ca lo trop is g ig a n tea, R . ,B row n ,
is probably of th e n ature of Man n a . P au llin ia aus tra lis, an d Sery'
a n ia
leth a lis, N. O . 4 8 . Sapin daceae, are supposed to furn ish Lech equan a
h on ey, wh ich is as dan g erous in its effects as th at m en tion ed by X en oph on .
(A n ab . lib . iv.) See u n der “ Drug s,”A lbag i Maurorum, A brus p reca
torius, Liquoritia ofi cin a lis, an d Ca lotrop is g ig an tea .
N. O . 53 . VI TA CE ZE . VI NE WOR TS.
V itis V in ife ra . W. Common Grap e Vin e .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e sug ar,— Grape Su g ar.
Vern acular. Th e sug ar,— Dibs, Dip s, Syria, E g ypt .
I I abita t
R emarks . I n Syria a sweet preparation is made from th e ju ice of
th e g rape . I t con sists ch iefly of g rape su g ar, an d is ex ported to Eg yp t
u n der th e n am e of clip s or dibs .
” “ I n Gen esis x liii. v. 1 1 , th is word is
tran slated kon ey, th ou g h th e sweet of th e g rape is probably m ean t .
D ibs is also th e word u sed for Sam son’
s h on ey (J udg es x iv. th ou g h
A ssa l is th e word n ow employed in Syria an d E g yp t to den ote th e h on eyof th e b ee .
”
(Lewes in“ Th e Ch emistry of Common R aisin s,
fig s, dates, a n d prun es, ab ou n din g in g rape-su g ar, m ay with prop riety
b e classed amon g st veg etable su g ars ; as also th e pods of Cera ton ia
Siliqua, th e Locu st- tree of E u rope Hg men w a Courbaril, th eWest In dianLocust an d Gleclitsckia triaca n tka , th e Hon ey Locust ofNorth America .
Th e pu lp of th e pod of Ca tkartocarp us Fistula is also sweet, bu t
n auseou s . Th ese four trees are all Leg umin ous.
248
SUGA R S.
t n ix sy lvest ris . R ox . Wood, Da te P alm .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Trian dria.
Th e Sug ar prepared from th e sap .
Vern acular . Kkurjiooree, San s. Sen dki, Kajar, Hin d . E etckum
p a n n ag , Tam . E eta, Tel .
Ha bita t . E ast In dies .
R emarks . Th is is said to be th e larg est su g ar p rodu cer of all th e
Palm s ; th e su g ar of Palms, or J ag g ery, as it is called in In dia, bein g prepared by boilin g down th e sap . Ph oen ix da cty lifera , Lin n . is said also
to yield su g ar. Th e oth er sacch ariferou s Palms are A ren g a sacch a rifera ,Labill. of th e E astern A rch ip elag o, an d Nip a f ru tica n s, Th u n b . of th e
sh ores of th e In dian Ocean .
N. O . 266 . GR AMINACEZE . G R A SSE S.
Sa cch a rum ofi‘icin a rum . Lin n . Common Sug ar-Can e .
L in n . Sy st. Trian dria Dig yn ia.
Th e prepared juice,— Sug ar.
Vern acular. Th e plan t,— I ksku, Pun dru , R usa la, San s. I k
, A kk,Ookh , Ukyo, B en g . Ga n n a , Khu looa , Kajooli, I ck , Uck , Hin d .
0 0s, Dec . Ka rimba ,Mal . Karoomboo, Tam . Cke
‘
rukoo- bodi,Ckeru koobuboo, Tel . Kusseb-a s- sookir , A rab . Nie-sh akh ir, Pers .
Tdbu , Malaya . Tuvo, B orn eo . Tau, Floris. Ton g a . To, Tah iti,Ma rquesas. K0 , Sa n dwich Isles . J ag g ary,
— Gkudkam , Gura ,Guda , San s . Goor, Dec . Vellum, Tam . Ku n d, A rab . Su g ar,Sakka ra , San s. Ch en ee, Hin d . Skukkir, Dec . Sukkarei, Tam .
P a n ckadara , Tel . Sh a kh ir, Persn A rab . Tub- ir- z ud (Su g arCan dy), A rab . Gula , Sakara , Kara, Gdn dis, J ava .
Ha bita t . Cu ltivated in both In dies .
R ema rks . Four varieties of Common Sug ar- Can e are recog n ised byKun th , viz .
a . commu n e. Poori, Ben g . ; an d Creole, or Native Can e of
West In dies .
B. p urp ureum . Kajooli, B en g .
y . g ig an teum. Ku llooa, B en g .
8. takiten se. Otah eite Can e .
Two oth er Species are also admitted, viz .
S . violaceum, Tussac, said to be iden tical with th e Otah eite can e .
‘ S. sin en se. R ox . Cultivated in Ch in a .
Can e-sug ar can n ot be proved to h ave been k n own toth e an cien ts. A ccordin g to Spren g el th e can e is first men tion ed by Abulfaidil, an d su g ar byMoses Choren en sis. Th e Ven etian s imported In dian Sug ar by way of th e
250
SUGA R S.
R ed Sea in to Europe prior to A .D .
’ 1 1 48 , an d th e plan t was probably in tro
duced in to R hodes, Crete, Cyprus, an d Sicily by th e Saracen s. I n th e
1 5th cen tury it was in troduced to th e Can aries by th e Span iards, an d to
Madeira by th e Portug uese, wh en ce it was carried to th e West In dies an dB raz ils . Th e man ufactu re of sug ar in th e n ew world commen ced durin gth e 1 7th cen tury .
Can e-su g ar may be crystalliz ed or amorph ou s. White B rown an d
Pin k or R ose-Can dy an d Wh ite, an d Brown Su g ar are ex amples of th e
first, an d Barley-su g ar of th e secon d. Muscovado, or R aw-sug ar, is a
m ix ture of crystallin e an d amorph ou s sug ar. Molasses (from mel, h on ey)is th e drain in g s of Mu scovado ; Treacle (Th eria ca , F eed Saccha ri, Ph arm . ,
Loud .)“ is th e viscid, dark brown , u n crystalliz able syrup wh ich drain s
from refin ed sug ar in th e su g ar moulds Caramel is bu rn t sug ar, an d an
article well kn own to Parsee Win e -dealers.
A n drop og on sacch ara tus, R ox . (Sorg hum sacchara tum, Pers. Holcussacch a ra tus, Lin n . an d perh aps A n drop og on caf rorum, Ku n th), is th e
B room corn ” of America, an d Sorg ho-sucre of th e Fren ch . I t is simplyth e Sh a loo of th e Deccan , an d Deodh a n of Hin doostan , bu t h as b ecome
very valuable in oth er coun tries as a source of sug ar. A can e calledI mp hee h as been ex perimen tally cultivated with in differen t su ccess inWestern In dia for som e years past on accoun t of th e Su g ar wh ich it yields,an d it is said to be A n drop og on sacch ara tus, R ox . Th e plan t k n own
a t th e Cape of Good HOpe as I mp h ee, h as n ot h owever a black g rain ,like th e so- called I mph ee cultivated in th is g overn men t ; an d I believeth is so-called I mph ee n ot to be th e plan t of th e Caffres, bu t th at in tro
duced in to E n g lan d from Ch in a . Th is m ay accou n t for th e in differen tsu ccess of its cultivation h ere, for p rimdf a cie a Cape variety of a sug ar
yieldin g A n drop og on , would be more likely to bear ou t its local repu tationin Western I n dia th an a Chin ese, for both th e Ch in ese a n d Cape plan ts
are probably but varieties of R ox burg h’
s plan t . .Th e “ Maple Sug ar”
of North America is prepared from th e ju ice of A cer sacch arin um, W.
A . dasycarp um, W. an d oth er species, N. O . 47. A ceraceae .
“ B eet
root Sug ar”is prepared from B eta vu lg aris, W ., an d (t ) B . Cicla , W.
N. O . 1 7 1 . Ch en opodiaceae . Sambucus n ig ra , W. Th e Common E lder,N. O . 1 1 4 . Caprifoliaceae, yields a su g ar, bu t at presen t of n o econ omicvalue . Su g ar is also n ow prepared from Potatoes, a n d m ig h t be th eo
retically from an y starchy veg etable . Hon ey is essen tially a veg etable
su g ar, bu t will be catalog ued u n der an imal produ cts .
Th e followin g is a list of th e Sweet-meats (Meethayee) sold in th e
Baz ar of Bombay
M ORE O R LE SS C IRCU LA R I N SHA PE .
J elabee. Sug ar, g h ee, an d wh eat-flour, m ix ed, melted, an d form ed in toan irreg ular webb, by b ein g pou red ou t of a spoon h avin g a h ole at
th e bottom, an d moved in a circu lar way.
Su tur-
p hun ee, or Tar-phun ee. Th e same con stituen ts, mix ed, melted,drawn in to fin e filamen ts, an d felted, as it were, tog eth er.
251
SUGA R S .
Ma l-p ooree . Th e same, bu t resemblin g small pan cakes.
R eevudee . Loz en g es of sug ar, covered with til seed (Sesamum).B a rra -bu t tasa an d Chota -bu t tasa . Cak es of su g ar,
— wh ite an d brittle .
A n n arsa . Sug ar- cak es covered with Cas -cus (Poppy-Seed).
Na n ka ta i. R ich cakes of flour, su g ar, almon ds, with cardamom s an d
other Spices, made by th e Mah omedan s, an d ch iefly imported fromSu rat .
Khaja . Gh ee an d fin e flou r.
M ORE O R L E SS Q U A DR ILATE RA L O R CU B ICAL .
B arp hee-saddee. Milk an d sug ar .
B urp h ee-masa lakee . Th e same with th e addition of P ista (Pistach io
n u ts), Ch iron g ee (th e k ern els of B a ch a n a n ia la tifolia , an d
Sp ices .
B udamee-hu lwa -vola . Wh eat flour an d su g ar paste, with almon ds scattered over th e su rface .
B adamee—ha lwa -sooka . Th e sam e dried.
B udamee-hu lwa -masalaka . Th e same with th e addition of spices .
Dewka -h ulwa . Th in slices of B adamee-ha lwa .
Goor-da n ee . E arth -n u ts embedded in Goor (raw-su g ar) an d baked .
Mesaar . Gram emb edded in su g ar.
Narlee-
p akh . Cocoan ut an d sug ar.
Doodee-ke-hulwa . Sug ar, g ou rd in slices, an d spices.
M ORE O R L E SS GLOBU LA R .
Dood-
p edda . Sug ar boiled with milk .
Dood—
p edda-mus a lika . The same with cardamoms, n utmeg , mace . o
Ma tee-choor-ludao . B alls of su g ar, wh eat, an d g ram flou r.Dulya
-ludao. Th e same made fin er.
B essa n -ke- ludao . Sug ar an d g ram flour on ly .
Moon g-ke-ludao . Moon g flour (Ph aseolus Ma n g o).
Choorma -ludao. Wh eat flou r.
Cadit-ke-ludao. Oorud flour (Phaseolu sMun g o, var
Meth ee-ludao . Fen u g reek .
Masaleka-ludao. A n y of above Ludoos with Spices.
B uttasaeJ adoo. B uttasa (see above) in balls.
MORE OR LE SS CYL INDR ICA L .
Gug an-
g an tee . Little cylin ders, flour with in an d sug ar withou t .
Goolabeejamb. Sug ar an d flour.252
D I V I S I O N 1 .
C la ss 4 . A .
G UMS A ND GUM-R ES INSo
N. O . 4 . ANNONA CE ZE . ANONA DS.
A n n on a s q u am osa . L in n . Sweet Sop .
Lin n . Sy st . Polyan dria Polyg yn ia.Vern acular. See Fruits an d Veg etables.
Ha bita t . Sou th Ameri ca. E x ten sively cultivated th roug h ou t th e
E ast .
R emarks . See “ Dru g s . Th is is o n e of th e trees on wh ich LA C is
fou n d, h avin g been first n oticed on it by Dr. Carter, wh o first fully an d
accu rately described an d fig u red th e in sect (Coccus La cca), th e pu n ctures of wh ich cau se th e ex udation of th is substan ce .
Th e oth er trees on wh ich LA C is fou n d are
Va tica la ccifera, N. O . 34 .
F eron ia elep h a n tam, N. O . 40.
Vismia la ccif era .7
Vismia micra n th a .7
N' 0 ° 4 1 °
Sch leich era trijag a , N. O . 48 .
Ziz yp hus J ujuba, N. O . 70.
B u tea f ron dosa, 1E ry thrin a in dica , l
E ry th rin a mon osp erma, LN, 0 , 74 ,
I n g a du lcis, l
Mimosa cin erea , JCarissa sp in aram, N. O . 1 4 1 .
A leurites la ccifera , 7Croton Draco .
7 :>N. O . 1 95.
Croton san g uiferum, J
GUMS AND GUM-R ESINS.
Urostig ma relig iosum,N. O . 200.
Celtis sp . N. O . 201 . U lmaceae .
The Vern acular n ames for LA C are Laksh a , San s. Lakh , Hin d. Gu z .
Komba rra ki, Tam . Commoleka , Tel . Lukudu, Cey . Khejijk, Burmah .
B a lo, J ava . Amba lau , Malaya . I n a n ote on R ox burg h’s paper, O n th e
Lacsha, or Lac in sec t”
(A siatic R esearch es, Vol . ii. Lon d . Sir. W .
J o n es observes, Th e Hin dus h ave six n am es for L AC bu t th ey g en e
rally call it d sha, from th e mu ltitude of sm all in sects, wh o, as th eybelieve, disch arg e it from th eir stom ach s, an d at len g th destroy th e tree
on wh ich th ey form th eir colon ies . A fin e P ipp a la , n ear Crish n ag ar, is
n ow almost wh olly destroyed by th em .
”
Dr. Carter’
s papers on th e Coccus Lacca are con tain ed in V0]. vn .
Nos . 3 7 an d 4 1 of Th e A n n als an d Mag az in e of Natural History .
”
I n comm erce LA C , g ath ered with th e twig s on wh ich it is formed, is
called STICK -LA C th e resin rem oved, a n d its colou rin g matter wash ed
ou t, is SE E D -L A C th is m elted in m asses is LU M P- LA C or melted, strain ed,an d ru n in to th in layers, SH E LL - LA C . LA CQ U E R is a varn ish ofLA C . Th e
Lac-work of Hydrabad, in th e Deccan , is celebrated. See “ Dyes.
”
Crawfurd states th at th ere is a dye on Sum atra called Laka , th e wood of
th e tree n amed Ta n aria s major by R umph iu s (Amb . lib . v. ch . 38, tab .
bu t I am u n able to iden tify it with an y Species recog n ised bybotan ists : Blume (R um ph ia) g ives two species of Myristica with th e
vern acular n ame of Lakh a
N. O . 1 8 . FL A COU R T I A CE JE . Laztia ap eta ta secretes, in tropicalAm erica, a balsami c resm , becom in g wh ite in con tact with air,lik e San darach .
N. O . 1 9. C I STA CE fE . R OCK- R OSE S.
Coch lo sp erm um Gos sy p ium . D e 0 . Golden Silk -Cot ton Tree .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Th e g um ,— I (a teera, Hin d .
Ha bita t . Travan core, Corom an del, Ha rdwar, A rracan .
R emarks . See “ Dru g s . GU M -KU T E E R A of commerce is the pro
duct also of E rioden dron a nf ra cta osam, Lin n . an d Stercu lia u re n s, R ox .
N. O . 3 1 . I t is often su bstitu ted for Trag acan th . LA DANU M is th e
resin ou s ex udation from Cistus creticus, C . lada n if erus an d oth er R ockR oses of th at g en u s. I t is described by Herodotu s (b . iii. ch . an d
is said to be sold in th e Surat baz ar.
N. O . 3 1 . STE R CULI A CE ZE . STE R CULI AD S.
E riod e n dron a n fra ctu osum . De C. Wh ite Silk-Cot ton Tree .
I / in n . Sy st . Mon adel phia Polyan dria.
Vern acular. The g um,—Ha ttian -ke-
g on d, Hin d.
256
G'
UMS AND GUM- R ESINS.
Sh ore a rob u sta . Gaert .
Sh ore a T um b u g a ia . R ox .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. S , rob u s ta ,Su la , Ushwukurn ika , San s . Sa l, Be n g .
Hin d . Saj, Ben g . (A rab . by A in slie). E in g-
g yeen , Burmah ,S . T um b u g a ia , Tambag a i, Tam .
.Ha bita t . S . robus ta 'Hin doostan , S. Tumbug aia Palg h at .
R ema rks . Th e resin of th ese trees (th e latter is th e Va tica Tumbug a iaofW. et A .) con stitu tes on e of th e kin ds of DAMMA R m et with in I n dia .
I t is amber- coloured like the resin (P INE Y DAMMA R, WH ITE D A MMA R
O F M A LA B A R, IND IAN CO PA L , (In dian ) GU M A N IM E ) of Va teria
in dica of th e presen t order, bu t very b ritt le in stead O f very toug h , as the
latter. WH ITE D AMM A R of Sin g ap ore is th e produ c t of D ammara
orien ta lis, N. O . 220 . Pin aceae, D . a us tra lis bein g th e sou rce of COWD IEor KAU R I E GUM , A U ST R A L IAN D AMM A R, A U STRA L IA N CO PA L of NewZealan d . BLA CK D AM MA R O F M A LA BA R is ob tain ed from Ca n a riam
s tric tum, N. O . 72, below . R A L an d DH O ONA are g iven in bo oks as
I n dian n ames of th e resin of S . robus ta , bu t R a l is a common n ame for allresin -lik e substan ces, a n d th e R a l imported from th e Pun jab is n ot
sim ilar to th e D AMM A R of Shorea robus ta . Th e term Dammar is inBombay also applied to P ITCH .
V a teria in dica . Gmrt .
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. P ein imaram, Vella -koodricum, Mal. Velli-koon drieam,
Koon dricam, Tam . Dap adamara , Tel.
Ha bita t . Malabar, Tra van core .
R emarks . Th is is th e E lmoca rp us cop a lif‘
eras of R etz , P reage of
R h eede (Hort . Mal . iv. t . an d Ch lorox y lon Dap ada of Bu ch an an .
Th e resin , wh en recen t an d soft, is called P INE Y VA RN ISH wh en h arden ed,IND IA N CO PA L, (I n dian ) GU M A NIM E , an d P INE Y D A M M A R . For true
Copal an d Gum A n im e, see below“N. Os . 7 1 an d Th e in formation
in reg ard to In dian Dammars is very con fu sed, an d h en ce above I h aveavoided all syn on ymes bu t su ch as app ear u n doub ted . Wh at is k n own as
th e P in ey- tree is th e Ca lop hyllum a n g us tifolium, N. O . 42. Gu ttiferae, of
botan ists . Va teria la n cecef olia , R ox . th e JlI oa l of Silb et ex udes a clearliqu id, wh ich soon h arden s in to a very pure am ber-coloured resin ,
fromwh ich th e n atives ob tain , by distillation , a dark -coloured, th ick, stron gsm ellihg balsam , called ch ooa or ch ova, ,
by th e people wh o Sell it ; an d
Goon d by th e B rahmin s, wh o _ u se it in th eir relig iou s cerem on ies an d
temples.
”Va tica laccifera , W. et A . (Shorea Ta la ra, R ox .) of th e
Deccan , h as already been referred to u n der N. O . 4 .
258
GUMS AND GUM- R ESINS.
N. O . 40. AUR ANTI ACELE . CI TR ONWOR TS.
’
F ero n ia e lep h a n tum . C. de S. I n dia n E lep h an t App le.
Lin n . Sy st. Decan dria Mon og yn ia
Vern acular. See Dru g s .
H abita t . In dia .
R ema rks . Th e g um forms a part of th e GUM GATT IE an d E A STI ND IA GU M (A rabic) of Commerce, th e rest bein g m ade up of th e g um
of A z adira ch ta in dica , N. O . 50 ; th e g um ( resin of Ma n g if erain dica , N. O . 7 1 ; a n d g um of A cacia a ra bica , A . Lebbek , A . odora tis
s ima , A . Ca techu , an d Va ch ellia F a rn esia n a , N. O . 74, a n d of Termin a lia
bellerica , N. O . 8 1 , see below . Ai‘
g le rir armelos, C . de S. of th e pre
sen t order probably also con tribu tes a portion . I t is stated in th e“ R eports of th e J u ries
”on th e E x h ibition of 1 86 1 , th at th e g um of
Coimb atore 1 s a m ix ture of 24 g um s, an d resin s. Of N. O . 4 1 . Hyperica
eeae, Vzsmza micra n th a , an d V. la ccif era , h ave been referred to u n der N.
O . 4 . V. g ui a n en sis of Mex ico an d Surin am yields AM E R ICAN GUMM IGU TT ZE of commerce .
N. O . 42. GUTT I FE R ZE . GUTTI FE R S.
Ca loph y llu rn in oph y llum . Lin n . Sweet-scen ted Ca lop hyllum.
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular . P oon ag a ? San s. Sa ltdn champ a , Sa rp un ka, Hin d .
Surp u n ka , Con dee, Dec . P oon a, Mal. P in n ay, Tam .. P oon a
g amu , Tel . Teldomba , Cey .
Ha bita t . Malabar, Deccan .
R emarks . See Dru g s . I t is stated in book s of au th ority, th at a
resin ex udes from th e roots of th is plan t, an d th at it is th e TA CAM A H A CAof th e Isle of B ou rbon . Th e tru e E A ST IND IAN TA CAM A H ACA is pro
duced by C. Ca la ba , an d M YANA S R E S I N_
IS referred to th e sam e Species”
(Lindley). Lin n aeus erron eou sly referred Tacamah aca to P op u la s ba l
samif era , N. O . 209. Salicaceae . E lap h rium tomen tosum an d Ca n a rium
commu n e, both of N. O . 72 . Amyridaceae, are said to yield som e of th is
resi n . GAM BOGE , GUMM I GU TT JE , is th e g um resin of Hebraden dron
cambog ioides, Grah am , of Siam . Moron obea coccin ea yields th e“M A N I
or OANAN I Gum of Braz il.” BA LSAM OF MA R IA comes from Verticil'
laria a cumin a ta .
’
N. SAP INDACE ZE . SOA PWOR TS .
Sch le ich era triju g a . W. et A
L in n . Sy s t . Octan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular. Koosum, By . Poomaram, Tam . May, R oa tan g ha,
Ku n g has (Peddin g ton ), E mbal-kon , Cey .
259
GUMS AND GUM- R ESINS.
Ha bita t . Coroman del, Malabar.
R emarks . On e source of LA C , see N. O . 4 , an d Woods . Koosamba is th e n ame also of th e dye Safflower, Carth amus tin clorius, N. O .
1 20.
N. O . 50. ME LI AOE lE . ME LI A D S.
A za d ira ch ta. in d ica . A . de J uss . A sh -leaved R ead Tree.
L in n . Sy st . Mon adel phia. Decan dria.
Vern acu lar. Nimba , San s. Nim, A rish to, Hin d. Neem, Dec .
B ewa, Can . A riabep ou, Mal . Veyp am, Tam . Vep a , Vaymp a ,Tel. Tel-kohomba, Cey . Th embau-kamukah , Peg u .
Habita t. I n dia .
R ema rks . See Dru g s. Th e g um forms a portion of GUM -GATT I Ean d
,E A ST ' IND IA GUM , see N. O . above . Of N. O . 5 1 . Humiriaceae,
Humiriumfloribun dum, wh en th e tru n k is wou n ded, yields a frag ran tliqu id yellow balsam , called BA LSAM O F UM IR I, resemblin g th e propertiesof Copaiva an d Balsam of Peru .
”The juice of H amirium balsamiferam
smells of Storax . Both are n atives of tropical Am erica .
N. o . 52. CEDR E LACE EE . (JE D R E LADS.
Sw ie te n ia.M ah a g o’
n i . W. Common Mahog a n y .
L in n . Sy s t . Decan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular. Mahag on i, By.
Ha bita t . West In dies. Flourish es I n Bombay, at th e SewrieGarden s.
R emarks . Th is tree in Bombay yields a beau tiful silvery g um in g rea tabun dan ce . GU A IA CU M RE SIN is yielded by Guaiacum Qfi ein a le, Lin n .
N. O . 62, Z n phyllaceae .
N. R HAMNACE JE . R HAMNA D S.
Z izyp h us J ujub a . Lam . B lun t-leaved Ziz yphus .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. See “Dru g s.
Ha bita t . North A frica, Arabia, I n dia .
R emarks . See Drug s”
an d Non -n arcotic Drin ks.
duced on‘
th is tree as n oted u n derN. O . 4, above it is saida portion of GUM GATT IE also.
