CONTENTS .

P A G E

P R EFACE,

P R OCEED IN G S,

REPO R TS OF OFF ICE R S ,R EV. JOH N W ITHER S POON , D . D .

,B Y M R S . CHA R LES

THE DEFEN CE OF THE DELAW A R E RIVE R IN THE REVOL U TION

,B Y CAPT. HEN R Y HOBA R T B ELLA S

,U . S . A . 4 7

—73

MATTH IAS A ND JOHN HOLLEN B A CK’

S L IST OF LOS S ES

B Y THE I ND IAN S,1 778,

THE F R EN CH A T AS YL U M,PA .

,B Y R EV. DAVID C R AFT

D0 D 0 , 0 0 0 o o c c o o 0 o 0 0 0 o o 0

THE EA R LY G R I S T-M ILLS OF W Y OM I N G VALLEY , PA .,

B Y HON . CHA R LE S A . M INE R,

1 1 1— 1 5 2

D R IFT MO U NDS OF THE S U S Q U EHANNA , B Y F R EDE R I CCO R S S,M . D; ,

1 5 3— 1 6 2

Foss ILs IN THE RIVER D R IFT A T PITTS TON , PA .,B Y

F R EDE R I C CO R S S,M . D .

,

B U R IED VA LLEY A ND POT-HOLES IN THE W Y OM IN GCOAL F IELD,B Y F R EDER I C CO R S S

,M . D . 1 68— 1 76CATALOG U E OF THE L A COE COLLECTION OF PALZEOZOI C

FOS S ILS,W ITH REPO R T OF THE C U R ATO R

,1 77

—2 04

LISTS OF TAXABLE I NHAB ITANTS IN THE TOW N A NDCO U NTY OF W E S TMO R ELAND ,1 776

— 1 780 ,W I LKEs-BARRE

,

KIN G S TON ,PLY MOU TH ,

I I A NOVE R,

P1TTS TON, .

EXETER ,U P THE R IVER ,LACKAW ANNA,W ES TMORELAND,

OB ITU A R IE S,B Y W ES LEY E . W OOD R U FF

,

OFF ICER S A ND MEMBE R S,1 900 ,CONTR IB U TOR S ,

PU B LICATION S ,

R EV. HO R ACE EDW IN HAYDEN,W ILLI AM R EYNOLDS R ICKETTS ,MI SS HANNAH PACKAR D JAMES ,

PR EF A CE.

Agreeab ly to the promise made by the Pub l ishing Com

m ittee in Vol ume Fou r of the Proceedings of the Wyoming

Historica l and G eological S ociety , to i ss u e a s im i la r vol ume

annual ly,the Proceedings fo r 1898 and 1899 are herewith

p resented to th e members of the S ociety.

I t has been ou r pu rpose to make each vol ume of Pro

ceedings eq ual ly rich in scientific as wel l as h istorical data .

Especia l atten ti on i s cal led to the th ree G eo logical papers

by Dr . Corss , and to the very rich cata logu e of Pa laeozoic

Foss i ls of the Lacoc Collection . W e are prom ised as

va l uab le material for the vo lume to be iss ued in 190 1 .

During the present year the Comm i ttee w i l l i ss u e,fo r

pub l ic u se,a fu l l cata l ogue of the G eological L ib ra ry of the

S ociety, contain ing over 1000 t i tles . Attent i on i s especial ly

cal led to the treas u res of the S ociety in its G eo l ogical cab i

nets,which are open to the publi c dai ly .

The thanks of the Committee are d u e to the generosi ty of

Hon . Charles A . Mine r for the i l l ustrat ions which en ri ch

h is val uable paper on The Early Gri st -Mil l s of the W yo

m ing Va l l ey,

”a l l of which

,except the few recogn i zed as

from Pearce ’s Anna ls, and one kindly l oaned by Mr . W . H .

Richardson,of the Mi l l er ’s review , have been given at much

expense by Mr . Miner.

The enti re w o rk of editing the presen t vol ume having

fa l len on the Corresponding S ecretary and L ibrarian ,he

desi res to ass ume al l respons ib i l i ty for any errors that maybe discovered .

PU B L ISH IN G COMMITTEE .

The S ociety w i ll be glad to receive any copies of i t’

s Publ ications thatmembers may be w il ling to spare, especial ly early issues .

PR OCEEDING S A ND COLLECTIONS

OF THE

wyomingfljisturital ant:®eologi tal 5 m m.

Volume V. W I LKEs - B A R R E, P A .

PR OCEEDING S .

S ta ted M ee t in g , A pr i l 15 , 1898 .

Judge W oodward, the Pres iden t, in the chai r.The m inutes of the Februarymeetingwere read and approved .

The tran sfer of the follow ingmembers to the life membershiplist w as approved : R ev. N . G . Parke

,D . D .

,M iss Jane A .

S hoemaker,Mr . Charles J . S hoemaker

,M rs. Esther S hoe

maker Norri s,Mrs. Kate Pettebon e D ickson .

The Corresponding S ecretary announced that the l ife mem

bership list n umbered 5 8, wi th 1 2 prom ised addition s .

The Presiden t announced the speaker of the even ing, 0 . J .

Harvey,Esq .

,who

,at the request of the Trustees

,had con

sen ted to read a chapter from hi s unpubl ished History of W i lkesB arre, on the subj ect of the Layi ngOu t and Nam ing of W i lkesB arre .

” M r . Harvey’ s paper was rich in origina l matter,nu

known to the historians of W yom ing, and received close attent ion for an hour. On motion of Dr. Johnson ,

the thanks of

the S ociety were unan imously voted to M r . Harvey. After interesting remarks from several members

,the S ociety adjourned

at 9 . 30 .

Q u ar t e r l y M ee t ing , M ay 1 2,1898 .

Pres iden t W oodward in the chai r.The m inutes of the preceding meeting and of the meeting of

the 1 0 th day of February, 1 898, were read and approved .

In a short speech the Pres iden t in troduced G eneral W . H .

H . Davis,of Doylestown

,Pa.

,the speaker of the even ing.

8 PROCEED IN G S .

The subj ect of the General ’ s address was “ S ome Men I HaveMet and Th ings I Have S een . He gave in teresting remi ui scences of General Cush ing, Hen ry M . S tan ley, Presiden tsPierce and Arthur

,Generals S cott and Taylor

,Dr. Evan s

,of

Paris,and others .

A vote of thanks w as tendered to Gen eral Davis for h is admi rab le address. Oh motion

,the meeting adjourn ed .

S ta t e d M ee t ing , O ctob e r 2 1 , 1898 .

The Presiden t,Judge W oodward

,in the chair.

The m inutes of the last meet ing were read and approved .

A l i st of the con tr ibution s to the S oci ety, since the last meet

ing, was read, and a vote of thanks w as extended to the severaldonors .The following person s were elected to membersh ip : Dr. R .

L . W adhams (Li fe member) , M rs . I sabella W . B owman,Dr. C .

W . S payd .

A fine collection of rel ics of the S pan ish-American war,loaned

by Joseph W . Graeme,Naval Cadet

,of the U . S . battle- sh ip Iowa

,

was exhibi ted .

M r . W . E . W oodru ff,Historiographer, read biograph ica l

sketch es of I saac Long and Capt . L . D . S tearns,deceased m em

bers of the S ociety. I n th is connect ion Mr . Hayden announcedthe in terest ing fact that the morn ing after the fi re at S t . S teph en

’5Church

,Mr . Long sen t the Rector a ch eck for $ 2 00 .

Dr. John son,by request , gave some accoun t of h is visi t to the

Omaha Exposi tion,w h ither he had gone as a Comm i ssioner of

the S tate of Penn sylvan ia . H e spoke i n an in teresting w ay of

the fine exh ibition,the poor accommodations and restauran ts

,

the Indian Congress, Geron imo ( Indi an Ch ief ) , and the Pennsylvan ia Clu b of Omaha . H e was given a vote of thanks .

Ou motion,the S ociety adjourned .

Qu ar t er l y M e e t ing , D ecem be r 16 , 1898 .Vice Presiden t, R ev. Dr. H enry L . Jon es,in the chai r.The H i storiograph er, W . E . W oodru ff, Esq .

,read a biograph

ical sketch of Col . S amuel H . S turdevan t , deceased , after whicha portrai t of C01. S turdevan t was presented to the S ociety in

PROCEED IN G S . 9

the name of his daughter, M iss E . U . S turdevan t, and a vote ofthanks was extended .

The Hon . Charles A . M iner,who was expected to read before

the S oci ety his paper en titled the “Old M i lls of W yom ingValleyfrom 1 772 to being i l l , hi s son

,Col . Asher M iner, w as

in troduced,and read part of his father’ s paper. S everal i llus

tration s of the subject were also exhibited . On motion of theR ev. Mr . Hayden

,a vote of thanks for h i s exhaust ive and in

teresting paper w as extended to Mr . M iner,and the paper t e

ferred to the Publish ing Comm i ttee .

A vote of thanks was also extended to Dr. L . I . S hoemaker forthe portrait of his father, Hon . L . D . S hoemaker

,Vice Presi

den t of the S ociety from 1 890 to 1 894 .

Ou motion ,the S ociety adjourned .

An n u a l M ee t ing , F ebr u ary 10 , 1899 .

Presiden t, Hon . S tan ley W oodward,in the chai r.

After prayer by R ev. Mr . Hayden,the S ecretary read the

m inutes of the meetings of October 2 1 and December 1 6 , 1 898 ,which

,on mot ion ,

were approved .

The election of officers being in order the following personswere nom inated and elected for the ensuing yearPresiden t

,Hon . S tan ley W oodward .Vice Presiden ts , Capt . Calvin Parsons, R ev. Dr . H . L . Jon es

,Col . G . Murray Reynolds, R ev. Dr. F . B . Hodge.

Trustees,Hon . Charles A . M in er

,M r . Edward W el les

,M r .

S . L . B rown ,M r . R ichard S harpe

,M r . Andrew F . Derr .Corresponding S ecretary, R ev. Horace Edw in Hayden .

Recording S ecretary, M r . S idney R . M iner .Treasurer

,Dr . F . C . Johnson .

L ibrarian,Hon . J . R . W right .

Assistant Librarian ,Rev. H . E . Hayden .Curators— Arch aeology, Hon . J . R . W right.

Num ismatics,R ev. H . E . Hayden .

Geology, Mr . W . R . Ricketts .Paleon tology— M r . R . D . Lacoe. l

Histori ographer, M r . W . E . W oodru fi'

.

M eteorologis t, R ev. Dr. F . B . Hodge .

The Treasurer,Dr . F . C . Johnson

,read his report for the

past year. I t was,on motion

,approved and meferred to the

Publ ishing Comm ittee .

IO PR OCEED IN G S .

The report of the Corresponding S ecretary, R ev. Mr . Hayden ,

was read,accepted w i th thanks and referred to the Publish ingComm ittee.

The fol low mg candidates for membership were electedR esiden t

,Edward W el les

, Jr . ,M rs . Dora Long, J . E . Parrish ,

M rs. Mary S locum B ut ler Ayres,George W oodward

,M . D .

,

Otis L incoln,W i lliam G . Eno, M iss Esther S . S tearns, Percy

R . Thomas,Thomas K . S turdevan t, Harrison W righ t, 3d . Of

these,Edward W elles

, Jr .,Dr. George W oodward

,Esth er S .

S tearns and Harri son W right, 3d , were tran sferred to the L ifeM embersh ip list .The Presiden t in troduced the speaker of the even ing, Dr.

W i lliam H . Egle, who read an in teresti ng paper on“The B uck

shot W ar in Pennsylvan ia in 1 83A vote of thanks for the address was extended to Dr. Egle.

On motion ,the meeting was adjourn ed .

S t at e d M e e t ing , Apr i l 14 , 1899 .

In the absence of the Presiden t and Vice Presiden ts the meet

ing was ca lled to order by the Corresponding S ecretary, the

R ev. Mr . Hayden .

G en . H en ry M . C ist,of C incinnati

, Oh io, was elected a C01responding M ember. Major C . A . Parsons

,E . S . Loop

,and

Dr . Charles H .M in er, were transferred to the Life M embershipl ist .Hon . J . Ridgway W right then gave a very in teresting accoun t

of his “Trip to Honduras in i llustrated by stereopticonviews. Mr . H arry R . Deitri ck

,who also made the sl ides

,

operated the lan tern .

A vote of thanks was passed to Major W right and M r . Dei trickfor thei r respective parts in the en tertainmen t .

Ou motion ,the meeting adjourn ed .

Q u ar t er ly M ee t ing , O ctobe r 12 , 1899 .

R ev. Dr . H enry L . Jones,Vice Presiden t, presided .

The m inutes of the last meeting were read and approved .

M r . Hayden,Corresponding S ecretary, reported the receipt

of a valuable donation by Mr . R . D . Lacoe,of Palaeozoic Fossi ls,

and a portrai t of the late Captain L . D. S tearn s, deceased, from

P R OCEED IN G S . I I

Major and Mrs . I . A . S tearns. A vote of thanks was passed bythe S oci ety for both donations .M iss Anne Dorrance was elected a Residen t member

,the

R ev. David Craft,D . D .

,of Tioga, Pa .

,a Corresponding mem

ber,and the R ev. Edwin G r i ffin Porter

,A . M . ,

Presiden t ofthe N ew England Historical and Gen ealogical S ociety, of B oston ,

an Honorarymember,the ballot of the S ociety being, on motion

,

cast by the S ecretary, for each of the nom inees.The speaker of the even ing, Dr. Frederick Corss , w as thenin troduced and delivered a very in teresting address on “ B uriedVa l leys and Pot Holes of the S usquehanna .

”

On mot ion ,the thanks of the S ociety were tendered to the

speaker,and the paper referred to the Publish ing Comm i ttee .

A general d iscussi on fol lowed , and at i ts close Mr . Hayden readportion s of an in teresting anonymous paper on the subj ect of“Harvey’ s Lake .

”

Oh motion,the meeting adjourn ed .

S ta te d M e e t ing , N ovem be r 1 7 , 1899 .V ice Presiden t,R ev. Dr . Hen ry L . Jon es

,presided .

Prof. C . 0 . Thurston,of the W yom ing S em inary, w as elected

to membersh ip .

The Chai rman th en in troduced M r . W i lliam A bbatt,of N ew

Y ork ci ty,who del ivered a very instructive address on

“The

S tory of Arnold and accompan ied by stereopt iconviews . During the lecture four members of the 9 th R egimen t

Drum Corps repeated the dirge W h ich w as played at Andre’ sexecu tion .

A t the close of the address a vote of thanks was passed to thelecturer .On motion

,the meet ing adjourned .

An n u a l M e e t ing , F eb r u ary 9 , 1900 .

Presiden t,Hon . S tan ley W oodward, in the chai r.

The meeting w as open ed W i th prayer by R ev. Dr . H . L . Jones .

The m inutes of the two previous meet ings were read and approved .

The Presiden t appo in ted M rs . G . M . Reynolds,Col . E . B .

B eaumon t and Major 0 . A . Parson s a Commi ttee to reportnom ination of offi cers for the com ing year.

I 2 P R OCEED IN G S .

The fo llowing appli cation s for R esiden t Membersh ip,approved

by the Trustees, were presen ted and un an imously electedM iss Lu cy W . Abbott (L ife) , M iss M artha S harpe (Life) , Dr .

Granvi lle T . Matlack,John F . S hea, Esq .

,M i ss E lizabeth S .

Loveland,M rs . F . D . L . W

'

adh ams,R ev. Ferdinand von Krug,

D . D .,M r . E . T. Long, Mr . J . H . Fish er

,S cran ton ; and Mrs .

W i lliam P . R yman .

On motion,the S ecretary w as in structed to cast the ballot .

The fo llowing person s were nom inated for officers by theComm i ttee and unan imously el ected by the ballot of the S ecretary :Presiden t

,H on . S tan ley W oodward .Vice Presiden ts

,R ev. Dr . H . L . Jones

,Hon . J . R idgway

W righ t, Col . G . Murray Reynolds,R ev. Dr . F . B . H odge .Corresponding S ecretary, R ev. Horace Edwin H ayden .

R ecording S ecretary, S idney R . M iner .Treasurer

,Dr. Frederick C . John son .

L ibrarian,R ev. H orace Edw in Hayden .

Trustees,Hon . Charles A . M in er, Mr . Edward W elles

,M r .

S amuel LeR oi B rown ,M r . Richard S harpe

,Mr . Andrew F. Derr.

H istoriographer, M r . W esley E . W oodruff.M eteorologi st, R ev. Dr. F . B . H odge.Curators— Archaeology, H on . J . R idgway W righ t .

Paleon tology, Prof. J . F . W elter.M ineralogy, Mr . W i lliam Reynolds R icketts.Numi smatics

,R ev. Horace Edwin Hayden .

On mot ion of Mr . W elter,i t w as resolved that the Librarian

shal l be empowered to appoin t an Act ing Assistan t L ibrarian forthe en suing year.The Treasurer

,Dr. F . C. John son

,read h i s report

,w h ich

,

on mot ion of the Corresponding S ecretary, was received and

referred to the Pub lish ing Comm ittee.

The Corresponding S ecretary, R ev. Mr . H ayden,read his

report,wh ich was

,on mot ion of Col . E . B . B eaumon t

,rece ived

and referred to the Pub l ish ing Comm i ttee, and a vote of thankswas extended to M r . H ayden for the work of the past year.R ev. M r . H ayden reports that the n umber of Li fe M embers

had increased to 8 1 , wi th five to be added th i s S pring. Residen t Members

,2 1 6 .

The R ev.

-Dr. Jones offered the following resolution ,which

was unan imously adoptedR esolved, That w e record, wi th sorrow, the death of CalvinParsons

,one of the oldest members of this S ociety, for four years

PR OCEED IN G S . 13

i ts Presiden t, for twelve years one of i ts Vice Presiden ts. W e

have sweet remembrances of his kindly heart, gen ial presence

and loving in terest in al l efforts to preserve the historical treasures of the W yom ing Valley. H i s un iform gen tleness and

courtesy,his strict in tegrity and conscien t ious devot ion to duty

are a precious h eri tage to the commun ity in wh ich he l ived .

Rev. M r . Hayden offered the follow ing resolution ,which was

unan imously adoptedR esolved , That the Corresponding S ecretary be requested to

repeat to M r . R . D . Lacoe the sincere thanks of this S ocietyfor the valuab le col lection of Palaeozoic Fossi ls he has so generou sl y presen ted to u s

,and to express to h im how highly w e ap

preciate his kindn ess to this S ociety in arranging i ts collect ions,and by his many gifts

,and in h i s s ixteen years of con t inued

servi ce as Curator of Paleon tology.

The S ecretary also offered a resolu tion of thanks to the variouscon tributors to this S ociety for the past year, which was unan imou sly adopted .

Col . G . Murray Reynolds read a brief noti ce of R ev. EdwardG ri ffin Porter

,M . A .

,who w as to have addressed the S ociety

this even ing. The not ice was from the B os ton Tmm crz'

pt .Remarks were made eulogistic of M r . Porter by R ev. M r .

Hayden,Dr. F . C . John son and R ev. Dr. S covill

,of S tamford,Conn . who had known him in college, and in t imately in later life .

The R ev. M r . Hayden offered the fol lowing mot ion ,wh ich

was unan imously adopted by a ris ing vote“ I t i s wi th the most profound sorrow that th is S ociety has

learn ed of the sudden death of the R ev. Edward G ri ffin Porter,M . A .

,Presiden t of the N ew England Historical -Gen ealogica l

S ociety, and an Honorary member of th is S ociety,who was to

have delivered before u s to-n ight the ann ual address. Therefore i t i s

“ R esolved , That , in honor of hi s memory,this S ociety do now

adjourn,wi thout furth er busin ess

,and that the Corresponding

S ecretary be requested to commun icate th is act ion to the fam i lyof the deceased

,wi th sui tab le expressions of our deep sympathy

wi th them in thi s very sad bereavemen t,and of ou r appreciation

of the great loss that has been sustain ed by th em,and by the

many friends and associates of the R ev. Mr . Porter. ”

The R ev. Dr. S covill addressed the S oci ety briefly, relat iveto his col lege associat ions wi th both Mr . Porter and Presiden tW oodward .

On motion ,the S ociety adjourn ed at 9 p. m .

R EPO R TS .

R eport of the Corres pon d ing S ecreta ry for 1898 .

To Me P residen t and M ember : of tlze I/Vy omz’

ng If z'

stor z’

ca l and G eol ogi ca l

S ociety

G ENTLEMEN— In present ing my annual report i t is w ith s incere pleasurethat I announce con tinued advancemen t and su bs tan t ial improvement in al l the

departments of the S ociety. During the year end ing to-day there have been fourmeet ings of the S ociety w ith the usual presen tation of h istorical papers . A t the

annual meeting February 1 1 , 1898, Dr. Ethelbert D . VVarfield , LL . D . ,Pres i

dent of Lafayette Col lege , read before the S ociety an adm irable paper on the“Battle of King’s Moun tain

,

"1780 . A t the meeting in Apri l, 0 . J. Harvey,

Esq .

, of th is city, at the special request of the Trustees,read an exceed ingly

interesting chapter from h is forthcom ing “History of W i lkes-Barre,” entitledThe Laying Ou t and Naming of W i lkes-Barre .

” The October meet ing w asmade interesting by most excel lent sketches of ou r late members , Mr . IsaacLong and Capta in Laz arus Den ison S tearn s , from the pen of the H i stor iogra

pher, Mr . W esley E . Woodruff, and an informal talk by Dr . F . C. Johnson ,one of the Comm iss ion ers from Pennsylvan ia, on the Omaha Exposit ion . The

December meet ing w as the occas ion of the read ing, by C01. Asher Miner, ofan exhaust ive and unusually valuable paper on the “Old Mills of the Wyom ingVal ley” from the pen of the Hon . Charles A . Mine r, whose fami l iarity w iththe subject goes w ithout saying . The B iograph ical S ketches , and Mr . Miner’spaper, w il l al l appear in the publ ications of the S ociety during the present year.

W e are prom ised some interesting papers for the com ing year, beginn ing w iththe address by ou r Honorary member, Dr . W . H . Egle, this even ing. In Apr i lanother local paper by D r. F C . Johnson

,and one on a geological subject by

Dr. Frederick Corss . I n May, G en . W . H . H . Davis of Bucks county w i l laddress u s on a subject yet to be announced . Later in the year other speakersw i l l be w ith u s at ou r meet ings . Dur ing the latter part of the past year thePubl icat ion Comm ittee issued part 1 of Vol . 4 of the Proceed ings of the S ociety,ent itled a “Memorial of S heldon R eynolds , Esq .

,late President of this S ociety,”

an issue that, for i ts careful preparation and i ts typography, i s a matter of justpride to the S ociety. Th is includes Mr . R eynolds ’ History of the PresbyterianChurch, W i lkes -Barre, also i ssued separately . Part 2 of Vol . 4 is now in the

pr inter’s hands and w i l l issue in the spr ing .i n w i l l be ful l of interest , and

w i l l contain , in add ition to h istorical papers , the names of every elect ive officer

s ince the beginn ing of the S ociety, w ith full l ists of members and contr ibutors .

The L ibrarian reports that the L ibrary of the S ociety, wh ich numberedover volumes at the last report , has been increased by the add ition of

500 bound and 600 unbound volumes and pamph lets . Th is increase , un l ikethat of 1897, wh ich numbered is al l ga in to the l ibrary . The add it ionsnoted in the last report included many duplicates , ten large sacks of wh ichw e gave to the Tioga Point Historical S ociety at A thens, Pennsylvan ia . Of

the add itions to the l ibrary in the past year nearly 100 were added bypurchase , 300 were add itions to the publ ic depos itory l i brary from the U n itedS tates G overnment, 85 pieces were given by the Massachusetts S tate L ibrary ,34 volumes and pamph lets were donations from Mr . John W . Jordan of the

R EPOR TS . 15

Historical S ociety of Pennsylvan ia, and a correspond ingmember of th is S ociety .