260
GUMS AND GUM - R E SINS .
R i ms Ap ap e, of A ustralasia, yields a g um resin .
R i ms cop a llin a, is said to yield CO PA L . See N. O . 74 .
R i ms Metop in m, HOG-GUM (perh aps also in cludes Do cr o n’s -GUM)
of J amaica .
R ims vern ix , yields a black varn ish in J apan .
R i ms su cceda n eum,
R i ms vern icif erum,
Scizin us Molle, ab oun ds with resin .
Stag maria vern iciflua , J APAN LA CQ U E R .
yield a similar varn ish .
N. O . 72. AMYR I DACE ZE . A MYR I D S.
B a lsam ode n dro n rox b u rg h ii . A rn .
L i n n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular. Goog u l, B en g . By . Kooku l, Tam . I ll a /ka i, A 1 ab . Pers .
R og it en toorb, Afla toon , Pers . fil oolie-ke teil, — a Hin dee syn o
n ym e in th e U lfaz w iyeh , wh ere B udleeyoon is g iven as a
Syrian n am e .
Ha bita t . North ern In dia, Silh et, A ssam , Sin dh , Deccan ?R emarks . Yields th e g um
.
f l esin (In dian ) BD E LL IUM . See Dru g s .
Stocks desc 1 ibes two species i n Sin dh , B . p u bescen s an d B . i ox bu rg /z ii ;
th e latter h owever h avin g been wroii g ly so n amed by h im , an d n ow
k n own as B . Mu kul, I .I ooker A rn ot’
3 plan t 1 s R ox b urg h’
s A my i is A g a t
locii a an d A . commip iiora , a n d is ide n tical prob ably with Commip izora
madag ascarien sis . B a lsamoden dro n Myrriza , Nees ah E sen . yields MYRRH(see an d B . Op oba lsamum, Kun th (B . g ileaden se, Ku n th ),O PO BA LSAM U M , or BA LM O F G ILE AD . Th is plan t is th e Amyris Op oba l
samum, Lin n . De Can dolle’
s B . g ileaden se is difl'
eren t, b ein g th e same as
P rotium g ileaden se, W. et A . Amyris g ileaden sis, B ox . an d B . berryi,
Am . See “ Drug s.
”
B osw e llia g lab ra . R ox .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Koon tiireicum, Mal. Koon dricum,Tam . Goog ola , Tel.
Habita t . Coroman del.
R emarks . Yields GO OND R I CUM , an d n o doub t a portion of (In dian )Oliban um . I t is n ow called
‘
P imela g la bra, B lume .
B osw e llia th u rife ra . Colebrooke .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Sa llaci, Silla ci, Cun a’uruci, Amduri, Sa rabil i, Suvan a,
San s. Salai, Sale, Siia, Sa la, Sajuvan , Gun dabarosa, Dizoop ,
262
GUMS AND GUM R ESINS.
E sas, La ba n , Hin d . Koon da r- z acizir, Gu z . Awul-g oon dar, Dec .
P a ra n g iz i-sambra n i, Tam . La ba n , Ca n dar, B istaj, A rab . La ban ,
Koon der, Laba n uja , Syr.
Ha bita t . Coroman del.
R ema rks . Th e source of (In dian ) OL IBANUM . A s u n der R . p apyri
f em , Hoch . in th e class Dru g s th e In dia n syn on ymes were in cluded,so h ere I h ave in cluded th e A rab ian , Persian , an d Syria n , alth ou g h
I n dian Oliban um is n ot k n ow n th ere, a n d my procedure in reg ard to th e
trees is perh aps obj ection able . U n der th e class of Dru g s I adopted B .
p ap yrif era as th e sou rce of th e O L IBA NU M of comm erce , bu t su g g ested
th a t o th er A frica n a n d A rabian B oswellias m ig h t con tribute to it, a n d
referred to th e in qu iries I h ad set on foot to determin e the qu estion ,
Cap tain Playfair h as tak en th e g reatest pain s to ob tain all th e Oliban um
trees to be fou n d in th e Soum ali cou n try, an d th rou g h h is ex ertion s th e
followin g results h ave been so far reach ed . Th ere are th ree trees in th e
Soumali cou n tryl st Yeg a ar, yieldin g th e La ban Maitee, of th e A rabs,2n d Jlf ofir Add,3 rd rWoizr Ma dow;
b oth yieldin g th e La ba n Sbeii eri of th e A rabs, possibly, writes Captain
Playfair, becau se it is prin cipally tak en to th e Sh eh r a n d Makulla
m arket from th e A frican coast .
”
E ach of th ese , so far as can be judg ed from th e leaves, is distin ct fromth e plan t described an d fig ured by Carter, Vol . ii. of th e J ourn al of th e
B om bay Bran ch of th e R oyal A siatic Society, as B . ti mrifera (I ), a n d afterwards iden tified by Stocks with B . p apyrifera . No plan t am on g st th ose
sen t by Cap tain Playfair bein g like h is plan t, wh ich m oreover h e fou n d inA rabia , Dr. Carter beg an to doub t Stock
’
s referen ce, an d ex pressed th e
opin io n th a t Mobr M adow would prove to b e Hoch stetter’
s plan t . Th ere
can be lit tle doub t of th is, j udg in g from th e leaves. Th ere are, then ,th ree k n own A frican Oliban um trees .
B oswellia p ap yrifera , or Moiir Madow,
or M okr A dd,or Yeg a ar
a n d on e A rabian described in 1 8 47 by Carter, bu t n ot yet n am ed . Cap tain
Playfair says th ere are oth er species in'
A frica, bu t h e h as n ever been
able to g et a t th em . Dr. Vau g h a n , Vol. x ii . No . v. of th e Ph arm aceu
tical J ou rn al, states La ba n Siza ii arree (or Marba t) to be th e n am e of
A ra bia n Oliban um , wh ich disag rees with wh a t Cap tain Playfair says of
La ba n Sizeii eri b u t as in a subsequ en t reprin t of Dr. Vau g h an’
s paper,n o A rabic n ame for A RA B IAN O L IB ANU M (see class Dru g s
”
) is g iven , th e
referen ce first m ade m ay b e assumed perh aps as h avin g proved u n ten able .
Th e Mu seum is very rich in its collection of Oliban um . B . timrifera isR ox burg h
’
s B . serra ta .
263
GUMS AND GUM- R ESINS.
Can a rium s trictum . R ox .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyg amia Dioecia.Vern acular. Diioop , Bh oreGh aut . Tkelly, Mal. Con g iliam, Tam .
Ha bita t . Malabar. Tin n evelly .
R emarics . Yields BLA CK D AMMAR o r M A LA BAR . Th e followin gAmyrids also yield resin ou s ex udation s an d ju 1 ces
B a lsamoden dron afi i ca n um, (A frican ) BD E LL IUM .
A myris b ex a n dra ,
Amyris p lamieri of th e A n tilles,Sources Of E LE M“
B arsera a cumin a ta , of Caracas, RE SIN O F CA RANA .
B a rsera g ummifera , of th e West I n dies, CH I B OU , or CACH I BOU .
Lin n .
Ca n ariam commun e, (C. z ep iiryn am, R umph ius, B a rsera p a n icu la ta ,Lam . Amyris z ey la n ica , R et z . B a lsamoden dron z eyla n icam,
Kn u th . Colop hon ia mauritian a , De C .) of th e Isle of Fran ce,yields a portion of TA CAMA HA CA (an d it is said of E LE M I (Man illa)also). See No . 42 .
Commip izora ma dag ascarien sis is probably iden tical with B alsam
aden dron rox ba rg iiii, above de tailed.
E lap izriam elemiferum, Mex ican E L E M I .E lap hrium tomen tosum , yields a portion of TACAMAHCA .
I cica ambrosiaca , RE SIN O F COU M I A .
I cica A racoa ciiin i, BA LSAM or A coucm .
I cica Cara n a , AM E R I CAN B ALM o r GiLE A D .
I cica I cicariba (in cluded by Lin n aeus with Amyris p lamieri, u n der
h is A myris E lemif'
era) yields a portion of (Am erican ) E LE M I .Hedwig ia ba lsamifera, BE AUM E A COCHON, or B E A UM E A SU CR IE R .
E L E M I is th u s derived from Amyris it er a n dra , A . p lamiem'
, Ca n a riam
commu n e ? E lap icriam elemiferam, an d I cica I cicariba . Pereira states,
also, I h ave received from Dr. Ch ristison a specim en of th e resin of
Ca n arium ba lsamif eram of Ceylon , wh ich , in odou r an d g en eral appearan ce,stron g ly resembles elemi. If Willden ow’
s plan t is m ean t, th is is our
B oswellia g labra , B ox . or P imela g labra , Blume, above detailed. Wh atis th e source of (A frican ) E LM I ?
N. O . 74 . LEGUM INOSZE . LE GUM I NOUS P LANTS.
A ca cia. a ra b ica . Will. Gum-A ra bic Tree.
L in n . Sy st. Polyg amia Mon oeciaVern acular. See “ Drug s .
Habita t . In dia, Arabia, E g yp t, Sen eg al.264
GUMS AND GUM- R E SINS.
a sub stitu te for DRAGON’s BLOO D . (Lin dley . Th eDa lberg ia mon etaria
of Lin n aeu s (N. O . yields a resin very similar to D RA GON’
s BLOOD .
’
(Lin dley .
Poin cia n a. re g ia . B oj. R oya l Poin cia n a .
Lin n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular.
Habita t . Madag ascar.
R emarks . Th is flou rish es lux urian tly ir Bombay, an d yields g um
abu n dan tly .
P teroca rp u s m a rsup ium . R ox . E marg in a te-leaved, or I n dia n
Kin o Tree .
L in n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Vern acular. P eet- siiola , Hin d . B ibla , B ewa , B ia , Dec . Hoon ee,
Sou th ern Mah ra t ta Coun try . I f a rin ti wg ara , Mal. Yca n g a,Tam . Veg isa , Ey isa , Tel. Ga n -ma la , Cey .
Ha bi ta t . Malabar
R emarks . Yields MA LA B A R K INO . See “ Drug s, an d B a tea f rondosa , above . The followin g Leg um in osae also yield g ummy or resin ou s
ex udation s
A strag a lus cerus, A sia Min or, Persia, qA s trag a lus creticus, Mou n t I da,
A s tra a las a ris ta tus r a é x avb’a , Dios
corides), Greece,( p ’l
Y ield TRAGA C ANTH . See6 6
22A s trag a lus g ufllmifer’ Leban Ofl Koo l'
No 0 . 1 76 an d 3
distan ,l
A s trag a lus s trobiliferus, Koordista n , JB a a ii in ia e
B aa izin ia retusa ,SE M -KE -GOND .
Cop aif era mu ltan g a , an d n umerou s oth er Spemes yield CO PA IVA .
E ry tii rin a mon osp erma , on e of th e sources of LA C . See N. O . 4 ,above .
Hymen cea Courbaril, AN IM E .
I I ymen wa verrucosa, M A DA GA SCAR an d E A ST IND IAN COPA L .
Hymen cea sp ., M E X ICAN CO PA L .
Hymen cea sp . , a part of BRA Z IL IAN CO PA L .
fil yrosp ermam p eruiferam, BALSAM O F PE RU .
lll yrosp ermam tolaiferum, BALSAM O F TOLU .
P itiiecolobium g ummif erum, yields g um in Braz il.
Tm ehylobzam martianam, yields a portion of BRA Z I L I AN COPA L .
266
GUMS AND GUM- R ESI NS.
CO PAL is th us produced by several trees, viz . th e ME X ICAN fromSpecies of Hymen aea th e BRA Z IL IAN from species of Hymen aea , an d
Traciiylol ia n i martia n um an d E A ST IND IAN an d M A D AGA SCA R fromHymen cea verrucosa , it is said . IND IAN CO PA L , called also (In dia n )GUM ANIM E , is yeilded by Va teria in dica . B ut n on e of th ese are th e
trees wh ich yield th e CO PA L of th e E astern Coast of A frica , th e source of
wh ich is u n k n own . I h ave seen it stated th at R i ms cop a llin a is a sou rceof CO PA L, bu t can n ot fi n d th e referen ce . I h ave see n it stated also th at
a Ga ibou rtia is th e sou rce of A FR ICAN CO FA L ,
'
bu t fin d n o su ch g en u s inan y botan ical work . A FR ICAN CO PA L is fou n d on th e islan d of Zan z ibar,an d on th e n eig h bourin g m ain lan d . I t was observed,
”writes Bu rton ,
a t Mombasah , Saadan i, Muh on yera, an d Mez eg era of U z aramo an d was
h eard of at B ag amoyo, I n buan n aji, a n d Kilwa .
”Th e A rabs an d A frican s
divide th e g um in to two differen t k in ds . Th e raw copal (copal vert of
th e Fren ch m ark et) is called san daru si z am iti,‘tree c0pal
’
or ch akaz’
i,corrup ted by th e Zan z ibar merch an t to ‘ jackass copal. Th is ch akaz i iseith er picked from th e tree or is foun d, as in th e islan d of Z a n z ibar, sh allowly imbedded in th e loose soil wh ere it h as n o t remain ed lon g en oug h to
a ttain th e. ph ase of bitum en iz ation .
”Th e true or ripe copal, properly
called san darusi, is th e p rodu ce of vast ex tin ct forests .
”Th e g um
bu ried at dep th s beyon d atmosph eric in flue n ce , h as, like amber an d'
sim ilar g um
-resin s, b een bitumen iz ed in all its pu rity,— th e volatile prin ciples
b ein g fix ed by moisture an d by th e ex clusion of ex tern al air.
* Th a t it is
th e p roduce of a tree is proved by th e discovery of pieces of g um em
bedded in a touchwood wh ich crumbles u n der th e fi n g ers ; th e ‘
g oose skin ,’
wh ich is th e impress of san d or g ravel, sh ows th a t it was bu ried in a
soft state ; an d th e bees, flies, g n ats, an d oth er in sects wh ich are some
times foun d in it delicately preserved, seem to disprove a remote g eolog icalan tiquity .
”
(Lake R eg ion s of Ce n tral A frica . Vol ii. p .
Th e AN IM E of th e Bombay m arket is som etimes A FR ICAN (Zan z ibar)CO PA L , som etimes th e resin of Va teria in dica , an d n ever th e produ ct of
Hymen ce a Courbaril.k
N. MOR I NGA‘
CE iE . MA R I NGA D S.
M orin g a, p tery g o sp erm a . Smootii Horse-radish Tree.
L in n . Syst . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. See Drug s .
Ha bita t . Th e two I n dies, A frica .
R emarks . Yields M OR INGA GU M , or SA I GU T-GOOND . OfN. O . 76 .
R osaceae , several species, particularly of th e g en u s P run us, yield CHE RRYTRE E GUM . O f N. O . 8 5 . Myrtaceae, E u ca lyp tus resin ifera afl
'
ords
BOTANY B AY K INO , wh ich must n ot be con fou n ded with BOTANY B AY
GUM , th e frag ran t resin of X a n tilorriwea arborea , N. 0 . 242. Liliaceae.
267
GUMS A ND GUM- R ESINS.
N. O . 8 1 . COMBR ETA CE ZE . M YR OB ALA A'
S.
’
T erm in a lia. b ellerica . R ox .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia .
Vern acu lar. See Drug s.
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . A bou n ds with g um , form in g probably a portion of GUM
GATT IE , see N. O . 40 an d Termin a lia a rg en tea produces a resin
1 11 B raz il, an d T. B en z oin , a frag ran t resin u sed as in cen se in Mauritius .
iv. o . 1 02. CACTA CE IE . I ND I AN F I GS.
Opun t ia. rub es ce n s . Wa lp er R ep . tom . 1 1 . p . 35 1 . ed. 1 843 .
Li n n . Sy st . Icosan dria Mon og yn la .
Vern acular.
Habita t . B raz il .
R emarks . A plan t cu ltivated at th e A g ri-Horticultu ral Society
’s
Garden at Kirkee, yields a g um somewh at resemblin g th e false Trag acan th s,in larg e quan tity .
N. O . 1 10. UMBE LLI FE R ZE . UMB ELLI FE R S.
Na rth e x A sa fw tida . Fa lc.
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia.
Vern acular. Hin g a, San s. Hin g , San s. Ben g . Hin d. Dec. H in
g oo, San s. Cey . P eru n g g/um, Tam . I n g oova, Tel. Hilteet,A rab . Un g ooseii, Pers. A n g oa, Malaya .
Habita t . Saristan , A fg h an istan , Pun j ab .
R emarks . Y ields A SA FcE T I DA , see“Drug s. Besides the Pun j ab
sample, th e Museum collec tion con tain s a n umber of samples from Persia .
Th e o th er plan ts of th is order, yieldin g foetid g um-resin s, are Dorema
Ammon iacum, Don , in I rak , an d Fera la orien ta lis, W. in Morocco, yieldin g A MM 0N I A CUM . F erula p ersica .
7 W. in Persia, yieldin g SA GA PE NUM .
0p koidia g a lba n if era , Don , in Kh orassan , a n d Ga lba n um ofi cin a le,Do n , in Syria, yieldin g GA LBA NUM . Op op a n a x Cii iron iam, Kach , a
n ative of th e sh ores of th e Mediterran ean , yieldin g O p o p ANA x . Lin dleycon siders it likely th at SA RCO CO LLA also (referred g en erally to N. O . 1 84 .
Pen aeaceae) may belon g to th e presen t order. Her/era terebin tin acea ,
N. O . 1 1 1 . A raliaceae, of Cey lon , yields a resin h avin g th e smell of
turpen tin e .
268
GUMS AND GUM- R ESINS.
Ha bitat . I n dia.
R emarks. Th e milky sap on evaporation forms a sort of CAOUTCHOUC.
Cry p tost e g ia g ra n diflora , R . B r . Larg e-flowered Cryp tosteg ia .
‘
L in n . Sy st. Pen tan dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. P a lay, Mal .
Habita t . Malabar, Coroman del.
R ema rks . Th e m ilky sap on evaporation form s a sort of CA OU TCHOU C .
Cy n a n cbum ova lifoliam, yields th e CA OU TCHOU C, or IND IA - RU BB E R ofPen an g . See also “ N. Os . an d Cy n a n ci mm a ca t
'
um
yields th e resin k n ow n as M ONTPE LL IE R SC AMMONY , an d P eriplocamauritian a , BOU RBON SCA MMONY . See “N. O .
N. O . 1 41 . APOCYNACE ZE . D OGB ANE S .
P lum ieria a cum in a ta . H . K. A cumin a ted P lumieria .
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Goba r- ciiamp a, Ben g . Goolaciiin , Goba rcizamp , Hin d.
Kit a ir-citamp a, By .
Habita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks . Th e in spissated milk-sap forms a sort of CA OUTCROU C .
Collop iiora u tilis, an d Camera ria la tif olia yield CA OU TCHOU C, GUM
E LA ST IC, or E LA ST IC -RE SIN, in Sou th Am erica ; Vaii ea g ummifera inMadag ascar ; an d Urceola elastica, an d Willoag ii beia eclu lis in th e E ast
I n dies . (Lin dley ) See also N. Os . 1 40. 1 95. a n d OfN. O. 1 5 1 .
Con volvulaceae, Con volvulus Scammon ia, Lin n . yields SCAMM ONY .
N. o . 1 69. NYCTAGI NAC E I E . NYCTA GOS.
B ou g a in villaea sp e cta b ilis . J uss . Siiowy B oug a in villcea .
L in n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon ogy n ia.
Vern acular.
I f abita t . Mex ico .
R emarks . Yields a g um , like Gum -Arabic . Of N. O . 1 76 . Poly
g on aceae, Coccoloba uvifera furn ish es a Kin o- lik e ex udatio n , an d Ca llig on um
p a llasia , a g um , lik e T rag acan th . Of N. O . 1 80 . Myristicaceae, a species,th e Du n g a n of th e Ph ilippin es yields an ex udation resemblin g Drag on
’
s
Blood, m en tio n ed un derN. O . 74 . SA RCO COL (a apx od Aa of Dioscorides)is th ou g h t to be th e product of a species of N. O . 1 84 . Pen aeaceae; butLin dley con siders th at it more likely is derived from some Umbellifer.
270
GUMS AND GUM - R E SINS.
N. O . 1 95. E UPHOR B I ACE ZE . SP UR GE WOR TS.
’
E u p h orb ia T iru ca lli . Lin n . I n dian Tree-sp urg e ,
L i n n . Sy s t . Decan dr I a Trig yn ia.
Vern acular. Lun ka -sij , Ben g . Trin ca lli, Mal. Tam .
Ha bita t . In dia .
R emarks . Th is is th e Milk B a sis of A n g lo- In dian s. Th e milk sapevaporated, resembles IND IA RU BBE R or GU TTA PE RCHA . E . n ereifoliaLin n . (Sif, Vu lg .) an d E . a n tiquaram, Lin n . (Na rsej, Vulg .)h ave a sim ilarj u ice . Th at of E up horbia Ca t tima n doo, W. E lliot, of Viz ag apa tam h as
a ttracted con siderable n otice . E up horbia ca n a rien sis, Lin n . is th e sourceof th e acrid g um - resin , E U PHORB IU M . A leurites la ccifera , Cro ton Dra co,an d Croton sa n g a if erum, h ave b een already referred to u n der N. O . 4 .
Siph on ia elastica , yields th e IND I A RU BBE R of Braz il an d Guayan a . See
N. Os. 1 40. 1 4 1 . 1 95 . an d
N. O . 1 99. UR TI CACE IE . NE TTLE IVOR TS.
Ca n n a b is s a tiva . W. Common Hemp .
L i n n . Sy st . Dioecia Pen tan dria.Vern acular. See “ Drug s an d “Narcotics .
Ha bita t . Caucasus, Hin doo Koosh , Him alayas.
R emarks . Th e resin is common ly called CHU RRU S . See
N. O . 200. A R TOCA R PA CE ZE . A R TOCA R PA LS.
U ros tig m a e la s ticum . Mig . E lastic-g um Fig - tree .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia DioeciaVern acular. Kasn eer, Ben g .
Ha bita t . Sh ilet .'
Flourish es lu x u rian tly 0 11 th e coast of Western
I n dia .
R emarks . Th e source of IND IA -RU BB E R . F icus R adula , F . elliptica,an d F . p rin oides , yield it in Am erica . Th e IND IA -RU BBE R of Papan th a
is said to be derived from Cas tilloa ela s tica ; an d Cecrop ia p elt a ta , acomm on tropical tree, also furn ish es th e su bstan ce . OfN. O . 209. Salicaceae,P op u la s n ig ra , P . ba lsamifera , an d P . n ig rica n s, y ield a balsam ic e x uda
tion . Of N. 0 . 2 1 0 . Liqu idambaraceae, Liqu idambar orien ta le, of Cypru s
an d A n atotia , L . A ltin g ia , of J ava, a n d L . Styraciflua , of th e Co n federatedStates of Am erica, yield a balsam k n own in commerce u n der th e variou s
n am es of CO PA LM , ROSE MA LLOE S, L IQ U IDAMBAR, 850 . Of N. O. 220.
Con n iferae.
A bies balsamea , yields CANA DA BA LSAM .
A bies can aden sis, Lin d. a portion probably of CANADA BALSAM .
271
GUMS AND GUM - R ESINS.
A bies ex celsa, De C . COMMON FRANK INCE NSE , or THU S .
A bies P icea , Lin d . STRA SBU RG TU RPE NT INE .
Ca llitris quadriva lvis, SAND A RA CH .
A raucaria bra z ilien sis, yields a frag ran t resin .
Dammara austra lis, COWD IE or KA U R I E , g um ofNew Zealan d.
Dammara orien ta lis, WH ITE D AMMA R of Sin g apore .
J un ip erus lycia , W.
J u n ip erus p kce n icia, W. }y1 eld resm .
Larir earoyoeea , VE NICE TU R F E NT I NE , an d O R ENB U R GR -GUM .
P in us Cemba, Lamb . CA RPA TH IAN.
P in us Deodara , KE LON-KE -T E L , BA LSAM .
P in us p a lustris, Lam . a portion of AM E R ICAN TU RPENT INE .
P in us Pin a ster, A cton , BORD E A U X TU RPE NT INE .
P in us Pamilio, Lamb . HU NGA R IAN BA LSAM .
P in us sylvestris, Lin n . E U RO PE AN COMM ON TU RPE NT INE .
P in us Tan ia , Lam . a portion of A M E R ICAN TU RPE NT INE .
R OSIN (yellow an d black, COLO PHONY) is th e resin of th e terebin
th in ate pin es ; an d TA R an d P ITCH th e produc ts of th eir destructivedistillation .