Three years ago there were not over 30 volumes of genealogy in the l ibrary ,where there are now over 300 ,

and these are in con t inual u se by vis itors . The

number of bound volumes of new papers reported last year in the l ibrary w as509 ; th is number has been increased unti l w e are now able to report over 62 5volumes of newspapers , includ ing fi les of the W i lkes -Barre Times, the Nanticoke Tr ibu ne, and the Plymouth S ta r . Also tw o volumes of TI nN ew Y orker ,Horace G reeley ’s first newspaper ven tu re, presented by ou r correspond ingmember, F W . H alsey. From ou r honorary member Dr . W . H . Egle, to whomw e are al ways largely indebted for k indnesses , w e have rece ived the severalpubl ications of the S tate for 1897 . What the result of the chan ge in S tate

L ibrarians may be to u s,is not yet known . Th is S ociety, through the infl u ence

of Messrs . Dana, and R eynolds , secured the passage by the S tateLeg is lature of a resolution supplying every Historical S ociety in the S tate w ithal l the publ icat ion s of the S tate annual ly , bu t by some m istake the resolutiond id not specify precisely whose duty i t shou ld be to d istribute these publ ications,so that i t has been a dead letter ever s ince i ts passage . Dr . Egle, however,has generou sly suppl ied ou r need in that d irect ion , and doubtless ou r S enator,Hon . W . J. S cott, w i l l do so dur ing h i s tenure of othee .

I t is also a pleasure to report seven add ition s to ou r portrait gal lery of deceased members, i . e. , Dr . Edward R . M ayer, late a V ice Pres iden t of the

S ociety , from Mrs . Mayer ; Hon . Eck ley B . Coxe, late a Vice Pres ident of theS ociety , from Alexander B . Coxe, Esq . ; Mr . Lew is C . Pain e , also a Vice Presiden t , from Miss Pa ine ; Hon . L . D . S hoemaker, al so a V ice Pres iden t, from Dr .L . I . S hoemaker ; Col . S amuel H S turdevan t, member, from Miss S turdevant ;Miss Em ily I . Alexander , member, from her s ister, Miss Carr ie M . Alexander ;and Hon . G . W . Woodward , from hi s son , ou r honored Pres ident . One add it ion to ou r picture gal lery deserves especial not ice . Mrs . Mary Butler Ayreshas very generously con sented to depos it for a few mon ths w ith the S ocietyher valuable portrait of Frances S locum , the Lost S ister of W yom ing, whosewel l known h istory has done, perhaps, as much as the Mas sacre of Wyom ingto make th is lovely Val ley famous . I t hangs in the front hal l where i t can be

seen on enter ing the build ing . There are in th is coun ty , in ancestral homes andelsewhere , many portraits of ol d settlers and prom inent bus iness men , factorsin the deve lopmen t of the Val ley and i ts enterprises

,wh ich

,i t is hoped , w i l l

some day find their w ay to th is place . S ome fam i l ies have already arrangedto depos it here permanently , in time, fam i ly portraits which m ight otherwise belost, as w as the portrait of Dr . Thomas W . Miner, wh ich has d isappeared ent irel y from s ight dur ing the past twen ty years .

Dur ing the year the Correspond ing S ecretary has received 330 letters and

commun ication s from other societ ies and ind ividuals , and has wr itten 375 lettersi n reply . Th is does not, however, include the usual acknowledgment of over

donat ions and add itions , and the d istribut ion of the publ ication s of the

S ociety to members and other societies, wh ich w i l l make the outgoing mai l ofthe S ociety reach over pieces .

To Mr . j ohn W . Jordan w e are indebted for an artist ’s proof of Mr . S ar

tain ’

s h istoric picture of Z eisberger Preach ing to the Ind ians , wh ich i s hereexh ibited . A nd to Cadet Joseph G raeme, of the U . S . battlesh ip Iowa, whow as a participant in the destruction of the S pan ish fleet under Cervera, w e are

indebted for the loan of hi s exceed ingly valuable and interest ing col lect ion of

S pan ish rel ics from the Viscaya, the Chris topher Colon and other vessels ofCervera

’s fl eet .

During the pas t year the rooms of the S ociety have been opened , as usual,three afternoons in the week to the publ ic. The attendance, includ ing this

16 R EPOR TS .

week, has been an average of over 20 each Open ing day. Dur ing the lateS chool Institute held in th is city an invitation w as given to the teachers tovi s it the rooms and an afternoon appointed for the pu rpose, w ith the result that1 50 of the teachers avai led themselves of the privi lege.

The Treasurer ’s report has shown the present financial cond i tion of theS ociety, bu t i t does not cover that part wh ich has not yet come under the Treasu rer

’s notice offi cial ly . S ince January 1 , 1897, an earnest cfion has been made

to increase the invested funds of the S ociety . Th is can be done on ly in one

or tw o ways, by gift, or by life membersh ips . In 1894 the invested fu nd w as

about I t is to -day Dur ing the past two years the l ife memhersh ips have been increased by forty- two, or O i these forty- two al l

have paid thei r fees of $ 100 bu t n ineteen , whose autographic su bscripi tions to

the fees are as good as go ld,bu t are not d u e unti l December 3 1 , 1899 . These,

when paid i h , W i l l increase the invested funds of the S ociety to at five

per cent . Convinced that w e should have an endowmen t of not less thantwen ty thousand dol lars , a further efl

'

ort has been made to secure th is add itiona lamount of w ith the success that one gentleman has pledged h imself togi ve towards that sum i f four others w i l l do l ikew ise, the money to beg iven e ither in cash or in secur ities , and to be paid on ly when the ent ire sumis subscribed and the previously noted i s paid in and invested— the

five donors to have the privilege of naming the fund of they respecti velygive after their ow n name. This sum of w i l l secure an income thatw i l l insure the care and en largement of the S ociety ’s l ibrary and cabinet forthe future . The Wright Fund has been invested and the interest is annual lyexpended in the purchase of books , as the appended report shows . The R eymolds Fund has reached the sum of $650 , and i s also invested to increase , byin terest and the sale of publ ications , unti l i t also reaches The Cor

respond ing S ecretary has also begun the Charles F . Ingham Memori al Fund,

w hich has now reached the sum of $50 . This fund w i l l be devoted to the

scien t ific departmen ts of the S ociety . A s the creating of such funds,payment

of l ife membership fees , and every efiort to increase the endowment of thisS ociety s imply aids the S ociety to preserve the h istory of y ou r ind iv idual l ife ,and that of you rfam i ly and you r homes, the writer has not the sl ightest hes itancy in u rging you to make such effort a success . L ife membersh ip rel ieves thepayment of annual dues

,and insures an after-death memor ial , in that themoney

paid remains under your name a perpetual rem inder of your act as wel l as a perman ent aid to the preservation of the S ociety . A h a n n u a l member may cease

to pay h is dues and drop from the rol ls of the S ociety and appear no longer oni ts l ist ofmembers , or he may die, and wh i le h is name sti l l remains on the l ist ofmembers i t returns nothing to the S ociety . The l ife members , even after theyhave passed away

,are sti l l al ive in the activities of the S ociety, as the annual

income from their l ife membersh ip fee makes them perpetual factors in the

growth and success of the S ociety . Their infl u ence l ives after them , and whenanother generation of their name arises and becomes members of this association the deceased l ife-member is st i l l an in tegral part of the corporat ion . The

Trustees have long ago decided that a l ife membership fee may, if des ired,cover two years arrears of dues , so that one w ho i s not in arrear may pay his

l ife membersh ip fee in tw o instal lmen ts of fifty dollars each , i f w ith in two years ,thu s making it of easier paymen t when so des ired .

The founders of th is S ociety may not have done w isely in n am ing th is theW yoming Histor ical and G eol og i ca l S ociety , bu t wh i le the ir w isdom has not

yet been d isproved, i t has been the means of secur ing to the S ociety one of the

finest geological and archaeological cabinets w ithin the borders of th is greatgeological S tate of Pennsylvan ia. W e are located in the centre of the vast and

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

18 R EPOR TS .

Th is offer of Mr . Lacoc should be instantly met by a hearty response and the

collection be named after the generous donor.The cabinet in the geological room, wh ich w as original ly arranged with

the greatest care and loving devotion by that coterie of kindred m inds , Ingham,

W right and Lacoc , show ing the ‘

crust of the earth, as an a rgu men tu m ad

lzomz’

n em , or object lesson in geology, has lately been much en riched by add itions from Mr. Lacoe

’s cabinet of Paleoz oic foss i ls . That exh ibit ion has

been already invaluable to the students of geology, i llustrating in fact W hat istaught them in tbeory , and exhibited in books on ly by dotted sections

, curvedand straight l ines , to show the various geological strata of the earth . I ts neces

s ity to a s tuden t i s best i l lustrated by an inciden t that occurred in th is city someyears ago. When Mr . O

‘

B r ien w as manager of the Electric L ight Companyof th is city he w as cal led upon by one whom he had known for years

,and who

had graduated w ith high honors wel l earn ed in a leading U n ivers ity in the

S chool of Electricity . H e asked for a pos it ion in the company and n amed hissalary, wh ich w as no mean sum. Mr . O

’B r ien asked h im,

“Could you go tothe corner of the street and set the dynamo for me to-day if I should ask you P”The young man promptly repl ied , “I could i f you would show me bow .

” Mr .

O’B r ien repl ied , Y es , so could any one i f I s/zow lz im fl ow . B u t d id they

not show y ou Izow at the U n ivers ity The student replied , “No, they told u s

how ,bu t gave no demonstr a t i on of it .”

I t i s not expected that col leges and un ivers ities w il l give students the praetical know ledge that can be gained on ly by personal experience in l ife, bu tthere is much that can be done on ly by the object lessons wh ich selected cabinets , or se lected specimens , can give . Th is S ociety should be to the studen tsof ou r publ ic and private schools such an object lesson i n h istory, in geology ,in archaeology , by making i ts cabinets access ible , full and of practical u se . To

th is end the classes in geology of the High S chool have been annual ly invited,and during the past year Mr . Welter of the High S chool has made frequentand valuable u se of them for his pupils

,who have made their visits here as a

class, under his persona l instruction . The Curator of G eology , Mr . W il l iamR eynold s R icketts , has, during the year, given much of his spare time in indexing and assert ing the geological col lect ion so as to make i t access ible to everyone, and is making a card catalogue for that pu rpose. The wri ter has , duringhis pas t l ife , given some years to the study of geology and paleon tology, and

once had r ich col lection s of both ; bu t that w as years ago. when youth and

t ime were ready accessories. The press ing duties of later years has made i t imposs ible to keep u p such stud ies , and w ith the part ing from h is cabinets hefound i t necessary also to l ay as ide the special study of these del ightful su bjects , so that it i s not easy on h is part to do more than guide vis itors to theserooms in the stud ies referred to. He cannot claim to be an instructor, or

anyth ing more than a helper, hi s spare time be ing devoted main ly to AmericanHistory . W e need an ass istan t Curator of Paleon tology, to whom Mr . Lacoc

w i l l most glad ly give al l the aid in his flow er to make that departmen t moreperfect . ‘

1.

HOR ACE EDW IN HAYDEN ,

Cor r espond i ng S ecretary .

R EPOR TS . 19

R eport of the Treasu rer for the Year 1898 .

R ECEIPT S .

Balance, February 1 1 , 1898,Dues of Members ,Interest on S ecurities,

Total , 88

EXPENDIT U R ES .

Books and Cabinet.

Harr ison W right Fu nd , Interest,

R epa irs and S undries,Fram ing Pictures ,Pr int ing and S tat ionery,Postage and R evenue ,W ater Company Bond ,

To Balance on hand ,

Total 5 88

R ESOU R CES .

Bonds, W ilkes- B arre W ater CoBonds , Plymouth Bridge Co

S av ings Account, An th racite Bank ,Interest, Anthracite Bank,L ife Membership Fees ,

69

F . c. JOHN SON ,

20 R EPOR TS .

R epo rt o f the Co rres pon d in g S ecreta ry for 1899 .

ToMe P r esi den t and Ofi cers of ti l e PVy omz'

ng f lz'

stor z'

ca l and G eologi ca l S ociety

G ENTLEMEN— I have the honor of present ing to you my annual report forthe year 1899 , show ing cont inued advancemen t and prosper ity in the work of

ou r S ociety . One year ago the Trustees , impressed w ith the grow ing demandsof the publ ic, decided that the financial cond ition of the S ociety justified the

open ing of the l ibrary and collections to the publ ic da ily, instead of tri -weekly ,thus doubl ing the hours when the people of th is sect ion of the S tate could haveaccess to the rooms . Hence , for the past year, the rooms have been openedevery afternoon and tw o n ights during each week . The resul t has been most

gratifying— the attendance in 1899 reach ing as against in 1898,when the rooms were opened tr i -weekly.

The L ibrary of the S ociety numbers fifteen thousand volumes , and ,

w ith the Osterhout Free L ibrary , g ives the publ ic access to nearly vol

umes in the same immed iate local ity. These two l ibrar ies are , however,ent ire ly separate and d istinct although vi rtual ly under the same roof. I t has

been the rule w ith both institu tions , during the past five years , to avoid dupl icatingbooks . Thus , this S ociety confines i ts book additions especially to AmericanHistory and G eology, wh ile the larger Osterhout Library covers al l departments of l iterature . Then th is S ociety being a Publ ic Depos itory for G overnment publ ications , contains everyth ing issued by the U n ited S tates G overnmentpresses , wh ich covers a very w ide range of subjects bearing on the h istory ofthis country in al l its departments . I t frequently happens that students fromother sections of the S tate , beyond the County of Lu z erne, vis it W ilkes -Bar refor research , and the conven ience of having tw o separate l ibrar ies of d ifferentcharacter open da i ly must be apparen t .During the past year bound , and 675 unbound volumes and pamph

lets have been added to ou r store, of wh ich number and more have beenactual add itions to ou r l ibrary

,the rest being duplicate volumes . Of th is add i

t ion 100 have been by purchase , the rest by exchange or gift. Among the

donations there are seven ty-five volumes of newspapers , includ ing forty-fivebound volumes of the D a i ly N ew s-D ea l er and W ilkes-Barre N ew s . Also six

teen volumes of the issues of ou r other dai l ies which have been supplied to u s

annually for years . E ight volumes of the Berw ick I ndepen den t, w ith others ofthe Dallas P ost

,Haz leton S en t i n el , Plymouth S ta r , etc. , etc., ou r newspaper

hles now number over 700 bound volumes . From Hon . Charles A . Miner w ehave rece ived 360 volumes of the G eological S urvey of Pennsylvan ia, wh ichhave enabled u s to complete several full sets of that valuable publication forsale . From the S tate L ibrarian w e have also rece ived twenty-five volumes ofS tate documen ts , and many other gifts w i l l be acknowledged in the next volumeof ou r Proceedings and Papers . F10111 the American An tiquarian S ociety, tenvolumes ; from G eneral H . M . C ist, eighteen volumes ; from S ecretary of S tate,Pennsylvan ia, eleven volumes ; from Major 0 . A . Parsons, seven ty-five me

mor ial s of the Loyal Legion ; from Mr . A . D . Dean , of S cranton , a manuscriptsheet of R ev. John Miller, of Abington, Pa ., w ith a copy of hi s marriage recordsfrom 1802 to 1857 .

During the year as Correspond ing S ecretary I have received 450 commun ications from societ ies and ind ividuals , and have wr itten 400 in reply, al l ofwh ich w il l be found Copied in the letter book of the S ociety . I have alsoacknow ledged the receipt of al l the add itions to the l ibrary and cabinets , have

R EPO R TS . 2 I

ma iled to members and others 400 copies of ou r last volume and other publ ications, and have sent ou t other mai l to an aggregate of over pieces .

Among the commun ications referred to,there is a letter from the Corre

spond ing S ecretary to the Hon . S ecretary of W ar, dated October 17 , 1898, aski ng the donation of a smal l piece of ordnance from those captured by ou r victoriou s fleet and army from the S pan ish in Cuba and Puerto R ico. To th isrequest the Hon . S ecretary of W ar

,in his reply, stated that “All the ordnance

captu red from the S pan ish army in Cuba and Puerto R ico has not yet beenreturned to the U n ited S tates , nor has any defin ite pol icy yet been formulatedas to i ts d ispos ition ,

”- show ing that very probably the suggestion of th is S o

ciety w as the first of the kind received by the S ecretary . When i t w as su bse

quently decided to d istribute these pieces of ordnance to various sections of thecoun try, the S ecretary of W ar specified the city of W ilkes -Barre as the one

local ity in Pennsylvan ia that had asked for a cannon . B u t i t w as ordered byhim that the cannon , when del ivered , should be donated to the mun icipal ity .

Of the captured cannon ,five pieces were sent to th is S tate to be thus d istributed

at the opt ion of the G overnor. The city of York z ealously con tended w ithW ilkes -Barre for one piece, bu t through the appeals of th is S ociety from the

President, Correspond ing S ecretary and other members— among them Hons .

H . W . Palmer and W . J . S cott , G overnor S tone donated the piece to the cityof W i lkes-Barre . Then

,notw ithstand ing the facts that th is S ociety w as so in

fl u ential in securing th is decis ion ,and through i ts honored Pres iden t and other

officers, made formal application to the City Counci l for the care of the piece,the Property Comm ittee, on the plea that “no one else had asked for it, gave theordnance to the care of the Conyngham Post of the G rand A rmy of the R epubl ic, total ly ignoring, in i ts d istribut ion and recept ion of the piece of can

non , th is honored S ociety . W ith th is experience the Correspond ing S ecretaryfinds very litt le incenti ve to undertake s imi lar ventures for the benefit of theS ociety.

Dur ing the year past w e have held five meetings for bus iness and addresses .

A t the annual meet ing, February 16,1898, ou r honorary member , w ho i s

always so ready to aid u s , D r . W i l l iam H . Egle , read before u s hi s exhausti veand valuable paper on the “Buckshot W ar i n Pennsylvan ia in He

had previous ly read th is paper before the Historical S ociety of Pennsylvan ia ,whi ch S ociety has s ince publ ished i t in thei r Magaz ine of History for July , 1898 .

The second meet in g of the year, held Apri l 14th , w i l l be remembered bythe extremely interesting i l lustrated lecture of Hon . J. R idgway Wright, on hi s“Tri p to Hondu ras i n 1898 , w ith stereopticon views .

Ou the 1 2 th of May the quarterly meet ing w as held and an address , ful lof hi storical remin iscences w as del ivered by G en . W . H . H . Davis, one of ou r

Correspond ing Members , and a hero of tw o wars, on the subject “ S ome Men

I Have Met, and S ome Th ings I Have S een .

”

A t the quarterly meet ing of October 13th ,D r. Frederick Corss continued

h is admirable and instructive papers on local G eology, tak ing for his subjectThe Buried Val leys and Pot Holes of the S usquehanna ,” which , w ith h i s tw o

earl ier papers, w il l appear in ou r n ext volume of Proceed ings th is S pring . The

as t meeting of the year w as held December 8th, when M r . W il l iam A bbatt, of

New York City, addressed the S ociety on “The S tory of A rnold and Andre,”w ith stereopt icon views , giving man y new facts relat ing to the treason of A rnoldand the capture and execut ion of the British spy , Andre.

To n ight w e had expected the pleasure of l isten ing to the President of theNew Englan d Histor ical and G enealogical S ociety, R ev . Edward G r ifii n Porter , who vis ited ou r city last Fal l and so charmed al l w ho met him by hi s manygraces of mind and character. B u t just as w e were ant icipating the very great

22 R EPOR TS .

del ight wh ich h is presence gave wherever he appeared , the sad news came tou s of h is death on S unday las t of pneumon ia . He w as a man of rare g ifts of

mind and character, possessing a love of n ature, of study, of home and countrywh ich be improved by careful culture and extens ive travel . All this , en richedby a most devout love o£ th ings d ivine, made him the centre of attraction inwhatever circle he m ight be . For years he w as the beloved pastor of the Congregational Church at the h istoric town of Lex ington , Mass , retir ing from the

charge on account of i l l health . W e have m issed a rare treat by h i s absence ,bu t those who felt the power of hi s spiritual l ife, so uncon scious ly man ifested inh is conservat ion and dai ly w alk, n eed no further assurance that the gentle spiritof the m in ister of G od is in joy and fel icity .

Oi the add it ions to ou r cabinet, none, s ince the generous g ift of G enera lR oss , have equaled in scien t ific value the important donation by Mr . R . D .

Lacoc of h is col lect ion of Paleozoic foss i l an imals mentioned in my last report.Mr . Lacoc has expended many years of t ime and much money in mak ing th iscol lection . The trustees authorized the purchas e of a proper case for th is col

lect ion, the cost of which w as $80 . During the past S ummer Prof. J. L . Welter,

who has just been elected Curator of Paleon tology, and the Correspond ing S ecretary, spent over a week in pack ing and removing thi s col lection to theserooms , and have spent several weeks in unpack ing and placing it properly inthe cabinet wh ich s tands on the th ird fl oor of th is build ing . Th is co l lectionproper i s opened on ly to studen ts , bu t representative specimens of each speciesare placed in the long case in the geological room for public inspection . The

col lection contains over 4000 specimens covering 1012 species , and forms a

treasure such as few publ ic in st itutions in the U n ited S tates possess . Whenthese foss i ls are thorough ly classified and the l ist is printed in ou r next volume

th is S ociety w i l l , w ith i ts large col lection of minerals and coa l foss i ls, be in better touch w ith the scient ific societ ies of the coun try than ever before .

I n referring to this g ift i n my report last year I stated that the col lection of

foss i ls from the Wyom ing Valley carbon iferous beds descr ibed in ou r secondvolume by Prof. H e i lpri n were in the possess ion of this S ociety . Th is , I find ,w as erroneous , as they have always been the property of ou r member, Mr .

Christ ian H . S charar of S cranton . Mr . S charar has , however, gen erously consented to donate them to th is S ociety, a case has been obtained for them ,

and

i t i s the in tention of the Curator and myself to secure them at the ear l iestmoment .

The membership of the S ociety has been reduced during the past year bythe death of two, the res ignation of three, and the tran sfer of s ixteen to the LifeMembership l ist , bu t the elect ion of twelve new members has again increasedthe number of res iden t members to 2 16 . The L ife Membersh ip l ist is increasedby add ing to the l ist twenty subscr ibers , z

'

. e.,Major Ol iver A . Parsons , Mr . E .

S terl ing Loop, R ev. Horace Edw in Hayden,Dr. Charles H . Miner, G eorge

R . Bedford , Esq ., Harr ison Wright

,th ird

,Alexander Farnham,

Esq . , Thomas

Dar l ing, Esq . , Mrs . Vaughn Darl ing , Miss Martha Bennet , Mr . W i l l iamLove land , Mr . Edw in H . Jones , Edward Wel les, Jr . , Mr . John A . Turner ,Mr . Thomas K . S turdevant , Mr . Percy R . Thomas, Mr . R obert P. Brodhead,Andrew H . McCl in tock, E sq . , Miss Martha S harpe, Miss Lucy W . Abbott .These, w ith those who have not yet pa id the usual fee, have increased the LifeMembers to eighty-five .

I t i s my purpose, dur ing the presen t year, to increas e this number, ifposs ible , to 100 L ife Members . The invested funds of the S ociety, as re ~

ported by the Treasurer , are now w ith $ 1400 stil l in hand to invest ,wh ich , w ith $500 du e in Apri l , w i l l make the ful l invested fund for the year1900, The increase of th is fund to wh ich I had hoped to be

R EPOR TS . 23

able to report at th is meeting has not yet been efi’

ected , bu t the future is full ofhope for the S ociety , and I doubt not that in t ime it w il l be realiz ed . The workof the S ociety is becom ing better known and better appreciated . The R ev. Mr .

Porter, a man of r ich experience in such matters , and pres ident of one of the

most eminently successful societies in the U n ited S tates , when here las t October , expressed h imself greatly surpr ised at the work represen ted by ou r S ociety ,and i t w as hi s ow n suggestion that his subject at th is meeting w as to coverlargely the work of th is S ociety in the pas t, and i ts rare opportun ities for thefuture .

I t w as announced las t year that the S ociety would annual ly issue a volumeof proceed ings . Volume IV w as issued dur ing the year 1898, attract ing muchattention and many complimen tary not ices . Volume V i s now waiting for theprinter and w i l l issue before the S ummer. Volume IV w as entire ly h istorical

,

bu t volume V wi l l be d ivided between h istory and geology , and w il l prove as

interest ing as any previous volume . Th is S ociety has no lack of h istoricalmaterial for annual issues , and as the l ife of h istorical societies is est imated bytheir publ ications , there i s no reason why th is S ociety should not main tain theh igh standard among s imil ar in st itut ions wh ich i t has held for the past twentyears .y

To ou r portrait gal lery has been added the portrait of ou r late member ,Capt . L . D . S tearn s, w ho lost his l ife in the mi l itary service of h is conn try as

an officer of the N in th R eg imen t, National G uard , dur ing the W ar w ith S pain .