Of N. O . 223 . Cycadaceae, Cycas circin alis yields a Trag acan th -like
g um . Of N. O . 242. Liliaceae, Dra cwn a Dra co yields D RA GON’
S
BLOOD in th e Can ary Isles, as n oticed u n der N. O . 74 a n d, X an tkorrkaea
izastile affords a frag ran t yellow resin in A ustralia . U n der N. O . 25 1 .
Palmae, Cocos n ucif era , W. Common Cocoan ut, yields g um in con siderableq uan tity . U n der Dru g s,
”tes te Lin dley, A FR ICAN BD E LL IUM is referred
to Hyp iwen e tii eba ica . Seeman‘appears to doub t th e referen ce, bu t in
Van sleb’
s State of E g ypt”(Lon don 1 678) th e Doum is called th e Gum
tree, an d several au th orities refer BD E LL IUM to it.
D I V I S I O N I .
C la s s 4 . B .
O ILS AND O IL SEEDS .
N. O . l . R ANUNCULACE iE . CR OWF OO TS.
Nig e lla s a t iva . W. Sma ll Fen n el-flower .
L in n . Sy s t . Polya n d ria Pen ta g y n iaVern acu lar. See Dru g s .
Ha bita t . Th e Mediterran ean coun tries. Cultivated in I n dia .
R emarks . See Drug s . Th e seeds yield an oil,but little u sed. A n
oil is ob tain ed from th e capsules of I llicium a n isa tum, Lin n . bu t on ly form edicin al u se .
N. O . 13 . PA PAVE R ACEZE . P OPP YWOR TS.
A rg em o n e m e x ica n a . Lin n . Mex ica n A rg emon e, Gambog e
Tizistle, F ico del’
If ern o, Cardo San to .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular . B ramii ie, B ramiiada n die, F arin g ee-da ta ra, Sackia n as,
B izerba n d, Hin d. Skia i-ka n ta , B en g . F a rin g ee-da tura , P eela
da tura , Dec . B ramiiaclun cloo, B rumarakask , Tam . B rumiiadu n
die, Tel . B a lu -rakkisa , Dotury, Can .
Ha bita t . Mex ico . Has overru n n early all tropical A frica an d A sia .
R ema rks . See Dru g s . I t is n ot cultivated, a n d th e oil ob tain ed
from th e seeds, is n ot ex ported.
P a p aver som n iferum . Lin n . Garden Popp y .
L in n . Sy s t. Polyan dria Polyg yn iaVern acular. See Drug s .
Ha bita t . A sia an d E g yp t .
275
OILS AND OI L SE EDS.
R emarks . See “Drug s. The oil obtain ed from th e seed is larg elyused both in lamps, an d as food. Th e seeds of San g uin aria ca n aden sis,W. B lood-wort of North America, yield also a blan d n u tritious oil.
N. O . 15. CR UC I FE R ZE . CR UCI FE R S .
B ras sica Na pus . Lin n . R ap e .
L in n . Sy st . Tetrady n am ia Siliquosa.
Vern acu lar. Sa rsul, Gu z erat .
Habita t . Foun d on ditch ban ks in B ritain . Cultiva ted ex ten sivelyin Gu z erat .
R emarks . Wh en an d h ow was th is plan t in trodu ced in to In diayields th e R ape
-seed, a n d Cole - seed of comm erce, th e Sa rsoo of Bombaym erch an ts, from wh ich th e valuable oil is ob tain ed by ex pression . I t ison e of th e m ost importan t oil
-bearin g plan ts in In dia . Colz a, cu ltivatedfor its oil in E urope, h asibeen said to be a variety of th is plan t, bu t DeCan dolle con siders it a variety of B . camp es tris, Lin n . Sh an g h ai oil isob tain ed from th e seeds of B rassica ckin en sis . Th e seeds of B . olera cea
'
;Lin n . Lep idium sa tivum
, Lin n . an d R ap iia n us sa tivus, Lin n . are also
said to be ex pressed for th eir oil in I n dia . Camelin a sa tiva, Cran tz ,Cu ltiva ted Gold of Pleasure, is cultiva ted in E urope for its oil seed . Th e
seeds of Hesp eris ma tron a lis, Lin n . Common R ocket of I taly, yield oil
of Julien n e .
N. O . 1 6. CA PPA R I DA CE I’E . CAP PA R I D S.
Cle om e vis cos a . W. Viscid Cleome.
L in n . Sy st. Tetradyn am ia Siliquosa.Vern acular. Kooka -vaivin ta , Kooka -ca imitie, Simn aca- barbara , San s .
Hooriiooriy/a , Ben g . Hin d. A riaaeela, Mal . Nayavaylei, Tam .
Wa laba , Cyn g .
Ha bita t . Malabar, Ceylon .
R ema rks . Th is plan t is n ot cu ltivated, a n d th e oil ob tain ed from its
seed is little u sed . U n der N. 0 . I 7. R esedaceae, R eseda Luteola ,Dyers
’
weed, yields oil ofWeld-seed.
N. O . 30. MALVACE ZE . MA LLOW-WOR TS.
Th esp es ia p op u ln ea . Lam. Pop lar- leaved Hibiscus .
L in n . Sy st. Mon adelphia Polyan dria.Vern acular. Soop arsiiavaka , San s . P ora sk , Ben g . Hin d . Pa ris
P a ris-pip a l, Hin d . Parsa n g , Pooarasoo, Tam . e n g a rarie, Tel.
Sooriya-
g a iia , Cey .
276
OILS AND OI L SE E DS.
N. O . 40. A U R ANT I ACE iE . CI TR ONWOR TS.
B erg era k o n ig ii . W. et A .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular. See Fru its an d Veg etables.
Ha bita t . Cultivated in I n dia .
R emarks . First described by R umph ius . Oil is ob tain ed from th e leaves,bu t on ly on a small scale . Th e leaves of Citrus A u ra n tium, R isso, an d
Citrus B ig aradia , R isso, yield an essen tial oil called E ssen ce de p etitg ra in . Th eir flowers also yield a frag ran t vola tile oil, Oil of Neroli.
E ssen ce of B erg amot is ob tain ed from th e rin d of Citrus B erg amia , R isso,E ssen tial oil of Lemon Peel from th e Citrus Limon um, R isso . Th e Cedra t
of perfum ers from th e rin d of Citrus medica , R isso , an d E ssen tial oil of
Citron from th e flowers of th e sam e . For Citron ella , see N. O .
Marm ala water is prepared by distillation from th e flowers of A i’
g le
Marmelos .
N. O . 42. GUTTI FE R IZE . GUTTI F E R S .
Ca loph y llum in op h y llum . Lin n . Sweet -scen ted Ca loyoiiy llam .
L in n . Sy st . Polyan d n a Mon og y n ia .
Vern acular . P oon ag a ? San s. Sulta n - ch amp a, Surpun ka , Hin d .
Surp u n ka , Oon a’ee, Dec. P oon a, Mal. P in n a r ,
Mal. Poon ag amu ,Tel. Tcldomba , Cey .
Habita t . Malabar, Deccan .
R emarks . See Drug s .
”Th e seeds yield a dark -
g reen oil, calledDomba-oil, in commerce .
Ga rcin ia pu rp ure a . R on .
L i n n . Sy st . Dodecan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acu lar. Kokum, B y . B rin da o, Goa .
Habita t . R avin es of th e Con can .
R emarks . See “ Drug s . A con crete oil is ob tain ed from th e seed,
often called Cocum oil . Th e seeds of Garcin ia p ictoria yield a similar oil in
Mysore, called Gambog e-bu tter. Ca lop kg/ llam Ca la ba , W. th e Ca la ba
Tree, of Coch in , yields a clear oil . O il is also procured from Mesa a
f errea, in Can ara . P en tadesma bu tyracea is called Bu tter or Tallow Tree
in Sierra Leon e, on accou n t of th e fatty oil yielded by its fru it U n der
N. O . 4 6. E ryth rox ylaceae, Setiiia in dica, De C . (E ry th rox y lon mon o
g y n um, R ox . Cor. fig . 88)of th e Circars, yields oil from its wood.
278
O ILS AND OI L SE E DS.
N. O . 48 . SA P INDA CE JE . SOA PWOR TS.
Sa p in dus em a rg in a tus . Vohl . Emarg in a ted Soapv berry .
L i n n . Sy st . Octa n dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acu lar. B ish ta , A risii ta , P itcen ile , San s . R ita , Hin d. B aro
rectii a , B en g . R eteii , Dec . B arak, Mal . P oocan die-cot tay , Ma n ayp oon g un kai, P oon a n g a , Tam . Ka n koodoo, Koomu ttie-
g ilen a loo,Tel. Gas-
p en ela, Cey .
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R ema rks . See Drug s . A n oil, u sed on ly locally, 1 s ex tracted fromth e k ern el of th e seed . Th e seeds of P app ea cap en sis, E ckl. of th e
Cape, abou n d with oil, an d I h a ve been en abled th rou g h th e kin dn ess ofDr. Pappe to procure some seeds for ex perim en t h ere . I n N.
R h iz obolacese, Caryocar ba ty rosum of Demerara h as a very oleag in ous
n u t, k n own as th e Suwau ow or Son aria n u t .
N. O . 50. ME LI AC E IZE . I
’VE L I A D S.
A za dira ch ta in d ica . A . de J a ss . A sk - leaved B ead-tree .
L i n n . Sy s t . Mon adelphia Decan dria .
Vern acular. Nimba , San s . Nim, A risii to, Hin d. Neem, Dec . B ewa ,
Can . A ria - bep ou , Mal . Veyp am, Tam . c a , Vaymp a , Tel .Tel-kokomba, Cey . Tiiembau -k amakaii , Peg u .
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R emarks . See Drug s. Oil is ex tracted from th e fruit .
NI e lia A ze de ra ch . Lin n . Common B ead- tree .
Lin n . Sy st . Decan dria. Mon og yma.
Vern acular . Ma llay-va emp oo, Mal. Ma lay
-caymboo, Tam . Ta ruka
vep a , Tel . Lun a -midella , Cey . Z oen z a laciz t, E g ypt .
Habita t . Syria . Fou n d all over th e Deccan .
R ema rks . Th is tree is first described by A vicen n a u n der th e n am e o f
A z ad -durak t, a n d by Ma tth iolus. I t is th e Persian Lila c of A n g lo
I n dian s . Th e oil ep essed from th e fru it is similar to Neem oi1 . Trickilia
sp in osa , W. yields an empyreuma tic oil in Sou th e I n I n dia . Ca rap a
Tou loa coun a , of Sen eg ambia, yields th e'
I allicoon ah or Ku n dah oil of com
m erce C . g a ia n en sis, th e Carab or Crab oil, of Guian a an d Trin adad ; an d
C . molluccen sis, Lam . (X yloca rp as Gra n a tum, Keen .) a similar oil in
th e E astern A rch ipelag o . U n der N. O . 52. Cedrelaceae, a n u n deter
m in ed species of Swieten ia, yields th e Gayap a oil of Sou th ern I n dia .
Grape-seed oil is ob tain ed from th e Vin e, N. O . 53 .
279
O ILS AND OI L SE EDS .
N. O . 55. LlNA CE iE . FLA X WOR TS.
Lin um u s ita t iss im um . Lin n . Common F law.
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Pen tag yn ia .
Vern acular. A tasi, Ma tasee, C oma, San s. Ulsee, Tisi, Musin a .
Musn ee, Hin d . J owus, Dec . Al iveree, A llee-scroo-san ul, Tam ,
B uz ruc, Kel ta n , A rab . Ka ta n , Pers .
Habita t . E g ypt . Cultivated widely in Eu rope an d I n dia .
R emarks . First men tion ed, E x od. ix . 3 1 . Th is is on e of th e most im
p ortan t oiLyieldin g plan ts in In dia, an d is larg ely cu ltivated. U nd er
N. O . 62, Z yg oph yllaceae, th e seeds of B a la n ites aeg yp tiaca, B elile, yielda fat oil called Z aci mn bu t I n ever h eard of its b ein g ex pressed in I n dia .
U n der N. O . 63 . R u taceae, Dictamn us F rax inella , Lin k, B as ta rd Ditta n yof German y, abou n ds so in volatile oil as sometimes to en kin dle th e air
rou n d it .
N. O . 68 . CELA STR A CE ZE . SP I ND LE TR E E S.
Ce las trus mon ta n u s . R ox .
C e la s trus p a n icu la tu s . W.
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria. Mon og yn ia .
Vern acular. Ma lka n g a n ee , Hin d . Dec . i’a la luvy, P eddaciiin too,
Tam . B ava n g ie, Tel.
Ha bita t . Con can s, Neilg h erries, Viz ag apatam , Dh eyra Dh oon .
R emarks . See Dru g s .
”Th e oil ex pressed from th e seeds is of a
b rig h t scarlet colou r, an d th is subj ected with othe r in g redien ts to de
stru ctive distilla tion forms th e Oleum Nig rum ofMadras .
N. O . 7 1 . ANACA R DI ACE ZE . A NA CA R DS or TE R E
A n a cardium o ccide n tal e . W. Common Cashew.
Vern acular. B eejara -Sa la , San s . Hijilee-badam, B en g . Gajao,Dec . P aru n kima n vaii , F eiteira -ma njo, Mal. Moon dri, Tam .
J idi-memidi, Ma n tamamedi, Tel. Wa tu-caju, Cey . Cadju, Ma
laya . J umboo-ceron g , Suma tra .
Habita t . Sou th America . Naturaliz ed in Malabar, Coroman del,Chittag on g , Trich in oply .
R emarks . First described by Th eve tius. A blan d n u tritiou s oil of th e
fin est kin d is ex pressed from th e n uts of th is tree . I t is n ot, h owever, of
an y commercial importan ce, as th e n uts are g en erally eaten . Th e peri
carp , as n oted un der Gums an d R esin s,” furn ish es an acrid oleo -resin .
280
OI LS AND O I L SE EDS.
f ron a’osa , Guilan din a B on duc, I n g a du lcis (Madras), an d of Trig on ella
F oen um Groecum, an d th e wood of D a lberg ia Sisso, R ox . yield oil for
local u ses, th at of th e B on duc n u t bein g employed on ly in medicin e . Oil,is ex pressed from th e seeds of Cwsa lp in ia oleosp erma , R ox . (Umu l-kaoch i,Ben g . Noon ee-
g lika, Tel .) in B en g al, an d from th ose of Soja kisp ia'a , W.
Soy, in Japan . Th e latter oil is said to be solid, an d called Mijo .
Hu ile a’e Cassie is prepared by m aceratin g th e flowers of Va ckellia
F arn esia n a, W. (Ccoya -baboola , By .) in olive, or an y clear, sweet oil. I t
is on e of th e fin est odours u sed in th e composition of fash ion able scen ts.
“Th e short n arcissus, an d fair daffodil ,Pan sies to please th e sig h t, an d cassie sweet to smell.”
Casse is a Fren ch term for Black Curran t leaves ; an d Cassia for th e
pulp of Ca tkartocarp us fistula, Dryden f an d th e bark of Cin n amomum
Ca ssia . Th e frag ran ce of th e seeds of D ip terix oa’ora ta , called Ton ka,
Ton g n in , or Coumaroama bea n s, is prin cipally du e to a volatile oil. Th e
ex tract prepared from th em en ters in to in n umerable artificial perfumes,
an d is th e ch ief in g redien t in B ouquet de Ch amp .
N. O . 75. MOR I NGACE ZE . M OR I NGA D S.
M orin g a.p t ery g osp e rm a . Gcert . Smooth Horse-radish Tree.
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. See Drug s.
Habita t . Th e two I n dies.
R emarks . See “ Dru g s. Th e Ben oil of watchmakers is stated to
be obtain ed from th e seeds of th is tree ; an d it is stated also th at oil is
e x pressed from th em in I n dia . I h ave n ever seen oil ob tain ed from th em
in th is coun try, I h ave n ever been able to trace an y in th e seeds, an d Ido n ot believe th e statem en ts th at th ey are oleiferous in I n dia . N. O . 76 .
R osaceae furn ish es Plum -k ern el oil from P ru n us domes tica , an d A lmon d
oil from th e kern els of Amyg da lus commun is, var. amara , De C . an d var.
du lcis, De C . Th e Volatile oil of B itter Almon ds is prepared from th e
first variety on ly . Miriban e is artificial essen ce of almon ds . A ttar or
O tto of R oses is ob tain ed by distillin g rose petals with water. I n North ernI n dia R . damascen a is th e rose employed, in E u rope R . cen tifolia , an d inPersia, it is believed, R . Moscka ta . E sp rit ale R ose trip le is th e n e p lus
ultra of perfumery .
N. O . 8 1 . COMBR ETA CE tE . MYR OB A LANS.
T erm in a lia b e llerica . R oa’.
T e rm in alia. Ca ta pp a . Lin n . B road-leaved Termin a lia .
T erm in a lia. ch eb u la . R ow. Oval- leaved Termin a lia .
L in n . Sy st. Polyg amia Mon oecia .
Vern acular. See “Drug s.
282
O ILS AND OI L SE EDS.
Habita t .
“
b ellerica ,’
In dia .
’
T . Ca tapp a, Malaya . Cultivated
in In dia . T . ckebu la, Cabu l, In dia .
R emarks . See Drug s . Oil is ex pressed on a small scale from th e
k ern els of all th ese plan ts . I n reg ard to th e Deccan desig n ation of T.
Ca tapp a, J u n g li-barium, it is to be n oted th at th e sam e n amejis applied to
Can a rium commu n e, N. O . 72. U n der N. O . 85. Myrtaceae, Oil ofCloves,th e basis of R on deletia, an d th e Gu ard
’
s Bouqu et is ob tain ed by distillin gth e dried imm atu re b uds of Ca ryop kylus a roma ticus, Lin n . with water ;an d Oil of Pim en to, sim ilarly from th e dried un ripe b erries of E ug en ia
P imen ta , De C . , a n d oth er species of A llspice . Cajupu ti oil is distilledfrom th e partially fermen ted leaves ofMela leuca min or, Sm ith , a n a tive of
th eMoluccas . A volatile oil also is said to be prepared in I n dia from th e
leaves of Psidium pyriferum,W. an d P . p omif erum, W. Otto ofMyrtle, is
prepared by distillation from th e flowers an d leaves of Myrtus commun is
N. 0 . 92. CUCU R B I TACEZE . CUCUR B I TS.
Cu cum is M e lo . W. et A . Melon .
L in n . Sy st . Mon te cia Mon adelphia.
Vern acular. Kurbooja, Ben g . Hin d . Gidkro, Sin d . B aka - coy,
Mal . Molam, Tam . R a ta -komadu, Cey . B eteekh (Mu sk -melon ),A rab . Kirboosek , Arab . La bof ra n g ee, Malaya .
Habita t . Persia ? Cultivated over th e world .
R emarks . See “ Fruits an d Veg etables . A sweet edible oil is ob tain ed
from th e seed, as from th e seeds of th e species followin g . I n deedn early all th e Cu curbits h a ve oily seeds, a n d it is remarkable th at th ose
in I n dia sh ould h ave been n eg lected on th is poin t .
Cu cum is s a t ivu s . W. Common Cucumber]
L in n . Sy s t . Mon oecia Mon adelphia .
Vern acular . Sookasa, San s . Suska,‘
B en g . Keera , Hin d . Keera~
ka n ka ri, Dec. Mu llen -belleri, Mal. Ma loo -velleri, Tam . R a ta
kaekeri, P ip in g ya , Cey . Kasad, A rab . F akus, Eg yp t . A n tima n ,
E astern A rch ipelag o .
Habita t . E ast In dies Cultivated over th e world.
R emarks . See Drug s, an d C. Mela, above .
Cu cu rb ita P ep o . W. Pump kin , or Wh ite Gourd .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon adelphia .
Vern acular. Kurka roo, San s. Koskn an to, Ben g . Koomra , Ben g .
Hin d. P a n dree-ch ickee, By . Cumbu lam, Mal . R oorda -
g o modoo,
Camba ly , B adadi-g umadi, Pa tti-
g umadi, Tel . A lu -
puhu l, Cey .
Habita t . Levan t . Cultivated widely .
283
OILS AND O I L SE E DS .
R emarks . See “Dru g s, an d C. Melo, above . Oil is ex tracted also
in Madras from th e seeds of Citrullus Colocyn tbis, Sch rad. an d B ryon ia
ca llosa , R ottl . (Toomu t ti, Tam . B oda’ama , Tel .) a n d u sed for lamps .
Th e seeds of Telf a ria p eda ta , W. an d A . of Zan z ibar, yield a fin e, bla n d
oil in abun dan ce . Th e seeds are also as fin e tasted as almon ds . Th e plan t
was in trodu ced in to B omb ay by Nimmo, b ut appears to h ave died ou t . Th e
seeds of F evillea cordif olia , De C . of th e West In dies, an d F . triloba ta ,
Lin n . of B raz il, yield valu able oil also . Th e seeds of A n iosp erma .
P a ssiflora , an d of Hyp an tkera Gu ap eva , of B raz il, yield a b itter oil.
B en in casa cerifera , Savi, o f In dia , secretes a w ax y su bstan ce on th e su rfaceof its U n der th e allied order N. O . 93 . Papayaceae, th e seed of
Hydn oca rp us in ebria n s yields th e Neeradimootoo, Ma roty , Tama n a ,
or Soorty oil of T ravan core, a n d th e Madras Presiden cy . U n der N. O .
98 . Illecebraceae, th e seed of Sp erg u la sa t iva , on e of th e species of
Sp urry of th e m eadows ofHolla n d, yield a g ood lamp oil on ex pression .
U n der N. O . 1 09. Hamamelidaceae, Hamamelis virg in ica , h as oleiferou sseeds .
N. O . 1 1 0. UMBE LLI FE R ZE . UMB E LL I FE R S .
P ty ch otis A jow a n . De C.
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. Ajmodum, San s. Ajwan , J uva n ee, B orojoa n , Hin d.
B en g . Womum, Tam . A maos, A rab . Na n kak , PerS.
Habita t . Cultivated th roug h ou t In dia .
R emarks . Papers on th e oil of A jowan,by Sten h ou se, are to be fou n d
in th e Ph armaceu tical J ourn al an d Tra n sac tion s, vol. x iv . p . 272, th e
Ch em ical Society’
s Qu arterly J ou rn al, vol . ix \ p . 234, an d by Hain es, in
th e Ch em ical Society’
s Qu arterly J ou rn al, vol . viii. pag e 289.
Volatile oil is also ob tain ed in In dia by distillation from th e fru it (seed,on ly .) of Cumin um Cymin um, Lin n . an d Pimp in ella A n isum , Lin n . a n d
probab ly, as in Eu rope, from all th e well k n own aromatic Umbellifers . Th e
.oils are distin g uish ed by th e comm on n am es of th e plan ts from wh ich th eyare prepared as A n ise, Caraway, Fen n el, &c .
N. O . 120. COMPOSI TE . CO ZWP OS I TE S.
Ca rth am u s t in ctoriu s . W. Ofi cin a l Carth amus .
L i n n . Sy s t . Syn g en esia E qualis.
Vern acu lar. Cu sumba ,Kamalotta ra , San s. Koosumbka , B en g . Hin d.
D ec . Tel. Kajeerak , Ben g . Koosum, Hin d . Seen a’oorkum, Tam .
Cossumb, Cey . Usf er, A rab . Ossfa r, Qortom, E g yp t .
Habita t . Eg yp t . Widely cu ltivated in I n dia .
R ema rks . Th e k vfix os of Hippocrates, Th eoph rastus, an d Dioscorides .
Th e oil (Kurdee-ka- ta el) is obtain ed from th e seeds (Ku rdee), an d th e
284
O ILS AND OI L SE EDS.
M imusop s E len g i . l V. Poin ted-leaved Mimusop s .
L in n . Sy st . Octan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acu lar. Kesura , Vukoola, San s . B ukool, Ben g . B a eul-mulsari,
Hin d. B uckkool, PVowlee, By . E len y i, Mal. Mag aa’oo, Tam .
P ag ada, Tel. Moon a -ma l, Cey
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Oil may be ex pressed from th e seeds in con siderable quantity . U n der N. O . 1 3 7 . J asm in aceae, J asm in e oil is prepared from th e
flowers of J asmin um Samba c, J . odora tissimum,a n d o th er Species by
distilla tion . U n der N. O . 1 38 . Oleaceae, th e pericarp of th e drupe of
Olea europ cea , Lin n . yields Olive oil by ex pression an d F ra x in us ka n burii
(teste Murch ison ) p rodu ces th e I n sec t Wax of Chin a, prob ably on th e
pu n cture of som e Species of Coecu s . U n derN. O . 1 4 1 . A pocyn aceae, oil isob tain ed in I n dia from th e seeds o f Gerbera Tkevetia , Don
, an d W'
rig b tia
a n tidysen terica , Don ,b u t u sed on ly on a medicin al scale . Oil is said
also to be ob tain ed for m edical u se from th e seed (Nu x Vomica) of
Strych n os Nux Vomica, Lin n . N. O . 1 42. Log an iaceae .
N. O . 147 . PEDALI A CE I ZE . P E D A L I A DS.
Sesam um in dicum . De . C. I n dian , or Orien ta l Oily-
g ra in .
L i n n . Sy st . Didy n am ia A n g iosperm ia.
Vern acular . Tila , San s. Til, B en g . Hin d . Krisk‘
a - til, Hin d .
B areek- til, Dec . Sebit -eloo, Mal . Yelloo-ekeddie, Tam . Noowooloo,Tel. Tel- ta la , Tu n -
p a t tala , Cey . Djyl-cljy lan , A rab . Ku njed,Pers . Semsem, E g ypt .
Habita t . I n dia, from wh en ce its cultiva tion was carried in th e
earliest ag es to Mesopotamia an d E g yp t, an d h as n ow ex ten ded
to th e West I n dies.
R emarks . De Can dole’
s plan t is described in R umph ius (Amboyn a, v.
p . an d is th e same as th e S. orien ta te of th e Lin n aea of 1 832. He
adm its three va rieties, n am ely
a, g ra n diden ta tum, R umph . (Amb . v. tab . 76, fig .
B, subden ta tum,B ot . Mag . 1 688 .
7 , subin divisum, R h eede (Mal . ix . tab . 54, et f orte
Th is is th e ofio ap ov of th e Greek s, an d Sesam a of th e R om an s . Hippocrates an d Th eoph rastus describe it . Herodotu s m en tion s it in h is
description of th e plain of Babylon ia (lib i. c . Plin y writes of it,“ Sesam um com es from I n dia , wh ere th ey ex tract an oil from it ; th ecolour of its g rain is wh ite .
”I n modern tim es th e plan t is first described
by Prosper Alpin us in h is work De Plan tis E g ypti.”
I t is on e of th e
m ost importan t oleiferou s plan ts cultivated in I n dia, th e oil ex pressed
from its seeds b ein g k n own in commerce u n der th e n am es of Gin g ely an d
B en n ie oil. Th ere are black an d wh ite an d red seeds, an d th e first are286
OILS AND O I L SE E DS.
often called Ka la - til, a n am e applied also to th e seeds of Verbesin a sativa,N. O . 1 20. U n der N. O . 1 53 . Cordiaceae, oil is said to be ob tain ed in
th e Madras presiden cy from C. ofi cin a lis, a doub tfu l statem en t if th e plan t
m en tion ed is th e sam e as C. Myr a , Lin n . Th e seeds of Nicotia n aTabacum, N. O . 1 57 . Solan aceae, a n d of Species of D a tura , N. O . 1 58 .
A tropaceae, yield oil on ex pression , as oil of Deadly Nig h tsh ade, forex ample . A n tirrh in um majus, Grea t Sn ap Drag on , N. O . 1 60 . Scroph u la
riaceae,“ is said to be cultivated in R ussia for its seeds, wh ich yield an oil
lit tle in ferior to th at produ ced from olives .
”
(With erin g ). Patch ouly is adistilled oil, p repared from th e h erb of P og ostemon P a tchou ly, Lin d .
N. O . 1 6 1 . Labiatae, an order from wh ich variou s o th er arom atic volatileoils are also ob tain ed, as oil ofB alm orMelissa, Th yme, Laven der a n d Spike,R osem ary, Marjoram , Min t, &c . See Dru g s,
”an d Fruits an d Veg eta
bles .
”A n oil is ob tain ed from th e wood of th e Teak tree, Tecton a yran a’is ,
N; O . 1 62 . Verben aceae . A loysia citrioalora , H . Per. Lemon -scen tedVerben a, of th e sam e order, an d a n ative of Peru , yields th e distilled oil,Verben a or Vervain e of perfumers, th e basis of variou s court bou qu ets .
”
U n derN. O . 1 7 1 Ch en opodiaceae, Ambrin a a n tkelmin tica yields an essen
tial oil, wh ich is h owever u sed on ly in m edicin e . U n der N. O . 1 78 .
Lau raceae, Volatile oil is ob tain ed from Cassia, Cin n amon , Sweet Bay
(La urus n obilis, Lin n ), an d Sassafras (Laurus Sassaf ras, Lin n .) A n
ex pressed oil is a lso ob tain ed from th e berries of Laurus n obilis, an d fromth e fru it of th e Cin n amon tree . Th e latter is solid, a n d is called Cin n amonTallow, or Sn et, in commerce . Th ere is also a distilled oil of th e leaf ofth e Cin n amon tree, often called Clove oil in comm erce, from its resem
blan ce, in odour an d eflects, to true oil of Cloves. I t is lig h ter th an g en u in e
Clove oil. Camph or is a solid volatile oil, or stearOp tin e, sublimed fromth e wood of Laurus Camp /tom , Lin n . (Camp kora ofiicin arum, Nees ab
See Dru g s . P ersea g ra tissima ,W. th e A vocado, or A llig a torPear, is m en tion ed as h avin g an oleag in ous fruit . U n der N. O . 1 80.
Myristicaceae, a distilled oil, an d also an ex pressed fatty oil, are ob tain ed
from th e k ern el (Nu tm eg ) ofMyristiofif rag ra n s, Hou tt . an d p robably also
from o th er species of th e g en u s .See Dru g s .
”Virola sebif era
“also
yields a fatty oil upon simple imm ersion’(of th e seeds ?) in water.
”
(Lin dley .) U n der N. O . 1 85 . Thym eliaceae , Sarcostig ma k lein ii, W. et
A . of th is Presiden cy, an d th e Deccan g en erally, h as an oily fru it . U n der
N. O . 1 90 . San talaceae, th e seeds of Sa n ta lum a lbum yield a fi x ed oil, an dth e wood (San dal wood) a volatile oil, th e San tal of perfumers, u sed in th e
composition of Marech ale an d o th er old~fash ion ed scen ts . See classMiscellan eou s . A n d oil is ob tain ed, in Carolin a, from th e k ern els of
Pyru laria p ubera .
”
(Lin dley).
N. 0 . 1 95 . E U PHOR B I ACE ZE . SP U R GE WOR TS.
A leu rit es trilob a . W. Three- lobed A leurites .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon adelphia .
Vern acular. A kola , Hin d . A kkoroot , Ben g . J apba l, By . Karaa n yatam, Mal. Woodoog a,Tel. Tel-kekun e, Cey .
287
OILS AND OI L SEE DS.
Ha bita t . Moluccas, Ben g al, Deccan .
R emarks . Called B elg aum lVa ln u t, an d very g en erally Ca n dle- n ut
Tree, by A n g lo- I n dian s ; th e k ern els yield th e Koka n e oil of Ceylon .
R icin us comm u n is . Lin n . Castor-oil P lan t , P a lma Chris ti.
L in n . Sy s t . Mon mcia Mon adelphm .
Vern acular . E ra n a’a , San s . Bh eren da B en g . A ren di, B en g . Hin d .
Citava n ako, A va n ak , P a n diava n ak , Mal . H a ra lu, Can . Sit ta
mun ak , Va lluk, Tam . A madam,Sit tamin a’i, Tel. E n da ru, Cey .
Kh iroa , Ch eru a , Tehsch a , Z oejt, Djar, Arab . B eeclinjeer, R owg en ,Pers . Kyet -h soo, B u rmah . J a rak, Citava n a ca Malaya .
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . Th e x pém u of Hippocrates, Herodotus, an d Dioscorides, alsocalled KlKl. by th e Greek s, an d R icin u s of th e R om a n s . Th e Kikayon of
th e Bible h as been th ou g h t to refer to th e P a lma Christi, bu t th ere I S an
u n certain ty abou t th e iden tification , an d St . J erom e an d St . A ug ustin e
passed from words to blows reg ardin g it . Th e appellation P a lma Ch ris ti,
h as been p robably derived from its sub stitu tion by Ch ristian s on Palm
Sun day for tru e Palm bran ch es, in cou n tries wh ere th e latter are n ot to
be fou n d.
I n R om e upon Palm Sun dayThey bear true palms,Th e Cardin als bow reveren tly,A n d Sin g old psalm s
E lsewhere those psalms are sun g’Mid olive bran ches .
Th e ho l ly bou g h supp l ies their placeAm on g th e avalan ches,More n orthern cl imes m ust be con ten t
Wi th th e sad w il low .
”
Sa lim cap rea , W. Grea t roun d - leaved Willow, is th e species ofWillowu sed in Germ an y ; an d Seeman quotes from Miss Baker
’
s Glossary of
North amp ton sh ire Words,”th a t it is to th is day called Palm
”in th e
cou n ties borderin g on th e Fo1 est of A rden , th u s ex plain in g th e passag e in
A s you like I t,”in wh ich R osalin d says, Look h ere, wh a t I fou n d o n
a Palm tree !”a n d wh ich h as g iven literary critics so m u ch trou ble . Clare
so calls (Simmon ds) th e Goat WillowYe lean in g P alms, that seem to lookP leased o’
er y our im ag e in th e brook .
Box would also appear to h ave been substitu ted in E n g lan d . (D’-day Bk .)
Na g e ia.Pu tra n jiva . R ox . Grey- barked Nag eia .
L in n . Sys t . Dioecia Tetran driaVern acular. P utrunyw a
,San s. P on g olam, Mal. Kudra —juvi, Tel .
Ha bita t . Hin doostan , Coroman del, Con can s.
288
O ILS AND O I L SE EDS.
N. O . 25 1 . PA LMEE . P A LMS.
C OCOS n u cifera . W. Common Cocoa n u t .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecra Hex an dria .
Vern acular. See Fru its an d Veg etables.
Ha bita t . E ast In dies .
R emarks . Th e oil is ex pressed from th e kern el of th e n u t, an d is on e
of th e m ost u seful, a n d most im portan t prepared in I n dia . Th e followin g Palms are also valuable for th e oil th ey yield:
A crocomia scleroca rp a, Mart . Grea t Macaw - tree, ofWest In dies .
A t ta lea Cohu n e, Mart . ofHon duras an d Pan am a . Coh un e-n u t oil .
Cop ern icia cerifera , Mart . of th e Braz ils, yields a wax y ex udation .
E lmis g u in een sis, Lin n . Oily P a lm of Gu in ea .
E leeis mela n ococca , Gee rt . Oily P a lm ofWest I n dies.
I ria rtea a n d icola Spr. (Cerox ylon a n dicola , Hum b . et Bon pl .) of
th e A n des yields a wax y ex udation .
(E n oca rp us B a ca ba . WGi n oca rp us B a ta va , Mart .
Gi'
n ocarp us d isticha .
(E n oca rp us a lt issimus, Klotz sch .
(E n ocarp us bolivia n a s, Hort . i' of T ropical Am erica are all
oleiferous .
(E n oca rp us ca ra casan us , Lodd.
(E n oca rp us Ch irayua , Hort .
E n ocarp us Cuba rroo, Hort .
Gi'
n oca rp us u tilis , Klotz sch . JU n der N. O . 255 . Pan da n aceae, th e flowerin g h ead of P a n da n us odora
tiss imus , yields a frag ran t oil on distillation ,called Keora oil, wh ich w ill
certain ly create af uror in th e fash ion , should it com e in to u se in th e prepara
t ion of bouquets . U n der N. O . 258 . A coraceae, th e fresh rh iz om e o f
A corn s Ca lamu s , yields oil of Sweet Flag by distilla tion with wa ter .
Species of Cyp eru s (N. O . 265) yield essen tial oils . U n der N. O . 266 .
Gramin eae, A n dropog on Ca lamus a roma ticus , R oyle, is th e source of R oom
ket el A n drop og on murica tus, R etz , of E ssen ce of Vitivert, or Cuscus, thebasis of th e on ce fashio n ab le “Moussela in e des I n des,
”an d A n drop og on
citra tum, De C . probably of a portion of Lemon -
g rass oil. B u t th ere“
is mu ch con fu sion reg ardin g th e pla n ts yieldin g th e g rass oils, wh ich willbe fully treated of u n der th e Miscellan eous Class.
”
Wh a t is th e source of th e Ay a ti oil of E astern Africa .7
I n th e ab ove list two k in ds of oils h ave been m en tion ed, th e n atural
veg etable fats or fi x ed oils, an d th e vola tile, or distilled, or essen tial
oils, sometimes called also essen ces, alth oug h an essen ce, strictly290
OILS AND OI L SEE DS.
speakin g , is an essen tial oil dissolved in spirit, an d equivalen t to th e
Fren ch E sp rit or E x tra it . Th e first alon e of those produ ced in In dia h avebeen catalog ued in detail ; th e secon d, wh eth er I n dian or foreig n ; h avebeen n amed in ciden tally on ly u n der th e R emarks . Strictly all m en tion
of th em sh ould h ave b een om itted h ere, as th eir m ore proper place is,p erh aps, th e Miscellan eou s Class . B u t I fou n d I could n ot pass th e
d ifferen t n atu ral orders with ou t recog n iz in g th em , an d on ly th e m ost im
portan t of su ch as are I n dian will re-appear un der th e “ Miscellan eou sClass,
”an d these n ot so mu ch for th eir commercial importa n ce as for th e
h istorical in terest attach ed to th eir sources.
Th e n atural Veg etable Fats, or Fix ed oils, are obtain ed g en erally bye x pression , sometimes aided by h eat, an d in a few cases by boilin g the
tissue con tain in g them in water. Th ey g en erally occu r in th e seed .
Th eir prox imate prin ciples as a rule are ma rg arin e, stea rin e , an d olein e ,of wh ich two are always presen t ; an d th eir con sisten ce depen ds on th e
p redomin atin g p rin ciple, s tearin e g ivin g th eir con sisten ce to h ard oils,marg arin e to soft, an d olein e to liquid.
Volatile oils, or essen ces,are prepared by distillin g plan ts, or parts of
plan ts, with water. Th ey are also obtain ed from th e resin s a n d oleo- resin s,called balsams . Som e pro
-ex ist in th e plan ts, o th ers as oil of bit ter almon ds,are on ly form ed durin g th e opera tion of distillation . Th ey are arran g ed
in th ree classes : th e n on -ox eg en ated, con tain in g carbon an d hydrog en , as
oil of turpe n tin e ; th e ox eg en ated, con tain in g ox yg en , in addition to carb o na n d o x yg en , as essen ce of cin n amon an d th e sulph u ret ted, con tain in g also
sulph u r, as th e volatile oil of g arlic an d asafoetida . Ma n y deposit a
c rystallin e p rin ciple, called stearoptin e, of wh ich camph or is an ex amp le,an d wh ich is also ob tain ed from A n ise an d Ajwan . I n I n dia th e volatile oils
are seldom obtain ed isolated, th e perfumers bein g con ten t to commun icateth eir odours to fix ed oils, or fats, by enfleuray e .
I n th e above list, E ssen ces, wh ich are mere
'
curiosities, h ave been
omitted en tirely as E lder-flower, Hon ey-suckle orWoodbin e, Mig n ion ette,
Sweet-pea, Pin e-apple, Mag n olia, J on quil, Lilac, Tuberose, Geran ium ,
Violet, an d Meadow Sweet. Man y E ssen ces, it m ay h ere be men tion ed,b earin g th e n ames of plan ts, are n ot derived from th em, bu t are prepared
artificially, as Volkameria, Hoven ia, Eg la n tin e, or Sweet B riar, an d
Heliotrope . Violet an d Geran ium are sometimes fic titiou s also .
Th e E ssen ces bein g u sed as perfumes, all perfumes may be look ed for
h ere . Several of th ose n ot in cluded u n der th is class were m en tion ed
u n der Gums an d R esin s,”as th e Storax an d B alsam (i . e . Balsam of Peru
an d Balsamof Tolu) of perfum ers. Th e remain der, as R h odium , San dal
wood, O rris (th e ch ief in g redien t in th e bouquet k n own as J ockey Cluban d R owlan d
’
s orien tal h erb”
Cascarilla , an dA loes-woodCedar, will be detailed u n der th e Miscellan eous Class.”
D I V I S I O N 1 .
Gla s s 4 . D .
DYES .
N. O . 1 8 . FLACOU R T I AC EJE .
B ix a. Ore lla n a . Lin n . Heart -leaved A rn ot ta .
L i n n Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og y n ia.
Th e ora n g e-
,red wax y p ulp, coverin g th e seeds, separated by maceration in h ot wa ter, a n d m ade in to balls or cakes, — A rn otto, A n atto,
An otta, R oucon , Orellan a, Terra Orellan a ,Vern acular . Lu t -ku n , B en g . Hin d . Gawp u rg ee, Hin d. Kisree,By . Kupp a -ma n h a la , Can . Korun yoomu n g a , Mal. Koorag ooma n yjul, Tam . J af ra , Tel. Kah a -
yah a , Cey .
Ha bita t . West In dies . Cu ltivated in Mysore, Travan core, Ben g al.Seen in Bombay g arden s also .
R emarks . First described by Clusiu s. Besides th e'
u se of A rn o tto as a
dye, it is fraudu len tly added to bu t ter an d to ch ocolate to h eig h ten th eir
colou r. I n Hin doostan th e wood (D ar- h a lal, vulg of species of B erberis,N. O . 8 , is u sed as a dye . I sa tis tin ctori a , Woad , N. th eirro
’
rm of Dioscorides, an d Isatis an d Glastum of Plin y, yields a blue dye,with wh ich th e B riton s coloured th em selves, th e prac tice in deed bein g th eorig in of th eir n ame, britho bein g th e Celtic of “
to pain t .”
Glas tum
is from th e Celtic y la s, blue w h en ce, also, Glaston bury, Glasn evin
(Dublin B o t . Garden s), Glass-Hau g h to n , Glasg ow . Fortun e states th a tI sa tis in diyotica is used as a dye l n Ch in a . R eseda Im teola , W. Weld,or Dyers
’
Yellow weed, of B ritain , N. O . 1 7. R esedaceae, affords a
beautiful yellow dye, from wh ich Dutch Pin k 1 8 prepared . Coch los p ermumt in ctorium, Walper, N. O . 1 9 of Sen eg ambia, 1 5 u sed as a dye also
P olyg a la tin c toria , Vah l, N. O . 22, i n A rabia ; th e flowers of A likmarosea , Hollyhock , a n d Hibiscus R osa -sin en sis, Ch i n ese Hibiscus , N. O . 30
are u sed for th eir colou r ; th e bark of E lmocarp us Hin au , N. O . 33 .
Tiliaceae , is used i a New Zealan d as a dye, an d th e leaves of Va llea cordif'
o
lia l n Peru ; Gambog e th e g um resin of Hebraden dron camboyioides, Graham , N. of Siam ; an d Cissus tin ctoria , N. O . 53 , in th e Braz ils.
With E uon ymus tin g en s , N. O . 68 , th e Hin dus mark th e tika on theirforeh eads . Fren ch Berries, Gra in es d
’
A vig n on , Turkey Berries, or
295
DY E S.
Yellow Berries, are th e u n ripe berries of R hamn us inf ectorius, R . amyyda
lin us, an d R . sa x a tilis, N. O . 70. The j uice of th e berries of R hamn us
ca th articus, m ix ed with g um-arab ic a n d lim e wa ter, an d evaporated,
con stitu tes Sap-
g reen or Bladder- g reen . Green - I n dig o, or Ch in ese Green
dye , is p robably prepared from species of R h amn us . U n der N. O .
72, R hus Cotin us (Kox x vyia , Th eoph rastu s ; Coccyg ia, Plin y) is th e sou rceof Ven etian Sumach , or Youn g Fu stic, a brig h t yellow dye . For old
Fu stic, see “N. O . 200.
N. O . 74 . LEGUM INOSZE . LE GUMI NOO
US P L ANTS.
A d e n a n th era p avo n in a . U7 , Yellowflowered A den a n th era .
L in n . Sy s t . Decan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e wood,— (False) R ed San ders, or (False) R ed San dalwood.
Vern acular. Koochu n du n a , San s . Hin d. R ucta - chun du n a , B a nja n a,B en g . Ma n da teea , Can . Ma n son i- kotta, Tel. Al a n siadi, Cey .
Ha bita t . E ast In dies .
R ema rks . First described by Va n R h eede , an d R umph ius . See be
low th e sy n on ymes of P terocarp us sa n ta lin us, Lin n . th e wood of wh ich isR ed Sa n ders . R a njun is also a n ame of I a ora B a n dh uca , N. O . 1 1 5 . See
Fru its an d Veg etables .
”
B u te a fron dos a . R ox . Down y-bran ch B a tea .
L in n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria.
Th e flowers, - Pulas, Tisso, or Madoog a flowers .
Vern acular. See Drug s .
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R ema rks . First n oticed by Van R h eede. Th e flowers sup erba ,R ox . (Tiya -madug a , Tel .) are also u sed .
C aesa lp in ia Sa pp a n . Lin n . Narrow- leaved B rasilet to .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria. Mon og y n ia .
Th e wood, — Sappan wood.
Vern acular . P a tu n y a , San s . B ukkum,
'
Ben g . Hin d . Pa t tun g ,
Dec . Tsiap a n yum,Mal . P a tin y a
- cu t tay, Tam . B ukkap a, Tel.
P a ta n y ee, Cey . Sap a n g ,Malaya . Sa ch a n y , J ava . Samya ,
R oro, Molu ccas . Lola n , Amboy n a . Sibukao, Ph ilippin es.
Habita t . E ast In dies .
R emarks . First men tion ed by Abulfadil u n der th e n ame of Bukum .
B raz il wood is from Caesa lp in ia bras ilien sis Brasiletto wood from C. baha
men sis, an d Nicarag ua wood from C. echin a ta .
296
Dy es
N. Lv'
rn aaouzn . L OOSE STR I FE S.
Gris lea. tom e n tos a . R ox . Down y Gris’
ea .
L i n n . Sy st . Octan drra. Mon og yn ia.
Th e petals .
Vern acular. Ug n ig’
wa la , Dh a tri-p ooshp ika , San s. Dha b, Dh a n g a
ph ul, Dheep h ool, B en g . Dh a itee, Uh a uree, By . Sirinjie, Tel .
I I a bita t . Hin doostan a n d Deccan .
R emarks . Th e petals yield a valuable red dye of con siderable importa n ce, bu t u n k n own b evon d I n dia .
L aw s o n ia a lb a . Lam . Hen n a P la n t .
Lin n . Sys t . Octan dria Mon og y n ia .
Th e leaves, — Hen n a.
Vern acular. Sakach a ra , San s . Shudee, B en g . Hin d. May n die,H in a , Hin d . JVI a ila n schi, Pon ta ‘ letsch e, Mal. Marooda n ie,Tam . Gooun ta - ch el iao, Tel . Gorun ta -
g orin ta , Cey .
Ha bita t . Th e E ast In dies ; North ern A frica, Cyp rus . U su allyfou n d in g arden s .
R ema rks . Solom o n is supposed by Sp ren g el to refer to th e Hen n a
pla n t in h is E pith alamium (i. 1 4) My beloved is u n to m e as a clusterof Samph ire (sometimes tran sla ted Cypress) in th e vin eyards of E n g edi.
”
I t is u n doub tedly th e rain -p0 9 of D roscorides (i. a n d “ Cyp ru s l n
E g ypt”o f Plin y . I t is m en tio n ed by A vicen n a also u n der th e n ame of
Hen n a . Lamert'
s species in cludes L . in ermis a n d L . sp in osa of oth er
botan ists . Th e w omen o f E g yp t, an d of oth er eastern cou n tries, tin g eth eir fi n g ers a n d toes, an d often h an ds an d feet, with th e ora n g e red dye of
t he Hen n a plan t, an d h en ce p robably th e desig n atio n of A u rora as rosyfi n g ered .
”I n E g ypt, also, o n a certain n ig h t p recedin g th e weddin g ,
Hen n a is applied with lin en ban dag es to th e h an ds a n d feet of th e b ride,u n til th e n ex t m orn in g , wh en th ey a re of a brig h t oran g e, red colour an d
th e n ig h t is called t h e Nig h t of the Hen n a .
N. O . 82. ME LA STOMA C E lE . M E LA STO IMAD S.
M em e cy lon t in ctorium . Koen ig .
L in n . Sy s t . Octa n dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e leaves .
Vern acular . Ka n yavuh , Mal . Casa n -ch eddy, A n jun , By . Kayamp oovooch eddi, Tam . A lli-ch eddu , Tel. Dcedi-kah a , Cey .