Th is w as presented by hi s father, Maj . I . A . S tearns . W e w i l l have on ou r

wal ls th is year portraits of R ev. Thomas P. Hunt, one of the ear l iest membersof the S ociety ; Hon . E . L . Dana, ou r first Pres ident , presented by hi s son ;

ou r late Pres idents A . T. Mccl intock,LL . D . , and Ca lvin Parsons , presented

by their sons ; W i l l iam R . Mali et, a L ife Member, w ith those of the late JohnC. Phel ps , L ife Member, Hon . Ziba Bennett, John Dorrance, and others .

During the year the Curator of Mineralogy, M r . W i l l iam R . R icketts , hasg iven much t ime to the catal ogu eing of the minera log ical cabinet , and Prof. J.

L . Welter, the Cu rator of Pa lentology, has not on ly spent many hours in hisdepartment, bu t he has done what i s especial ly des irable for ou r work , frequen tly brought hi s h igh school classes to these rooms to study the m ineralog ical specimens in connection w ith their school course .

The lack of room , and the fact that the subject i s not k indred to the scopeof ou r work , have made i t necessary that the large and valuable Concho logicalcol lection of th is S ociety should be packed away and not d isplayed . The

S ociety , a few years ago, removed th is subject from i ts work . Th is col lectionof shel ls w i l l be sold to the h ighest bidder when i t can be properly appraisedand a purchaser found , and the money added to ou r permanent fund . Th isintention is mention ed here that any member of the S ociety w ho may hear ofsome insti tution desiring such a col lect ion may aid u s to d ispose of i t w isely .

Archaeology and .History , Mineralogy , Paleontology and Numismatics are the

only subjects properly covered by the title of th is association .

In conclus ion I beg to ask that the members of th is S ociety make some

effort to fami l iariz e themsel ves w ith ou r treasures and work by vis iting theserooms more frequen tly . Although nearly 4500 vis itors have registered themselves s ince the last annual meeting there are members of years’ standing whohave informed me that they have never been ins ide th is bu ild ing and do not

know wha t th is S ociety possesses . More personal interest on the part of members w i l l greatly help ou r progress, and encou rage those w ho are working toadvance the l ife of the S ociety .

HO R ACE EDW IN HAYDEN ,

Cor r espondi ng S ecr eta ry .

24 R EPOR TS .

R epo rt of the T rea s u rer for th e Y ear 1899 .

R ECElPTS

Balance on hand February 1 1 , 1900,Dues of Members ,Interest on Investments ,

73

EXPENDIT U R ES .

S alaries, L ibrarian and Assistant ,Jan itor and Labor,Publ icat ions ,Books ,B ind ing,Interest on Wr ight and R eynolds FundsAddresses , &c. ,

Fram ing Pictures ,Pr int ing, Incidental ,Postage and R evenue,Fu rn i tu re

,

Insurance on Library and Museum,

R epairs, Book Cases and S undries ,

Balance on hand ,

73

R ESOU R CES .

Bonds of W i lkes -Barre Water Co .

Plymouth Bridge Co . ,

Miner-Hillard Milling Co . ,

VVestmorel and Club,

S avings Account Anthracite Bank ,

7°

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R EV. JOHN WITHER S POON ,D . D .,

( S IGNER OF THE DECLARATION OF m napawoaxca . )

B Y M R S . CHARLES E . R ICE .

READ B EFORE THE W Y OM ING H ISTOR ICAL A ND GEOLOG ICAL SOC IETY F E B R U AR Y 12 , 1897 .

James An thony Froude expresses thi s Opin ion It often

seems to me as if h i story w as l ike a ch i ld ’s box of letters ,with which we can S pel l any name we please

,we have on ly

to pick ou t s uch letters as we wan t,a rrange them as we

like,and say nothing abou t those which do not s u i t ou r

pu rpose . In the game in which we are about to engage

some of the l etters are lacking and must be suppl ied by

conj ectu ral additions and rati onal inferences . Although the

regi ons of conj ectu re,and of the imaginati on

,pertain rather

to the poet than to the h istorian .

Kindly tu rn your atten ti on in the di rection of JohnWither

spoon— Patriot,Preacher

,Presiden t of Princeton Col lege

,

and S igner of the Declaration of Independence . S ometime

before he cou ld begin to sh ine in any of these capaci t ies he

w as born on the fifth of Febr u ary ,172 2 . A s u perficia l en

cyclopediac reading wou ld lead to the inference that John

Witherspoon ’s terrestria l existence began in differen t l oca l i

ti es,for i t i s vario us ly stated that he w as born at Yester

,

at Gifford,and at Haddington . We are a l l fam i liar with

the bi rd ’s nesting exploi ts of the E l i za,E l i zabeth

,Betsey

and Bess,who were apparen tly four distinct indivi dua ls , in

rea l ity one and the same person . The Witherspoon birth

place seems to be on a s im i lar princip le. Gifford i s the vi l

lage,Haddington the co un ty

,and Yester the pari sh . His

father w as the Rev . James Witherspoon,a clergyman of the

chu rch of S cotland , min i ster of the pari sh of Yester. Hismother w as a l inea l descendant of the reformer John Knox

,

whose prayers Mary Q ueen of S cots“dreaded more than al l

28 R EV. JOHN WITHE R S POON,D . D .

the a rmies of Cromwell . From father and mother he re

ceived the heritage of the “good name which is rather to bedesi red than ri ches .”

There w as a lso consi derable landed estate in the fam i ly

connection . W e fi nd no record of his chi ldhood . I t has

not been possibl e to ascerta in whether hi s intel lectua l powers

were prematurely developed,o r whether hi s early years

were distingu ished by any parti cu la r even ts . S idney S mith

sa i d the “S cottish people cultivated the arts and sciencesupon oatmea l .” S o much for the physica l pabul um . With

regard to the menta l and spiri tua l tra in ing we may safe ly

be l ieve that the young descendan t of John Knox,and a son

of a S cottish min i ster of the gospel , w as induced“to wa lk

in the w ay in which he shou ld go .

” We may be s ure that

i t cou ld not be written of him,as i t w as of Adon ijah

,that

“hi s father had not displeased him at any time .

” For he

lived at a period when the words of S olomon regarding the

rod had a most l i tera l and practica l in terpretation . To the

youthfu l Ca ledon ian,whose footsteps were thus guided in

wisdom ’s ways,the path at first setting forth may not have

seemed pleasan t or peacefu l . Nevertheless the s uccess

which came to him afterward may be regarded as fu lfil lmen t

of the prom ise to those who remember the commandmen ts

of God to do them .

"

W e are authentica l ly informed that the Rev . James Wither

spoon was a godly man,and an accu rate scholar. He took

great pa in s with the educati on of h is son John,who some

one says w as his youngest child . The father w as made

happy by the‘

di ligence of the s on,and especial ly by his

early resol ution to dedicate hi s l i fe to the servi ce of God inthe Christian church .

A t the age of fourteen John Witherspoon entered Edinbu rgh Un ivers i ty

,where he soon made a reputati on by the

assi du i ty with which he appli ed himself to h is studies . He

continued in the un iversity unti l he was twenty-one. Then

R EV. JOHN VVITHER S POON,D . D. 29

he was l i censed to preach the gospel . He w as invited to

become his father ’s ass is tan t in the pari sh of Yester, with

the right of s uccession to the charge . A t the same time he

had a ca l l to a place in the western part of S cotland ca l ledBe i th . He preferred the latter invitation

,and w as o rda ined

and settled wi th the un iversa l approva l o f the congregati on ,

who found him instructive and interesting in the pu lpi t,and

fai thfu l in the performance of a l l his parochia l d uti es . About

th is time he ma rried Miss El i zabeth Montgomery .

In a hymenea l poem addressed to Mrs . Gladstone, she

w as exhorted to “soothe in many a toi l worn hou r the noble

heart which she had w on .

”S he w as furthermore advi sed

to “be a ba lmy breeze to him,a foun ta in s inging at h is s ide

,

his star whose l ight i s never dim,a pole- star through the

waste to gu ide .Regarding El izabeth Mon tgomery Witherspoon very l i ttle

i s to ld . W e do not know from whom she w as descended .

From what i s revea led it i s affi rmable that she w as am iable

and pious and a ltogether worthy. S he became the mother

of many chi ldren . Ten i s estimated to have been the even t

u a l n umber . We a l so have fa ith to beli eve that l ike Mrs .Gladstone she w as able to “soothe

,to be a ba lmy breeze

,a

pol e- sta r,and at the same time a s inging founta in .

” During

the early years of her husband ’s residence at Beith,there

occ urred that di stu rbance known in history as the S cottish

Rebel l i on . When,as Cha rles Di cken s te l ls

,

“some infatuated

people took up the Pretender’s cause,as i f the country had

not,to i ts cost

,had S tuarts enough

,and many lives were

sacr ificed and m uch misery occasmned .

”

The reader of Johnson ’s encyclopedia may be l ed to be

l ieve that Witherspoon j oined thePretender ’s cause,for i t

says that he did . A more re liable s tatemen t seem s to be

that when the country in the neighborhood of Beith became

alarmed at the approach of the rebels,the Rev . Mr . Wither

spoon drew up a reso l ution which w as s igned by his parish

30 REV . JOHN WITHER S POON,D . D .

ioners,in which they bound themselves to j oin the m i l i tia,

and march with them to S ti rl ing “for the support of thei r

religious l iberty and in defence of thei r on ly rightfu l sover

eign ,King George

,aga ins t his enem i es in the present rebel

l i on .

” Having stimu lated his people,Mr . Witherspoon as

sembled a company of them and marched at thei r head as

far as Glasgow . There he w as told that from the n umberof the king ’s tr00ps as compared with those of the enemy

,

and the confidence reposed in them,the mil i tia need go no

further, and he received orders to retu rn . But his zea l

cou ld not so eas i ly be subdued . He went forwa rd and w as

presen t as a spectator at the battle of Falki rk,January 17th ,

1746 . After that engagemen t the rebels “descended like

wolves on the fold,

”and the pasto r

,Witherspoon

,w as taken

prisoner,and conveyed to the castle of Donne . He w as

confined in a large disma l room in the h ighest part of the

castl e next the battlements . In one end of the room were two

cel l s . In one of them were five members of the Edinburgh

company of volunteers,and two citizen s of Aberdeen

,who

had been taken for spies,and were to be hung . In the other

cel l were eight men,who

,l ike h imself

,s u ffered the effects

of “inj udicious cu rios i ty .

” Natura l ly the principa l s ubject

fo r meditati on and conversation among them w as some

means of escape . One of the fel low prisoners,being of

“diminutive size,got himsel f d ressed in woman

’s atti re and

walked away carrying a tea kettl e.” The others proposed

to make a rope of thei r blankets by which they m ight descend from the battl ements to the ground on the side of thecastle where there w as no sentinel . The plan was agreed

to by the Edinburgh vo l unteers and the two men fromAberdeen . John Witherspoon said he wou ld go to the

battlement and see what happened ; i f they succeeded inreach ing the ground safely he wou ld fol low them . The rope

w as finished, the order of descent adj usted . A t the witch

ing hour” of one in the morn ing they went to the scene of

REV . JOHN WITHER S POON , D . D . 3 1

action,and having fastened the rope began to descend .

Four men reached the earth in safety . The fifth went in a

hurry and the rope broke as he touched the ground . The

next man dislocated h is ankles,and b roke some ribs w as

so gri evous ly hurt that he n ever recovered . M r. Wither

spoon concl uded to awai t h is l iberati on in a safer manner.This came to pass after the battle of Cu l loden ,

which w as

fought on Apri l l oth ,1746 . This would make his term of

impri sonmen t exactly th ree months minus one day ,al though

it is set down as two weeks in the encyclopediac s urveys of

h is l i fe. I t i s sa id that th is experi ence resu lted in perma

nen t inj u ry to his hea l th . However thi s may have been ,the

young eccl es iasti c now resumed his pastora l d uti es at Bei th .

A few years later h i s first book appeared . It was publ ished

anonymously, and w as enti tl ed “Ecclesiastical Character ist i cs

,o r the Arcana of Church Pol icy .

” It w as a sati re,and

w as a imed at princ iples and practices prevai l ing in the

Church of S cotland . The attack w as severely fel t. “I t

l ighted up a greater fire than w as ever kindled in the church .

It excited the rage of many m in i s ters . Most dreadfu l

menaces were uttered in case they shou ld discover and con

vict the writer . S ubsequen tly he publ i shed “A S erious

Apology fo r the Eccles iastica l Characteristi cs , by the rea l

Author of that Performance . In thi s he avowed himself

the author of the offending work , which he defended uponthe bas is of Holy Writ

,and j u s tified by example and recom

mendations of grave and venerable fathers of the Church .

The Ecc les iastica l Characteri sti cs added much to hi s fame .

Bishop Warbu rton men t ions the work with parti cu la r approbation

,and expresses hi s wish that “the Church of Eng

land had s uch a correcto r . Witherspoon con tinued to

l ive in great reputation and usefulness at Be i th,enj oying

the confidence and affection of the people un ti l the beginn ing of the year 1757 , when he accepted a ca l l to Pa i s l ey.

He was insta l l ed there January 16th,1757 . In the cou rse

32 REV . JOHN WITHE R S POON ,D . D .

of that year he was chosen moderator of the synod of Glas

gow and Ayr. In Pa is l ey,as in Beith

,he fa i thfu l ly per

formed the duties of his ofli ce,and preached on vario us pub

l i c occas ion s .In 1762 he preached a sermon entitled

“S easonable A d

vice to Young People,which invo lved him in some dim

cul ty. The subj ect w as “S inners S i tting in the S eat of theS corn fu l .” It denounced some young men for mocking the

sacramen t. The sermon w as publi shed with an in troductoryaddress to the publ isher

,in which the names of the accu sed

were given . This occas ioned great offence,fol lowed by

prosecution,which wen t against him . He w as s ubjected to

a heavy fine fo r l ibel,which caused him pecun iary difficu l ty .

During residence at Pa is ley he became more and morewidely known .

In 1764 the degree of Docto r of D ivin i ty w as con ferred

upon him by the Un ivers ity of Aberdeen . From this timehenceforwa rd we wi l l speak of h im as D r . Witherspoon .

The wri tings of the Rev . D r . Witherspoon are vari ou s ins ubject and in style . There are his humorous productions

The Hi story of a Corporation of S ervan ts ,” i s witty

,

am using and instructive “The Recantation of Benjam in

Towner” belongs to th is same class . He wrote a numberof periodica l essays on socia l and l i terary topics ca l led the“Dru id . There are works on the politica l question s of histime. The Witherspoon wisdom is ex emp l ified in his essay

on money . Hi s theologica l wri tings cons ist of sermon s,

essays,l ectu res . In his sermons are discussed nearly al l

the vi ta l truths of Christian i ty. There i s h is essay on “Justi

fl cat ion,his treatise on “Regeneration

,

” of which the Rev .

John Newton sa id : “I th ink i t is the best I have seen on

this importan t s ubj ect . There i s hi s “Inqu i ry into the

S criptu re m ean ing of Charity . There are a l so hi s lectu res

on mora l phi losophy and on marriage. His “S eri ous In

qu iry into the Natu re and Effects of the S tage,

”w as inspi red

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34 REV. JOHN WITHER S POON,D . D .

ests of learn ing in the new world,the obj ections of Mrs .

Witherspoon being overcome,he resolved to cross the

ocean and accept the charge to which he had been cal led

by friends of the College of New Jersey . It invo lved nosma l l sacr ifice to sever the connexion with the people ofPa i s ley

,to l eave fame and happiness in the prime of li fe and

go to a new country. Not long before he left S cotland,an

old gen tleman,a relative of the fam i ly

,prom i sed to make

him his he i r i f he wou ld not go to America . He had very

l i ttl e regard for persona l interest when opposed to thec la ims of duty .

In December , 1767 , M r . Richa rd S tockton in fo rmed the

boa rd of trustees that the d i fferences which had prevented

Dr. Witherspoon ’

s acceptance had been removed,and upon

re- elect ion he would en ter upon that public service . The

news w as received with great sati sfaction . There w as im

mediate unan imous re -e l ection . Ou Apri l 16th,1768 , he

preached a fa rewel l sermon to the people of Pa is ley,which

w as publ ished under the name of “Min i steria l Fidel i ty inDeclaring the Who l e Counsel of God .

”

I n May ,1768, at the age of forty- six years

,John With

erspoon ,with his wife and chi ldren

,took leave of the tombs

of thei r ancestors,and of the i r l iving kindred

,and departed

for a strange land,where his

’

name w as to be made great,

where he w as to be b lessed,and where he w as to become

a bless ing . They took thei r j ou rney de l iberately,being

three mon ths on the w ay . On the even ing of arriva l in

Princeton,in Augus t

,great w as the j oy of the occas ion . The

vi l lage w as i l l uminated,and

,i t i s sa i d

,a lso the adjacen t

coun ties . Ou August 17th , 1768 he w as inaugu rated . He

brought with h im to America 1113 wife, five chi ldren ,and

three h undred va l uable vol umes . The vol umes he pre

sented to the co l lege. His fri ends in England and S cotland ,gave many more .

I t i s no refl ection upon the i l l ustrious predecesso rs , Dick

R EV. JOHN WITHE R S POON, D. D. 35

inson,Bu rr

,Edwards

,Davi s and Fin lay

,to say that the

Col lege of New Jersey w as at that time in a deplo rab le con

dition . This w as d u e to some exten t to the newness of the

country . It w as a lso owing to the fact that party views and

feel ings had mingled largely with the managemen t of the

co l lege. The col lege w as in debt . The treasu ry was

empty. It may be eas i ly perceived that the com ing to

Prin ceton had invo lved no sma l l sacrifice,b ut i t was made

volun tari ly,intel l i gently. Dr. Witherspoon at once i denti

fied himself wi th the in terests of his adopted country and of

the col lege . His presence awakened new confidence in the

instituti on . One of the first benefits which res u lted was the

increase of funds . A t that time the co llege w as dependen t

upon the libera l ity of individua l s . Dr . Witherspoon made

a tou r through the country appea l ing to the friends of learn

ing fo r aid .

‘

He even is s ued an “Address to the Inhab itants

of Jama ica and other West India Is lands in beha l f of the Col

lege of New Jersey .

” Owing to his en terpri se and effort

the debt w as soon extingu ished . No one ever hea rd him

utter a word in derogation of the merits of his predecesso rs .

He caused importan t revoluti on s in the systems of educa

tion,yet he made no violen t changes

,but in troduced his

improvemen ts s i lently,imperceptib ly .

Great advantage was derived from his l i teratu re,and

mode of superin tendence. He en larged the cou rse of phi1030phy so as to include pol i t i ca l sci ence and internati ona llaw . He promoted the study of mathematics . He intro

d u ced the lectu re m ethod . He h imself gave lectu res in

rheto ric,in mora l phi losophy

,hi story

,and theo logy. He

introduced a system of publ i c vo l untary competi ti on among

the students in va rio us branches of s tudy pu rs u ed in the

col lege. One of these con s i sted in trans lating a given phrase

of Engl ish into Latin on the spot without previ ous prepation

,and in an extemporaneous exerci se in writing Lat in

,

for the completion of which a short specified time of on ly a

36 R EV. JOHN WITHE R S POON,D . D .

few moments w as al l owed . The competi ti on in Greek w asin reading

,tran s lating

,ana lyzing.

He insti tuted a class in Hebrew He introducedthe study of French . His especia l department of instru c

ti on w as that of divin i ty. During the peri od of pres idency

he acted as pasto r of the chu rch in Princeton . His theol ogyw as Ca lvin isti c .He had an admirable facu lty for govern ing

,and for ex

ci ting the emulation of the youth committed to his care .

Young and old loved his soci ety. He w as very fond ofsocia l intercou rse . He had great di scernment of characterw as very kind and atten tive to young people ; never lost

an Opportun i ty to impart usefu l advice,and that with so

much kindness and s uavity that i t cou ld not be forgotten .

The number of students increased ; the reputation of the

Col lege of New Jersey w as widely extended . In com ing to

America the sole purpose of Dr. Witherspoon w as to pro

mote the cause of learn ing and rel igion here . I t w as divine ly

ordered that the sphere of his usefu lness shou ld be en larged,

and that he shou ld be one of the founders of the republ i c .

For severa l years w ar clouds had been gathering,and now

the storm of the Revol ution broke over the country . The

eight years of prosperity to Princeton were to be fol lowed

by s ix of ca lam i ty and w ar; Other col leges s uffered from

en l istmen t— Princeton enti rely dispersed . In an eloquent

paper by M r . John Grier Hibben,en titl ed Princeton Col

l ege and Patri oti sm,which appeared in the For um at the

time of the sesqui—centenn ia l,M r. Hibben dec lares : The

spi ri t of the Revolution w as in the col lege and in the hearts

of the students,kept a l ive

,and fanned in to glow and flame

,

by the en th usiasm of thei r S cotch Pres iden t, l ong before

the s ign ing of the Declaration of Independence,and the

first ca l l to a rms . John Witherspoon was a sta l

wart champion of l iberty— a patri ot from the day he set foot

on American soi l . He in spi red his col leagues with the

REV. JOHN WITHE R S POON, Dr D. 37

cou rage to sign the Declaration of Independence.

From the outbreak of the Revo l uti on to its c lose,and

th rough the many perplexiti es of the early l ife of ou r R e

publ ic,Witherspoon w as sacredly devoted to the cause to

which he had pledged l i fe and reputation .

” As the w ar pro

gres sed the col lege ed ifice w as alternately occupied by the

two a rmies . The l ibrary w as purloined— cons umed ; the

woodwork,doors

,fl oors

,roof

,used for fuel . In 1776 on ly

seven students were ready to graduate,and a quorum of

trustees w as rarely attainab le . May 17th , 1776 ,w as ap

poin ted as a day of fasting and prayer. A t that t im e hedelivered a remarkable sermon on the Domin i on of Provi

dence over the Pass ions of Men . This w as publ i shed , anddedicated to John Hancock . I t w as reprinted in Glasgow

,

with a note denouncing the author as a rebel and a tra i tor .

In America i t produced a differen t effect . The ci ti zens of

New Jersey,knowing his abi li ty

,and being proud of h is

reputat ion,elected h im as del egate to the conven tion which

met at Burl ington on June l oth,1776, to frame the state

con stitu tion . On the 2 1 5 t of the same mon th he w as chosendel egate to the Continen ta l Congress . He su rpris ed hi s

fe l low members by his knowledge of the law . S ometime

before th is,John Adams men tions h im as as high a son of

L iberty as any man in Ameri ca .

”

In al l important movements he took a conspi cuous pa rt.It i s not possib l e to parti cu lari ze the services rendered the

country du ring the Revolution . Dr . Witherspoon w as veryactive on comm ittees . He w as upon enough of them to

sati sfy the most zea l ous organ i zer of the present day . He

was a member of secret committee a member of the comm ittee to con fer with Wash ington with re lati on to recru it ing

regiments whose term of servi ce had expi red . He w as uponthe comm i ttee which prepared the appea l to the publicduring the gloom and despondency which preceded the

battle of Trenton ; was a member of the board of w ar ; w as

38 R EV. JOHN w rr neaspoou,D. D.

on the comm i ttee which proposed the man i festo respecting

Ameri can prisoners ; w as on the committee appoin ted to

investigate the difficu lties in New Hampshire grants whichat one time threatened civi l war ; was a leading member of

the committee of finance . He opposed di fferen t i ssues of

paper money,which caused so much distress

,which he

ca l led “a great and del iberate breach of the publ ic fa i th .

”

He w as on the committee to decree means to procure suppl ies for the army . He w as probably on every comm i tteeappoin ted in his v icin i ty during the w ar

,and it i s sa id that

when he differed from his compeers as to the policy to bepurs ued

,or the means most proper to produce any desi red

res u l t,s ubsequent events indicated the accu racy of his j udg

men t and the soundness of his vi ews . After taking part asa member of the Provincia l Congress in the overthrow of

the roya l governor,Wil l iam Frankl in

,he w as elected to the

Continen tal Congress,and took his seat in June

,1776 ,

a few

days before the Declaration of Independence .

S evera l hi storians mention the impati ence of Dr . Wither

spoon at the delay in making that nob le Declarati on,

which,according to Buckle

,

“ought to be hung up in the

n u rsery of every king,and blazoned on the porch of every

roya l pa lace .” The chron iclers speak of a distingu ishedmember

,whose name

,however

,i s never given

,who obj ected

that the people were not “ripe for a Declarati on of Inde

pendence.