Ha bita t . Malabar, T ravan core, Coroman del .
R ema rks . Th e fruit is edible, an d h en ce R ox bu rg h’s n ame M . edu le.
T he wood is called Kurp a in Bombay . Crema n ium reclin a tum an d
298
DY ES.
C. tin ctorium of Peru , an d Micon ia f uli a , B tin ctoria of B raz il, yield
yellow dyes . B lakea p arasitica of Guian a yields a red dye . Th e j uiceof Toccoa g ia n en g sis is u sed 1 n Demerara as in k .
N. 0 . “5. C INCHONACE ZE . CI NCHONA DS .
M orin da citrifo lia . Lin n . B road - leaved Morin da .
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root,— Morin da .
Vern acular. A l, A tchy , Hin d. A a l, B artoon die, By . Ca -da -
p ilva ,Mal. Ma nja -
p ava t tay, Noon a , Tel. A hu -
g ah a , Cey .
Habita t . Th e Deccan . Cultivated in Kan deish .
R emarks . First described by B ou tin s . Th e wood of Morin da tomen
tosa , Heyn e, an d roo t ofM . umbella ta . Lin n . both ofTravan core, a n d th e
latter k n own also in th e Deccan u n der th e n am e o f Chota -a lka also yield a'
red dye . Morin da t in ctoria , R ox . is common in every part of I n dia , a n d,yields a dye
- root k n ow n u n der t he n am e of A ch . Probably all th e
species of Morin da m ig h t be u sed as dyes, a n d n early all are called A l .
H e dy otis um b e lla t a .Lin n . Common I n dia n AI adder .
L in n . Sy st . Tetra n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e root ,— Ch ay roo t .
Vern acu lar. Saya , E mboorel-ch eddie, Tam . Ch ericeloo, Tel . Sayan
mul, Cey .
Ha bita t . Malabar, Coroman del.
R emarks . First described by Pluken et . Sec Dru g s Hydrop hy laa'
ma ritima , Lin n . o f th e Coroman del coast is also ,a dye plan t . -Th e fruit
of Gen ip a america n a , yields th e beau tiful violet b lue, La n a or Ca ru to dye
of Demerara an d B erbice . P sych o tria Simira of B ra z il yields a red dye ;an d Con damin ea tin c toria of th e coun tries of th e Orin oco is also u sed as
a dye . Th e fruit of Garden ia radica n s is used in Ch in a .
N. O . 1 16 . GA LI ACEJE . STE LLA TE S.
R ub ia M u n jls ta . R ox . Hear t- leaved Madder .
L in n . Sy st . Tetran dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e root, — Mu n jeetVern acular. Mury z th n roon a , B en g . Mung i t tee, Hin d . Poon i, Mal.
M a njit tee, .Sawil~coodie, Tam . M a n des tz e, Tel.
Habita t . Siberia . Cultivated in Hin doostan an d th e Decca n .
R emarks . Mu n j eet, Morin da , an d Ch ay , are often in cluded u n der th e
g en eral term of E ast I n dian Madder. Th e Dyers’madden o f E urope is
yielded by R ubia tin ctorum, Lin n . th e e’
pvdpo’
oavou of th e Greek s, th e
299
DYE S.
E ryth rodan um an d ofth e R oman s, an dWaren tia of th eCapitrilariesof Ch arlemag n e . Garan cin e is a Fren ch dy e prepared from Madder w ith
su lph u ric acid.
“ R ubia a n g ustissima of Ton g Dorrg ,h as also h ig h ly
coloured roo ts, a n d R ubia R elboun is th e m adder of Ch ili. (Lin dley .) SirJ oh n Fra n klin (les te Simm on ds) states th at th e Crees obtain a red dve
from th e roots o f Ga lium borea le, a n d G . tin c torium .
N. O . 1 20. COMPOSI TZE . COMP OSI TE S.
Ca rth am u s t in ctoriu s . W'
. Oj fcin a l Ca rthamus .
L i n n . Sy s t . Syn g en esia q n alis.
T h e flowers, Safllower .
Vern acular . Cu sumba , Kama lot tara , San s . Koosumbh a , B en g ,
Hin d . Tel. Dec . Kajeerah , Ben g . Koosum,Hin d . Seen doorkum .
T am . Cossumb, Cey . Usf ur, A rab .
Ha bita t . E g yp t . Widely cultivated in I n dia .
R emarks . Th e x vfix os of th e Greek s . B astard Saffron is prepared fromth is dye, an d Pin k Sau cers, Span ish Wool, Crép on roug e, an d o th er kin ds ,o f R ou g e . See Oils an d O il Seeds . Th e flowers of Ca len du la ofi cin a lis
W. Common ZlI a ryg old (Calth a of R om an s) of t h is order are also u sed
to adultera te Saffron ; an d Serra tula tin ctoria, W. Common Sawwort of
B ritain , yields a yellow , an d th e leaves of Chicorium I n ty bus, Lin n . lVild
Succory of E u rope an d A sia, a blue dye, sim ilar to Woad . Ill adia sa t iva
is u sed in R ussia as a dye stuff. U n der N. O . 1 26 . Styraceae, th e bark
o f Symp locos ra cemosa , R ox . is said to be u sed as a dye in B en g al u n der
th e n am e of Lodh , b u t is probably Simply a morda n t as sug g ested byR o x b urg h . S . tin ctoria is u sed for dyein g in Carolin a . U n der N. O . 1 33 .
E ben aceae, th e wood o f species of Diosp yros is sometimes u sed for dyein g .
N. O . 1 37 . J A SIVI INA CE JZIE. J A SMI NWOR TS .
Ny cta n th e s A rb or— trist is . Lin n : Square-sta lk ed Nycta n th es .
L in n . Sy st . Du n d ria Mon og ym a .
Th e tube of th e flowers .
Vern acular . Sh ep /i a lika, San s. Ben g . Sin g a h a r, Sh iaoli, B en g .
Hu rs in g h a r , Hin d . P ah a rbu t tee , B y . JlI u nja -
p umerum,Mal.
P ag a la-mu lly , Tam . Sh ep h a lika , Sep a la , Cey .
Habita t . E ast I n dies .
R ema rks . First desc ribed by Garcias ab Orto . U n der N. O . 1 40 .
A selepiadaceze , Gymn ema tin g en s of Peg u , an d I ll a rsden ia t in c toria «of
Suma tra y ield blue dyes .
300
DYES.
N. O . 200. A R TOCA R PA CE ZE . A R TOCA R P A D S.
U ros tig m a re lig iosum . Mig .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia .
Th e colourin g m atter ex tractedi
from th e Stick Lac, -Lac Dye,Lac Lak e .
Vern acular. P ipp u la , San s . A shwerth a , B en g . P ipp a l, Hin d .
A n i-p eep u l, B en g . A rea ta, Mal . A rasum-marum, Tam . R ay,
R ag h ie, Tel. B og ah a , Cey .
Habita t . I n dia, with in an d beyon d th e Gan g es .
R ema rks . Of Western w riters, first described by th e A rabs (AbaI la n ifa). Amon g st th e I n dian s it is of imm em orial ren own , b ut I do n o t
k n ow in wh ich of th eir book s it is first n o ticed . Th e term Lac applied
to Gum - lac by th e Hin du s, is t he same as la c, a n h u n dred th ou san d, fromth e m u ltitude of in sec ts fou n d in it . Lac-lake, or Lac-dye, is dissolved
ou t of th e Lao with boilin g water, an d th en ob tain ed by evaporation .
Th e colou rin g m at ter is derived from th e fem ale o f Coccus La cca . O th er
in sec ts of th is g e n us also afford a sim ilar colou rin g ma tter. T h e female of
Coccus I licis foun d o n Quercus coccif era , W . th e Kermes Oak is
Kerm es ; th e female of Coccus Ca cti fou n d 0 1 1 Op u n tia coch in illif erath e Nop a l of Mex ico is Coch in eal ; an d th e female of Coccus p olon icus,fou n d on th e roots of Sclera n thus p eren n is , accordin g to som e, bu t of
P olyg on um cocciferum accordin g to o th ers, an d probably a lso oth er
Species of root-Cocci as th ey are called, are th e Sca rlet Grain s of Polan d .
Coch in eal was n ot k n own to E u ropean s b efore 1 5 1 8 , alth oug h often calledCoccus I n dicus t in ctorius , a n d F icus I n dice g ra n a bu t sim ilarly we speak
of Maiz e as I n dian an d Tu rk ey corn , of Species of Trop ceolum as In dianCress, an d call th e Tu rk ey by th at n am e
, an d th e Fren ch , Coeg d’
I n de,alth ou g h T urk eys, I n dian Cress, an d Maiz e are in dig en ou s to America .
I n dian , in th ese an d an alg ou s in stan ces, simply m ean s rare, precious, larg e,a n d th e lik e . Kerm es, wh ich b efore th e in troduc tion of Coch in eal fromAmerica, was u n iversally em ployed for dyein g scarlet, n ow ob tain ed from
th e latter h as b een kn own an d u sed from th e earliest ag es . I t is th e Tola
o f Moses, wh erewith th e h an g in g s of th e tabern acle an d th e sacred vest
m en ts of th e Heb rew p riesth ood were twice dyed . Sardis was celebra tedfor th is scarlet dye, as Tyre an d Crete for th eir resplen den t purples, th e
Tyrian bein g obtain ed from sh ell-fish (as w as also th e red (Z) of
Taren tum), a n d th e Cretan tin ctu re from a plan t which Th eoph rastu s,Dioscorides, an d Plin y, respectively, call 7 5mon ey (pok es, daaéo o rov,
a n d ph ycos th allassion , b u t wh ich was h owever n ot a sea-weed
(i . e . A lg al),bu t a Lich e n , iden tical prob ably with o n e of th e Species fromwh ich th e Orch il p urple of m odern art is prepared . (See N. O .
Th at th e celebrated pu rples of th e an cien ts were amethystin e, or violet
in h ue,an d n ot red as some h ave stated, is directly proved by th eir
comparin g the Tyrian with th e Cretan purple, th e latter of wh ichth ey con sidered th e more brillian t . We h ave an obliqu e con firm ation
DYE S.
of th is arg umen t in th e story told by Herodotu s of th e admiration of
Da rius for th e scarlet cloak (x h a vt'
s v fid— am iculum ru tilum , Latin
t ran s — scarlet cloak , R awlin son’
s tran s .) of Syloso n th e Samian , th e
fiery colour of wh ich was prob ably derived from Kerm es, an d wh ichcertain ly would n ot h ave ex cited th e cupidity of Dariu s, h ad th e dye
of Tyre been red .
T h ey g en erally describe Kerm es as a berry, an d th ey h ave b een sn eered
at for th is, bu t con siderin g its ambig uou s developmen t, an d th a t a m odern
w riter h as from person al observationof th e in sect in A lg eria ex pressly
described it as a b erry, th e sn eer is supercilious . Coccu s, also, besides bein gu sed by th em for b erry g en erally, m ean t especially Kerm es . Dioscoridesdescribes it u n der th e n am e of KciKKos Ba riu m), a n d states th at it was fou n din Spain , Galatia, A rmen ia, A sia (A sia procon su laris), an d Cilicia ; an d in
Cilicia, h e writes, th e wom en g ath er th e Kermes with th eir m ou th s, an d
call it Coccus . Plin y in on e place (lib . x vi. 1 2) describes it th u s
Gran um h oc, primoq n e ceu scabies fru ticis, parvae aqu ifoliae ilicis
cu scu lin um vocarrt .
”A g ain (lib . ix . 65)—
“ Coccum Gala tiae ruben s
g ran um , u t dicemu s in terrestrib us, an t circa Em eritam Lusitan iae , in
m ag n a laude est .
”A g ain (lib . x x u . 3) — “ A tque u t sileamu s Galatiae,
A fricae , Lu sitan iae g ran is, coccum impera toriis dicatum paludam en tis .
”
A g ain (lib . x x iv. 4) Coecum ilicis vuln eribu s recen tibu s ex aceto impon itur. E st au tem g en us ex eo in A ttica fere et A sia n ascen s,celerrime in verm icu lum se m u tan s, quod ideo solecion vocan t .
”From
Plin y we learn th at Kermes was ob tain ed from A frica, A ttica, an d Lusi
tan ia— an d it is fou n d in all th ese cou n tries, a n d in th ose m en tion ed byHerodotus, an d th rou g h ou t th e Levan t, an d in Persia at presen t . Beckm an n states th at it is in dig en ou s also to I n dia, but I fin d n o con firm ation
of th e assertion .
Th e A rab ic n am e of th e in sect, an d it h as n ow passed to Coch in eal, isKirmij a n d h en ce it is said vermeil, vermilion , an d carmin e are derived.
B u t Quer is th e Celtic for Oak , wh en ce Qa ercus, an d Mes th e Celtic forA corn ,
an d h en ce, perh aps as Beckm a n n in sin u ates, Kermes — i . e . Oak
b erry . I t is sig n ifica n t at least th at th e A rabs received both th e dye an d its
n am e from A rmen ia, an d th at th e latter o n ly becam e comm on in E u rope
on th e su bj u g ation of Spain by th e Moors . Vermilion is u n doub tedlyth e sam e as the Latin verm iculum ,
a n d th e last passag e q uoted from Plin yin dicates h ow th at word came to sig n ify scarlet . Verm icu lum in fac t inth e m iddle ag es sig n ified Kermes, an d on th at accoun t cloth dyed with
th em was called vermicula ta .
”Th e Fre n ch term verm ilion also orig in ally
sig n ified Kermes, a n d from th em was sub sequen tly t raversed to R ed Su l
ph u ret ofMercury or Cin n abar, a pig men t k n ow n from th e earliest times,
it bein g m en tion ed by J erem iah in h is pic ture of a h ouse ceiled with cedaran d pain ted with vermilion an d by E z ek iel, wh en referrin g to th e carvin g sof “ m en portrayed upon th e wall
,— th e imag es of th e Ch aldean s por
t rayed with vermilion ,”an d wh ich portraitures, in carvin g an d in pain t,
h a ve su rv ived to th ese times .
Th us th e word Kermes itself is used to desig n ate R ed A n timon y, a n d
plan ts with red flowers, as Passiflora kermesin a , L . K. et O tto . Coccus,303
DYES.
ag ain , it is in terestin g to observe, h as g iven rise to su ch terms as cocci72am, coccin eus, scarlet ; an d flowers h avin g scarlet flowers, or berries,frequ en tly h ave th e specific desig n a tion of coccin ea , an d coccifera , respectively . I s th e ex pression in
-
g rain ed, from g ran um , th eKerm es dye ?I t seem s doub tful th en th a t vermilion is derived from th e A rab ic
Kirmij, it would appear rath er to h ave orig in ated in th e Latin Vermes ,a n d all may h ave com e from th e Celtic Quermes . Quermes m ean t Oak
b erry, th is Oak-berry w as evide n t ly a worm ,
an d from it was form ed th e
Latin vermes on on e side, an d th e A rabic Kirmij on th e oth er . I t is
remark ab le at least th at th e Hebrew for Kermes, viz . Tola , m ean s
worm an d it is deservin g of n o te also th at several words in A rab ic, w ithth e sam e root as Kerm es, h ave a m ore or less direct referen ce to th e
colour red.
M a clura tin ctoria of equin oc tial Am erica is an A rtocarpad, an d th e
source of th e dye-wood Fu st ic , or Old Fu stic as it is often called, in con
t radistin ction to You n g Fu stic orVe n etian Sumach , th e wood of R i ms Coti
m i s of Z an te, N. O . 7 1 . U n der N. O . 207. Piperaceae, th e berries of
A r ta n tfie croca ta are u sed for dyein g yellow . Wh ere ? U n der N. O .
2 1 2, th e yellow dyein g-bark Q uercitron is derived from Quercus tin ctoria .
Flavin e, a n Am erican yellow dye, is supposed to b e prepared from Quercitron . Quercus coccif
'
era is th e I r’
ermes Oak already m en tion ed.
N. O . 233 . Z ING I BE R A CE ZE . GI NGE R WOR TS.
C urcum a. lo n g a . R os . Lon g-rooted Turmeric .
L i n n . Sy s t . Mon an dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e rh iz om e,— Turmeric .
Vern acu lar . P eeta , San s . Hurridra , B en g . Sa n s. Hu ldi, San s .
B en g . Hin d . Ha lted, Dec . A rsin a , Can . Ma n g ellacua , Mal .
Mu njil, Tam . P assap oo, P amp i, Tel. Ha ra a’u l, Ha ra n -kafia
,
Cey . Z irsood, Urook -as - sef er, A rab . Z irdc/zoobefi, Pers. Coon fiet,Malaya .
Ha bita t . Cultivated in In dia, J ava , Ch in a, Coch in -Ch in a .
R ema rks . Th e x ém rpog zvarmsgof Dioscorides, an d Cypira h erba
I n dica” of Plin y . Curcuma is from Kirkum , th e Persia n for Saffron . Of
Tu rm eric, qua si“ Terra m arita,
”R oyle writes, it is remark able th at
in Persia n w orks, Kh a ldoon ion tomag lia is assig n ed as its Greek n am e ;
in th e Tog h i- u l-Jll umin een , th e descrip tion by Dioscorides o f Ch elidon ium
majus, is tran slated an d applied to th e tu rmeric . Bu t in th e Mick/reun
u l-udwielz a true descrip tion is g iven of th is substan ce, bu t th e corruptaltered form of
X eywo'
moy 7 5 p é-
ya is equ ally applied .
”Th e plan t is called
Crocus I n dicas in old books, an d it is scarcely n ecessary to remark th at th e
rh iz om e dyes a beau tiful, bu t un fortun ately n ot a very, perman en t yellow .
30 4
DYE S
ORCH E LLA W E E D S .
B acella tin ctoria , De C. Cape de Verde, Can ary, Corsican , Sardin ian ,
A z ores, Mog adore, a portion of Madeira, an d perh aps a portion of
Am erican Orch ella .
B ace lla f uciformis, De C . A n g ola, Madag ascar, a portion of Madeira,an d a portion of American Orch ella .
Th ere is also Mauritius Orch il .ROCK M OSSE S.
Leca n ora tartarea , A ch . Ta rtareous Cudbear .
Gyrop hora p us tu la ta , A ch .
P a rmelia p erla ta , A ch .
A n d besides th ese we h ave Corsican , Sardin ian , an d Norweg ian R ockMosses .
Orch il is a liqu id pulp prepared by th e mu tual action of tin ctoriallich en s, air, an d an amm on iacal liqu or . Cudbear is similarly p repared, a n d
is in th e form o f paste as well as liquid . Litmu s occu rs in small, rectan
g ular, b lu e cakes, imported from Hollan d . I t I S ofte n called Turn sole,b ecau se it was on ce su spec ted to h ave been prepared from Fren ch rag s
(tourn esol en drap ea u) dyed i n th e blue juice of Croton tin ctorium, Lin n .
(Croz op kora tin ctoria , Ju ss .) of Sou th E urope, a plan t allied to Croz op /rora
p lica ta , J uss . (Cro ton t in c torium, Lam .) of Western I n dia . Tu rn sole is
t h e common n ame o f plan ts of th e g en u s Heliotrop ium plan ts describedby T h eoph rastu s, Dioscorides, a n d Plin y, u n de r th at n am e . Bu t Spren g el
iden tifies, Cro ton tin ctorium with Dioscorides’ r'
fltrorpom ov To p LKpOV, an d
Litmu s I S called Succus HeliotrOpn i n old book s . R ocella tin ctoria is
probably th e ¢UKO9 dah cio v tov, (pvop evov ev Kprjrq , of Dioscorides an d used
th ere l n olden times for dyein g pu rple clo th s .
Ma n y astrin g en t barks u sed for dyein g , h ave been omitted from th e
above list, as th ey mu st be detailed u n der Tan s .
TANS.
N. O . 64 . X ANT HO X Y LA CE AL.
X a n t/iox ylum ck lorox ylum,De C . in th e Caribaean isles .
N. O . 65. OCHNA C E E .
Coriaria myrtif olia , Lin n . in th e Mediterran ean cou n tries.
N.
’
O . 7 1 . A NA CA RD IA CE AE.
B u ch a n a n ia la t if‘
o lia , R ox . (Ch iron g ee) in I n dia .
R bus coriaria, W. in A sia Min or, a n d Persia : u sed also in I n dia .
N. O . 74 . LEGUM INOSTE . LE GUM I NOUS P LANTS.
A ca cia Ca t e ch u . fi’ill. Medicin a l Ca techu .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia.
Th e ex trac t of th e wood,- Catechu .
Vern acular. Th e tree,— Kh adira, San s. K’
kyar, Hin d. Kkuera ,
Hin d . B en g . Ka ir, Kkadera , By . W'
otka lay, Tam . l’odeel
maum,Tel. K/iekiree, Cey . Ska bin , Peg u . E x tract,— Ka t,
Ku tk, K/iuer, Vu lg .
Ha bita t . Th e E ast an d West I n dies .
R emarks . See Dru g s . Th e E din b u rg h Colleg e defin es Catech u tob e th e ex tract of th e wood of A ca cia Ca techu, of th e leaves of NaucleaGambir, Hun ter, (N. O . 1 1 5 . Cin ch on aceae) of th e E astern A rch ipelag o ,
a n d o f th e Kern els of A reca Ca techu W. (N. O . 25 1 . Palm ae) of th e
E ast I n dies . Th at ob tain ed from th e secon d source is g en erally calledGambir, an d Terrajap on ica, from its on ce bein g supposed to be J apan
earth . Th e followin g are th e k in ds of Catech u in th e Mu seum col
lectiona . From A cacia Ca techu .
1 . Kaucboo of Dh arwar, flat, rou n d cakes, two in ch es in diam eter,
an d o n e in ch th ick ; sh in y, dark'
b r‘
own in'
colour, like dried b lood,‘
a n d covered with bajree h usk s.
2 . From th e Sou th ern Con can , similar to last in form , siz e, an d colour,but covered with p addy h u sk s .
3 . From Kh an deish — in a n g ular g rain s, abou t th e siz e of g arden“
g ravel : pale earth y brow n in tern ally, dark er ex tern ally .
4 . From Surat— in irreg ular lumps, from th e siz e of a h az el to th at of
a waln u t .
5 . From Sin g apore (i . e . Peg u) —ia masses, dark brown in colou r, likedried blood, sh in y, an d covered with th e leaves of Nauclea brun on is .
B. From Nauclea Gambir .
I . Circular loz en g es, on e -th ird of a n in ch in diameter, an d/
mou lded
rou n d th e border : very pale earthy colour, an d friable. 2 . I n ‘ cubes,darker th an last, an d h arder.
3 10
TANS .
7 . From A reca Ca teck a .
Kasu from Ceylon , in circular flat cakes, like th e Kauckoo of Dh arwar,bu t covered with paddy h usks, an d ex h ibitin g wh ite c rystallin e g rain sin tern ally .
Besides th e above, th e followin g kin ds are foun d in commerce
a From A ca cia Ca techu .
1 . Pale, an d du ll— in squ are cak es, fl in ch es lo n g , 2 broad, an d
1 deep, ex ported from Bah ar, an d Ben g a l.
3 . From Nauclea Gambir .
1 . I n cylin ders, or discs, pale, dull pin kish in colour, an d markedwith th e impression of some coa rse clo th .
7 . From A reca Ca techu .
1 . Coury, mu ch paler th an Kassu .
8 . From u n determin ed sources .
1 . B row n Catech u in con ical m asses from Siam .
2 . Black m u cilag inous Ca tech u p robab ly A kakia , th e ex t rac t of thepods of A ca cia a ra bica
Th e followin g Leg umin osae yield tan s alsoA ca cia. a ra b ica . W. Th e bark . Th e p ods also k n own to tan n ers
as Neb - n eb , yield an as trin g en t ex tract, sold in B ombay u n der th e n ame of
A ka/via . See Drug s .
”
B a t e a Sps . Th e con crete ex udation , bein g a kin d of Kin o .
Ccesa lp in ia coria ria , W. of Cu racao, Carth ag en a,'
an d th e West I n dies.
Th e pods, Libi-dibi, or Divi-divi, or Libi-divi. Grows lux u rian tly in
B ombay .
Cmsa lp in ia Th e pods, Pipi. I fin d Pipi attributed to
C . P ap a i in popu lar book s on ly .
C a s s ia a uricu la ta . Lin n . Turwur of th e Deccan . T he seed
an d bark .
JlI ora ex celsa , Walpers, of Guian a .
P rosop is A lg a roba fiof Sou th Am erica . Th e pods, A lg aroba, or
A lg arob illa .
P t erocarpu s m a rsu p ium ,B ox . The con crete ex udation ,
Kin o .
Man y more of less value mig h t b e en um erated, bu t to attemp t to
h e ex h au stive in th e class of tan s, wo uld almost dou ble th e pag es of
th is work , an d I h ave th erefore stric tly con fi n ed myself to th ose wh ichare g en erally kn own .
3 1 1
TANS .
N. O . 79. R HI Z OPHO R ACE Z-E . MANGR OVE S.
B ru g u iera rh e e d e i . B lame .
L in n . Sy s t . Polya n dria Mon og yn ia.
Th e bark .
Vern acular.
Ha bita t . Th e sh ores of th e Con can . Th e bark of th is species an dof B rn g uiera g ymn orkiz a , R kiz op kora Ma n g le, an d oth er Man
g roves, co n stitu tes th e Man g rove bark of comm erce .
N. O . 8 1 . COMB R ETA CE JE . MYR OB ALANS.
T e rm in a lia Ch eb u la . R ox . Ova l-leaved Termin a lia .
L i n n . Sy s t. Polyg am ia Mon oecia .
Th e fruit, — Ch ebu lic Myrobalan s .
Vern acular. See Dru g s .
Ha bita t . Cab 11 1, I n diaR ema rks . See “ Dru g s . Th ese Myrobala n s are m et with o f so
m an y siz es an d colou rs, as to appear of differen t species b u t th e
d ifferen ces are owin g solely to th e a g e a t wh ich th e fruit is g ath ered . Th e
B elleric Myrobalan (T . bellerica . B ox .) is also h ig h ly astrin g e n t .
N. O . 85 . MYR TACEE . M YR TLE B LOO IMS .
P u n ica. Gra n a tum . Lin n . P om eg ra n a te .
L i n n . Sy s t . I cosa n drra Mon og y n ia.
Th e buds, rin d, a n d root bark
Vern acu lar. See Dru g s .
H a bita t . North er n A frica , A rm en ia, Maz an deran, Bokh a ra , Cabu l,
Cashm ir. C ultiva ted w idely in A sia .
R ema rks . Th e b arks of Ga reya a rborea , a n d Syz yg ium J a n zbo la n um ,
both I n dia n trees , are astrin g en t . E uca lyp tus resin if era , th e sou rce o f
Botan y B ay Kin o, a n d o th er species of E uca lyp tus are also u sed as tan s
in A u stralia .
N. 0 . rz tn zo sas. E B E NA DS.
Diosp y ro s g lu t in os a . R o x .
L in n . Sys t . l’olyg am ra Mon oecra.
Th e fru it .Vern acular. See Fru its an d Veg e tables .
I I a bita t . I n dia .
D I V I S I O N I .
C la s s 4 . F .
FlBR ES.
N. O . MA LVACEfE . MA LLOW-WOR TS.
Gossyp ium in dicum . Lam . seu G . h erb a ce um , Lin n . Com
mon Cot ton .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Polyan dria.
Th e h air of th e seed, - Cotton .
Vern acu lar . Ka rp asa, San s . Kap ase, Tu la , B en g . Kap as, Hin d .
Dec . R ooi, Hin d. P u n g ie, Para tie, Va n -
p a ra tie. Tam . P a t tie,Tel . Kap u, Ceylon . Cap as, Malaya . Cay
-kaun g , Hoa -mien,
Ch in a . Koba n g , Mon g olia . Poombek, Pers . Kootn , B eersoon ,
A rab . Co tu , E g yn t . B onfidm. Greece . R omay a , Ck lop tscka- teja ,
R ussia . B omby , Caucasus . Coton e, B ombag ia , I taly . A lg orlon ,Spain . A lg oda o, A lg odeiro, Portu g al . Coton , Fran ce . Cot ton
E n g lan d . Ke toen , B oomwol, Hollan d . Kdt tu n , B oumwolle, Ger
m an y . B omold, De n m ark . B omull
,Swede n .
Ha bita t . In dia . Cu ltivated in Ch in a, Persia , A rab ia, Syria, an d
th e Mediterran ean coun tries, an d p robably also in th e in terior of
A frica, an d in Am erica .
R emarks . Cotton is men tion ed in th e earliest books k n own . Th ere
would appear to be four species, vizG. in dicum, Lam . wh ich yields Dacca, Berar, an d Ch in a Cotton .
G. relig iosum, Heyn e, th e source of Deo Kap as, or Na rn i a -m oi.
G. barbaden se, Lin n . th e sou rce of Sea I slan d, Uplan ds, New Orlean s,Mex ican , West In dian , E g yptian , an d B ou rbon Co tton .
G . p eruvia n um, Cav. th e source of th e Cotton of Peru , Pern ambuco,Maran h am , an d B ra z il .
Nan keen -coloured cotton , an d fu z z y, or free seeds are produ ced in differen tly by th e above species . A s reg ards th e Am erican species it isimportan t to b ear in m in d th at Cotton was foun d by Columbus in th eWest
3 1 5
FIB R E S.
I n dies, an d by Cortez in Mex ico, an d th at it h as been immem orially u sed
in America for cloth in g , both cotton wool, an d cotton fab rics h avin glately been discovered in th e an cien t tom bs of Peru .
H ib is cu s ca n n ab in u s . L in n . Hemp- leaved Hibiscus .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelph ia Polyan dria .
Th e fibre of th e bark ,-Deckan ee Hemp, or Ambaree.
Vern acular. Ga rn ikura , San s . JlI esta -
p au t , Na lkee, Pu looa , Ben g .
Hin d . Su n n ee, Sah aru n pore . li’ila itee-sun , Mu ttra . Ambaree,B om bay . Pa n day , P un drica , Can . Gon g
-kura , Tel. P a lun g oo,Madras . P ooley
- n umajee, Coimbatore .
I I abita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks . First described by Piso an d Marcg rave . Th e srlk -cotton s
b elon g to N. O . 3 1 . Stercu liaceae, bu t ca n be u sed o n ly as stuffi n g .
N. O . 33 . T I LI A CE ZE . L I NDE NB LOOMS .
Corch oru s cap su la ris . Lin n . Hea rt - leaved Corckorus .
Corch orus o lit oriu s . Lin n . B ristly- leaved Core/torus .
L rn n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia .
Th e fibre of th e bark , - J u te .
Vern acular. C . o litoriu s , Pu t ta, San s. Pa t, Kosk ta , B /zun g ee,B en g . Sin g g in g a n ascka , Hin d. C . ca p s u la ris ,
— Gfiin alita,P a t , Kosk ta , Hin d . Th e fibre, — J u te, B en g .
Ha bita t . C. cap su laris, E ast In dies . C. olitorius, I n tertropicalA sia, A frica, an d A merica .
R ema rks . C. olitorius , is comm on ly k n own u n der th e n ame of J ew’
s
Ma llow . I t is m en tion ed in J ob x x x . 4, an d is th e d x opos of th e Greek s .
Gun n y is cloth m ade of J u te . Tlia europ aea , Lin n . is th e Lime orLin den
from th e bark of wh ich th e Bass or B ast of R ussia is prepared .
N. LI NA CE ZE . FL A X WOR TS.
Lin um u s ita t iss im um . Lin n . Common F lax .
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Pen tag yn ia .
Th e fibre of th e stalks, — Flax .
Vern acular. See Dru g s.
Ha bita t . E g ypt . Cultivated widely in E u rope an d In dia .
R ema rks . A lth ou g h lon g cu ltivated for its oil seed, it is on ly durin gth e last few years th at an y a t temp t h as been to u tiliz e its fibre in I n dia ,an d th at on ly on an y scale in th e Punjaub . Lin en is first m en tion ed in
E x odus ix . 3 1 . I t is men tion ed also by Herodotus, Plin y, an dman y oth er
writers of an tiqu ity .
3 1 6
FIB R ES.
in to ropes, n ear Severn droog (Buch an an , teste R oyle). Nepaul paperis prepared from th e fib res of D ap k n e ca n n a bin a , Loureiro, N. O . 1 85 .
Thymeliaceae, th e order of th e La ce-bark tree, Lag et ta lin tearia , P. S. ofJ amaica .
N. O . 1 99. UR TI CACE ZE . NE TTL EWOR TS.
Ca n n a b is s a t iva . W. Common Hemp .
L in n . Sy st . Dioecia Pen tan dria.Th e fibre of th e bark , — Hemp .
Vern aculur. See Drug s.
Ha bita t . Caucasu s, Hin doo-Koosh , Himalayas ; cultivated inE urope for its fibre, an d in A frica an d A sia for its n arcotic properties .
R emarks . See “ Drug s a n d “ Narcotics. A lth ou g h widely cultivated in In dia on accoun t of its n arcotic p roperties, fibre is n ot prepared
h ere from th is plan t . See “ h erb Pan tag ruelion ,
”— R abelais . B eekmeria
n ivea, Gaud . seu Urtica ten a cissima , B ox . is th e sou rce of th e Ch in a
Grass, or R keea fibre of comm erce . Th e E astern syn o n ym es of th is pla n tare — R /z eea , A ssam . Ku n kkoora , R u n g pore . P a n , Sh aw . Gou n ,B urmah . R amee, Malaya . Ca loee, Sum atra . I n a n , Bon os . Gambe,Celebes. Ch it- 7n d, Ch in a . Ty
'
o, Ka rao, J apan . Urt ica cren u la ta , R ox .
C/zor-
p u tta or Sura t , an d U. h eterop /zg/ lla , R o x . Horoo-sura t are also
amon g st th e fibrous plan ts of A ssam . Th e la tter B oyle states is also
a n ative of th e Con can , an d it is also in cluded in Dalz ell’
s catalog ue .
Th e P ooa li fibre of Nepaul is from B ee/i n zeria f ru tescen s, an d th e
JlI esak/zee fibre of th e Murrees is also from a Ne ttlewort .
N. O . 200. A R TOCA R PACEZE . A R TOCA R P A DS.
A n t ia ris s a ccidora . Da lz ell.
L i n n . Sy s t . Polyg am ra Dioecia.
Vern acular. Cka n du l, By . A raya-a n g ely , Mal.
Ha bita t Th e ra vin es of th e Western Gh ats .
R emarks . I t is comm on in th e j un g les, n ear Coorg , wh ere th e peoplem an u fac tu re very cu riou s sack s from th e bark , an d by a m ost simple
p rocess , wh ich will b e h a rdly c redited in E u rope . A bran ch is cu t correspon din g to th e len g th a n d breadth of th e sack wan ted. I t is soak ed a
lit tle, an d th en bea ten w it h clubs u n til th e liber separa tes from th e wood .
Th is don e, th e sack form ed of th e bark is tu rn ed in side ou t, an d pulled
dow n u n til th e wood is sawed off with th e ex cep tion o f a sm all piece leftto form th e bottom of th e sack, a n d wh ich is carefully left u n tou ch ed .
Th ese sack s are in g en eral use amon g st th e villag ers for carryin g rice, . a n d'
are sold for abou t six a n n as each .
”
(Grah arn .) To th is order b elo n g s
B russon etia p ap yrifera , u sed in Chin a an d J apan for th e m an u facture of
3 1 8
FIB R ES .
Crape paper. The R ice paper of Ch in a is p repared from th e pith of A ra
I ia p ap yrifera , N. O . 1 1 1 . Hederaceae ; an d th at of th e E astern A rch ipelag o from Sccevola Ta ccada , N. O . 1 22. Gooden iaceae . Ma n illa Hemp ,
th e A baca of th e n a tives of th e Ph ilippin e I slan ds, is p repared from Musa
t ex tilis, L. Nee, N. O . 235. Musaceae . Th e fibres of A n a n assa sa tiva ,
N. O . 24 1 . Brorn eliaceae are also used in th e m an u factu re o f cordag e, an dPin e-apple clo th , variou s species of B romelia an d Tilla n dsia con tribu tin ga portion to th e so- called Pin e-apple fibre of comm erce . Span ish Moss,
or B arba Hisp a n ica , is th e fibre of Tilla n dsia usn eoides, n o t h owever
prepared artificially from th e leaves, bu t p rodu ced n a turally, in th e placeof leaves an d roots . N. O . 242, Liliaceae, affords several fibres, viz . New
Zealan d Flax , from P /zormium ten ax B owstrin g Hemp , from Sa n seviera
z eyla n ica , th e Al oorva of Ben g al, an d Ma roat of Madras a n d A g ave, or
Pita from A g ave cicip era , Buch . (A . Ca n ta la , R ox . A loe america n a ,th e Ca n ta la or Hin doostan , an d P etka of Madras, for alth ou g h
a mative of tropical A merica, like th e P arkin son ia america n a , Cash ew,
Prickley-
pear, an d A rg emon e mex ica n a , it h as becom e n atu raliz ed in In dia,in man y parts g ivin g a type to th e lan dscape .
N. O. 25l . PALMZE . P ALMS.
COCOS n u cife ra . W. Common Cocoan u t .
L in n . Syst . Mon oecia Hex a n dria .
Th e fibre surrou n din g th e n u t,— Coir .
Vern acular. See Fruits an d Veg etables.
Habita t . E ast In dies.
R ema rks . See “ Fru its an d Veg etables . Ejoo or Gomuti is th e
h orseh air-lik e fibre fou n d abou t th e base of th e leaves of A ren g a sacch a ri
f era , Labill . Th e Tucum th read of th e B raz ilian s of th e R io Nig ro, an dUpper Amaz on , is prepared from th e you n g leaves of A s trocaryumva lg are, Mart . n ot to b e con fou n ded with A . Tucuma, Mart . From
th e outer portion of th e leave-stalks of A . a cau te, Mart . th e n atives
of th e R io Nig ro weave baskets . P iassa ba , or Para -
g rass, is th e fib refou n d abou t th e base of th e leaves of A t ta lea f un ifera , Mart . (Leop oldin iaP iassaba , Wallace), w h ich also supplies Coqu illa n u ts, of wh ichparasol an d door h an dles are often made . Th e leaves of th e Geba n g ,Coryp ha Geba n g a , Blum e, of J ava, are m ade th ere in to h ats, clo th in g ,n ets, b ag s, an d baskets, th e in dustry g ivin g em ploym en t to th ou san ds
of boys an d g irls.
”Th e leaves of E ug eisson ia tris tis, Griffi th , in
Pen an g , as th ose of Nip a fi'
u tica n s, Th u n b . (som etimes placed u n der
N. O . 255 . Pan dan aceae) in th e E astern A rch ipelag o, are woven in to
m ats . I n Carolin a a n d Florida, h ats are made of th e leaves of th e
Palmetto, Sabal P a lmet to,Lodd . Can es are th e stem s of species of
Ca lamus . C. Draco, W. is believed to yield th e wh ite an d brow n
Man illa Drag on s’
Can es of commerce C. scip ion um, Lour. th e so-called3 19
FIB R ES.
Malacca Can es of Sumatra, an d C. R ota n y, Lin n . an d oth er Species
th e common ra ttan s of commerce . Pen a n g Lawyers"
are th e you n gstem s of Licua la acu tifida , Mart . o f th e E astern A rch ipelag o . Th e vu lg ardesig n ation is n ot complimen tary to th e sticks .
N. O . 266. GR AM INEE . GR A SSE S.
Sa cch a rum sp on ta n eum . Lin n .
L in n . Sy s t . Trian dria Dig yn ia.
Th e culm .
Vern acular. Kaska , San s . Kaskiya, Ben g . Kay ara , Hin d. Ka/i n ,Sin dh . R ellooy addy , Tel .
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . SirW. J on es writes (A siat . R es . I V. p . 248)“ Th is beau
tiful an d superb g rass is h ig h ly celebra ted in th e Pura n as, th e I n dian Godof war h avin g been born in a g rove of it wh ich bu rst in to a flam e .
”
He a ttach es to it th e Sa n sc rit syn on yme of Sa ra , a n d observes “ Th e
Cdsé , vulg arly Casi’
a, h as a sh orter culm
, leaves m u ch n arrower, lon g er,a n d th icker h airs, b u t a sm aller p a n icle, less com pou n ded , with ou t t he
purplish tin ts of th e Sara . I t is often desc ribed, w ith praise b y th e Hin doopoe ts for th e wh iten ess of its blossoms
, wh ich g ive a larg e p lain a t som e
dista n ce th e appearan ce of a b road river. Both plan ts are ex trem ely u se
ful to th e I n dia n s, who h arden th e in tern odal parts of th e c ulm s, a n d
cu t th em in to implem en ts for writin g on th eir polish ed paper . From th e
mu nja or culrn o f th e Sa ra was m ade th e mau nji, a h oly th read, ordain ed
by ME NU to form th e sacerdotal g irdle, in p referen ce even to the Cusa
g rass .
”
I n th ese passag es SirW. Jon es apparen tly refers to th ree distin c t Spe ‘
cies . His Casé is eviden tly S . sp on ta n eum, Lin n . to wh ich h e h as, itwould seem wron g ly applied th e syn on ym e of Sa ra , th e S . Sa ra of
R ox burg h , or P en - reed Grass o f A n g lo-In dian s . S . Munja , R ox . is
th e tru e Mu nja . For Cusa , see Miscellan eou s Class .
Th e Sur of Sin dh , R oyle con j ectu res m ay be A run do Ka rka , Lin n . of
wh ich th e Durma m ats of B en g al are m ade . Variou s R ush es, N. O . 250,
are u sed in differen t parts of th e world for ch air-bottoms, bask ets, m ats,
a n d J apan m ats are said to be m ade of J un cus ef usus , a n a tive also o f
E urope . Of B ulru sh es, N. O . 256, th e leaves of Typ ka elep ha n t in a ,
R ox . th e Pun , an d B ooree of Sin dh , are u sed in th at cou n try for m a ts
an d bask ets . O f Sedg es, N. O . 265, E riop horum ca n n a bin um, th e B ka
bur, or B ka buree of Hin doostan , is u sed every wh ere alon g th e Him alayas
for m akin g ropes, a n d th e eleg an t sh in in g mats for wh ich Calcu tta is
celebrated are m ade of P apyrus P a n g orei, Nees ab E sen . P ap yrus a n ti
quorum of th e Nile (tran slated B u lrush , an d Bu sh , in th e B ible), is th eSedg e from th e p ith of wh ich th e an cien ts m ade paper. Wh at are Ch in a ,an d Zan z ibar m ats, an d th e lambas of Madag ascar, made of Th atch ,
320
D I V I S I O N I .
C la s s 4 . H .
WOODS.
N. O . 4 . ANNONA CE ZE . ANONA DS.
Gua tte ria ce ra s o id es . Dun a l.
L i n n . Sy st . Polyan dria Polyg yn ia.
HOOM .
Vern acular. Hoom, By . Ckettaduduy a, Tel.
R ema rks . Foun d in th e coast forests ofWestern In dia . Th e wood isu sed in g en eral carpen try, an d for b oat Spars . Th e LANCE -WOOD of Cuba,an d Guian a is produ ced by Dug uetia qu itaren sis, B en th .
N. O . 30. MA LVA CEZE . MA LLOW—WOR TS.
T h esp e sia p op u ln ea . W. et A . Pop lar-leaved Hibiscus .
L in n . Sys t . Mon adelphia Polyan dria.
BE NDY .
Vern acular . Soop arskavaka , San s . P orusk, Ben g . Hin d. P aris,
P a risp ip a l, Hin d . B en dy, By . Poursa n g kai, Tam . Gan g ari ,Tel. Sooriya
-
y aka, Cey .
Ha bita t . E astern A rch ipelag o .
R ema rks . First described by Van R h eede , but eviden tly in troducedby th e Portu g u ese from th e E astern A rch ipelag o . I t is fou n d in th e
coast forests, th e wood bein g u sed for wh eels, an d boat timbers, an d
th e sh oots as rafters .
N. O . 3 1 . STE R CULI ACETE . STE R CUL I A DS.
Sa lm a lia m a la b a rica . S. et E . R ed Silk-Cotton Tree .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adel phia Polyan dria .
SA U R .
Vern acular. Sa lma li, San s . R uck ta -sembul, Hin d . Saa r, Dec .
Moul- elavoo, Mal. E lavum-marum,P ula -marum, Tam . B urag a ,
Tel. Maka telambu , Cey .
323
WOODS.
R emarks . First men tion ed by Va n R h eede . Fou n d both in lan d, an d
on ou r coast, th e wood bein g used for lig h t packin g -box es, an d fish in gfloats .
Stercu lia. fe tida . W.
L in n . Sy s t . Mon adelphia Dodecan dria.
BA STA RD PO ONVern acular. J u n g li
- badam, Vu lg . Kudra -
p lukku, P in a ri-marum,
Tam . Garrup a- badam - okei ta , Tel .
Ha bita t . Cen tral an d Sou th ern In dia .
R ema rks First described by Pluk en e t . Dalz ell does n ot men tion it
in h is Ca talog ue of I n dig e n ou s Plan ts, bu t Dr. Gibson m en tion s th at it
is fou n d abo u t cultivated h oldin g s on th e coast with in th is Go vern m e n t .
Sou th of Sawu n t Warree it is very plen tiful . I t is u sed for b oat spars
in lieu of PO ON N. O . 42, inf ra . U n der N. O . 32 . Byttn eriaceae, P ter
osp ermum in dicum is th e tree wh ich yields AM BOYNA , or KYA B U CA -WO OD .
U n der N. O . 3 3 . Tiliaceae, B errya A mmon illa , p roduces th e TR INCOM A L L E E -W OO D ,
of w h ich th e Massula b eats of Madras are m ade . SA U L
is produced by Skorea robusta, of In dia .
N. O . 40. A U R ANTI ACEJE . CI TR ONWOR TS.
F eron ia. e lep h a n tum . C. de S. I n dia n E lep h a n t App le .
L i n n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
KAWTHA .
Vern acular. See “ Drug s .
R ema rks . U sed in bu ildin g . O RANGE -WOO D , is produ ced by Citrus
A ura n tium . Th e Citru s ~wood of th e an cien ts was p roduced by Ca llitrisg uadriva lvis, Ven t . J oin ted A rbor- Vitae, a Con ifer.
N. O . 42. GUTTI FE R ZE . GU TTI F E R S.
Ca lop h y llum a n g u st ifo lium . R ox .
L i n n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og yn ia .
POON .
Vern acular . Poon , Malabar.
Ha bita t . Prin ce ofWales’ Islan d, Malabar, Mysore .
R ema rks . Dalz ell states it is to be fou n d a t Neel g oon d an d Woolwee
Ghats , S.W. from Dh arwa r, bu t th e tree is everywh ere becomin g scarce,an d calls for s tric t con servation . B IRD ’
s E Y E M A PLE , an d CU RLYMA PL E are varieties of A cer sacch arin um, N. O . 47. A ceraceae .
324
WOODS.
Ch lorox y lon Sw ie te n ia . D e 0 .
L i n n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
SAT IN -WOOD . B I LLOO .
Vern acular. Hu lda , B ilbao, By . Kadawa -
p ursb, Moodudad, Vam
maray , Tam . B illoo, Tel. B ooroock-
g aka , Cey .
Habita t . I n dia .
R emarks . Fou n d in th is Govern men t in th e Padsh apoor jun g les an dth ose of th e u pper Mool. I t produ ces a beau tiful cabin et-wood . Th e
lig h t, can ary SA T IN 'WO OD of Am erica is said to b e produ ced by Ma ba
g uia n en sis : N. O . 1 33 . E ben aceae . M A HOGA NY is th e wood of Swie
ten ia Mah ag on i of Hon duras, an d th e “7est In dia islan ds.
Soym ida feb rifu g a . J uss . F ebrifug e Soymida .
L i n n . Sy st . Mon adelphia Decan dria .
ROHU N .
Vern acu lar. R oku n a , P a tra n g a , San s . R okun , Hin d. R ouen ,
R ub in , Dec . Swamy, Can . W’oon dmarum, Skemmarum, Ckoar
ka lli-marn m,Tam . Samida , Sn mi, Tel.
Habita t . Th e m ou n tain s of I n dia .
R ema rks . Fou n d in th is Preside n cy o n ly on th e Satpooras. I t yields
a valuable cab in et-wood, som etim es called R E D -WO O D , or BA STA RDC E D A R . See Cedrela Toon a . L IGNU M V I
'
I‘
JE I S produced by Gu a ia cumofiicin a le of J amaica, N. O . 62. Zyg oph yllaceae .
N. O . 66. SIMAR UBA CE ZE . QUA SSI A DS.
A ila n th u s e x ce ls a . I n dia n A ilan tkn s .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia .
M A ROOK .
Vern acular. A rala , San s . Marook, By . P eru -maram, Tam . P edda
m a n u , Tel .
R ema rks . Fou n d in th e ravin es of th e Deccan an d Gu z erat, an d but
little u sed ex cep t for sword -h an dles .