” To which Dr. Witherspoon replied : In myj udgment

,si r

,we are not on ly ripe but rotting. He fu r

ther declared,

“he that wi l l not respond to its accen ts , and

s tra in every nerve to carry in to effect its provisions, i s u n

worthy of the name of freeman ,

”and protested “

a l though

these grey ha i rs must soon descend into the sepu lchre, I

wou ld infinite ly rather that they shou ld descend thi ther by

the hand of‘ the publ i c executioner than desert at th i s cris i s

the sacred cause of my coun try .

”

On the 2d of Ju ly,1776 , in the words of j ohn Adams ,

REV. JOHN WITHE R S POON, D . D . 39

the greatest q uestion was decided that ever was debatedin America

,and a greater

,perhaps

,n ever w as

,nor wil l be,

decided among men .

” The 2d of Ju ly, 1776,wil l be the most memorab le epoch in the h istory of Amer

i ca,to be celebrated by succeeding gen eration s as the great

ann i versa ry festiva l,commemorated as the day of del iver

ance by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty,from

one end of the continen t to the other,from this time onward

,

forevermore . I am aware of the toi l,and blood

,

and treasure that it wi l l cost u s to ma inta in thi s declarati on,

and s upport and defend these states,yet through a l l the

gloom I can see the ray of li ght and glory ; that the end i s

worth a l l the mean s ; that posterity wi l l tri umph in that

day ’s transaction , even though we shou ld rue i t, which I

trust in God we sha l l not .

”Oh th is day twelve colon i es

,

with no dissen ting one,reso lved that these un i ted co lon i es

are,and of right o ught to be

,free and independen t states ;

that they are abso lved from a l l a l legiance to the Briti sh

crown,and that al l poli ti ca l connection between them and

the state of Great Bri tain i s,and ought to be

,tota l ly di s

so lved .

” The election of Thomas Jefferson to draft the“confession of fa i th of the ris ing empi re” w as fol l owed bynearly three days of debate

,by the supporters and opposers

of that paper , which w as final ly adopted,with the amend

men ts thereto . On the 4th of Ju ly, 1776 , the Declaration of

Independence was procla imed,and the Un i ted S tates of

America had come in to existence . The Declaration w asnot s igned by the members of Congress on the day on

which i t w as agreed to,but i t w as duly authen ti cated by

the presiden t and sec retary,and pub li shed to the world .

The nation , when i t made the choi ce o f i ts great ann iversary , S elected not the day of the resol uti on of i ts independence when i t c l osed the past

,but that of the declaration of

the principles on which i t Opened i ts new career.”

40 REV. j oHN WITHE R S POON , D . D.

On the 2d day of August Dr. Witherspoon affixed hissignatu re to the Decla ration .

For six years he w as annua l ly reappointed to Congress,

and performed the arduous duti es without interm i s sion durm the whole period . He warm ly maintained the necess ity

of un i on to impart vigor and s uccess to meas u res of government. S trongly he combatted the opin ion that a lasting

confederacy of the states w as impracticabl e . S ha l l weestab l is h nothing good because we know i t cannot be eter

na l S ha l l we live without governmen t because everyconstitution has i ts o ld age and i ts peri od ? Because we

know that we sha l l die,sha l l we take no pains to preserve

or lengthen our l ife Dr. Witherspoon w as a sagacious

politician . He had great infl u ence as a speaker. He had a

happy talen t fo r extemporaneous debate . His powers of

memory were of importance to h im in Congress . He sa i d

that he cou ld precisely repeat a speech o r s ermon,written

by himself,by reading it three times . While serving his

coun try as a civi l ian,he never forgot that he w as preem i

nent ly a“servant of God .

”He never lai d as ide the robe

which distinguished hi s sacred office,but sat for s ix years

in“fu l l c leri ca l dress .D r. Witherspoon w as a profound theologian . He w as a

grave,dign ified , so lemn speaker— perspi cuous

,s imple. He

w as wel l acqua in ted with human natu re ; never read his

sermons or used notes,but wrote and committed them to

memory by read ing\three times . A pecu l iar affection of

the nerves,attended

\

by dizziness , a lways overcame him

when he gave free vent\to hi s feel ings . Dr. Rush thought

this apoplectic. He once fel l from the pulpit in a momen tof rel igious excitemen t

,and w as obliged to impose a guard

upon hi s sensibi l i ty,and ‘substitute grave seriousness of

manner in place of the fire aitd warmth he was so wel l qua l

ified to display . His el oquence w as s impl e and grave and

as an imated as his malady wo u ld permit. Perhaps i t was

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42 R EV. JOHN WITHE R S POON, D. D .

G reat Britain for financial a id for the col lege,as he sa i d in a

letter to John Jay ,

“verymuch con trary to my j u dgment .

”

It s u rely w as an i l l -timed appeal for help to the people fromwhom they had so recen tly cu t asunder the bond of un i on .

The voyage w as a disastrous one . In a severe storm while

on the ocean,D r. Witherspoon recei ved a blow upon one of

h is eyes,which res u lted s ubsequen tly in bl indness

, and he

col lected j ust money enough to pay the expenses of the

voyage.The beatific vis ion of Cicero in his retreat at Tuscu lum

— bea u tz°

f u l Tuscu l um”— w as not given to Mrs . B l imber ,

but the friends of D r . Witherspoon enj oyed the fel ici ty of

seeing him reti re to h is farm of that name,situated one mile

from Princeton . This came to pass in the year 1784 ,when

,

finding nothing to interfere,he resigned his home on the

col lege grounds to his son - in - law, S am uel S tanhope S m ith ,

and withdrew from those publ i c function s not connected

with his duties as presiden t of the coll ege and min i ster of

the gospel .It i s sa i d that in appearan ce Dr. Witherspoon had more

of what i s ca l led presence than any man except Washington .

He w as s ix feet in height,

-with a tendency to be corpulen t .He w as fai r

,and wel l proporti oned . He had inte l l igent

eyes . His eyebrows were large,the ends next the temple

hanging down,occas i oned by the habit of pu l l ing them

when exci ted . His coun tenance w as of a grave,ben i gn

express ion . L ike other clergymen in the co untry at thebeginn ing of nationa l independence

,he la id as ide his wig

and wore hi s natu ra l hai r,which covered hi s head

,and

which w as confined in an art ificial cu rl or buckle . Hisportra it by Charl es Pea l e may be found in the Ha l l of In

dependence,Phi ladelphia .

Patriots , go z to that proud Hal l repa ir.The sacred rel ics wh ich are treasured thereW ith tongueless eloquence shal l tel lOf those who for the ir coun try fel l ,

REV. JOHN WITHER S POON, D. D . 43

and of those who , with equa l heroism and devotion fo r sake

of coun try,res igned every earthly advantage . The elder

Cato cons idered family l ife the cen tra l obj ect of existence.I t w as better to be a good husband than a great senator .

Dr. Witherspoon w as a s incere fri end,an affectionate h us

band,a true and tender father . It w as his c ustom to spend

the last day of every yea r with his fami ly as a day of fast

ing,hum i l iati on and prayer. He ma in ta ined that fam i ly

rel igion and the carefu l d i s charge of relat ive duti es w as an

excel lent incentive to the growth of rel igi on in a man’s ow n

s ou l . “How can any person” he asked ,

“bend the knees

in prayer every day with his fam i ly wi thout i ts being a

powerfu l restra in t upon him from the indulgence of any s in

which i s v isibl e to them ? Wil l s uch a one think you da re

to indu lge himself in anger,or choose to be seen by them

when he comes staggering home with drunkenness,u nfit to

perform any duty or ready to s in s ti l l mo re by the mann er

of perfo rmance ? Let me earnes tly commend the fa ithfu l

d ischarge and carefu l managemen t of fam i ly duties as you

rega rd the glory of God,the in terest of the chu rch

,and the

advantage of you r posteri ty and you r fina l acceptancc in the

day of j u dgment .

”

The reader of John son ’s En cycl opedia may be led to bel i eve that D r . Witherspoon sent h is on ly son to - the war

,

and that he w as ki l led a t the battle of Ge rmantown . That

Maj or James Witherspoon w as ki l l ed at the batt le of G ermantow n i s most grievo us ly true

,but there rema ined j ohn ,

who w as a physician,and David , who w as a lawyer. Presi

den t S amuel S tanhope S m i th , D r . Witherspoon’s s uccesso r

at Prin ceton,w as a l s o h is s on - in - law

,having marri ed the

daughter, A nn Witherspoon . Dr . David Ramsay

,the his

torian,m a rried Fran ces the younger daughter . These five,

James,John

,David

,A nn and Frances

,came with their

pa rents to America in the yea r 1768 . Now,in the yea r

1789, the time drew near when i t was appoin ted unto E l i za

44 R EV. JOHN WITHER S POON, D . D.

beth Mon tgomery Witherspoon to die. This w as truly agrief of m ind to her hu sband . Nevertheless

,a year and a

ha l f later,in 179 1 , he aga in took a wife

,and her name was

Mrs . Di l l,of Phi ladelphia . S he w as twenty- three years old

and he w as s ixty-n ine . Two daughters comprised thei r

fam i ly. One d ied in infancy. The other con tin ued to l ive,

and married the Rev . James S . Woods,and some of thei r

descendants are sti l l existen t . There are a lso descendan ts

of John Witherspoon ,and his former wife

,E l i zabeth Mont

gomery Witherspoon .

When this narrative had progressed thus far informati on

w as received through a d istingu ished living j u r is t of a thi rd

wife and n ine chil dren . Let i t be remembered that thesecond ma rriage took place in the year 179 1 . D r . Wither

spoon died in 1794 . The introducti on,in th ree rema in ing

years of ea rthly career, of two wives and eleven chi ldren,

making a grand tota l of thi rteen,i s attended with palpab le

difficu l ty . A t thi s cris i s appea l w as made to a l iving l ineal,

the R ev. D . W . Woods, Jr.

,of Lewistown

,Pennsylvan ia .

From h im were received certa in facts a l ready incorporated inthis artic le

,but of the third wife he sa id : “Perhaps some of

the theosophists may be able to expla inWitherspoon’s thi rd

marriage after hi s re - inca rnation . But I never heard of hi s

ghostly hymenea l .” From this same source (R ev. D . W .

Woods) came copies of two letters written in the year 1776 byWitherspoon to his son David . They may be obtained by

appl ication to the presen t writer.There is aye so muckle to say about a min i ster

,and

when the min ister has l ikewise been pres ident of a col lege,

and a s igner of the Declarati on of Independence,the theme

becomes endless . The history of D r. Witherspoon abounds

with stories of his wit,and specimens of his pleasan try .

There i s a favori te anecdote relating to the s urrender of theBritish to Genera l Gates at S aratoga , which is con tained inmost American histories . Many minor incidents of simi lar

R EV. JOHN WITHE R S POON, D . 45

natu re may be discovered by those who wi l l take the troubl e

to search for them . During the last two years of h is l ife

he became b l ind ; yet his menta l activity did not abate.His correspondence w as kept up through an aman uens is .Aided by a gu iding hand he continued to ascend the pulpi t

and to preach every thi rd S unday,with a l l the earnestn ess

of hi s ea rly days .

In the autumn of 1793“hav ing won the bounds of man ’s

appointed years,l ife ’s b less ings al l enjoyed , 1ife

’

s labors done,

serenely to his final rest he passed,

”on the fifteenth of No

vember,1794 .

In the cemetery,at Princeton

,he s l eeps by the s ide o f

Edwards,Burr

,Dickinson

,Fin lay

,and other k indred spiri ts .

The fol lowing are the words wh ich were inscribed on the

marble which covers h is grave :“Reliquae Morta les— Joann i s Witherspoon LL .D .,

Col legii Neo -Cmsar iens is , Praes id is , pl u rim um venerandi

S u b hoc marmore inhumantu r . Natus parochio Y estrens i

S cotorum . Non i s Febru ari i MDCCXX I I , V. S . Literis

human ibu s in U n ivers itati Edinbu rgens i imbu tu s ; S acri s

ord inib u s in itiatu s,anno MDCCXLI I I m u nere pastora l i

perviginti qu inque annos fidel iter functus es t primo apu d

Beith,deinde apud Pa i s ley . Praes is des ignatu s Aulae Nas

s ovicae anno MDCCLXVI I I ; Id ibu s S exti l i s maxima ex

pectatione omn i um,mun u s praes idia le s u scepi t . V i r eximia

pietate ac vi rtute ; omn ibus dol ibu s an im i praecel lens doc

trina atque optimaru m arti um studi es , —pen i tu s er u di tu s ,Concionator gravi s

,solemn is

,— Orat iones ej u s saerae—prae

ceptes et ins ti tu tis vitae,—praes tantiss imu s

,- nec non ex

pos ition ibu s sacros S anctae S cr iptu rae— d i l u cidis s unt re

pletae. In sermone fami liari com i s l epidus b land u s rerum

eccl es iae forens i um per itis s imu s ; s umma pruden tia et in

regendaet institu endaj u ventate,— praed itu s . Existimati onem Col legi i apud pregrinos au x it ;— bonasq u e l i teras in eo

mu ltum' provex it

— Inter l umina clar iss ima et doctrinae et

46 R EV. JOHN WITHER S POON, D. D .

ecclesiae di u l u x i t . Tandem veneratu s,d i lectu s

,l u gendu s

omn ibu s an imam effl avit XV Kal . Nov . anno S al u t is mundi

MDCCXCIV A etatis s u ae LXX I I I .”

The honor connected with the erecti on of the colos sa l

statue of John Witherspoon ,which faces one of the most

beautifu l drives at Fai rmoun t Pa rk,belongs to the late

,

much lamen ted,Rev . Dr .Will iam P . Breed

,the funds being

ma in ly ra i sed by his persona l efforts .“To live in hearts we leave behind i s not to die . JohnWitherspoon i s not forgotten in the land of his bi rth . In

his adopted country h is memory m ust l ive whi l e America i s

a nation,and in the heaven ly country he has received the

crown of glory which fadeth not away.

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAW A R E RIVER

IN THE REVOLUTION .

HENR Y HOB ART B ELLA S , LL . B .

CAPTA IN U . S . ARM Y .

READ B EFO R E THE wvomm o 1115 1 011 10 11. A ND 05 01 0010 11. 800 3 1 11 119 1111. 19 , 1897 .

Mr . Pr es iden t, Ladies a nd M eméers of the W y oming H is tor

ica l S ociety

The subj ect of the paper which I propose to read

before you thi s even ing i s one which has been a l ready

treated by those far abler than myself, so that I must ask yourindu lgence in the brief review which , at the risk of repeti

t i on,I now offer of the history of the defences of the De la

ware River both prio r to and during the Revo l ution,as wel l

as of those operati ons which final ly l ed to the evac uation of

the city of Phi ladelphia by the Briti sh in l ess than a yea r

after i ts occupati on .

The defences of the Delaware fo r the protection of Phi la

delphia in the early provincia l period were few and exceed

ingly primitive . Of the rude forts erected on the Delaware

by the early S wedes and Dutch du ring the 17th cen tu ry in

the locali ty of New Castle and Wilm ington,vi z .

,Forts Nas

sau,Christina

, Cas imer and others,with thei r constantly

changing possess ion,we wi l l not now stop to speak . The old

W icaco block-house,which a lso stood near the river

,and

i t i s bel i eved about the site afterwa rds occupied by the

S wedish church , Gloria D ei,on S wan son sou th of Chri stian

street,w as bu i l t in 1669 principa l ly

,however

,for defence

aga inst the Indians . This w as torn down in 1698, and the

church dedicated on Ju ly 2,1700 . Com ing down

,then

,to

a later period,we find that in Apri l

,1748, the firs t bat

tery ,consi sting of th i rteen guns

,w as erected by the As

sociators for the protection of the c i ty aga ins t French and

48 THE DEFENCE S OF THE DELAWARE R IVER .

S pan i s h privateers,at Anthony

.

Atwood ’s wharf,under

“S ociety Hi ll

,

” between Pine and Cedar,and near the pres

ent Lomba rd street . The breastwork was constructed of

timber and planks e ight to ten feet in thickness and fil led inwith earth . Much of the work w as done by the vol unteerlabor of the ci ty carpen ters

,and the enti re fort ification w as

rapidly completed and i ts armamen t of s ix and n ine-pounders moun ted in place .

There w as a great scarci ty of cannon,however

,we are

informed by the authorities of the time . All the old and

hi therto neglected pieces lying about the wharves wereoverhau led and s eventy or more found serviceable for anemergency. Application w as made at the same time toGoverno rs S hi rley of Massachusetts and Cl in ton of New

York for the loan of some addit i ona l pieces . The latter

sen t a n umbe r of eighteen -pounders wi th thei r carriages,

which were brought overland from New York . The man

agers of the l ottery wh ich had been organ ized for the pur

pose of ra i s ing £ 3000 fo r defence ,at the same time sen t

to England for additiona l cannon for another battery, 400

feet in length,s tyled the Grand battery

,which w as located

be l ow the c i ty and beyond old S wede ’s ch urch,on ground

afte rwa rds occupied by the Un i ted S tates Navy Yard . A l

though the Associato r compan i es moun ted gua rd here dur

ing the early s ummer for the protection of the river, i t w as

not unti l Augu s t of th is same year that the pieces appl ied for

to England were received . The propri etaries of the Province

a l so responded to the request of the city corporati on bysending over th i rteen pieces (prophetic n umber) in November

,17 50,

which were al so mounted,making a tota l of u p

wa1ds of fifty pieces of 18 ,24 and 32

-pounders . One of

the larges t, a new 32-pounder,w as presented by the S chu y l

ki ll Fi shing Company,”and m succeeding years w as known

by the name of Old S chuylki l l .” Its trunn i on s were

b roken off when final ly abandon ing the city to the Briti sh

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S O THE DEFENCE S OF THE DELAWARE R IVER .

Montres sor of the British army,who s uperintended during

the next two yea rs the construction,without any an ti cipa

tion of the use to which it wou ld even tua l ly be put in res isting the power of Great Bri ta in . B y a sti l l stronger coincidence

,this same officer w as a lso Howe ’s chief engineer in

the attack on the same fort ificat ion less than ha l f a dozenyears later .The s ite for Fort Mercer opposite w as origina l ly selected

immediately after the commencemen t o f the Revol ution (in

Ju ly, when the Comm ittee of S afety,with Frankl in

as i ts Pres ident,went down to Red Bank with a n u mbenof

engineers to decide upon i ts locati on . In the fol lowing

year (December, Genera l Putnam,who had been ap

poin ted M i l ita rv Governor of Ph i ladelphia by Washington,

began new works (with Kosci usko for his engineer officer)at R ed Bank

,opposite the fort on Mud Is land

,and protect

ing the upper c/zeva u x - a’e-f r z

’

se in the river . * Thi s defence,

known as Fort Mercer,though in the S tate of New Jersey

,

was especia l ly constructed under the authority of the Pennsylvan ia Counci l of S afety on the recommendation of Maj or

Thomas Proctor of the Arti l lery,made to the Counci l on

December 23, 1776 ,though bu i lt under the di rections

,as

stated,of Kosci usko

,and afterwa rds of Col . John Bul l in

the next year .

D u Coudray,a French engineer

,who

,with Genera l M if

fl in,had been del egated by Congress to superintend the

completion of a l l the works a long the Delaware , at the time

of the British advance on the c ity,had reported

,while com

mending,with a few exceptions

,the manner in which the

works had been constructed,that he w as of the decided

E xactly when th is fort i ficat ion w as fi rst called Fort Mercer i s not defin i tely known( i t being named a fter G en . Hugh Mercer, w ho fell at Princeton ) , b u t i t mus t have bornethat name at the t ime of, i f not before , the a ttack thereon by Cou nt Donop ,

s ince thename i s men tioned in a letter of Wash ing ton ’

s to C01. S amuel S mith , dated Octber 28 ,in th is year, and a j o in t commun icat ion to Commodore Haz lewood from G enera ls S t .Cla ir and Knox and the Baron De Kalb , in November of the same year , is dated “fromFort Mercer."

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R . S I

opin i on that these at Fort Mercer,l ike the works at Bi l

l ingS port, farther down ,were too exten sive for proper de

fence and cou ld not be made of much use in obstructing the

ent i re channel of the river . He recommended the remova l

of nea rly al l the guns therefrom to Bi l l ingsport , l eaving

on ly two or th ree at Red Bank as s u ffi cient for the protec

tion of the clzeva u x -de—f r z’

se. This latter, origina l ly devised

by Dr . Frankl in,w as l ikewise defended by the improvised

Delaware fl oti l la of gu n -boats,gal leys

,x ebequ es , fl oat ing

batteri es,fire- sh ips and fire- rafts

,the las t named being in

tended to fi re the enemy ’s shipping . This navy,constructed

wi th great rapidity by the American sh ip bui lders and con

trol led by the Committee of S afety,was

,as stated

,under th e

immediate command of Commodore Hazlewood,who had

s uperseded S eymou r,enfeebled by age , and had the cele

brated Dr . Benjam in Rush for i ts fleet- s u rgeon . Though

its services,both before and during the British occupation

were va l uable,i t s carce ly repa i d the Committee of S afety for

i ts cons tructi on,either in prizes o r in secu ri ty aga inst the

enemy,a lthough it cost over per annum to main

ta in . Much of its effi ciency ,as we wil l see later on

,w as

l ost by j ea lousy and by confl ict of authority between the

commanding officers of the land and river forces . A t Bi ll ingsport,

* Robert S m ith,under orders of the Comm i ttee of

S afety in 1776 , commenced to bu i ld an extens ive series offort ifications which had been al so plann ed by Kosci usko (atthe same time he had la id out those at Fort Mercer), to proteet the lower ckeva u x -de-fi ’ z

'

se in the - river . Colon el Bu l l

and B laithwa ite Jones con tin ued the constructi on,the fo rmer

as commandant and the latter as chief engineer . Thougha cons iderable number of men were employed

,the works

were sti l l u nfin ished in J une,1777 , and were reported as re

qu iring yet severa l mon ths to complete them .

Orig inally B y l l inge's Po int , so called i n honor of Edward B y l l inge, the purchaserof Lord Berkley ’s mo iety o i

'

the Province of N ew Jersey .

5 2 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER .

Cons iderably farther down the r iver,at New Castle

,w as

a l so a battery which had been origina l ly erected here in1748, as we l l as Fort Christiana bu i l t the same year as the“Associati on Battery

,and on the site of the old S wedish

Fort Chri stina at Wilm ington .

Al l these defences,however

,were reported by Genera l

M iffl in in his report to Congress j ust prior to the Bri ti shoccupation

,as in an unsati sfactory conditi on . Those on

Fort Island were badly constructed,one-ha lf the guns being

so placed as to be vi rtua l ly useless . A t Red Bank the riverw as too wide for any seri ous execution by the guns of Fort

Mercer . The works at Bil l ingsport were on too extens ivea scale and sti l l rema ined

,as stated

,unfi n i shed . The Navy

Board a rranged to flood Hog Is land,and the meadows im

mediately below and s u rrounding Fort M iffl in ; to constructa bridge of boats from the latter to Province Is land

,and to

th row a ga rri son into a fortification at Darby Creek . I ta lso sunk vessel s in the main channel of the Delawa re tob lock navigation .

S uch w as the condi ti on of the defences of Phi ladelphia ,

when Howe,with his a rmy

,occupied the ci ty on the 26th

day of S eptember, 1777 , some two weeks after the battl e ofBrandywine .

The Bri tish genera l ’s pos i t i on,however

,as has been wel l

said,w as one to excite the l ivel i est anxi eties of a pruden t

commander of an invading force . To the north of the c ityw as the main a rmy of the Ameri cans under Washington

,

and which had j u st shown i tself bold enough and strongenough al so

,to attack the enemy in his fortified stronghold .

On the south were the forts,sti l l hel d by the Con tinenta l

t roops,the ga l leys and g u n -boats

,the clzeva u x—de-fi '

z'

se and

other obstructions in the river,shutting him out from the

navigation of the Delaware and the provi sion ing of his a rmy ;the militia of New Jersey batro l led a l l the east s ide of theriver

,whi le 0 11 the west

'

s ide of the S chuy lki l l the country

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R . 53

w as held and guarded by the Pennsylvan ia S tate troops

under Genera l Potter . Genera l Howe saw at a glance that

the river must be Opened at once for commun icati on between

hi s a rmy and the B ri ti sh fleet lying in the river oppos ite

Chester,o r he wou ld be forced to abandon the c i ty he had

but j ust ga ined ; s ince, hemmed in as he w as on al l s ides,

i t wou ld be impossib le to s upply his a rmy . It has been

admitted that had Gates not withheld,apparent ly from

envious motives,the rein fo rcements ca l led for immediate ly

after Burgoyne ’s s u rrender,two b rigades of fresh troops

would have a i ded materia l ly,and in a l l probabi l i ty have

prevented these river defences from being overcome and

fo rced the resu l t indicated,vi z .

,the immediate evacua

tion of Phi ladelphia by the enemy . The colon ia l defences,al

l u ded to as having been abandoned by the Americans , were

a l ready occupied and strengthened by the Briti sh . A t e

doubt w as constructed at the intersecti on of Reed and

S wanson s treets,the o ld “Association Battery” was manned

with three or fo ur guns,another was bu i lt at S wanson and

Christian streets,and sti l l another in the upper part of the

city on a wharf above Cohocks ink Creek ; a l l manned with

twelve-pounders and howitzers .The A merican gu n

—boat fl oti l la which,wi th the sh ips of

w ar“Montgomery” and

“Aetna,

” under command of Com

modore Andrew Ca ldwel l and Capta in Thomas Reed,had

on May 8th , 1776 , attacked the Bri tish fr igates“Roebuck

,

“L iverpool ,

”and the i r tenders off the mouth of Christina

Creek,runn ing the former ashore

,capturing a brig be l ong

ing to the squadron ,mainta in ing the figh t with spi ri t un ti l

dark,and purs u ing the enemy ’s vessels as far as New Castle ,

gave promise in th i s activity of accompli sh ing good resu l ts

in the futu re.

On the day after the occupation of the ci ty,acco rdingly

( S eptember 27th), and before the enemy had an Opportun i tyto ful ly complete thei r coun ter river defences

,Hazlewood

54 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R .

s ent up the fri gates “Montgomery and“Delaware

,with

many ga l l eys from the fl oti l la,to engage them . The “Dela

ware” anchored opposite the lower battery and opened fire,

whi le the remain ing vesse ls engaged the other batteri es .Not much execution was however done on either side . The“Delaware” w as badly manoeuvered

,got aground

,was

forced to strike her fl ag and w as taken possess ion of by the

enemy. Another of the vess els,a schooner

,was a lso ru n

ashore and lost,whi le the remainder of the fl eet

,badly crip

pled,attempted to r u n past ‘ the batteries and up the river

between Windm i l l I s land and the Jersey shore. They wered riven back in confu s i on by the Cohocks ink battery

,and

the“Montgomery” had her mast shot away by the lower

battery,whil e the rest sought shelter under the guns of Fort

M iffl in . The resu l t of the whole ventu re w as a disma l fai l

u re . I t was necessa ry,how ever

,for the Briti sh to reduce

the defences at Bi l l ingsport and Red Bank before thei r

fleet cou ld get up the river to either attack Fort Is land,or

to pass,without interruption

,through the ckevau x -a

’e-f r zke

and re l ieve the force shut up in the ci ty.

A combined nava l and m i l i tary attack w as therefore

planned to take effect at once . On S eptember 29th tworegimen ts under L i eut . Colonel S ti rl ing were detached in

order to make a movemen t aga in st the fort at Bi ll ingsport,which sti l l protected the l ower l ine of obstructions in the

river . The Bri tish force marched to Chester and prepared

to cross the Delaware . The officers and crews of many of

the American ga l l eys destruction imm i

n ent , commenced to en masse. Colonel s Bradford

and Wi ll of the City Mi litia had en trenched themselves in

the Bil l ingsport lines when Phi ladelph ia w as occupied s uc

ceeding Col . Jehu Eyre ,who had been o rdered there in

S eptembe1 with two compan i es of mi l i tia arti l lery . ColonelBradford ’s garrison w as unequa l

,

“however,fo r s uch an ex

tens ive work,con s isting

,as his force did

,of on ly one hu n

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R . 5 5

dred mil itia,a company of arti l lery

,and about one h und red

and fifty addi tiona l Jersey mil itia . The enemy landed nearly

one thousand men at Raccoon Creek,opposite Chester and

some four mi les below Bi l l ingsport,on October I st . G en

era l Newcomb (eviden tly as great a fa i l u re,j udging from

contemporaneous histori ca l accounts,as s ome of hi s nava l

breth ren of the time), w as sent wi th a pa rty of New Jersey

troops to meet the Bri ti sh,but fa i led to prevent thei r ad

vance and retreated . Thereupon Colone l Bradford sen t hi s

garri son to Fort Is land and Fort Mercer,took off al l the

ammun ition,removed some of the cannon

,sp iked the rest

,

set fire to the barracks and o the r bu i ldings,and abandoned

the post . The Highlanders and marines of the enemy took

possession of the works and effectua l ly destroyed them,as

wel l as bu rnt the rema in ing houses and abandoned l ikewise

the place on Octobe r 7th . The Bri tish fleet w as thu s ena

b l ed to remove and pass the lower l in e of obstruction s andapproach the fortifications immediately below Phi ladelphia

,

while Adm i ra l Howe now sen t up a squadron of gunboats

under Capta in Clayton,which pas sed undiscovered the

Ameri can forts and fl ot il la and reached the ci ty in safety .

In these boats Genera l Howe,on October 2 15 t

,sen t Co lonel

Co unt Donop across the Delawa re to Cooper ’s Poin t with

a regimen t of My rbach in fantry , chasseu rs and three bat

ta l i ons of Hessian grenadiers,two thousand five hundred

men in a l l,to attack Fort Mercer ; the reduction of both

thi s post and Fort Mifil in being now a matter of vital impor

tance to the Bri tish .

Washington,anxious for the defence of both these forts

,

had a l ready sent forward reinfo rcements under L ieut . Col

onel S imms of the S ixth Vi rgin ia Regimen t . He crossed the

De laware below B ris tol,and reaching Moorestown at eight

o ’c lock in the even ing of the same day ,heard that a body

of the enemy w as crossing at Cooper ’s Ferry. Warn ing

the detachments of the Ameri can mil i tia he found on guard

56 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R .

on h is route,he marched on to -Red Bank and offered his

services to L i eut . Colonel Chri stopher Greene,in command

at Fort Mercer,but the latter decl ined them and sen t S imms

across the river at daybreak to aid in the impending defenceof Fort M iffl in on Mud Is land .

The advance of the Hess ians in the meantime w as slowand cautious . Proceeding by the w ay of Haddonfield

,they

found the bridge taken away at Timber C reek , a few m i l esfrom the post

,and at fou r o ’clock in the afternoon of the

22d , the fron t of the enemy’s col umn w as seen emerging

from the woods on the s ides of the fort oppos i te from the

river .You are al l doubtless fa i r ly fami liar with the story of that

heroi c defence by the gallan t Green e and his brave garrisonof fou r hundred from Varn um

’

s Rhode Is land brigade.Although with but a sma l l proport ion of his guns moun ted

and unabl e to properly man the en ti re work,Greene scorn ed

the s ummons to s u rrender . “W e ask no quarter

,nor shal l

w e expect any ,

”w as his reply . Whi le determined to resi st

at the outworks,he reserved h is ma in stand for the in terior

fo rt in the southern angle of the works . Finding the ad

vance posts and the outworks vi rtua l ly abandoned but notdestroyed

,the enemy imagined for the time the garri son

had fled . S houting “victory” and with the drums beatinga lively ma rch

,they rushed toward the redoubt under L i eu

tenant-Colonel M innegerode, on ly to be met with a wither

ing shower of grape- shot and musket bal ls pou red uponthem from both fron t and flank with terrib l e effect

,in which

thei r l eader fe l l,and

‘

dr iving them back to the remote in

trenchments . A porti on rushing around to the river fron t

endeavored to scal e the works on that side,but the Ameri

can ga l l eys in the river quick ly drove them thence , and the

enti re assaulting col umn ‘

ou the northern s ide of the fort

fled in disorder to the woods pu rsued by the cannonade

from both fort and ga ll eys . The storming col umn on the

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58 THE DEFENCES or THE DELAWARE R IVE R .

the Ameri can forces in the neighborhood and whi ch shej ea l ou s ly guarded .

L i eu t . Colonel Lin s ing, who commanded the retreat, as

wel l as Coun t Donop and Li eut. Colonel M innegerode ,both of whom fel l in the attack on Fort Mercer

,were al l

wel l remembered— parti cu larly Donop,whose fine appear

ance and ta l l,elegan t figu re attracted m uch attenti on . S ev

era l persons,whom they found a l ong the roads in the vicin

i ty of Haddonfield,were pressed in to service by the Hes

s ians . Two , a white man and a negro,belonging to the

na rrator ’s father (Colonel E l lis ), who commanded the NewJersey Mi litia i n the neighborhood

,vol unteered thei r ass ist

ance as guides and were loud in thei r abuse of the Ameri cans

whose destructi on they now cons idered certa in . That they

made a fata l error, however, was eviden t from the fact , she

stated,that immediately after the repu lse of the enemy at

Fort Mercer these two m i s creants were ident ified,seized and

hung in the fort .The account of the s laughter of the Hessians and the hnd

ing of Count Donop sti l l l iving among the s lain by De

Maudit,Greene ’s engineer offi cer

,tal l i es wi th the u sua l pub

l ished histori ca l vers ion . S ome of the Americans wi shed

to give Don_

op no quarter,but were prevai l ed on by De

Maudi t to leave h im in his hands . He w as taken first to

the old W hita l l House,near where he fel l

,but w as

,s tates

the na rrator,afterwards removed to the house of the Lowe

fam i ly south of Woodbu ry Creek . Here (and not in the

W hital l House as genera l ly stated) he d i ed three days after,though his wounds had not at first been considered morta l .Hew as bu ried between the fort and the W h ital l House andhis \g rave marked by a boulder and inscription . Our in

forma‘nt remembered that both these houses were used as

hospital s,and parti cu larly that the fl oors of the W hital l

House (sti l l standing), showed traces , fo r a l ong time after,of the b l ood of the wounded Hessians , who pressed so close

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER . 59

to the Ameri cans in the fight that the wads from the guns

of the latter,i t i s said

,were b l own through thei r bodies .

Colonel Greene ’s conduct in the defence of Fort Mercer

w as highly applauded,and the Board of W ar w as d i rected

by Congress to prepare and presen t h im with a sword as an

appreciation of his servi ces . This tribute, l ike s o many

other s imi lar cases,was fi nal ly presented to his family

,sev

eral years afterward,when Greene h imself was no l onger

l iving to receive i t .The firing of the firs t gu n from the Hessian battery upon

Fort Mercer w as fol lowed by a combined attack on both

this fo rt and Fort M iffi in Oppos i te , by the Briti sh vessels in

the Delaware . The “Augusta,

” “Roebuck,

” “Liverpool

,

”

and s evera l smal ler vessel s passed th rough the c/zeva u x - d’e

f r z'

se at Bi l lingsport and came up the river to j oin in the assau lt . The channel , however , having been changed by the

obstructions in the river , the“Augusta” grounded nea r the

mouth of Man to Creek,the Merlin” fol l owed suit j ust

beyond,and befo re the next morn ing the Roebuck” was

l ikewise aground . The cannonade aga inst the fort by the

vessel s resu lted in li ttl e o r no inj u ry. When morn ing came

the exceedingly peri lous si tuation of the Briti sh vessels w as

apparen t to the American fleet,and Hazlewood immediately

advanced to the attack with h is ga l leys and fl oating bat

teries . Four fire- ships were a lso sent aga inst the “Augusta,

and a l tho ugh she made a fierce defence she took fire either

from the hot shot of the enemy,o r from her own guns

,and

soon after her magazine exploded,caus ing the loss of many

of her crew . The“Roeb uck” had gotten afl oat and with

the remainder of theB ri tish fl eet, with the exception of the“Merl in” (which was abandoned and burn t by her ow n crew),was driven back by the fire of the ga l leys and forts and fel l

down the r iver aga in below Bi ll ingsport,leaving the Ameri

cans masters of the fortifications sti ll for a brief period .

Both land and naval attacks by the enemy had res u lted in

60 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R .

complete fa i l u re. It w as none the less imperative,however

,

for Genera l Howe and his army in Phi ladelphia to establishcommun i cation

,and quick ly too

,with Adm i ra l Howe and his

fl eet in the river below . Preparations were pushed withvigor for an immediate attack on Fort M itfl in on Mud Is

land,and when the fi rst week in November arrived the Brit

i sh were ready for the combined assau lt from al l s i des on

the little devoted garrison . This fo rt ificat ion had been origi

na l ly des igned by Montressor to command and sweep the

ma in channel in the river, and the defences on the north

and west s ides were indi fferen t . Batteri es were thereforeerected by the British aga inst them on the Opposite shores

from every ava i labl e poin t,and partic u larly on Province and

Carpenter ’s Is lands ; the guns , twenty- fou r and thirty—two

pounders being taken from the frigates and ships -of- the- l ine

in the Delaware . The fl eet l ikewise,a rrayed against the

fort,comprised nearly a dozen vessel s of al l sizes

,from the

“S omerset” of seventy guns down ,

and making over 300cannon on land and river

,besi des mortars

,tra ined aga inst

the doomed fortification .

The brave L i eut . Colonel S amuel S mith,in command

s ince S eptember 27th, w as not unmindful of the preparation s

aga inst h im . He had strengthened the p lace in every pos

sibl e w ay and in conj unction with the ga l leys and gu n-boats

had a l ready assau lted and captured one of the enemy ’s batterles oppos ite, on Province Island . But the fort had neither

defences nor gun s to p roperly withstand a powerfu l attack .

As stated,whi le a strong battery commanded the approaches

from the river,the remain ing sides were defended a lon e by

wooden block -houses,embankments and s tockades

,faced

with ditches but not defended by arti l lery. The fort wasa lso s upported by a sma l l battery opposite on Brush Is land

,

by the s loops and brigs,the ga ll eys and fl oating batteri es,

and other craft under Red Bank on the Jersey side,where

Greene sti l l held Fort Mercer ; whi le a three g u n battery

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER . 6 !

w as a lso erected a li ttl e below at the mouth of Manto Creek .

Varnum’

s Rhode Island b rigade had l ikewise been sent

down by Washington to support the fort in case of an as

sau lt by land .

It i s hardly my purpose here to en ter in to a deta i led o r a

techn i ca l account of this memorab l e attack of s ix days and

n ights,and the equal ly celebrated hero i c defence by the

handful of brave men constituting the garrison . It has been

a l ready written and described by both historians and mi l i

tary writers , and has furn i shed the theme for many an elo

quent di sco u rse on both Ameri can bravery and American

patri otism . From the recently publ ished exhaustive and

va l uab le correspondence of the time between Genera l Wash

ington and the other ofli cers of the American forces,we ob

tain a clearer and more intel l igen t vi ew than possessed pre

viou s ly of the operations by both sides du ring , not on ly th i s

b rief time but for the enti re period covered by the years

1777 and 78 . Wash ington,with the ma in army at White

Marsh,north of the city

,w as extremely anxiou s

,by his ow n

letters,that both Forts M iffl in and Mercer shou ld be de

fended to the last extremity,and w as in constant commun i

cati on with Va rnum and others as to thei r condition and

n ecess i ties . Altho ugh weak in n umbers and deficien t in al l

that w as necessary for an army ’s maintenance, yet reinfo rce

ments of men,ammun i ti on and s uppl i es were forwarded by

Washington as speedi ly as obtainable, and every precaution

taken that cou ld be devised for thei r s upport. L i ttl e,how

ever,cou ld be done to counteract the enemy ’s Operations .

Genera l s Greene,Potter and Reed a ls o proposed to rel i eve

the fo rt by an attack on the British batteries in the rear,pa rti c u larly on Province Is land

,which threatened the im

mediate safety of the en ti re garri son,but here the swampy

nature of the ground and lack of proper energy in ca rrying

out the plans of the commander- in - chief preven ted the

demon strati on that wou ld al one have saved the post,unti l the

62 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER .

favorable opportun ity w as gone forever. It has been hithertosupposed that Wash ington w as indifferent to the defence of

these posts in the Delaware, or rather that he con tentedhimself with s ugg estions for thei r continuance , to the officersimmediate ly concerned . But the correspondence recen tly

publ ished from the origina l l etters,confutes this concl us ion

absol utely.

“Noth ing ,

” he himself says,

“had taken up so

much of his considerati on and atten tion in thi s campa i gn asthe rel ief of Fort M iffl in .

” As early as the beginn ing of the

month in which the s i ege commenced,we find he wri tes to

Genera l Va rn um,in command at Red Bank

,u rging him to

use a l l the mean s in h is power,and with the ai d of al l the

men at hi s command,to continue the defence of the fort on

Mud Is land to the last extremity,and with thi s end in view to

u se a l l his efforts to preserve the necessary confidence and cooperati on between Colonel S mith and Commodore Hazle

wood,the commanders respectively of the land and nava l

forces at Fort M iffl in . To these latter named officers he a lsoiss ued s im i la r orders for the discha rge of thei r duties and inthe same urgen t terms he di rects Colonel Greene and Genera l

Potter,in command on the Jersey and Penn sylvan ia shores

respective ly,to use al l thei r efforts to prevent the enemy

from breaking the blockade establ ished in the river aga inst

the passage of thei r vessels thro ugh the di fferen t channels

towa rds the c i ty . On the sixth he again wri tes Varn um,

that he is convinced that the enemy are upon the poin t of

making a grand effort upon Fort M iffl in . A person in the

confidence of one of thei r principa l artificers thinks i t wi l l

be to-day or to -morrow ; a l l uding,no doubt

,to the informa

tion he had received of the j oint attack proposed on tha t

date , by Capta in Montres sor,Howe ’s chief engineer, and

verified in thi s officer ’s excellen t j o urnal , publ i shed

vera l years ago by the Historica l S ociety of Penn

Washington then recommends that al l the Con ti

nental tr00ps be placed in or near Forts Mercer and Mi ff

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER . 63

l in,whi l e them i l itia be left to garrison the outstanding posts ,

and that the fleet be prepared to meet the fl oat ing batteries

and fire- rafts of the enemy . Ou the eighth , two days later,he aga in repeats hi s warn ing and instru ctions to Varnum

to immediately reinforce Fort Miffl in as strongly as pos

sib l e,and to give Commodore Hazlewood notice of the in

tended attack .

On the mornmg of the tenth the guns of the enemy were al l

in pos ition,al l his preparations were completed and the bom

bardment opened . From every vesse l of the foe in the river,some ca rrying seventy guns

,from every battery located on

land and water su rrounding the works on every s ide,w as

poured in for s ix days and n i ghts on the sma l l but devoted

garri son,a storm of shot and s hel l from cannon ,

mortar andhowitzer (over three hundred in al l). A t the end of th e

first day i ts b rave commander, Colon el S amuel S m i th , of

the Maryland L ine,but a native of the s tate of Pennsylvan ia

,

with hi s engineer officer Maj o r Fleu ry,fel l d isabled . L i eu

tenant Treat,in cha rge of the art i l lery

,w as ki l led

,with

many others a l so wounded,and the defences and ba rracks

were greatly damaged . The command then devolved on

L i eutenan t-Colonel Russel l of the Connect i cu t troops,who

w as s ucceeded the foll owing day by the heroi c Maj o r S imeonThayer of the Rhode Is land L ine

,and who conducted the

defence du ring the rema inder of the siege . The best ideaof the conditi on of affai rs at the end of the firs t day ’s attack

can probab ly be given from Varn um’

s brief di spatch to

Washington,dated the 1 1th of November. He writes

“Capt . S amuel Treat w as ki l l ed thi s mo rn ing ; the enemyhave battered down a great part of the stone wa l l .” (Thiswas the wa l l o ri ginal ly erected by Capta in Montressor

,who

now superintended its destruction . )“The pa li sades and

barracks are shattered . The enemy fire with twenty-fou r

and thirty- two pounders . Colonel S m ith i s,

of opin i on that

the fort must be evacuated . A storm wou ld not be dreaded,

64 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAW ARE R IVE R .

but i t appears impossib l e for the garrison to withstand poin t

b lank shot.” A nd in a second dispatch at midn ight,he

says : “I am,th is moment

,retu rned from Fort M iffl in.

Every defence i s a lmost destroyed . Poor Co lonel S m ith is

on thi s shore (New Jersey) wounded . I have ordered thecannon least in use to be brought off

,but have ordered the

garrison to defend the fort,at a l l events

,

’ti l l you r pleas u re

can be known,though they cannot hold out more than two

days .” Colonel S m i th had reported to Va rnum :“B y to

morrow n ight everything wi l l be l evel led . Our block

houses next to the enemy are a lmost destroyed— the N . W .

block has but one piece of cannot fit for service,one s ide o f

i t i s enti rely fa l len down . They have begun on that next

Read ’s House,and dismounted two pieces ; the pal i sades

next the meadows are l evel led the smal l battery n ext

the gate torn u p ,and another battery a lso . The wa l l i s

broke through in di fferen t places . In fine,shou l d they

storm,as I think

,we must fa l l . However

,as i t i s you r

opin ion,I w i l l keep the g a r r i son ,

though I love m ine and

my soldiers ’ l ives .” A nd Maj or Fleu ry adds : “The cannon

of al l ou r block-houses are dismoun ted except two . S ome

of ou r pa lisades are broken,but we can m end them every

n ight,

”as w as done . He al so reports : “The garri son i s so

exhausted by watch,cold

,ra in and fatigue that thei r cour

age i s very low,and in the last a larm one-hal f w as u nfit fo r

duty. The garrison i s a heap of ruins .”

Washington advised of the desperate state of affai rs , now

recommended to Va rn um a divers ion to relieve the garri son

by a descen t on thi: enemy’s fortifications on Province Is

land,fo r the pu rposh‘

of spiking thei r cannon and l evel ing

the i r works there,whi ch were the most destructive to Fort

M iffl in,and that wou ld as he says

,

“cons iderably embarrass

the enemy and gain u s a great dea l of time he sti l l looking anxious ly for the repeatedly u rged- fo r t e—inforcements

from the Northern Army (fo r which he had sen t Hami lton

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66 THE DEFENCES on THE DELAWARE R IVE R .

the Commander- in- chief of the American Army) ; but Ithink it is perfectly clear

,from both Washington ’s orders

and Genera l Wayne’s posi tive statemen t in his letter toRichard Peters

,the S ecretary ofW ar (dated November 18th),

that s uch orders were actual ly issued,and preparati ons made

for the expedition .

“1 bad g iven orders

,states Wash ing

ton,in his report to Congress on the 17th ,

“for the removalof the stores of the Army from the places before mentioned

,

vi z : Easton,Bethlehem and Allen town

,to Lebanon and

other places in Lancaster county,which is

,at any rate,

more safe and conven i en t than where they Had this

proposed expedi tion been ca rri ed out,there i s every reason

to bel ieve,from our knowledge of the leader and the plan

proposed,i t wou ld have been s uccessfu l and the fort would

have been saved . Without apparently wa iting for the long

expected reinforcements from the north,Wayne proposed

,

he states,to make the attack on the enemy on the 16th

,

the very day fo l lowing the even ing on which the evacuation

of Fort M iffl in took place . On s uch s lender chances do theresu lts of w ar often depend ! Genera l Nathan i e l Greene re

ported on ly the day before the evacuati on of the works ,“the enemy are greatly discouraged by the fort ’s ho lding

out so long,and i t i s the genera l Opin i on of the best of the

ci ti zen s that the enemy wi l l evacuate the ci ty i f the fort

holds out ti l l the m i ddle of next week .

We a l so have excel len t authority for stating that the Brit

i sh,notwithstanding thei r apparen t s uccess

,had determined

to abandon the attempt at reduction had the resistance ofthe Americans but con tin ued a couple of days longer thani t d id

,unti l they were advised of the condition of the fort by

a deserter . But the ga rri son w as exhausted . During the

last one of thehs ix days and n ights of thi s memorable si ege,

over one thousand cannon shot were fired by the enemy,

S ee report of Commahder-in-ch ief to Cong res s . of November 17 , 1778 ; also G eneralWayne ’s letter above cit‘ed.

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER . 67

unti l,as we have seen

,not a palisade w as l eft

,the parapets

were destroyed,the embras u res were ruined

,the gun s d is

moun ted,and the barracks and block-houses bu rnt and

leveled . Yet the gal lan t Thayer sti l l rema ined fa i thfu lly at

hi s post,though Colonel S mith cross ing from Woodbu ry

to the fort the n ight of the evac uation,reported it a heap of

ru ins to be defended on ly now with musketry in case of

being stormed by the enemy.