N. CE LA STR ACE /E . SP I NDLE — TR E E S .
C e la s tru s m o n ta n u s . R ox .
L i n n . Sy s t . Pen tan dria Mon og y m a .
M A LKU NGANE E .
Vern acular. Ma lku n g a n ee, Hin d . Dec. Va lrdury , P edda - ckin too,
Tarn . B amrn g ie,'
l‘
el .
R emarks . Fou n d on th e barren h ills of th e Deccan , an d valuable for
tile-du n n ag e .
WOODS.
E uon ym us g arcin ifolia . R ow.
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern aculan Mari, Sylh et . Nooe, Nepal .
H a bita t . Sylh et .
R emarks . Dr . Gibson says it is u sed in North Can ara for rafters, bu tCleg h orn does n ot con firm th is .
N. O . 70. R HAMNACEZE . R HAMNA D S.
Z izyph us J ujub a . Lam . B lun t-leaved Z iz yp kus .
Lin n . Syst . Pen tan dr ia Mon og yn ia .
B O R . BH E R .
Vern acular. See .
“ Fruits an d Veg etables.
Habita t . North A frica, A rabia, an d I n dia .
R emarks . Foun d by river ban ks. Th e wood is used ch iefly for
san dals, an d saddlen trees, bu t would do for sleepers.
N. O . 74 LEGUM I NOSHE. LE GUM I NOUS P LANTS.
A ca cia a rab ica . W. Gum A rabic- tree .
Lin n . Sy st . Polyg amia Mon oecia.
BA BOOL .
Vern acular. See Dru g s .
Habita t . In dia, A rabia, E g ypt, Sen eg al.R emarks . See “ Dru g s .
” Very common in lan d, an d ch iefly used f or
wh eels an d ch arcoal. Th e Skit tim wood of th e Bible is referred to
th is tree .
A ca cia Ca t e ch u . W. Medicin a l A cacia .
Lin n . Syst . Polyg amia Mon oecia .
KHA IR .
Vern acular. See Dru g s.
Habita t . Th e East an dWest I n dies.
R emarks . See Dru g s.
”Th e common est tree on th e sea face of th e
Western Ghats. Th e wood is used for uprig h ts for h ou ses .
A ca c ia Leb b ek . W. E g yp tia n A cacia .
A ca cia odora tis s im a . W. Frag ran t A cacia .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg amia Mon oecia.
SIRB U S .
Vern acular. A . Lebb ek , Siris, San s. Ben g . Hin d. Sim s,
327
WOODS;
Dec . Vel-ven g e, Tam . Dirasan a , Tel . A . odora tiss im a .
’
R a n -sirras, Dec . Saelce -marum, Kara -ven g e, Tam . Skin dug a , Tel.
Ha bita t . A . Lebbek, — E g yp t, I n dia . A . odora tissima , - E ast
I n dies .
R emarks . Th e first pla n t is R ox burg h’s Mimosa Sirissa , an d th e
secon d h is M . odora tissima . A . sp eciosa is also a syn on yme of th e
first . Both are fin e trees, with a h ard, lig h t wood, of g en eral service .
A . f ormosa produ ces th e SA B ICU wood of Cuba, u sed for th e stairs of the
Great E x h ibition of 1 85 1 .
B u tea fron dosa . R ox . Down y-bran ch B a tea .
L in n . Sy st . Di adelphi a Decan dria .
PA LA S .
Ven acular. See Dru g s”a n d Dyes .
R emarks . Used in h ou se-buildin g in Guz erat .
D a lb e rg ia la t ifolia . R ox . B road- leaved Da lberg ia .
L in n . Sy s t . Diadel phia Deca n dria.
BLA CKWOOD , SE E SOO . E AST IND IAN E BO NY .
Vern acu lar . Sit - sa l, Be n g . Seesoo, By . B iti, Can . E rup otki,Tam . I rug aduwket tu, Tel.
R emarks . Fou n d in our coast forests, an d on e of th e larg est
moun tain trees in In dia . BLA CKWOO D is also produced by D . sissoides ,n ot foun d in th is Govern m en t . Th e Sissoo of B en g al is D . Sissoo, an d
th e w ood is u sed th ere for g u n- carriag es. Ou r BLA CKWOO D is a first
class cabin et-wood, th e well k n own Blackwood‘
furn iture of Bombay, bein gmade of it .
Da lb erg ia oog e in e n s is . R ox .
L in n . Sy st . Diadelphia Decan dria.
TUNNU S. T EWU S .
Vern acular . Tin ish a , Sejan dun a , San s. Ta n n as, Term s, By .
R emarks . Foun d both in ou r coast, an d in lan d forests : the wood
1 8 u sed in buildin g , an d for carts an d ploug h s .
“ The pillars of MadajeeScin dia
’
s palace at Dojein are made of it .
”
(R ox .)
Da lb erg ia p a n icu la ta . R ox . P a n icled Da lberfq ia .
Lin n . Sys t . Di adelphia Decan dria ,PHA SE R .
Vern acular. Pkasee, By . Hasur-
g un n i, Can . P a tsuroo, Tel .
R emarks . Foun d both in th e coast an d in lan d forests, an d used as
T UNNU S.
328
WOODS.
N. O . 78 . LYTHR ACEJE . L OOSE STR I FE S .
La g ers trmm ia p a rviflora . R ox .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og ym a.
B E NT E AK. NANA H . B ONDA R A .
’
Vern acular. No n a /z , By . Ven taku, Can . Cu tcka -ca tta ' marmn ,Tam . Ck in a n g ee, Tel .
R ema rks . Comm on in our forests, bu t in ore so sou th of Savitree.
Th e wood is mu ch u sed 1 11 th e Dockyard . Dr . Gib son g ives B on dara ,as a n ative syn on ym e of Sou th Con can .
La g ers trcem ia fi cs -re g in m . R eta . Oblon g- leased Lag erstrcemia .
L in n . Sy st . Polyan dria Mon og yrn a.
TAM AN, M OTA B CND A R A .
Vern acular. A rju n a , San s . J arool, Ben g . Hin d. Tama n , By.
Mota - bon dara , S. Con can ?R emarks . First described by Van -R h eede . Foun d ch iefly Sou th of th e
Savitree ; an d th e wood is ch iefly u sed for boat k n ees . A rjun a an d
A r
'
oon are n am es of s ecies of Termin a lia N. O . 8 1 , in ra ..7
N. O . 79. R HI Z OPHOR A CE JE . MA NG R OVE S.
Ca ra llia in te g errim a . De . 0 .
L i n n . Sy s t . Icosan dria Mon og yn ia.
PHUNSE E .
Vern acular . Pkirn see, By .
R emarks . Foun d in th e South Con can ,a n d used in turn ery .
N. COMB R ETA CEE . M YR O BALANS .
T erm in a lia A rju n a .
L in n . Sy s t . Polyg am ia Mon a-rem.
A RJ U N-SA DU RA .
Vern acular. Aria n a , Kn kkooba, San s. Ury'
oon , Ben g . Cakua,Hin d. A rjun - sada ra , By .
R emarks . Fou n d of g reat siz e in th e Belg aum an d So‘
on da forests.
T erm in a l ia g la b ra . W. et A .
L in n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia.
A R E N.
Vern acular. A een , Maitree, By .
WOODS.
R emarks . A bun dan t in all th e coast jun g les, an d also’
above theGh ats
;an d th e wood I S very valuable for bu ildin g a n d oth er pu rposes.
Th ere 1 5 m uch con fus1 o n reg a rdin g th e bota n ical syn on ymes of th is tree,wh ich I h ave n o t bee n able tou n ravel, an d con sequen tly th e n ative n ames,ex cep t th e local, are om itted .
T e rm in a lia p a n icma ta . W. ci A .
L aw . Sy s t . Decan dria Mon og yn ia .
KE E NJ U L .
Vern acula r. Keenju l, B y . Peka ra ka i, Tam . Neemeeri, Tel.
R ema rks . Fou n d on ly in Sou th Co n ca n in th is Presiden cy . Th e woodresembles A B E N .
N. O . 82 . ME LA STOMA CEPE . ME LA STOMA D S.
M em e cy lon tin c torium . Kcen iy .
L i n n . Sy s t . Octan dria Mon og ym a .
KU RPA . A NJ U N .
Vern acular. .Ku rp a , A njn n , By . Ka n yaruk, Mal . Casauckeddy,Kayamp oovoockeddi, Ta rn . A lli-ckeddu, Tel . B eedi- kaka , Cey .
R ema r k s . Comm on abore th e Ghats, an d u sed for ag ricultu ral pu rposes . A nju n is a n ative n ame of Ha rdw ickia bin a ta , N. O . 74 , supr a
a n d Kn rp a of Cup a n ia ca n escen s, N. O . 48 an d B arrin g ton ia acu ta n g u la ,N. O . 88 .
N. O . 85 . MY R TACE AE. M YR TLE B LO'
OMS.
Syzy g ium J am b ola n um .x W. et A .
L in n . Sy s t . Icosa n dria Mon og y n ia .
J A M BOOL .
Vern acular. See “ Fruits an d Veg etables .
R ema rks . Fou n d in th e Ghfits an d Con can forests. B ein g a fruit treeit sh ould n ot p erh aps be catalog ued h ere ; bu t its wood, lik e th at
.
of th e
J a ca (Pkun us , is so m u ch u sed on accou n t of its ex cellen ce, th atas in th e case of th e latter, ex cep tion mu st b e m ade to th e ru le wh ichwou ld ex clude it . Th e wood of S. sa licif o lium, Wall. P a n y
’
ambool isalso u sed, accordin g to Dalz ell, for rafters in th is Presiden cy ; b u t Dr.
Gibson does n ot m en tion it . Dr. Gib son states th at th e wood of S . ca ryop kg/ Iceum , Gaert . R a t -jambool, is equal to J AM BOO L , bu t it is on ly fou n d
sou t h of th e Savitree . Metrosideros vera, produ ces th e IRON-WOOD of
Chin a ; an d E uca lyp tus resin ifera , the R E D GUM-WOOD an d E . p ip erita,th e BLU E GUM -WOOD of Au stralia.
33 1
WOODS .
N. O . 1 15 .
'
C I NCHONACE tE x CI NCHO LVA DS .
Morin da citrifo lia . Lin n . B road- leaved Morin da .
L in n . Sy st . Pe n tan dria Mon og yn ia.
A L . B A R TOND I E .
Vern acular. See Dyes .
R emarks . Fou n d abou t villag es in th e Deccan , an d used for door
sh u tters, &c.
Na uc le a cord ifolia . W.
Lin n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og ym a.
Vern acular . Keli-kurlum, Ben g . Hedoo, By . Hedrle, Can . Ma nja
cadamba , Tarn . Dadug a , Tel.
R emarks . Fou n d in th e coast forests . The wood is very in ferior, a n du sed for pack in g -box es for Opium .
Na u cle a p a rviflora . W.
L in n . Sy st . Pen ta n dria Mon og y n ia.
KU B B UM .
Vern acular.
'
uddum, By . B otw-Kudumee, Tel .
R e ma rks . Fou n d in th e coast forests, a n d u sed for g u n- stalks . The
Kudd um of B en g al is N. Cadamba , R ox . Guet tarda sp eciosa produ ces th eZ E BRA -WOO D of th e West In dies .
N. O . 1 33 . E B ENA CEEE . E DE NA DS.
Diosp y ros m e la n o x y lon . R ox .
L i n n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Drwcia.
E BONY . A B NOOS .
Vern acular. Kakindoo, San s . Kiew, R en dao, B en g . Tin dua, Hin d .
A bn oos, By . Tamba li, Tam . Tumida , Tel.
Habita t . In dia, Ceylon .
R ema rks . Fou n d in th is Presiden cy, on ly in North Can ara . I t is
o n e of th e trees wh ich p roduce E BONY . Th is plan t is fig ured R o x .
Cor. fig . 46 .
‘ Th e wood is black , an d varieg ated . Th e oth er Sp eciesp roducin g E BONY are D. E ben um
, R etz . (Hebe n aster, R umph . Amb . 3
fig . of Ceylon , an d th e Moluccas, th e wood of wh ich is perfec tlyblack : D . E ben a s ter, R etz . said to be fou n d abou t Calcu t ta, a n d
p robably th e sam e species as I ) . E ben um ; D . tomen tosa , Poir. (n onR ox .) an d probably o th ers . Th e tree wh ich produces A frican E bon y isu n kn own . Ebon y is men tion ed by E z ekiel, with ivory as th e merch an diz e
WOODS .
’
Vern acular. Pata li, San s . Paru l, Beng . By . Gkun ta , Moog ,
Ben g . P a ru la , Hin d .
R emarks . Comm on in th e Daudelly j un g les . Th e wood is stron g an d
serviceable .
Sp a th ode a rh e e d ii . Sp ren g .
L in n . Sy st . Didyn am ia A n g iosperm ia .
M E R S I NGE E .
Vern acular. Mersin g ee, By . JWr -
p on g elion , Mal . W'
aaa’f, Tel .
R emarks . Foun d in the in la n d forests . Th e wood is u sed in turn ery .
T e com a u n du la ta . Don .
L i n n . Sy s t. D idyn am ia A n g iosperm ia.
R U GT R O R A .
Vern acular. R ug trora , By . Kh era, Sin dh .
R ema rks . Very rare . Th e wood is stron g a n d du rable, bu t its u se is
lim ited from its sm all siz e . R ug trora is a n a tive n am e also o f R /ram n us
w ig k t ii, N. O . 70 ; Soymida f ebr if u‘
r/ a , N. U . 52 ; Bf a ba n ig rescen s ,
N an d P olyg on um g la brum , N. O . 1 75 . Ca losa n tk es in d ica ,Blum e , th e Tetoo Of B omb ay , alth ou g h e n um era ted by Dr. G ibso n is
w orth less as reg ards its wood . B ig n on ia x y loca rp a ,liox . our I fk a rsin y ,
th e B a irsin r/ ee of Kan deish (Grah am), is also m ore u seful on accou n t ofth e oil yielded by its wood, th an for its timbe r.
N. O . 162. VE R BENA CE /E . VE R B E NE S .
Gm e lin a a rb ore a . R ox .
Lin n . Sy st . Dirlyn am ia Gym n osperm ia .
SH EWU N .
Vern acular . Gambit /tree, Sa n s. Gumbar, Be n g . Il iad . Skewu n ,By . Cummy
-ma rum, Tam . Cumadw cket tu, Tel. Ai'
t -dama ta ,Cey .
R ema rks . Fou n d in th e forests below th e Ghats . Th e wood is used
for carriag e pan n els .
T e cton a g ra n d is . Lin n . Grea t Teak .
Li n n . Sy s t . Pen tan dria Mon og y n ia.
TE A K . SA GWAN .
Vern acular. Seg aon , Ben g . Hin d . Sag wa n , By . J amie, Ca n .
Tekka, Mal . Cey . T/za ikoo, Tarn . Teka , Tel . J a ti, Malaya .
Ha bita t . Th e E ast I n dies .
R emarks . Fou n d in Western I n dia in a ch ain of forests alon g th e
WOODS.
Gh z‘
rts from Kan deish to Travan core . Th e Dan delly forest sout h'
of Dh ar
war is th e larg est . TE A K is th e m ost u seful of all th e woods of Sou th ern
A sia .
V it e } : a ltiss im a . Lin n . Ta ll Ckaste- tree .
L in n . Sy st . Didyn am ia A n g iosperm ia .
7
R ema rks . Fou n d alon g th e rivers of th e Sou th ern Co n can . I t producesa g ood cabin et-wood, bu t lit t le used . Th e CAM PHO R-WO O D of Ch in a is
p roduced by Laurus camp kara a n d th e GRE E NH E A RT of Demerara,by
Necta n dra radicai, N. O . 1 78 . Th e latter is th e B ibiru tree
N. SANTA LACE /E . SA ND A LWO R TS.
Sa n t a lum a lbum . I f ia n . True Sa n da lwood .
L i n n . Sy s t .
'I‘
etran dria Mon og yn ia.
SANDA LWOOD . SU NDE L .
Vern acular . Cka n da n a , Ga n dka sa ra , llf a lay aja , Bkadrasri, San s .
Cku n du n a , B en g . Hin d. Malaya . Gku n da sa ru , Sa n s . Cku n doie ,Hin d . Sa n dal, Dec . Tsja n rla n a -ma rum, Mal . Ga n dag a , Ca n .
Sa n da n um, Tarn . Tel. R a t -k ikiri, Cey . Sa n da l-a biy/ a z , A rab .
Szrn du l-saf eid, Pers.
Ha bita t . Th e m oun tain s of th e In dian Pen in sula, an d th e E astern
A rch ipelag o .
R emarks . Ph ilolog ists by an in fi n ity of tran sposition s mak e th is th e
A lg ummim or A lmug g im wood, b rou g h t by Hiram’
s n avy from Oph ir.
Th u s Max Muller, in h is popular accou n t of th e iden tificatio n of Malabar
with th e Oph ir o f th e a n cie n ts, observes th at th e n am es for ap es, p ea cocks ,wa ry , an d a /g um
- trees, are foreig n words in Hebrew, as tobacco an d g u t ter
p ercka are in E n g lish ; an d th at a lg um is clearly th e San scrit vo ly n ka , on e
of th e n um erou s n ames of San dalwood in Malabar, wh ere on ly it is fou n din dig en ous . Th is m ay be tru e . B u t San dalwood is in dig en ous to th e
E astern A rch ipelag o, an d th at from Malaya is h eld in‘
th e bes t esteem
th rou g h ou t In dia . I h ave recen tly seen it arg u ed th a t Malabar m u st be
Oph ir, becau se, 1 11 addition to Lassen’
s proof, M . Le Soeu f wou ld fin d g old
th ere ; bu t th e larg est of les te a/ s d’
or of th e Gold Compan y’
s p rotractedg esta tion sen t m e is u n m itig ated pyrites, a n d a n oth er m ica . I t i s u n doub t
edly on e Su n du l of A vicen n a . Th e variety S. a lbum, B myr tif olium,
De C . is fou n d in th e Circars, an d its wood is less p reciou s . Th e San
dalwood forests of Western I n dia ex ten d u n in terrup tedly from a little to
th e Sou th of th e Teak forest of Daudelly a n d Su n da to th e North ernslopes at th e Nilg h eris, lyin g th e wh ole way above th e Gh irts .
f reycin etia n um, Gaud . yields th e SANDA LWOOD of th e San dwich isles.
335
WOODS .
N. 0 : 1 95 . E U PHOR B I ACE XE .
B rie de lia. sp in osa . W. P rickleg/ B riedelia .
L in n . Sy st . Polyg am ia Mon oecia .
A SUNA .
Vern acular . See Dru g s .
R ema rks . Fou n d in lan d on th e coast in stan din g water ; is u sed for
well fram es .
E uph orb ia T iru ca lli . Lin n . I n dian Tree-sp urg e .
Lin n . Sy st . Decan dria Trig yn ia.
SEYR . T E J .
Vern acular. Lun ka -s ij , Ben g . Seyr, Te}, By . (Gibson ). Tira
ca lli, Mal . Tam .
R emarks . Th e Milk busk of A n g lo- I n dian s . When fou n d of su fficien t
siz e th e wood is u sed for tile, an d terrace du n n ag e .
Pu tra n jiva ro x b urg h ii . Wa ll .
L in n . Sy st. Dioecia Pen tan dria.
J E EWU NPOOT R .
Vern acular. J eewunp ootr, By . Pon g a lam, Mal. Kerdraja ree, Tel.
R emarks . Th e Wild Olive of A n g lo- I n dian s .
- I t is fou n d on th e
coast, an d used by th e tu rn er.
R ottlera tin ctoria . R ox . Dyer’
s R ottlera .
L i n n . Syst . Dioecia Polyan dri a .
SE ND R E E .
Vern acu lar. See Drug s an d Dyes .
R emarks . Fou n d both in lan d an d on coast . Th e wood is u seful a s itis n ot readily a ttacked by worm s . B ux us ba lea rica , p roduces th e
B O X -WOOD of Turk ey, an d Oldfi eldia af rica n a , A FR ICA N OA K, or
AFR I CAN TE A K .
N. O . 200. A R TOCA R PA CE Z-E . A R TOCA R P A DS .
A rtoca rp u s h irsu ta . Lam .
L in n . Sy st . Mon oecia Mon a n dria.
ANGE L I .Ven acular. R a n Ayen ee, .
-A n sjeli, Mal. A n g eli,Tarn .
R emarks . Foun d in Pun t Such ew’s coun try, an d in th e forests of
336
WOODS.
Cocos n u cifera . W. Common Cocoan u t Tree .
L i n n . Sy s t . Mon oeCI a H ex an dria.
PA LMYRA -WO O D . PORCU P INE -WOO D .
Vern acu lar. See Fru its a n d Veg etables .
R emarks . Fou n d 0 11 th e coast an d in lan d, an d u sed for water
con duits . PA LMYRA , or PO RCU P INE -WOOD ,alth ou g h ch iefly produced by
C . n ucifera , is ob tain ed also from o th er Pa lm s .
'
l‘
h e CO COS, or KOKRAWOO D of th e West I n dies, is n ot a Palm-wood, n or is th e tree wh ichproduces it kn ow n .
P h ce n ix sy lve s tris . R ose . W'
ood Da te Pa lm.
L i n n . Sy s t . Dice cia Trian dria .
S IND E E .
Vern acular. See Narcotics .
Ha bita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks . Fou n d in lan d a n d 0 11 th e coast, an d u sed forwater ch an n els .
N. O . 266 . GR AM I NE ZE . G R A SSE S.
B am b us a aru n din a ce a . Sckreb. Common B amboo Ca n e .
L in n . Sy st . Hex an dria Mon og yrn a .
B AMBO O . M A NDGAY .
Vern acular . See Dru g s.
R emarks . Dalz ell g ives th ree oth er species, common in Bombay .
B . s tricta . R ox . B As . O ODHA . U sed for boar-spears .
B . vu lg a ris . Srk reb . KU LLU CK. B AM BOO .
B . a ru n do . Klein , CH I WA R E E , th e sou rce of Mah ableshwu r sticksf:
Th e u ses of th e B amboo are almost in fi n ite .
I n th e above list of local woods, I h ave restricted myself to th ose
en umerated by Dr. Gibson , as th e best prac tical au th ority on th e subjec t .I t wou ld h ave b een easy to h ave g iven a m u ch m ore copiou s list, bu t th eeffect would be to cau se disappoin tm en t to practwal m en . Woods, like
fibres, are requ ired in larg e qu an tities, and of u n doub ted quality, as reg ards
e ith er th eir fi n en ess, lig h tn ess, or most common ly, stren g th : an d it would
be worse th en u seless, th erefore, to refer to k I n ds wh 1ch are eith er worth
less, or mere curiosities .
MISCE LLANE OUS .
an d u sed in stead a n umber of sub stan ces from th e m in eral, veg etable, an d
even an imal kin g dom . Th e best of th ese sub stitu tes am on g m in erals
were Nitron or Litron , an d Kon ia ; th e form er p rob ably carbon ate of
soda, a n d th e latter a lye of potash ; an d am on g st veg e tables th e plan t
called a rpovda‘
w by th e Greek s, a n d R adicu la, an d I I e tba lan aria, by th e
R oma n s, an d iden tified by som e w ith th e Gyp sop h ila Stru th ium of
b otan ists, a n d by oth ers with th eir Sap on aria ofi cin a lis , both Clove
worts. Less leg itimate, b ut probably m ore u sed substitu tes were
oin tmen ts an d oth er p reparation s of all kin ds of odoriferou s g um s an d
resin s, roots, woods, a n d h erbs . Th ese were freq uen tly carried abou t th e
person in little caskets called alabastra from th eir b ein g often m ade of
alabaster . I n th e passag es of th e Bible Th e Lord w ill tak e away th e
tablets, an d it sh all com e to pass th at in stead of a sweet smell th ere sh all
b e a stin k : an d, A ll th y g arm en ts sm ell of myrrh , aloes, an d cassia ,ou t of th e ivory palaces, wh ereby th ey h ave made th ee g lad
— th e words
tablets”an d “ ivory palaces refer to perfum e cases .
N. O . 70. R HAMNA CE JE . R HAMNA D S.
Z izy p h u s x y lopy ra . W.
L in n . Sy st . Pen tan dria Mon og yn ia.
Vern acular. Sootee, By .
Habita t . In dia .
R emarks . Th e wood is u sed for torch es, as is also th at of I x ora
p arviflora , Vah l . N. O . 1 1 5. Cin ch on aceae . Th e fruit is also used forblack en in g leath er.