“When they do,

” he calmlyadds ,

“I presume t/zey w i l l s u cceed ; ou r great dependence

must be thei r being too much af r a id to sto rm . But the

fl oat ing battery of the enemy , formerly the“Empress of

Russia,

”now styled the “Vi gi lant ,

”armed with eighteen

twen ty- fou r pounders,and which had been s i l enced by the

garri son,had

, on the 14th , once more gotten in to a new and

more favorable pos iti on in the rear of the fort and on the

side where the defences were weakest,and with her a l ly

(the“F completely commanded the fort and i ts occu

pan ts at thei r gun s . Lying with in one hundred yards of

the works,with an incessan t fire from her cannnon

,as wel l

as with hand grenades and musketry from the round- top,

every man was ki l led who appeared upon the platforms in

the fort,and in twenty- fo u r hours thereafter Fort M i tfl in

,as

a defens ive work,vi rtua l ly existed no l onger . O i the garri

son of 300 or more defenders,2 50 were either k i l led or

wounded . A t midn i ght,on the 15 th , every defence and

shelter. being swept away,the indomitable Thayer and the

rema inder of his ga l lant band,having sen t ea rly in the same

even in‘g al l thei r wounded comrades in advance to Fort

Mercer,abandoned the ru ins

,bu t with the Ameri can fl ag

s ti l l flying over al l,and l eaving the fort in flames

,by thei r

l ight c rossed the Delaware to the friendly shelte r of RedBank .

It was the most ga l lant defence yet seen during the Revo

l u tion, but Congress , by a strange , though not unusua l over

s ight, whi le honoring S mith , Fleu ry and Hazl ewood also ,

68 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R .

gave no recogn i ti on whatever,for his heroism

,to Thayer

,

of whom Colone l S mith wrote immediately after,in an

nou ncing the fa l l of the fo rt :“Maj o r Thayer defended i t

too bravely ;”and Genera l Varnum sa id : “

It was impos

s ib le for an officer to possess more meri t than Maj or Thayer .”

Genera l Knox sa id,in writing to Colonel Lamb

,that “the

fire,the last day of the attack , exceeded , by far , anything

ever seen in America,

”and

“that the defence was as ga l lan tas i s to be found in history . Washington

,himself

,in h is

commun i cation to Congress on the 17th inst ,reporting the

loss of the fort,speaks in the same terms of deserved pra i se

of the conduct,which

,to use his own words

,

“does c redit

to the Ameri can army and wil l ever refl ect the highest honor

upon the officers and men of the ga rri son .

Commun i cati on w as now opened between the Briti sh

army and fleet and thei r investi ture of s ix weeks was ended .

If I have devoted more atten tion to thi s parti cu lar porti on

of the defence of the Delaware,I certa in ly think you wi ll

agree with me that from al l s ides of the question i t is j ustifiab le

,both by reason

,in '

a m i l i tary sense,of its importance

and in its effect upon the occupation of Phi ladelph ia, as wel l

as in the c learing u p ,as I have endeavored to do

,though

in an imperfect way I fea r , the apparen t contradiction in thestatements made hitherto regarding the reasons for the final

abandonmen t of the movement ordered by Washington for

the re lief of the ever hereafter h istori c Fort M iffl in .

Even ts now rapidly s ucceeded each other. Five thousand

British under Cornwa l l i s were sen t against Fort Mercer for

a second attack . Leaving Phi ladelphia on the n ight of the

18th of November he crossed the S chuylki l l at the MiddleFerry (which was , by the w ay ,

the on ly one avai lable), and

took the road to Chester,s urpris ing an American picket at

the Blue Bel l tavern n ear Darby . Marching al l n ight he

reached Ches ter on the morn ing of the 19 th , crossed the

Delaware to Bi l l ingsport,

“the enemy making no secret of

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVE R . 69

thei r intentions (sa id Joseph Reed in a l etter to Washing

ton)“to attack Red Bank

,and saying they wou ld storm i t

that n ight i fpracticable .

”A t Bil l ingsport

,Cornwa l l i s un i ted

with another d i vis i on of three thousand men under S i r

Thomas Wi lson,sent by C lin ton from New Yo rk

,and from

thi s poin t,the fortifications of which had been effectual ly

destroyed in the preceding month as related,after its evacua

ti on by Colonel Bradford and his force of Phi ladelphia and

New Jersey mil itia,the enemy ’s column took up its march

for Fort Mercer,th ree mi les above. Although Wash ington

had sen t Genera l Greene down to Varn um ’

s rel i ef at Red

Bank,as soon as he received n ews of this proposed attack

,

the latter did not deem i t pruden t to wa i t for the support

hu rrying toward him under Greene,Lafayette and Hun t

ington ,but abandoned his post and retreated in the d irec

t ion of Haddonfield . Cornwa l l i s marched up the river bank

to Fort Mercer,d i sman tled the fort and destroyed the works

on the z l st (one mon th after i ts gal lant defen ce), and thenproceeded to Glo ucester where he encamped and fo rt ified

himself. When Greene and Huntington came up with Var

n um,the advisab i l ity of attacking the British w as considered

,

bu t abandon ed,and after some s l ight ski rm i shes between

the opposing forces Cornwa l l is retu rned to Ph iladelph ia and

the Ameri can troops rej oined the main army under Washington north of Phi ladelphia .

My informant o f the Howel l fam i ly from whom I havea l ready quoted

,gives her clear recol lecti on s of Lafayette

,

Coun t Pu laski and others,whose troops were quartered in

the neighborhood of Haddonfiel d at th is time . The former ,Lafayette

,she remembers as wea ring qui te an amoun t of

j ewelry,being very pol ite and affabl e

,and appeared to be

held in high esteem by both h is officers and men . Though

but a child she recol lects h is express ing himself as del ighted

with the gal lan try displayed by the Americans in attack ingand driving back a picket of th ree h undred B r itish

'

troops

70 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER .

near Haddonfiel d . Pu laski wore a green un i form and tightfitting buckskin b reeches . He w as a very fine horsemanand frequen tly d i splayed his horsemanship by l eaping hishorse over a fence in fron t of her mother’s house

,and giv

ing other exhibiti ons of his ski l l as a rider. But one more

scene rema ined to be enacted in the local drama,and by

a strange coinci dence,in the sam e loca l ity in which had

occu rred the first . The Delawa re River w as now fu l ly

open,and the American fl eet which had ass isted in th e

defence of both Forts Mi ffl in and Mercer,found itsel f

in a cu l -de- sac. Unable to mainta in i tsel f in i ts presen t

pos i ti on,in that both the forts named had been destroyed

,

equa l ly unable to pass ei ther up or down the river except

under the guns of the British batteri es ; meas u res were

taken for i ts re l i ef in accordance with a counc i l of w ar held

at Fort Mercer pri or to its evacuation by Genera l s S t . Clai r ,Knox and De Ka lb . Orders were given by Commodore

Hazl ewood to the d ifferent vessels to endeavor to escape

up the De lawa re by the firs t favorable wind,pass ing beyond

the city and its batteries on the eastern or Jersey side. The

attempt w as made accordingly on the n ights of the 19 th and

20th of November. A portion of the fl eet succeeded in es

caping,but some of the vessels were grounded and driven

ashore,wh ile sti l l others

,inc l uding the greater portion of

the Con tinen ta l fl eet,and the fl oating batteries , were unable

to fol low . The wind batfl ed them,they were exposed to a

raking fire from the enemy, and Oppos i te Gloucester Poin t

they were final ly set on fire and abandoned ; seven teen ves

sels in al l .“I wa lked down to the wharf at four o ’c lock thi s morn

ing ( i s Robert Morton’s entry in his diary for November

2 15 t),“and seen al l the Ameri can navy on fire

, coming up

with the flood tide and bu rn ing with the greatest fury . S ome

of them drifted within two mi les of the town and were then

THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R I Y E R . 7 1

carri ed back by the ebb t ide They bu rned nearly five

hou rs . Four of them blew u p .

The defences of the Delawa re were thu s final ly scattered

to the winds . After a long and stubborn res istance the

enemy had,for the time

,fu l l and undisputed possess ion of

Phi ladelphia congress had fled to the interi or of the S tate

and the broken batta l i on s of the American a rmy took up

their march from thei r camps at White Ma rsh and in New

Jersey,towa rd thei r even tua l win ter quarters at Val ley

Forge. Ea rly in the fo l l owing spring (May 8th) the remnant of the American navy lying anchored in the Delaware

o ff Bri sto l and Borden town,together wi th m uch private

property located at these points,w as burnt by a marauding

col umn of the enemy under Colonel Maitland . B y thi s

disaster over forty vessels in a l l were destroyed,inc luding

the Con tinen ta l frigates “Wash ington” and“Effingham

,

the “Montgomery” and a number of others,which

,with

care and watchfulness,might poss ibly have been saved from

loss . Early in the beginn ing of the fol lowing mon th (June),and even before the arriva l of the peace commissioners from

England, S i r Hen ry Cl in ton ,

the successor to Howe in com

mand (the latter having sai led for England on the 26th ofMay), had decided to evacuate the c i ty, the occupati on of

which had been found both profitl es s and dangerous . Noti

fication w as given to the principa l c iti zens to the l ike effect,

so that “a l l those who cou ld not safely rema in might pre

pare for fl ight .” Notice w as al so given “that al l deserters

from the American a rmy who desi red to be sent to England , would receive passage,

”and many ava i l ed themselves

,

i t w as sai d,of the opportun i ty . Three regiments of Bri tish

troops were sent across the De laware at Cooper ’s Ferry as

an advance guard and encamped in the nei ghborhood of

Gloucester. From that time unti l the 18th,the upper re

doubts a long the northern l ine of defence of the ci ty were

gradual ly evacuated and the forces withdrawn,a manoeuvre

72 THE DEFENCES OF THE DELAWARE R IVER .

which was strongly condemned at the time by Montressor as

hazardou s to the rest of the army . On the day immediately preceding the evacuation the British fl eet dropped downthe ri ver with some three thousand refugees on board

,car

ry ing with them al l thei r possessions they cou ld transportfrom the home of thei r l ives

,exi les forever

,broken in for

tune and most of them with no defin ite career for the future .

Early on the morn ing of the 18th of June,j ust one mon th

after the dazzling pageant o f the Mischianza,with the ac

coun t of which a lso you are doubtless familiar,the ma in

body of the British Army moved o ut of Phi ladelph ia and

proceeding down towards the Neck” embarked for theoppos ite shore . B y ten o

’

c lock the rear-gua rd had crossedto Gloucester Point

,three mi les below Phi ladelphia ; the city

w as final ly abandoned to the advance of the Ameri can troops,

who speedi ly took possess ion,fol lowing closely on the heels

of the reti ring foe and capturing the laggards,whil e the

enemy ’s columns t ook up thei r ma rch through the Jersey

sands enr ozzte for New York,fo llowed by an immens e

wagon train i t i s said . nearly twelve m i les in length ,— m‘

uch

of it carrying the belongings of those other refugees who

had decided to accompany the army,and who

,as they set

o ut upon thei r j ou rn ey,paused to take a last l ook across

the Delaware at thei r former homes , but possib ly on ly to

see the ga l lan t Allan McLane and his partisan troopers gal

loping through the streets of the now deserted city.

The B riti sh army,to quote from my previous ly cited in

formant,ha l ted in Haddonfield two days to perfect i ts ar

rangemen ts for continu ing its march to New York. S he

speaks of her frequen t opportun iti es of seeing this army and

i ts dis tingu i shed commander, S i r Hen ry Cl inton ,with his

genera l s,Lord Cornwa l l i s and S i r William Erskine

,who

rode abreast at the head of the col umns as they marched

out of the town . The officers were resplendent in gold lace,trimmings and facings, and the men made a fine appearance,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

MATTHIAS AND JOHN HOLLENB A CK'

S LI S T OF

LOS S E S B Y THE INDIANS , &c.

*

A l is t of effects w h ich th e s u b s cr ibers los t w hen th e In d ian s m adean Incu rs ion on W es tmore land Cou n ty , in th e S tate of Con n ect icu t , inthe mon th of Ju l y , 1778 .

s . d .

1 Dwel ling House w ith a

large k itchen , 400

1 d itto, 30

1 Pair of large oxen ,16

1 Pair d itto, 1 2

1 odd ox, 8

1 pair of 4 year old steers , 10

t 3( l 6 ‘

9

1 cow , 4

1 plow iron and cl evices, 3

1 ox chain , 0

1 pair wedges and smal lr1ngs, o 10 0

1 ten plate stove w ith a longpipe, 10

1 cutting box and kn ife, 1

3 Feather beds , 1 2

4 bedsteads w ith cords , 3

2 black walnut Tables , 3

6 Flagbottomed cha irs,

1

1 chest w ith lock and h inges 1

30 l bs . tenpenny n ails , 1

30 sh ingle 3

10 dollars hard cash , 3

200 Continenta l do . ,

according to scale, 19 o 0 £ 636 3 0

Half the dam e done to£ 554 8 ag

tw o sawm1ll s, 35 o 0

‘ Endors ement on the handwriting of Matth ias Hollenback ; the lis t appea rsto be in the hand

4 large sows with pigs1 year ol d barrow ,

1 G u n,

1 Pan and copper Fry kettle,1 large Iron kettle

,

1 smal l

3 Large Iron pots,30 smal l1% bbls . salted S had ,1 Foot [ spinn ing] wheel , 1

large do. ,

8000 feet of Pine boards ,20 barrel casks ,2 bbls . v inegar ,1 coat and 2 waist-coats ,2 1

2 yds . blue cloth w ithTr imm ing

,

1 pr . kn it patern breeches ,1 s i lver watch ,10 bushels R ye,2 acres oats ,1 pr . s i lver buck les ,1 boots,300 ft . walnut boards ,

THE FRENCH A T AS Y LU M.

B Y R EV. DA VID CRAFT , D . D .

READ B EFO R E THE w vommc H ISTOR ICAL A ND 01101 00104 1. socmr v, JANU ARY 14, 1898.

The various attempts of the French people to plant co lo

n ies on this continen t i s a chapter of great enterpri se,of

heroic sel f-den ial,of marvelous pati ence and perseverance

,

of b right promise in the beginn ing,and of dismal fa i l u re in

the end . The bold attempt of Champla in and other French

governors in Canada to extend French ru l e, the pati ent toi l

and un tol d s uffering of Jogues and other Jesu i t pri ests in

thei r a lmost futi le effo rts to ch ri stian i ze the Indians two

and-a-half centu ri es ago,have but few para l l el s of patien t

endu rance and sel f- sacr ifice in the world ’s history . The

conspic uou s fa i lu re of the attempt of Col igny to plant a

colony in Flori da i s fami liar to al l readers of American his

tory .

This paper is devoted to a brief account of another ex

periment to plant a French colony on American soi l,not fo r

the purpose of territoria l aggrandizement to the Home Gov

ernment,nor fo r the acqu is iti on of wealth

,but to found an

Asyl um where thei r fel low countrymen,expatriated from

thei r native coun try for po liti ca l Opin ions,cou ld find home

and refuge in peace and safety .

The American Revol ution of 1776 w as the first s uccess

fu l revolt of col on i es in the New World aga inst the Hom e

Government in the Old,the beginn ing of the end of foreign

dom ination on thi s continent,now a lmost completed . The

two Eu ropean governmen ts most affected by this revol utionwere Great Bri ta in

,whose authority w as overth rown

,and

France,her hereditary enemy

,who seeing an opportun ity

to weaken the power of her riva l and crippl e her resources,

sen t liberal s uppl i es of men and money to aid the struggling

colon i es in achieving thei r independence. After the cl ose

76 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

of the w ar many of these French soldiers retu rned to thei rhomes deeply imbued with the ideas of pol i ti ca l freedom

which they had l earned in ou r struggle to acqu i re i t,and

soon the words “I ndependence”and

“Fr a ter n i ty ,

became as fam i l iar in France as they had been in Ameri ca.

The represen tatives of the new nation of the west were teceived in Paris with great enth usiasm

,and Frankl in

,Adams

,

Jefferson and Wash ington were names as wel l known and

as greatly revered in France as in America . When in the

last decade of the last century France w as swept by that

pol iti ca l whirlwind known as the “French Revol ution,

”

America w as the asylum and resting-place toward which

loya list and conservative tu rned wi th longing hope for shel

ter and safety. Many,forseeing what w as l ikely to come,

fled from France,some going to England

,some to the

French colony on the i s land of Hayti,and others to the

Un i ted S tates . I t has been estimated that no less than

seven ty thousand of the nobi li ty,and a much larger nu m

ber of loyal ists escaped from France at thi s period,many

of them at great peri l,and al l at great troub le and sacrifice

,

for they left behind them al l thei r estates which were s ub

sequently confiscated by the revol ut ionary governmen t,and

in many instances thei r fami l i es,and fled for thei r l ives .

As early as 1630 a colony of Fren ch had obtained a foot

ing on the northwest coast of Hayti . B y the treaty of Rys

wick,1697, about one- th i rd of the i s land w as ceeded to

France,and cal l ed S an Domingo [S t. Dom inque] , which ,

at the time of the French Revoluti on,had attained great

prosperity . Hither many of the refugees from France fled .

The popu lati on cons isted largely of free blacks and of

s laves upon the plantat ion s,who

,in rati o to the whi tes

,

were about as s ixteen to one The watchwords “L iberty,

”

“Fratern ity ,

” “Independence,which had so thri l led the

hearts of French bou rgeoi s in the streets of Paris,found a

respons ive echo in the aspi rations of the s laves of S an Do

THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM. 77

mingo . Ins u rrecti on fol l owed . Under the l eadership of

Toussa int l ’Overt u re the revo l ution w as s uccessfu l,and

many of the French planters , escaping from thei r wrecked

plantati ons,fl ed to the Un ited S tates , where they j oined th e

refugees from the mother country. S ome of them had

friends here,others on the ground of the kindly publ ic sent i

men t at that time preva i l ing in this co un try toward France

for her aid i n achieving ou r independence,cas t themselves

upon the libera l i ty of severa l o f ou r publ i c men,as they

were without means of support and helpless to secu re any .

What to do with these impoverished and improviden t gen

t lemen and thei r fami lies, who had been accustomed to

l ives of luxu ry and ease,becam e a very serio us questi on .

Among the more prom inen t of these refugees were the V i s

count Louis Marie de Noa i l les and the Ma rqu i s An toine

Omer Ta l on . They,in consu ltation with John Keating

,an

I rishman by bi rth,formerly having large in terests in S an

Domingo,but then a Phi ladelph ia merchan t

,and becom ing

an extens ive owner in Penn sylvan ia wi ld lands,and with

Robert Morris,the financier of the Revo lution

,and with

John N i cholson,a ls o a Phi ladelph ia m erchan t and land

specu lator,entered in to an association in which these five

,

Noa i l les,Ta l on

,Keating

,Morris and Ni cholson were the

partners,ca l led the “Asylum Land Company

,

” whose plancontemplated a stock cons is ting of a m i l l i on acres of u ncu lt ivated land

,and a certa in s um of money

,shou ld afford

these refugees a place of settlement,aid them in purchasing

land as they cou ld acqu i re the mean s fo r i ts cu ltivation .

The land for which they secu red warrants of s u rvey from

the S tate,extended southwesterly from the S usquehanna at

S tanding S ton e,th rough Bradford and S u l l ivan counti es

into Lycoming .

Of Messrs . Noa i l les and Ta lon whose publi c services,as

wel l as thei r prominence in promoting the Asyl um settle

78 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM .

ment,have given them cons iderable conspicu ity, a brief

sketch wil l here be given .

TheVi scount de Noa i l les,ca l l ed

,genera l ly

,by ou r people

The Count,

” born in Pari s Apri l 17, 1756 , w as the second

son of Phil ippe de Noai l les, Duke of Mouchy, a Marsha l of

France and soldier of some renown ,gui l lotined June 27 ,

1794. The Vi scount,whose wife w as sister to the wife of

Genera l Lafayette, w as bred to the profession of arms , and

w as remarkable for hi s knowledge of mil itary tactics, and

the high degree of discip l ine acqui red by the troops of his

command,so that he w as considered one of the best colonel s

of hi s time. He came to the Un i ted S tates in 1779 to as

s is t the Americans in the war for independence,and w as

among the most di stinguished of the young French officersin the army of Washington

,by whom he w as

,a number of

times,complimented for his bravery in general orders . A t

the battl e of Yorktown,178 1, he w as commiss ioned to re

ceive on the part'

of the French the s u rrender of Cornwa l l i s

and negotiate the terms of capitu lat ion .

On the conc lu s i on of peace he returned to France,wh ere

,

as a reward for his services,he w as offered a promotion

which he refused .

“A t the epoch of the Revol ution he ac

cepted its prin ciples , and w as coun ted among the most

zea l ou s defenders of the popu la r cause .” He w as a deputyof the nobi l ity to the S tates Genera l, May ,

1789 , from the

bai l iwick of Nemours,and s ubsequently a member of the

Nationa l Assembly,where

,on the 4th of August, that year,

he proposed those celebrated acts by which the whole Feu

dal system,with its lon

gtra in of abuses and privi leges

,w as

abolished . He exerted a powerfu l infl u ence in mil itaryaffai rs

,and w as active in the re- organ i zati on of the army

and co lonel of the regimen t of the Chasseu rs d ’

A lsace,and

Field Marsha l commanding at S edan . A t length , in com

mon with al l tru e Republ ican s,he fel l under the displeasu re

of Robespierre,by whom he was condemned to death and

THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM . 79

hi s property confiscated . He res igned hi s command May,

1792 , and fled to England,thence came to the Un i ted S tates

,

and took u p his res idence in Phi ladelphia , where his former

active servi ce in the American Revol ution brought h im into

intimate relati on with the leading men of the country .

In his “Jou rnal of an Excu rsion to the U . S . of N . A . in

the S ummer of Mr . W ansey thus a l l udes to the Vi s

co un t . Under date of June 8,he says : “I dined thi s day

with M r . Bingham ,to whom I had a l etter of introduction .

There d ined with u s Mr .Wil ling,Presi den t of the

Bank of the Un ited S tates , the father of Mrs . Bingham ,

Mons ieu r Ca l lot, the exi led governor of G uada l oupe, and

the famous V i scount de Noa i l les , who distingu ished him

self so m uch in the first Nationa l Con stituen t Assembly

on August 4 , 1789 , by his five proposi tions , and his speech

on that occasion fo r the abol it ion of feuda l rights . He i s

now engaged in forming a settlemen t with hi s unfo rtunatecoun trymen about s ixty-five mi les north of Northumberland

town . It i s cal led ‘

A sy l um,

’

and stands on the easternbranch of the S usquehanna . His lady

,the sister of Madame

LaFayette,* with his mother and grandmother

,were a l l gu i l

lotined,without tria l

,by that arch -vi l lain Robespierre. In

company with Mr . Ta l on he succeeded in establishing the

Asylum colony,and w as a prom inent share- holder in the

Asylum Company. On the access ion of Napoleon his estates

were restored to him and he retu rned to France and re

entered the mili tary servi ce in 1803 with the rank of Brigadier General

,and accepted a command under Rochambeau

in S an Domingo . He was morta l ly wounded in an engage

ment with an Engl ish corvette off the coast of Cuba, Jan

uary 9 , 1804. His soldiers , by whom he w as greatly beloved

,en cased his hea rt in a si lver box which they attached

to thei r fl ag .

*The escape of Madame LaFayette has been lately d eta i led’

w ith g rea t v ividness byAnna L . Bicknell , in the Cen tu ry M ag az ine , October and November, 1897.

80 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM.

The above w as fu rn ished me by the late Marqui s Emanuel Hen ri V. de Noa i l les

,who

,at one time

,represented the

French government at Wash ington,supplemented by ex

tracts from the Biographie U n iversele,Pari s

,and Cen tu ry

Dictiona ry of names .Omer Ta lon was born in Paris

,January 20

,1760 (one

authori ty says of one of the most i l l u stri ous fami li es

of the French magistracy. A t the age of sixteen he w asaccepted as an advocate

,and was civi l- l ieutenan t

,or advo

cate-general,at the Chatelet [cha- t—le] when the revolution

of 1789 broke out , and where he did his duty as a j ust andcou rageous magistrate

,and w as distinguished for his fear

less and u nfl inching defence of the roya l prerogative. For

thi s he w as accu sed and impr i soned , but the accusations

aga inst h im cou ld not be sustained and he w as d i scharged .

He w as appointed deputy substi tute from Chartres to the

Nati ona l Assembly, but never took h is seat . The next

year he was comprom i sed in the fl ight of Loui s XVI,ar

rested and impri soned for a mon th , when he w as released .

He then became one of the fa i thfu l advisers of the king,

with whom he held frequent conferences,a lways at n i ght

,

and labored earnestly to attach powerfu l and infl u ent ial

friends to the roya l cause. It i s known that the unfortunatemonarch con templated appointing him keeper of the Privy

S ea l , but w as s o bitter ly opposed by some who were in close

a l l iance with the crown that he des isted . The king,how

ever,as a mark of persona l fri endship and confidence, pre

sented him with hi s portra i t, with this autograph inscription

Given by the King to M . Ta l on,S ept. 7 , He w as

aga in comprom is ed by a letter found in the famous “ I ron

Chest,

”and ordered to be arrested by the Revo l utionary

Assembly . He managed to keep himself secreted from thepol i ce for several months, part of the time in Pa ris , and part

of the time at Havre,until h is friends finding an American

ship about to sai l for the Un i ted S tates , he was put into a

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82 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM .

The plain ca l led S hewfel dt’

s Flats,conta in ing about

two thousand acres,lying on the right bank of the S u sq u e

hanna Oppos ite the mouth of R ummerfield creek,w as fixed

upon as a su itable s ite for the settlemen t . The soi l for the

most part i s good,the place one of great natu ra l beauty.

The river,with a beautifu l cu rve

,sweeps majestical ly down

on two s ides , whi le on the other two the h i l ls are high and

steep , shutting in the pla in l i ke the floor of a vast amphi

theatre . It w as incl uded in the S usquehanna Company ’s

townsh ip of S tanding S tone,but ca l led sometimes S haws

boro,sometimes \Vooster Among the German Pa latinates

who em igrated from the Mohawk country” in New York

and settled a long the Tu lpehocken in Pennsylvan ia in the

early years of the last centu ry,Rudolph Fox stopped on

Towanda Flats,An thony R ummerfel dt on the creek which

bears his name,and Peter S hew feldt on the opposite flats .

Finding an adverse ti tle to his lands, S hew feldt removed to

the West Branch,where he was ki l led in one of the Indian

ra ids upon that coun try .

Prior to the Revo lutionary war the S usquehanna Com

pany had s urveyed lots on both sides of the river . S imon

S pa ld ing and Hen ry Bi rney had made settlemen ts in S tand

ing S tone, and Justus Gaylord, Perrin Ross , James Forsyth

and perhaps others were occupying lands on S hew fel dt’

s

flats . In August, 1793, when the place w as vis i ted by the

French explorers , they found there were eight l ots of three

hundred acres each , occupied by the New England people,as follows next the river on the north , No . 2 1

,w as Robert

Alexander, whi l e his son Robert held the i s land . Charles

Town ley had the next two l ots on the south , Nos . 19

and 20 ; next,another lot of Robert Alexander, No .

18 ; then Adelphi , son of Perrin Ross, deceased, No . 17 ;

then the Forsyth lot, which had been so ld at sheri ff’

s sale

to Rosewel l Welles,and by him conveyed to Ebenezer

S kinner, who then w as l iving on i t,No . 16 ; the heirs of

THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM . 83

Robert Cooley,No . 15 , whi l e one of the sons of the elder

Justus Gaylord held the lot on the southern end of the

plain,No . 14 . A t thi s time it wi l l be remembered land

titl es th rough al l of northern Penn sylvan ia were in great

uncertainty,and questions relating to them were before the

legis lature and cou rts of the state for adj ustmen t . In order

to obtain an unquestionab le titl e to the land i t w as deemed

advisab le to secure both the Connecticut and Pennsylvan i a

claim . The former w as entrusted to J udge Holl enback,

who was persona l ly acqua inted with the parties,and the

latter w as undertaken by Mr . Morri s . The colon i sts a l so

depended on Mr . Hol lenback to cash thei r d rafts and Bi l l s

of credi t,and to procu re for them nearly a l l of thei r s uppl i es .

The matter of first considerati on w as to extingu i sh a l l cla imsand secu re an undisputed titl e to the lands they had s elected .

The fol lowing fu l l abstracts of a l ong letter written by Mr .

Morris to Judge Hol lenback,under date of October 9 ,

1793,

wi l l th row light on th is part of the transaction . He says“Messrs . De Noa i l les and Ta l on des i re to make the pu r

chase of the eight lots o r tracts that compose the tract of

land cal led the S tanding S tone,and al so the is land or i s lands

which they mention ed to you ,but they wi l l have a l l or

none ; th i s they ins is t on as an absolute conditi on,as you

wi l l see by a copy of thei r observation s on n in e articles

extracted from the contents of your l etter to Mr . Ta l on .

They do not obj ect to the prices o r terms of payment statedin you r letter

,but you wi ll perceive

,by thei r decision

,to

have a l l or none,that it wi l l be necessary to make condi

t ional contracts with each of the parti es,fix ing the terms

and binding them to grant conveyances of thei r rights upon

the performance of the conditions by you on your part, but

reserving to you rsel f,for a reasonable time, the right to

make the bargain val i d or to annu l i t . I f you can get the

whole of them under s uch covenan ts under hands and sea l s ,you can then make the whole val id

,and proceed to perform

84 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

the conditi ons and take the con izeyances in the name of Mr .

Ta lon , but shou ld any of the parti es refuse to se l l , or ri sein thei r demands so that you cannot comply with them

,you

can , in s uch case , hold the res t in s uspense un ti l M r . Hoops

or you send an express to inform me of al l parti cu lars,which

wi l l give my friends an opportun ity to con s ider and determ ine fina l ly .

“Mr . Adam H00ps wi l l del iver th i s letter . He possesses

my confidence,and wi l l b e glad to render the best ass i st

ance or service in his power upon occasion . He must,

however,act under you

,for in any other character the Con

necticu t men wou ld cons ider him a new pu rchaser and ri sein thei r demands . He wi l l go with you , i f you choose, or

do anything you may des i re to accomplish the obj ect in

view . You and he wi l l,therefore

,cons u lt together as to

the best mode of proceeding,and I must observe

,that

a l tho ’ M r . Ta l on has agreed to the pri ces and terms de

manded by the Connecticu t cla iman ts,I cannot help think

ing them very dear ; and more so ,as we have been obliged

to purchase the Penn sylvan ia ti tl e,which Mr . Hoops wi l l

inform you of. I hold it then as 1ncu mbent on you to oh

tain the Connectic ut rights upon the cheapest terms that

i s possib le,and you may ,

with very great propriety, l et

them know,i f you think it best to do s o

,that un l ess they

wi l l be con ten t with reasonable terms , that we wi l l b ring

ej ectment against them ,or rather that you wi l l do i t , and

try the s trength\of Titl e, in which case they wi l l get nothing .

Whatever you do m ust be done soon . Winter is approach

ing ,and these G ehxtlemen are exceedingly anxious to com

mence the operations necessary to the settlemen t they in

tend to make,but the y wil l not strike a stroke un ti l the

whole of the lots are secu red for them ,and

,un less the

whole are obta ined,they give up the settl emen t and wi l l go

to some other part of Ameri ca .

“I engage to make good tne agreements and con tracts you

THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM . 85

may enter into cons i stently with you r letter of the 14th of

S eptember last to Mr . Ta lon ,and with his observati ons

thereon,a copy of which Mr . Hoops wi l l give to you i f de

s i red,and to enable yo u to make the payments according

to those stipu lations which you may enter into in that re

spect,I s ha l l a l so pay the order for a Tho u sand Dol lars al

ready given you on thei r accoun t . The settlemen t which

these gentl emen meditate at the S tanding S tone is of great

importance to you,therefo re you ought

,for your ow n in

terest,and the interest of you r country

,to exert every

nerve to promote it . They wi l l be of great service to you ,and you shoul d render them d is interestedly every service

poss ib le . S hould they fa i l of establ ishing themselves at the

S tanding S tone, there is another part of Pennsylvan ia which

I shou ld prefer for them,and i f they go there, I wi l l do any

thing for them that I poss ibly can .

”

Mr . Hol lenback hearti ly entered in to the plans of Mr .

Morri s and his fri ends . With m uch tact and patience h e

secu red the Connecticut titl es of the settlers on the ground .

The imperfect manner in which conveyances were at that

t ime often written,and the frequent n eglect of placing them

on record,makes i t now impossib le to know j u s t how much

Mr . Hol lenback w as ob l iged to become respons ib le for in

the pu rchase . The prices varied from £ 300 to 50 Penn

sylvan ia c u rrency or from $800 to $ 133 . The eight lots atthe lowest figu re wou ld cost more than $ 2000 . One thing

i s certain,as late as August 10,

18 14 , the Asylum Company

owed him fo r a large part of the money advanced by him ,

becau se the Company had no mean s to pay the notes he

had given for the lots pu rchased for t hem . Of the s um he

had th us advanced he reminds the company in a l etter of the

the above date he had received which w as but a

sma l l part of what w as due him ; that whi le wi l l ing to give

his time and troub l e,he thought that as the C ompany w as

86 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

fas t sel ling thei r lands he ought to be pa id for the moneyadvanced .

I have been unable to learn anything about the Pennsy l

van ia titl e to Asyl um . The place of settlement having been

determined and the ti tles secu red,M r . Boulogne pu rchased ,

ea rly in October,the possessi on of S imon S pa lding , a man

of con s iderable prom inence in thi s va l ley du ring the Revol u t ionary w ar

,who had before the w ar made a settl ement

on the l ower part of presen t S tanding S tone, but after sett l ed at S heshequ in

,and at once began to make preparation s

to receive the colon i sts . In addition to the cl earings madeand houses bui lt by the former settl ers

,m uch had to be

done . Trees were fel led,clea rings made

,the town plat was

s urveyed,ca rpen ters

,masons and laborers were employed

in the erecti on of houses,fences were bui lt

,and the genera l

work of clearing and fitting up the ground was carri ed onas fast as the fine autumn weather wou ld perm i t . The fol

lowing letter from Mr . Bou logn e to Judge Hol lenback, by

the hand of Joseph C . Town of Wyal u s ing,and who erected

the firs t saw -mil l on Wyal using creek,under date October

19 ,1793, from S tanding S tone, affords a gl impse of the

activities at Asylum at thi s time . He writes“ I received by M r . Town the favors of you rs dated the

1 1 th instan t,and you r boat a lso a rrived here a few days

after. All that w as en umerated in you r bi l l of lading hath

been del ivered,and you are therefore credited on my accoun t

of £ 48 102,this cu rrency

,when you ’l l send me the price

of the ox -ca rt,cows and Be l l

,I shal l do the same .

The cows a re exceeding poor, and hardly give any m i l k ,but I hope they w i l l come to

,and therefore we wi l l see one

another on that accoun t,but I cannot help observing to you

that your blacksm i th hath not treated u s wel l the cha ins

and tools a i'e hardly worth anyth ing . The i ron i s so bad

or so tender that i t b reaks like butter . I wish you to men

tion i t to him for the futu re . The d iffi cu l ty of having the

THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM . 87

build ings and many arti cles of provisi ons in proper time

hath determined u s and the gentlemen in Phi ladelphia to

lessen them,and as M r . Keating hath told you , the expenses

of cou rse wi l l be l essened ; therefore I have not s en t you

the draft of 3000 dol lars which we spoke of when I w as in

Wilkes-Barre , and one [d’

A u tremont] of the gentl emenwho wi l l del iver yo u thi s letter is going to Phi ladelph ia

,

and i f you are not gone wi l l be very glad of you r company— wi l l

,as well as you

,see Mr . Tal on and de Noai l les in that

city and send or b ring their answer on th ings relating to

th e expenses .“ I wi l l be obliged to yo u to del iver to the other gentle

man,who is coming back here di rectly

,as much money as

you possibly can,or the 12 50 dol lars which rema in in you r

hands for my drafts on Robert Morris,Esq r .

,and you ’d

take hi s rece ipt and charge it to my accoun t .“You may a lso make me debtor for the s u m of

which Mr . Joshua Whitney hath given me for you r account

and of which you ’ l l d ispose acco rding to the note hereinenclosed

,having cred i ted you here of th e same .

“Esq r . Hancock hath not yet concl uded h is Bargain with

Gaylord and S kinner ; you know i t is of the greatest impo rtance to have i t concluded

,as wel l as the use of Ross

,

otherwi se i t wi l l stop me here a l l at once ; the gentl emen

in Phi ladelphia being determ ined to have the whole or none

at al l,or to rej ect the whole purchase from M r . Morris . In

your letter you speak to me of having bought from Mr .

Ross the house and pa rt of the land,but you don ’t tel l me

the quantity o f land . I hope you have concl uded the whole,

and beg on you to say something to ,

me on that accoun t in

you r l etter,and expla in i t wel l

,becau se according to you r

answer I shal l either go on with the bu i ldings or stop them

di rectly .

In buying from Mr . Ross you must absol utely buy the

crop which is in the ground. Everybody here is sorry you

88 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

had not done it so for the other'

purchase,because it keeps

u s one year enti rely without enj oying ou r property. I have

rece ived the cloth that w as over Mr . Ta lon ’s boat,but you

have forgot to send me by your boat the frying-

pan ,sa lt

,

axes,&c.

,that Mr . Ross hath retu rn to you ; be a l so kind

enough to send by the first opportun i ty the sack of things

belonging to Michael,which by mistake I left o r sent at

you r house .

”

From the phrase everybody here in the above letter i t

may be in ferred that Mr . Bou logne was accompan i ed by

some of hi s countrymen ; i f so ,thei r names have not been

found .

On the 13th of November the V iscoun t de Noa i l l es vis ited

the settlemen t and remained two or three days . While here

the plan of the town was fix ed upon,and i t received the

name of Asyl um,which it has ever s ince retained . The

plain on which the vi l lage w as b ui lt i s n early a para l lel o

gram whose l onger side is north and south,its north and

east s ides being bounded by the river . Five streets werela i d out runn ing due north and south

,next to the westerly

one being the present road from the house of Mrs . B . La

porte to the Hagerman place . These were crossed at right

angles by n ine other streets,each street bei ng fifty feet in

width . Near the center of the plat was an Open square

about one hundred and forty by seventy rods,con ta in ing

about s ixty acres . The farms of Laporte, Gordon and Miller corner upon thi s square . O u the plat were su rveyed

four hundred and th i rteen house lots of about one acre each,

the most el igible of wh ich were on the northernmost eas t

and west street,which has s ince been washed away by the

river. There were a l so s urveyed on the west and adj oin ing

the town plat seven teen l ots of five acres each,and fifteen

lots of ten acres each, which were cal l ed town lots . In ad

d i t ion there were pu\‘

rc\

hased of the Asylum Company,by

subscripti on,one hundred thousand acres on the Loya l S ock

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90 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

to send up a number of F rankl in'

s toves with pipe,S i nce the

weather had been so cold the mason s could not bui ld chimneys ; a lso window frames , seasoned l umber , na i ls , hinges ,&c. Aristide Aubert D u—peti t Thouars

,or the “Admira l

,

”

the name by which he w as most frequen tly known by the

people about Asyl um,w as in many respects the most re

markable man in the s ettl ement . He w as born in 1760,

educated in the mi l i ta ry school of Paris,and became Post

capta in in the French a rmy. Of a frank and generous

di spos iti on,and fond of adven tu re

,he was very popu lar

with his compan i ons at schoo l and in arms . He w as in the

Fren ch nava l servi ce during a w ar with England,and after

the peace w as engaged in cr u ises to England and elsewhere.Later he became greatly in terested in the fate of the m i ss ing

navigator,La Prerou se

,and at great persona l expense and

sacrifice, he fitted out an expedi ti on to find the unfortunate

adventu rers . He sai led in S eptember, 179 2 , but had hardlybegan his voyage when a fata l ma lady broke out among his

men and carried off a third of them,which determined him

to put into the nearest harbor— the i s land of Ferdinand de

Noronha . Here the Portuguese s eized h is vessel,arrested

and sen t him a pri soner to L i sbon ,where he underwent a

captivity of some durati on . Immediately on his rel ease he

came to Ameri ca,when

,being acquainted with M . de No

a i l l es,he w as induced to come to Asyl um . H is fine spi ri t ,

gen ia l temper,benevolent disposition and chival rous bea ring

made him beloved and respected by a l l who knew him,

None of the French people are s o wel l remembered , and of

none are so many anecdotes related as of the “Admira l .”

While at Asylum he was the guest of Mr . Ta l on . Disdain

ing to be the idle recipien t of his host’s boun ty , at his request

a lot of fou r hhndred acres of land , where the presen t bor

ough of D u shorénow stands, was assigned to him . S ingle

ad l ost an arm in an a ttack upon a

s evera l mi les beyond any other

THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM . 9 1

cl earing,in a dense unb roken wi lderness

,nea r what has

s ince been ca l l ed the Frenchman ’s spring , he bu i l t h i s

shan ty and commenced hi s plantation . A n umber of years

afterward,the late Hon . C. F . Welles of Wya l u sing, in com

pany with Mr . John Mozier,the owner of the tract

,discov

ering his clearing and knowing the h istory of this remarka

ble man and his co urageous enterpri se,suggested “Dushore

,

”

the common pronunciation of the Admira l ’s name by Amer

icans , as an appropriate name for the new vi l lage then j ustspringing u p, a name which it has ever s ince born e.Among the numerous anecdotes re lated of D u -petit

Thouars the fol lowing are cha racter isti c : Retu rn ing one

day from his woodland home when on the top of the moun

ta in overlooking Asyl um he met a man n early naked,who

told him he had j ust escaped from captivity among the In

dians,whereupon the Admira l gave him his on ly shi rt

,but

toned his coat to concea l the los s,and retu rned to M . Ta lon ’s .

A t tea that even ing,the room being very warm

,the Admi

ra l w as in a profuse perspi rati on ; i t w as s uggested that he

wou ld be more comfortab le i f he unbutton ed hi s coat .Thanking his host for hi s atten ti on

,with true French po

l iteness he protes ted that he was on ly com fo rtable —too

proud to expose his poverty and too modest to tell of hi s

benevolence . His wan t w as soon discovered and suppli ed

in a w ay to save h im from mortiflcation . Too proud to

S peak of his need of better apparel,his sen s itiveness w as

respected by som e one entering h i s room after he had re

ti red,and qu ietly exchanged the worn arti c les fo r better

ones to which no a l l us ion w as made. The Duke de laRochefoucau ld de L iancou rt retu rned from his v is it to

Asylum via N iagara Fa l ls,accompan i ed by Mess rs . Blacon s

and D u -peti t-Thoua rs,the former on horseback

,the latter

on foot,protesting al l the time that he much preferred this

to riding,simply because he w as too high-’spi ri ted to wi sh

to appear to be dependent upon others . Ou the revocati on

9 2 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

of the decree of expatriation aga inst the “emerges,he w as

among the first to retu rn to France,and w as s trongly rec

ommended by the most noted nava l capta ins for a place in

the French navy . It i s sa id of him that when he presen tedhimself before the Min i ster of Marine to receive h is com

missi on,the Min i ster sai d to him :

“You have but one hand,

you ought to go on the reti red,not on the active l i st . D u

peti t-Thouars,proudly r ising and stretching forth the hand

l ess stump,repl i ed : “True

,s i r

,I have given one hand for

France,and here is another for her service.” He rece ived

his commiss i on . When the expedition to Egypt was pro

posed,he was placed in command of “Le Tonnant

,

”an old

vessel of eighty guns . Having reached its destination ,the

fleet w as unwisely,and aga in st the j udgmen t of D u -petit

Thouars,detained in the roadstead of Abouki r. He fought

with great b ravery aga inst the a l ready victori ous enemy,

and fel l j ust at the close of the engagemen t,August 1

,1798.

On the 9 th of December Mr . Ta lon arrived at Asylum

and took charge of affai rs there,although for some time

Mr . Bou logne carri ed on the correspondence . Workmencon tin ued to arrive un ti l the 23d , when the weather be

came so severe that a l l operations were suspended un ti l

the fol lowing spring . S evera l bu i ld ings were completed

except ch imneys,and for these were s ubstitu ted Frankl in

stoves and pipe,so that the winter w as spen t in them with

some comfort. Mr . Ta lon had sent to Catawissa a cons id

erable quan ti ty of s uppli es for the settlemen t, to be broughtup from there by boat. The lateness of the season and theamoun t of ice in the river c reated great anxiety in the mindsof the settlers lest the goods would be retained un ti l springor l ost al together

,which w as removed a few days later when

the boats contain ing them a rrived safely at Asyl um .

With the open ing spring active business w as renewed at

Asyl um,navigati on w as resumed on the S usquehanna, and

the emigrants who had been spending the winter in Ph i la

THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM . 93

delphia began to arrive. Of these some were of nob le b i rth ,severa l had been connected with the king’s household, a few

belonged to the secu lar clergy, z'

. e.,had not ass umed mo

nasti c vows , some were so ld iers , others were keepers of

cafés,merchants and gentlemen ; few ,

i f any ,bel onged to

the laboring class,and none were agri cu ltu ris ts . They

were Pari s ians by b i rth,had spent thei r l ives in the ci ty

,

were acc ustomed to its ease and i ts l uxu ri es,but knew

nothing about c learing land,nor of the hardships

,toi l and

privati on to which the early settl er in a new coun try is ex

posed . It must have been a sad sight as these French gen

t lemen looked for the first time upon thei r wi lderness hom e .The rude log house with i ts narrow quarters

,ha lf h idden in

the woods,the sma l l c l earing on which the stumps were

sti l l s tanding, no roads b ut a l og path for oxen and s led,

must have p resen ted a strong con trast to these ci ty-bred

gentlemen and ladies to the luxu ri ous homes to which they

had been accu stomed . No soon er , however, were they set

tled in thei r new homes than they set about to improve

thei r land and make themselves comfortable . They did not

st0p in s imply providing for presen t necessiti es,and vo l u n

tari ly s ubj ecting themse lves to some inconven i ences they

expended thei r means lavish ly fo r improvemen ts which

never con trib uted to thei r welfare,and a s tyl e of l iving

which w as fo r them exceed ingly expens ive,and s u rrounded

themselves wi th many of the l uxuries wh ich they had fo r

merly enj oyed .

The Asyl um Land Company,which had been fo rmed

the previ ou s autumn,w as now more

“

fu l ly organ i zed,and

“Artic les of Association ” were entered into under date Apri l

22 , 1794, between Robert Morris , on beha l f of h imself andothers

,his associates

,of one part

,and John N icholson

,on

behal f of himself and others,his associates

,of the other

part. The obj ect is dec lared to be the “settl ing and improv

ing one or more tracts of country within the S tate of

94 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM .

Pennsylvan ia,towhich they had acqui red titl e . The affai rs

of the company were to be con tro lled by a Board of Man

agers,the lands su rveyed and agen ts appointed to secure

thei r settlemen t . I t wi l l be remembered that at this timethere w as a perfect c raze of specu lati on in Pennsylvan iawi ld lands

,and men

,some of whom were the leading spiri ts

of th i s company,were embarking al l thei r m eans and a l l

thei r credit in the purchase of lands from the S tate . Theythought they saw here fabulou s s ums of money to be se

cured,but instead lost al l . The one mi l l ion acres of which

the capita l stock of the company cons isted w as divided into

five thousand shares of two hundred acres each .

A year later,Apri l 2 5 , 179 5 , N i cholson having purchased

the interest of M r . Morris in the company,new arti cl es of

associati on were formed by which the title to the lands w as

vested in two or more trustees chosen by the Board of Man

agers,w ho were John N i cholson

,Lou is M . de Noa i l l es ,

Wil liam Hammond and James Gibson . The capita l stock

and n umber of shares remained unchanged,further pur

chases of land were prohibited,and an ann ua l dividend of

thi rty do l lars per share w as guaranteed to each proprietor .Jared Ingersol l and Matthew Clarkson

,both of Phi ladelphia

,

were chosen trustees under th is arrangemen t .The company did not prove to be as s uccessful as an ti ci

pated . The dividends which were to arise from the sa l e of

the land cou ld not be pai d . Aside from Mess rs . Morris

and N i cholson on ly two thousand shares,representing fou r

h undred thousand acres,had been taken October 26

,180 1

,

when the company was aga in reorgan ized on accoun t “of

the inabi lity of Robert Morri s and the late John N icholson

to perform thei r covenan ts therein contained,aris ing from

pecun iary embarrassments and j udgmen ts obta ined aga instthem .