N. O . 74 . LE GUM INOSEE . LE GUMI NOUS P LANTS.
A ca cia con cin n a . De 0 . See “ N. O . 48
A b rus p re ca torius . Lin n . See Dru g s .
A d e n a n th era p avon in a . W. See “Dyes.
R emarks . Th e seeds of both th ese plan ts, an d particularly th ose of th efirst are u sed as j ewellers’ weig h ts . Th e seeds of th e first (Ga nja , San s .
Goon ck, By .) weig h on an averag e g r . 1 —
1-56 , apoth ecary
’s weig h t . I n
Hin doo medical books th e seeds are called ra t tica, an d ten ra t tica are
said to equal on e m ziskaca, an d eig h t méskaca to on e tola. See E ry tkrin a
in dica, u n der“Woods .
”
B auh in ia p a rviflora . Vah l . Sma llflowered Moun tain E bon y .
L in n . Sy st . Decan driaMon og yn iai
Vern acular . Va n a -raja,’San s. Ap ta, Wun a-raja, By . Are/t a
marum, Tam . A rn e,Tel.Habita t . In dia .
342
MISCE LLANE OUS.
R emarks . Th e n atives u se th e leaves for mak in g th eir B keeries , or
cig ars . Th ey also worsh ip th e tree a t th e Dussera festival. Oth ercommon trees worsh ipped by th e n atives are
A ca cia Ca tecka , Kka ir , N. O . 74, at th e Dussera .
P rosop is sp icig era , Skemee, N. O . 74 , a t th e Dussera .
Ocymum sa n ctum, Toolsee, N. O . 1 6 1 , daily .
P hylla n thus E mblica , A on la , N. O . 1 95, on th e 1 2th Khastik .
Urost ig ma ben g a len se, Wa r, N. O . 200, on th e 1 5th J est .
Uros tig ma relig iosum, P eep u l, N. O . 200, o n th e 30th of each m on th ,if it falls on a Mon day .
Musa p aradisiaca , Kay la , N. O . 235, on th e 3 rd Sh rawan .
Th e common Sacrificial wood of th e Hin doos of th is Govern m en t
are
B u tea f ron dosa , P ulas, N. O . 74 .
P rosop is sp icig era , Skemee, N. O . 74 .
Ca lotrop is g ig a n tea, R ooi, N. O . 1 40 .
A ckyra n tkes asp era .7 Ag areb , N. O . 1 70.
F icus g lomera ta , Oomba r, N. O . 200 .
Uros tig ma c ben g a len se, Wur, N. O . 200.
Urost ig ma relig iosum, P ee ul, N. O . 200.
Cy n odo n Da cty lon , Dub, O . 266 .
Poa cy n osuroides, Koosh , N. O . 266 .
Th e fi n e leaves (P un ckp a llow) u sed by th e Hin doos, of th is side ofI n dia, as platters, an d for pou rin g libation s areMa n g ifera in dica , Amb, N. O . 7 1 .
Syz yg ium J ambola n um, J ambool, N. O . 85 .
Urostig ma ben g a len se, Wu r, N. O . 200 .
Uros tig ma cordifolium, P a cer, N. O . 200.
Urost ig ma relig iosum, P eep ul, N. O . 200.
Th e twig s of th e A g a rek are also u sed by the n atives as tooth bru sh es,an d an y pla n t is lawful for th is p urpose th e sap of wh ich is colourless .
Th is in form ation I h ave n ot ob tain ed from book s, bu t from my frien d R aoSah ib Wisvan ath Narayen Man dlik . Th e sacred flowers of th e Hin doosare stated u n der th e h ead of Drug s .
Caja n u s in dicus . Spren g . Two-coloured P ig eon P ea .
L in n . Sy s t . Diadelphia Decan driaVern acular . See Pulse.
Ha bita t . E ast I n dies .
R emarks . Th is is th e Toor of th e Deccan , an d Doll-bush of A n g loI n dian s, from wh ich g u n powder is prepared at th e Govern men t works at
Maz ag aon . Some years sin ce Dr. Giraud recomm en ded th e bark bein gremoved before th e stalks were con verted in to ch arcoal, an d h en ce th esuperiority of th e B ombay g un powder, as compared with th at of Ben g al,a n d th e g reat savin g effec ted in th e u ltimate cost .
3 43
MISCE LLANEOUS.
E n ta da Purs aeth a . De
'
0 .
L i n n Sy s t . Polyan dria Mon og y n ia .
Vern acular. Gilla , B en g . Gardul, By . Gila - tig a , Tel. I ll a/ia
p uswcela , Cey .
Ha bita t . Malabar . Molu ccas. Mauritius .
R emarks . The seeds are u sed by Dh obies for crimpin g . I n th e Wes t
I n dies th e seeds of allied species are m ade in to sn u ff- box es, an d th e pods
are u sed by th e police, &c . Th ey are ofte n floa ted across to th e westernsh ores of Spain , Fran ce, Irelan d, an d Scotlan d, an d are th u s said to h ave
afforded Columbu s an arg um en t for th e ex isten ce of America .
P rosop is sp icig era . Lin n . E a ta ble-
p odded P rosop is .
L i n n . Sy st . Decan dria Mon og yn ia .
Vern acu lar . Skemee, Samree, Soun der, By . Skumi, Tel.
Ha bita t . E ast In dies. Persia .
R ema rks . Very comm on in Gu z era t . I t is on e of th e trees to wh ichth e Dussera procession s p roceed, an d th e h eart -wood in Sin dh is u sed for
weavers’
sh u ttles . [E scky n omen e a sp era , W. is th e Sola of Ben g al,with wh ich Sola (o ften called Sola r by th e ig n oran t) top ees are m ade . A re
th e beau tiful pith m odels o f Sou the rn I ndia'
m ade from th is, or fromScwvola Taccada , N. O . 1 22 l
N. O . 78 . LYTHR ACE /E . L O OSE STR I F E S.
Law s on ia a lb a . Lam . Hen n a P la n t .
L in n Syst . Octa n dria Mon og yn ia
Vern acular. See Dyes .
I f a bita t . Th e E ast I n dies. North ern A frica . Cyp rus .
R ema rks . See Dyes . Hen n a is p repared from th e leaves of th e
I ll ay n die .
N. O . 85 . MYR TACE EE . M YR TL E BLOOJII S.
Ga rey a a rb ore a . R ox .
L in n . Sy st . Mon adelp lria Polyan driaVern acular . See “ Dru g s .
Habita t . Kan deish an d th e Con can s. Malabar.
R emarks . Th e bark of th e Wa koomba furn ish es slow match esmatch lock s .
344
MISCE'
LLANE OUS .
w ood is also [called Calambac, from Kalambak ,th e Malayan for . th e wood
o f A loex ylon A g a llockum. Th e desig n ation sh ould properly th ere fore b e
restricted to th e superior article . I t is rem arkable th at two trees b elon gin g to w idely
-separa ted o rders sh ould p rodu ce an iden tical wood of su che n traordin ary q uality.
N. O . 266. G R AM lNE fE . GR A SSE S.
A n drop o g on Ca lam u s a rom a t icus . R oyle .
L in n . Sy s t . Trian drra Dig y n ia.
Vern acular. Koobell, Hin d . R oosa , Vu lg .
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R ema rks . Iden t ified by I loyle with th e sweet can e an d sweet
Calamu s of Scrip ture, -Ka n ek basem reed of frag ran ce” ) E x . x x x . 23 ;
I fa n ek ka t tob (“g ood reed J et“. t i. 20, — an d Kakap os
‘ dpwp a r i x o g O i
Dioscorides . R oasa ke tel, Grass oil, o r Gin g er g rass oil, is prepared
from it .
A n drop o g o n citra tum . De C . Lemon -
g rass .
L i n n . Sy s t . Trran dr ia Drg y n ia .
Vern acular . Bk us trin a , Al a la trin uku n g , San s . Gu n daka - ben a ,B en g . Gku n da -bela , Gun dbel, Hin d . Sirek , Di al . Cama ck ie ~
p illoo,’
assin a -
p illoo, Tam . Kamackie-kussoo, Tel. P en g iri
ma n a , Cey .
Ha bita t . I n dia .
R emarks . Th is is n ot th e a x oivos t b’
oa p og of Diomorides . See “ A .
S cka ma n tkus, Lin n .
”inf r a . Lem on -
g rass Oil Citron elle-oil, or Oil of
Verben a, is certain ly p repared from it .
A n drop o g on I w a ra n cu s a . R ox .
L in n . Sy st .'l
‘
rian dr‘
ra Dig yn ia .
Vern acular. I wara n kuska , Kuran kuska, I bkara n kuska, Ben g . Hin d .
Ha bita t . Th e sk irts of th e Himalayas .
R emarks . Th e root of th is plan t was lon g con sidered th e Spik en ard
(See Drug s, N. O . 1 1 7) of th e a n cien ts, an Op in ion con clu sively refu tedb y SirW. J on es, A s . R es . iv. 1 09.
A n drop og on m urica tus . R etz .
L in n . Sy s t. Trian dria Dig yn ia
Vern acular. Vira n a , Vira tara , San s. Kkor, Kuskus, Ben g . B en a .
B en g . Useer, B a la , Hin d. R amickum, Mal. Va lik, Vil lie
-vayr,Tam . Kassavoo, Cooroo-vayroo, Tel.
Habita t . In dia .
R ema rks . Used for Cuscus tattys.
346
MISCE LLA NE OUS .
A n drop og o n Sch oen a n th u s . Lin n .
Li n n . Sy s t . Trian drra Drg y n ra .
Vern acu lar. Siree, Amboyn a .
Ha bita t . Amboyn a .
R emarks . U n der th is n am e, th ree species h ave apparen tly been con
fou n ded,r iz . l s t, th e Sirce o f Amboyn a ; 2n d, Lemon
-
g ra ss, sup ra ; a n d3 1 d , th e Camel
’
s Hay of A rab ia , th e J un cus odora tus or Fw n iim camelo
rum of old w riters, an d it m ay be p resumed th e a x oivo g st’
orn os of Dioscorides, as h e s tates th at th e bes t cam e from Naba tee a ; althou g h som e
h a r e iden tified a X o'
iy o g w ith Lemon —
g ra ss . Th e A rab s call Camel’s Ha gHelsi-meccavi, a n d I dk ir-mcccli i (Hasselq uist). A lso I z k eer .
e y n o d on D a cty lo n . P ers . Creep in g a odon .
L i n n . Sy s t . Trra n dria Dig ) n ra .
Vern acu lar . See Fodder .
I f a bita t . E urope , I n dia .
R emarks . Th is is th e D a r ra of th e Vedas , common ly calledth e i
’
r’
ypa o n g of th e Greeks . See Fodder .
”
P e a. cy n os u ro ide s . B ate .
L i n n . Sy s t . Trra n rlrut Drg ym a .
Vern acular . Ca ska , B a rdb o , P a aitra , Cusa , San s .
’
ooska, B en g .
Il iad . D ub .
7 Hin d . Kaosk , By .
Ha bita t . E ast an d “rest I n dies . E g y pt .
R ema rks . Sir \V. J on es sta tes th at e very law -book , a n d almost everyp oem in San scrit, co n tain s frequ e n t allu sion s to th e h olin ess of th is pla n t,a n d s
lit otes from th e fo u rth Veda th e followin g address to it a t th e en d of
a terrible in ca n ta tio n ”“ Th ee , O Da rbka , th e learn ed proclaim a divin ity n ot subj ec t
to ag e or death ; th ee th ey call th e arm ou r of IND RA , th e p l‘
CSQH G’l‘
o f
reg io n s, th e destroyer of en emies ; a g em th a t g ires in c rease to th e field .
A t th e t im e w h en th e ocean resou n ded, th e clouds m u rm u red, a n d
lig h tn in g s flash ed, th en was Da rbka produced, pu re as a drop of fin e
g o ld .
”
From Dr. Hau g 8 rece n t work on th e Ze n d- A resta , an d relig ion of
th e Pa rsees, it a ppears th at th e Parsees g ive th e n am e o f Kusk a to th e
B a i ecma , or b u n dle of twig s, requ ired by th eir priests w h en recitin gI Z e sch n e . Th ese twig s are o f Udamba ra (F icus g lomera ta , Oon zbar).
COLLEC I‘
OR AT E S.
A n n 11 0 1 1 131 1 1 4
L
K
KHA NDE I SH
TOTA L . .
Q
L
“ax
—u,
c~
&Da)
ti }LDeerease
For 1 859- 60 .
For 1 858 - 59
For 1 859- 60 .
For 1 8 58 -59 .
0 0 0 .
For 1 859- 60
For 1 858 - 59 .
For 1 859- 00
For 1 858 - 59 .
I n crease
t J OWA R E E .
3 1 0
20 0
2 0
1 2
1 2 1 6
8 6
4 '2
1 59 573 7
1 40 430 f)
1
l,0
-3
3 , l 5
5 1 5
2 0
,7 1 8
1101
W
1 .
Ji
v'
H
1 Cereals .
1 Bu rma .
1 7 0
0 0
1 7 0
1 9 1 8
4
1 4
O
N)
“0 U!
.5.E (
0
0
1 2
1 03or
2 1 3 1 7 1 03
1 0 1 5
1 2 1 5
1 6 3 4 0
0
1 0 1 5
9 1 5
1 0 1 531 4 1 45
1 6 1 5
A PPEND I X
STA TE M E ZVT showin g the E r len t to wh ich (Ja e/1 of t/re P rin cip a l
cu ltiva ted in , 1 859- 60
1 W1 ; E AT .
26 892
1 06
,344
t0
CA
N)
0
C
O
CO Q
1 0 1 035 1 331
1 4 1 45
4 0_
2 1 0
N.
)
w
01
Na
191 .‘
P roa'izcls of (be 0 5 153151 5 5 3 of 1712: NOR THE R N D ivisioh
'
was
a n d l858 - 59.
1 R I CE .
23
3 6
27
0
-1 9 1
1 9 1
. 1 7
3 1
1 2
1 3
1 9 1
1 3
2
1 4
23
36
27
1 9
1 3
1 3
1 0
O
O
5 1
9
5
O
5
0
O
0
8 1O
91
H
30 0
8 0
1 8 0
7
1 7 1 6
1 2 1 1
1 0 941 1 5 1
8 1 32
1 1 1 0
1 9 1 0
1 2 0
1 8 0
1 2 6 11 4
1 3 43:
t Cereals.
f NA TCHNEE ORNA GLER .
1 7 1
4
l
7
01
to
791 6 1 25
1 7
5
1 21
11 P ulse.
1 SAWA .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i
f R A LA .
A P PEND I X
S TA TE ME 'NT showin g the E x ten t to which'
each of the P rin cip a lcultiva ted in 1 859- 60
11 Hooo 0 1 1COLLECTOR ATES. KE LTHE E .
FOP 1 859 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 9r 1 858
11 11 1 1 2 9 1 1 1 4 1)
KA I R A .
251 8 1 65
B R OA CH
0 0 0 0 8 1 4
F0r 1 859- 60 0 0
For 1 858 -59
For 1 859-60 . 8 O
For 1 858 1 1 5
KHANDE I SH0 0 0 . 6 5
For 1 8 39- 60 .
For 1 858 - 59 .
0
For 1 859- 60 ; 1 8 25For 1 858 0
11 Pulse.
Com oroau e s.
AHME DABAD
KA I RA. ' 0 0 0 0 0
SU R AT O C O O O O O O
KHANDE I SH
TOTAL
Beegas.
I n creaseDecrease
For 1 858-59
For 1 859- 60
For 1 858 -59
In creaseDecrease
For 1 858 -59
For 1 858 - 59
0 0 0 0 0
CH I LL I ES.
A PPENDI X
STA TE MENT showin g the E x ten t to which caeliof the P rin cipa lcultiva ted in 1 859- 60
578 1 1 O
845 6 1 8
40 1 8 65:
‘8
1 4 5
1 21
47 6 1 71
578 1 1 0
1 8 1 6 12 1 64
8 1 3
32 0
1 8 1
6
63 1 1 82538 9 1 0
A (con tin ued).
P roducts of the Collectora tes Of the NOR THE R N D ivision was
an d 1 858 -59.
COTTON.
15 4
1 55 6 1 5
1 1 1 33»
1 1 32
1 0 0
333 1 3 55
9 731 9
7 1 829 1 8 3
6 5
0 1 0
5 1 5
26 0
7 0
3 1 5 8 0
21 0
9 1 8
1 4 1 33 5 1 0
9 1
1 2 1 5
3 1 1 ;
2 1 2 1 5 6
9 1 g4
200 1 2 0 2;
354 9 1 8
1 6 1 41
3
3 1 2;
0 5
5 0
9 1 0
1 5 1 0
o o ‘ o o - o o
7 1 5 2 ;1 9 1 0
1 4
200 1 2 0 7 1 3
T Cereals.
f BOWTA .
05:1 3 1 8
1 1 7g~
0}1 3 1 8
1 1 75:
A P PENDI X
STA TE MENT showin g the E x ten t to which each of the P rin cipa l
cultiva ted in 1 859— 60
COLLECTOR ATES.
AHMEDABAD
KA I R A .
B R OACH
0
KHAND E I SH
TOTA L
For 1 859- 60 .
For 1 858 -59
I n crease
521 1 1 3
52 1 1 1 35
1 1 1 7 11 1 1 71
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
3 4
7 3 1
1 6 03
3 4
7
1 6 09
0
1 4 0
GHERRY.
A P PENDI XSTA TE MENT of Cultiva tion showin g the E x ten t to which the
SOU THE R N D ivision in
COLLECTOR ATES.
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 859- 60
I n 1 858 - 59
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 859- 60
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 859-60
5 I n creasel Decrease
9 In crease( Dec ease
0 0 0 °
5 I n creaseI Decrease
S I n creasel Decrease
l Decrease
20 1 3
7 44 294 29 4
6 30 5 49 28 0
1 4
3 1 0
1 7 0
0
1 2 1 1
37 5
1 5 6
1 3 0
1 8 0
35 0
22 0
6 4
24 4
1 0 1 2
37 0
439 26 4
8 3 1 2
2 -1 0
8 1 4
2 1 9 770 33 0
2 69 362 1 5 0
22 0
27 1 0
0
7 1 0
3 7 0
5 1 2
3 1 4
37 1 3 35 2
4 3 6
20 9
8 4
37 3
38 0,
-1
39 22
4 8
1 0
3 8
2 1 0
23 8
0 0
23 8
30 0
0 0
1 0 0
4 0
34 4
9 1 2
35 3
28 44
6 1 43
A (con tin ued).
P rin cipa l P roducts were cultiva ted br ea ch of the Collectora tes of the1 859- 60 a n d 1 858 -59.
1 1 1 2
29 1 2
22 0
27 0 1,
1 3 1 3
25 1 1 2
28
2 1 0
0 4 4 1 2
1 6 4
1 3 4
0 33 0
0 0
636 5 0
4 0
32 0
5 0
0
3 1 0 20 0;5 0 20 0
26 0
39 1 5 ;
9 0 38 0
8 0 7 0
1 0
9 0
3 8 640 9 0 30 o
8 33 4
21 8
1 8 1 2
9 8
9 4
359
1 1 1 42
7 Cereals.
q JV 0
!
B.
)
(D w0
00
11>
0
1 4 4
3 1 2
24 1 2
5 1 2
1 9 0
30 8
30 8
0
0 0
0 0
20 0
38 0
22 0
0 8
0
23 8
11 Pulse.
0 0 0 0 0 0
7
3
36
0 0 0 0 0 .
7
3
36
00
11;
APPENDI X
STA TE J I ENT of Cultiva tion showin g the E x ten t to wh ich the
SOUTHE R N D ivision in
éOLLE CTOR AT E S.
I n‘
1 859- 60
I n 1 858 - 59a
z
j0o
p, I n 1 859-60 5I n creaseDecrease
I n 1 859- 60 3 2 8 23 8 1 8 8
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S I n crease 25 862 32 8 23 8 1 8 8
L1 1 1 1 859-60
l Decrease
o o o o o o o o o o ‘ o o o 1 4 0 2 1 0
6 O 3 8 0
32 0 1 1 0 4 1 2 27 0
gI n 1 859-60
2 p: I n 1 858 -59p:
a
g g I n “594 50 I n crease“5( Decrease
0 0 2 0
39 5 9 5
0 1 1
7 5 260 1 8 O
( I n 1 859- 60
g I n 1 858 - 59v
551 S I asen cre
2 km 1 859-60
1 Decrease'
1 n 1 859-60 2:
6 8 I,SS
,34O 6 8 3 1 2
5 5 7 5 25 1 -3
0 0 0 . 1 0 1I n 1 859-60 5
In crease 1 3 39 3 1 8
11 Pulse.
RUTNA
f
Iz00 1
GHE
KRY.
DHARWAR.
BELGA
UM.
A PPENDI XSTA TE ME NT of Cultiva tion showin g the E x ten t to which the
SOUTHE R N D ir isio n in
Conw cron n n s.
'
I n 1 859-60
I 11 1 858- 59
I n 1 859- 60
I n 1 859-60
F
f
r—J\
I n 1 858-59
I n 1 859- 60
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 858 -59
I n 1 859-60
HH
(P
C!
H
-l
06
00
c
l
00
5)
CO
O
I n 1 859-60
I n 1 85960
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 I n crease
I Decrease
I n creasel Decrease
s I n creaseI Decrease
s I n crease( Decrease
s I n crease
l Decrease
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
498 35
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 1 8 1 7 0
29 0
1 0
28 0
22 0
25 0
46 3 0
23 0
0
8 0
SUGA R CANE .
3 86 27 8 4
28 1 2
1 84 1 9 0
1 3
364 1 9 0
34 0
33 4
39 4
6 8
1 6 74
9 15 ;
A (con tin ued) .
P rin cipa l P roducts were cultivated in each of the Collectora tes of the1 859- 60 a n d 1858 -59.
27
1 3
6
1 5
9
28
1 5
1 3
1£ L629 9
38
1 0
O
1 2
01
00
C
O
4
24 0
1 4 4
29 0
25 0
36 0
9 0
0
38 0
1 8 0
22 O
5 19 36 0
34 0
3 1 8
2 8
8 4 1 8 1 5 78 4 1 9 4 '
8 2
1 4 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1 4
2 1 1 5 0 1 25
35 5 0 1 4
26 1 2 3 4
1 0 1 4 421
22 0
24 2
35 0 7 o
4 0 4 0
3 0
9 0
1 ,02,l 44 29 8 2 4
5 1 3 39 9
1 6 5 3 7 5
3 2 1 2422 0
1 5,26
,862 1 5 1 3 1
1 4,76,430 23 1 2
1 0 1 24 32 1 4
0 33 00 22 0
0 0
24
1 9 8
0 36 0
0
39 0
35 8
1 8 3}28 5;
0 49 21 8 29 1 3 34 29 1 32
(Sig ned) W. HA R T,
R evenue Commissioner,
A PPENDI X“
;
Stateni en t showin g th e Mea n Ji/I a x ima ‘
a n d Min ima of th e Th ermometer
TANNA
RUTNA GHE R R Y
SAWUN'I ‘WA R R E E .
AHMEDABAD .
BHOOJ , CUTCH.
BAR ODAMAHE E KANTA
KATT I AWA R
PA LA NPOR E
POONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SAH A R A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KHOLA POR E
SHOLA POR E
B E LGA UM
J an u ary .
Mean .
Max .
848
820
1 8 1-28
+75 0
f rom Observa tion s ex ten din g f rom J a n uary ,
CA LCULATED 1 7 11 0 1 1
February .
Mean . Mean . Moan .
Max . Max . Max . Max .
66 4 ’98-88 ’775 5 93 5
76 0 1 04 9 1 05 1
688 1 02 1
69 0 1 02 8 737 1 04 1
1 891 2 1984 25 1 632 5 1 02 25 J(73
°87 1060 178 37
186 875 +67 5 1 948 75 +75 1 2 1955 +82 25
1 005
1 05 3* 70 55
987-25 6721 0 3599
-5
Norm — Th e deg rees are of
R eturn s n ot
For n in e years on ly .
'
1' For eig h t years o n lv.
I For seven years o n ly .
A PPENDI X 0 .
TA BLE showin g the Number of each Na tura l Order in Lindley incarrecp on den ce with the Number g iven in B a lfour.
BALFOUR . LIND L EY . BALFOUR . LINDLEY . BA LFOUR . LtNDL E Y .
A PPENDI X 0 (con tin ued).
BALFOUR . LIND LEY . BAL FOUR . LIND LEY . BA LFOUR .
PR INTED AT rm: E n n cu xon socm rx’s PR ESS, BYCULLA .
BOMBAY
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or to th e
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