”S eptember 1 , 1808, Mr . Clarkson having deceased,

at a meeting of the Board of Managers of the Company , the

su rviving trustee,M r . Ingersoll

,w as directed to convey the

THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM . 9 5

trusteeship to Archibal d McCal l , John Ashley and ThomasAshley in tru st for the use of Asylum Company . This

trus t deed,conveying a l l and s ingu lar , the lands , tenements ,

hereditamen ts forming the common stock of funds of the

sa i d Asyl um Company, wherever si tuated , was executed

November 3 , 1808 . As the country covered by the com

pany’

s lands began to be settled much of them were sold .

On the 4th of March,1843, the res idue of thei r lands , con

si sting of from ten to twen ty thousand ac res,was sold to

Hon . William Jessup of Mon tros e, who subsequently con

veyed the same to Michael Mey lert of LaPorte, the ti tle to

some of which i s held by the trustees of his estate.

Mr . Bou logne had obtained the agency for the sal e of a

large tract of land acres) on the Chenango river, afew m i l es above Binghamton

,N . Y .

,at a place ca l led the

“B u ttern u tts

,

” which he undertook to d ispose of to French

emigrants to the Un i ted S tates . Madam Mari e Jean e d ’

Ohet

d’

A u tremont,whose husband

,a pronounced roya l ist

,had

been gu i llotined by the Revolution i sts in Paris,en tered with

some others into con tract wi th M r . Bou logne at Pa ris,March

27, 1792 ,fo r several thousand acres of thi s land

,and soon

after sa i led for this coun try,where

, S eptember 12,1792 ,

M r. Boulogne executed to them a deed for the land,and

she with her three son s— Lou i s Pau l,aged 2 2 , Alexander

H ubert,aged 16

,and Augustus Fran co is Ceci le,aged 9 ,

and with her b rother- in - law , Anto ine B artol emy Lou is LeFever

,and W . B revost

,wen t upon the pu rchase . Log

houses were bu i lt and eight fam i l ies moved upon th is tractin the autumn . Here thei r s u rroundings were exceedingly

unplea sant . Thei r houses were bu i lt in thick woods where

not even a corn patch w as clea red . A n Indian reservation

near by brought them into a very undesi rable neighbor

hood,while al l of thei r provisi on had to be carried up from

Chenango Poin t,a di stance of severa l miles . To add to

the discomfort of thei r s i tuat ion the ti tle to thei r land was

96 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

ca l l ed in question,which later they either abandoned or sol d

for a song . After the settl ement at Asyl um was begun,i t

w as visited,October 18th

,1793 , by Mr . Louis d ’

A u tremont

on his way to Phi ladelphia . The fol lowing s ummer Mrs .d

’

A u tremont and her three sons came to Asylum,and on

making known thei r condi tion to Mr . Ta lon he sent up aboat to the B u ttern u tts and brought down the enti re colony

,

which,whi le adding to the n umbers

,was no addition to the

efficiency at Asylum . Almost every week witnessed newadditions to the settl emen t . Wherever the separated roy

al ists happened to be they began to think how they mightreach the new town on the S usquehanna to which they

looked as thei r Asylum and resting place . The problem

w as to reach Wilkes-Barre,when they expected Judge Hol

l enback wou ld see them safely to the desired haven . In a

letter dated Pottsgrove, 2 5 S eptember , 1794, Mr . James

Montu l léwri tes to Mr . Hollenback as fol lows : “The fol low

ing a rti c les I beg you wi l l be so kind as to secu re in your

s tore,to be forwarded to Asyl um to Mr . Keating

,by the

next opportun i ty, as I intend to move up very soon with apart of my fami ly. I shou ld like to know i f the water wi l l

al low to go up in a sma l l boat,and whether s uch thing

might be to proceed at Wi lkes-Barre. In case the water

being too low for boats , would i t be a matter of possibi l i ty

to hi re a canoe to ca rry one ton ? I should take i t as a

great k indness,S ir , i f you wi l l take the troub le to give me

such informat ion ,and l ikewise i f horses fetch a good pri ce

in your p lace, as when I move up I sha l l have two capita l

horses to spare .

”He en umerates his effects as con sis ting

of three chests covered wkh l eather and skin ,two chests o f

pla in wood, and a large bundl e of bedding . One of h is

capi tal horses proved to be\b l ind, and ca l led forth severa lletters to Mr . Hol lenback to s ecu re i ts sal e.

Mr . Talon who w as manager of affai rs at Asylum planned improvements on a large sca le. The co lon i sts were

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98 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLU M .

beyond , and bu i l t as far as Laddsburg in Bradford coun ty,and i s sti l l known as the “old French road .

” Farms were

la id out, fences were bu i lt and qu ite a settlemen t begun on

what w as formerly the Hi ram S tone farm,in Terry town

ship . The refugees were a l l roya l i sts and fel t the deepestinterest in the fate of the roya l fam i ly

,who

,when they left

France,were being rapidly degraded by the Revol ution i sts

,

and thei r l ives in con stan t j eopardy by the mobs that terroriz ed Paris . A t one time i t was thought they cou ld safely be b rought to America, and plans were made for thei r

reception and care. Two large houses were begun in thesettlemen t in Terry

,a large bakery constructed

,and other

b ui ldings were in con templation when the news of the death

of the k ing,reaching Asylum

,put an end to the i r plans .

Along the va l ley of the south branch of Towanda Creek

n umero us c learings were begun in the vicin ity of New A l

bany and Laddsbu rg . It wi l l be remembered that none of

the co lon i sts were farmers . Probably not one of them had

seen a tree fel led un ti l they came to Asylum . In choppingdown a tree they cut on a l l sides

,whil e one watched to see

where i t would fal l that they might escape being struck by

i t . Near New Albany the frame of a saw mi l l w as erected

of the finest oak timber,every stick of which was smoothly

planed and the j oints as closely fitted as in the fines t joinerwork . I ron s for the gearing were brought over but n ever

put in place . One sol itary adventu rer had gone fou r mi l es

beyond and made a c learing on the site of D ushore. A t

Asyl um a brewery w as bui lt on the l ittl e stream cross ing

the highway near the Gilbert homestead . Arrangementswere made for i ts en largemen t but the dis ruption of the

colony prevented the execution of the plan . During the

existence of the co lony one comm i tted s u icide, two or threewere accidently ki lled

,others di ed from sickness

,but I have

fa i led to discover a common cemetery. Probably each , l ike

the LaPortes and Horn ets,had a buria l pl ot on hi s ow n

THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM . 99

premises . S ome of those who came from S t . Domingo

brought s laves with them . These were not l ong in findingout that under ou r laws they were free, and bade thei r

masters an u ncermon iou s good bye . Apri l 1 , 1796 , Mr .

La ron e wri tes to Mr . Hol lenback offering fiy e dol lars for the

retu rn of a negro man about thi rty years of age, stoutly

bu i lt,not able to speak sca rcely a word of English , who

ran away from his hou se the n i ght before taking vario us

a rti cl es of c lothing,cla iming to be free , a lthough Mr . La

rone says he w as bound for fou rteen years .

No bette r pictu re of the outward l i fe of the people, the

style of thei r houses and the character of thei r improve

ments cou ld be given than the fo llowing description em

bodied in an agreemen t entered in to between S ophia de

S eybert and Guy de Noai l les , D ecember 23, 1797 :“On

number four hundred and s ixteen stands a l og house thi rty

by eighteen feet covered with nai l ed shingles . The house

i s divided in to two lower rooms and two in the upper story .

The lower ones are papered . On both s ides of the house

stand two sma l l b u i ldings of the same kind,one i s u sed for

a kitchen,the other being papered i s common ly ca l led the

din ing room ; both these bui ldings have good fire-places

and a ha lf- s tory . Three rooms in the biggest house have

fire—places,the two side bu i ldings and the other are j oined

together by a piazza . There is a good cel lar under the d ining room . The ya rd i s encl osed by a na i led pa l ed- fence

,

and there i s a good double gate . The garden has a l ike

fence,and a constan t stream of water run s through it . Over

the spring a spring- house has been erected ; i t i s divi ded

into two rooms one of which is fl oored . .The garden i s

decorated by a con siderable n umber of fru it trees,young

Lombardy poplars and weeping wi l lows,and

'

by a lattice

s ummer ho use. Next to the garden i s a nu rsery of aboutn ine hundred apple trees . The lower part of, the lot formsa piece of meadow of abo ut eight acres enc losed by a post

100 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM.

and ra i l fence . On the same lot stands a horse gri st-mi l l .The bu i lding i s forty feet long by thi rty- fou r feet wide .

Pa rt of the l ower sto ry is contrived into a stable for the m i l l

horses and a cow stable . Part of the upper sto ry is used

to keep fodder . The m i l l i s double -gea red and in complete

order, being furn i shed with a good pa i r of stones,good

bolting-c loth,and in one corner stands a good fire-place.

Above the mil l runs a n ever- fa i l ing spring which waters agreat part of the meadow .

”

The house of Mr . Ta l on stood near the LaPorte homestead

,w as of the same genera l s tyl e but larger

,having two

st ories with dormer windows,and two front doors . S ome

of the em i gran ts s ucceeded in bringing with them a part of

thei r fu rn i tu re,which added somewhat to the elegance of

thei r mode of living,and w as endeared to them by the as

sociations with the homeland . Mrs . John Huff, a daughter

of Antoine LeFevre,who

,w as born in Paris , and could re

member see ing men ’s heads ca rri ed on pike-poles through

the streets of that ci ty,used to poin t with pride to a bureau

with a marble top and some other arti cles of furn itu re tel lingher vi s itor

,

“Tlza t came from France .

”

From time to time the sett lement w as vis ited by noted

travelers who were enterta ined with a l l the luxu ry that thei r

wi ldernes s homes cou ld afford . On s uch occas ions and at

other times a l so they d id not forget thei r French habits nor

French gayety . No matter how fruga l the mea l the ladi es

came to thei r dinner in ful l dress,and the gentlemen don

ned the best s u i t in the i r wardrobes . Even ings were spen t

ei ther in each others homes with music,dancing and games ,

or in s ummer on S unday afternoons upon a green plat on

the hi l l j ust above the town,from which the view i s mag

nificent .

In May ,179 5 , the Duke de Rochefoucau ld de L ianco urt

vis i ted the settlemen t,and has given a very fu ll accoun t of

i t in his “Trave l s in North America .

”He says Asylum at

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102 TH R F R ENCH A T ASYLUM.

in Wilkes-Barre,and i s transported thither on the river. In

the same manner al l kinds of merchandise are tran sported

from Ph i lade lph ia to Asyl um . They are carri ed in wagonsas far as Harrisbu rg and thence by barges up the river .The freight amoun ts

,in the whole

,to two dol lars per h u n

d redweight . [Fre ight from Wilkes -Barre to Asyl um w as

5 1 cen ts per cwt.] The sa l t comes from the sa l t h ouses atGenesee . Flax i s produced in the country about Asylum .

Maple s ugar i s made in great abundance ; each tree is com

pu ted to yie ld , on the average, from two to three pounds

per yea r . Molasses and vinegar are prepared here. A con

s iderabl e quan ti ty of tar i s a lso made and so ld for fou r dol

lars per ba rre l con tain ing thi rty-two ga l lon s . Day laborersare pa i d five shi l l ings per day . The manufactu re of potasheshas been commenced at Asyl um

,and i t i s contemplated the

brewing of' mal t l iquors . A corn mi l l and saw mi l l are

bu i lding on the Loya l S ock . He speaks a l so of the dis l ikemany of the French had fo r the Americans

,which

,in many

cases,were of the lowest and most i gnoran t sort— the Van

der Pools,Johnsons

,Herman s

,and the l ike— as being so

strong that many of them decla red that they wou ld n ever

learn to speak English .

The next yea r,October

,1796 ,

Mr . Weld,an Englishman

,

passing through Bradford county,stopped at Asylum

,which

he describes as“a town la i d out at the expen se of severa l

ph i lanth ropic person s of Pennsylvan ia,who en tered in to a

s ubscription for the pu rpose,as a place of retreat for the

unfortunate French em igrants who fled to America . The

town cons i sts of about fifty log houses , and fo r the use of

the inhabitan ts a considerabl e land has been pu rchased

adj o in ing i t,which has been divided in to farms . The French

settled here,however

,seem to have no great abi li ty or ineli

nation to cu ltivate the earth,and the greater part of them

have let thei r lands,at a sma l l yea rly renta l

,to the Ameri

cans,and amuse them selves with driving deer

,fowl ing and

1 1111 FR ENCH A T ASYLUM. 103

fishing. They l ive enti rely to themselves ; they hate theAmericans

,and the Americans in the neighborhood hate

and accuse them of being an id le and disso lute set . The

manners of the two people are so very different that i t i s

imposs ib l e they shou ld ever agree."

Ta l leyrand,the famous French statesman and diplomat

,

an envoy to England in 1792 , came to the Un i ted S tates in

1794 ,where he sta i d about two years

,spending a cons ider

ab l e part of the autumn of 179 5 at Asylum ,where his dis

t ingu ished abi li ti es and the importan t politi ca l and eccles i

astical offices held by him in France gave h im a prominen t

p lace in the esteem of h is exi l ed countrymen on the S u s

q u ehanna. In 1796 , Louis Ph i lippe, Duke of Orleans , after

ward King of France, accompan i ed by several of h is nob le

acquain tances,the Duke Montpens i er and Coun t Beauj o lais

,

vis ited Asyl um and was the guest of h is former Pari s ianfriends

,and rema ined there for some time. One cannot help

thinking in this connection of the strange shifts of fortun e,

when we remember that not on ly the exi le became a king,

but that on the access ion of Bou rbon s to the French throne

a considerab l e number of Repub l icans of nob l e b l ood and

fame,fo l lowers of Napoleon

,were twenty-five years later

( 18 16) exi led from France for pol iti ca l opin i ons , came tothe Un i ted S tates and at great sacr ifice and s uffering and

hardship made a s imi lar futi l e attempt at forming a co lony

in Alabama . [S ee L ippincott’s Magazine

,May ,

1897, p .

663 ]I t i s at th is time impossib le to tel l the number of colon i sts

at any one time at Asylum; In 179 5 there are reported

th i rty houses and the next yea r fifty ,.bu t some of these were

occupied by Ameri cans who were farmers and laborers,

whi l e a cons iderable n umber of Frenchmen were then with

out famil i es . In the assessmen t of 1796 there are twentyn ine on the rate l is t. In i ts best peri od the n umber may

have been from one hundred and fifty to two hundred sou ls .

104 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM .

Of these some had been persons‘

of wea l th and high positionat home. Among the more important the fol lowing are

worthy of spec ia l notice

The Marqu is Lucreti us de Blacons w as deputy for Dauphine in the Constituen t Assembly. After leaving France

he married Madamoisel le de Maulde,l ate canoness of the

Chapter of B onbou rg . He kept a s tore at Asyl um,having

as partner Mancy Col in,formerly Abbé de S evigny and

Archdeacon of Tours . M . B lancons retu rned to France,

and became a member of the Nati onal Assembly. M . Colinwent to S t . Domingo , became chapla in in the army of Tous

sa in t L ’

Overtu re. 0n the s urrender to Bonaparte he fled

to Charleston, 5 . C .

,and died soon after . James de Montu lé

,

a French baron ,was capta in of a troop of horse in the king ’s

service. In Asylum he lived in the upper part of the settle

m en t,and

'

w as s uperintendent of the c learings . His cous in ,

Madame de S ybert, whose husband was a ri ch planter in

S t . Domingo, where he di ed, l ived near him . John B ecdel

l iere had a store near where Mi ll er ’s house i s . He had fo r

partners two brothers,Augusti ne and Francis de la Roue

,

one of whom was a pm? g en d’

a rme,and the other a cap

ta in of infan try. They retu rned to France with Ta l leyrand,

to whom one of them became private secretary . M . Bec

del l iere retu rned to France in 1803 . Doctor Lawrence Buzzard

,an eminen t physi cian

,w as a ri ch plan ter in S t . Do

mingo,and with his wi fe

,son and daughter

,settled at

Asylum . He afterward wen t to Cuba,where he di ed . Mr .

John B revost,a native of Paris

,w as with Mr. Dulong inter

ested in the settl ement at the “B u ttern u tts . A t Asyl um he

w as a farmer . In January, 180 1, he advertises in the Wi lkes

Barre G az ette “that he intends to open at Asylum a schoo l

fo r teaching the French language . The price for tuition

and boarding a chi ld between the ages of ten and s ixteenyears wi l l be sixty bushels of wheat per year

,to be del ivered

at Newtown,Tioga

,Asyl um o r Wi lkes—Barre

,at the places

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106 THE F R ENCH A T ASYLUM .

and continued i t during the greater part of thei r occupati onof Asylum .

When the French Nationa l Assembly came under thecontrol l ing infl u ence of Robespierre i t i ss ued a decree commanding al l emigran ts to return immediately to Franceunder penalty of permanent expatriation and confiscation of

thei r estates . About the time Napoleon began to contro lpubl i c affai rs wiser co unsels prevai led

,and a l l Frenchmen

were invited to retu rn to thei r native country and the resto

rati on of thei r estates ass u red to them . It was glad news tothe exi les at Asylum . The postman who brought it wavedhis hat and shouted it ou t to al l he met un ti l he became so

hoars e that he cou ld not S peak a loud . A t Asylum the set

tlement was raptu rous with j oy. Men hugged and kissedeach other as they talked over the good new s

,

'and days

were spent in feasting and gladness . The great maj ority

at once began to make preparations to leave the woods of

Pennsylvan ia and retu rn to thei r own beauti fu l France. As

fast as they cou ld get the means they hastened back to thei rhomes over the sea

,toward wh ich

,in al l the days of thei r

exi le,they turned with a homesi ck longing and ardent wish .

Besides those a l ready mentioned,a Mr . Beau l ieu , who

had been a capta in in the French service, and served in the

legion of Potosky in the Revol utionary war,married his

wi fe here and remained in this coun try,but fu rther nothing

has been l earned .

Madame d ’

A u tremont was a lady of weal th and refine

ment,and preserved the habits to which she had been ac

customed in France. I t i s related of her that she always

dined in fu l l dress . Her oldest son ,Lou i s Paul , retu rn ed

to France with Talleyrand . He w as a man of cons iderable

abi l ity, and was in both Portuga l and England on businessfor the French government. In 1832 he revis ited the Un ited

S tates,but retu rned to France,where he died . He invested

large s ums of money in rea l estate in thi s country, but for

THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM . 107

some reason to l i tt le benefit to himsel f. 0n the b reak ing

up of the colony at Asylum the family, mother and two

sons,retu rned to the “

B u tternu tts,

”and in 1806 moved to

Angelica,N Y . Here they were soon j o ined by Vi ctor

d u Pont de Nemou rs , a son of Piere S amuel du Pont, one of

the most d i stingu ished Frenchmen of his time. He s ubse

quently removed to Delaware to j oin his b rother in the

manu factu re of gunpowder. Madame D ’

A u tremont d i ed at

Angel ica,August 29 , 1809 ,

aged 64 years . Her second son,

Alexander Hubert d ’

A u tremont,marr ied Ab i gai l

,daughter

of Maj . Oliver Dodge, one of the earl i est settlers of Terrytown

,Bradford county

,and a captain in the Revol utionary

army,in 1797 , and had ten chi ldren ,

al l of whom are dead .

He d i ed in Angel ica August 4 ,1857, and hi s wife January

12, 1866 . The other son ,

Augustus Francois Ceci le d ’

A u

tremont,marri ed S arah A nn S tewart, and also had ten chi l

d ren . His wife d i ed in Angel ica in 1840,and he in 1860.

Charl es Hornet was steward in the househo ld of Louis

XVI,and fl ed from Pari s at the time of the king ’s attempted

escape in 1792 . On board the same ship in which he sa i led

to Ameri ca was Marie Theressa S chei l inger, a native of

S trasbu rg , and wa i ting maid to the unfortunate Marie A n

toinette. Becoming acqua inted on the voyage,they were

married on thei r arrival to this country,and in about a year

found thei r way to Asyl um . He spent a year at the settle

men t in Terry township,b ut retu rned to Asylum

,where he

bought severa l lots of the Asyl um Company,and later

,

when the settlemen t was abandoned he and Mr . Laporte

pu rchased a large part of the land whi ch i t occupied . Mr .

Homet was twice marri ed ; by the firs t marriage were three

sons,Charles

,Franc is and Joseph

,and one daughter

,Har

ri et, who married S imon S teven s of S tanding S tone, Pa .

B y the second marriage one daughter, who was the wife of

the late E . T. Fox ,Esq .

,of Towanda. Mr . Homet died in

1838 at the al lotted age of th ree score and ten,and w as

108 THE FR ENCH A T ASYLUM .

buried beside his wife,who died in 1823 , aged 63 years , on

his farm in Asylum . The rema ins of both were s ubse

quently removed to the cemetery beside the M . E . Chu rchin that p lace.Bartholomew La Porte w as born in Tul li

,France

,in 1758 ;

he was a sa i lo r. Retu rn ing from a voyage his ship put in at

Cadiz,where he learned the d isturbed conditi on of things

in France,and that many of h i s coun trymen were coming

to America. He at once sa i led fo r Philadelphia and j oined

the refugees at Asylum . On the abandonment of the set

t lement he received power of attorney from the Trustees ofthe Asylum Company to lease any of the French holdings

for one year. He afterwa rds became the pu rchaser of a

large part of Asylum and bui lt a house near the Ta lonresidence

,and w as buried there. He married

,at Asyl um

,

E l i zabeth Franklin,1797 , and died February 1 1, 1836 . S he

d i ed May 5 , 185 2, aged 7 1 . To them was born one chi ld,

the late Hon . John La Porte,who was twice elected to Con

gress,and w as S urveyor Genera l of Pennsylvan ia . He

marri ed Mati lda,daughter of Dr . Jabez Chamber lan .

An toine LaFevre was the keeper of a fashionab l e café in

Pari s,his wi fe

,as has been sai d

,being sister of Mrs . d ’

A u

tremont . His family cons i sted, bes i des his wife, of a son

and two daughters . Becoming a larmed at the condition of

things in Pari s and fearing worse,he disposed of his busi

n ess and,in company wi th his s i ster- in- law ,

Madame d ’

A u

tremon t,determined to come to Ameri ca. To his great

di sappointment he found that he would not be permitted to

bring but a part of his fam i ly. His passport included him

self and his son . While wai ting at Havre for a vessel , the

son died . He dressed one of h is daughters in the son ’s

c loth ing,cu t her ha i r c l ose

,when she answered the descr ip

tion in the passport so closely as to escape detection . Thei r

fi rst settlemen t w as made at the “Buttern uts,

” then they

came to Asylum . Here, during the continuance of the col

ony, Mr . LeFevre kept an inn ; after its abandonment he

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The fol low ing B i l l of Lad ing w i l l s omew hat i l lu s trate the

t ion s of the s ett l emen t a t A sy lu m [H . E . H .)

EFFETS DELIVR EE A N CHA R E'

I‘

IE R

Pa MONS IEUR TALLON .

9 . B oittes de Vere aVi tre.2 . Ma l l es .200 lh . d

’

A cier.

6 . B oittes de di fferentes Grandeu rs .1 . de Moutarde.1 . Bbl . contenant Poids et Mesures .2 . 2amt de Cordage.1 . Tiercone de S ucre b lanc .

4 . S acs Caffé.

1 . Bb l de S alpétre .

1 . Amidon .

1 Epices .

Thé .

Q u incai l len e .

Vinegre .

Les effets charges sur l es Wagons de M . Parish doiven t

etre rendu a Wilkes -Barré et del ivré au Colonel Hol l inbach,

qui payera le voiturage a ra i son de 1 1 shi l lings du cen t

pesant a compte d u quel j’

ai payé cinquante gou rdes tan t

pou r ces obj ects que po u r ceux chargé cher M . Hol l ings

wo rth et par M . Wright .”

MO R TA R A ND PES TLE U S ED IN FO R’

I‘

Y FO R T IN 1778.

THE Fms r M I LL FO R G amm xc CORN m W vommc VALLE Y

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I 12 EA R LY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY.

mil ls,

“in order to guard ye mil l s ; and he was granted

l iberty to select n ine men to assi s t him as guards .These mi l ls— or

,more properly

,th is mil l

,for there w as

but onestructu re— was the mi ll erected on Mil l Creek by

the New Englanders in the Autumn of 1769 , and i t w as ,without doubt

,a saw-mil l . No steps had been taken

,up to

the Autumn of 177 1 towards the erection in Wyoming of agrist-m i l l . According to Miner ’s “History of Wyoming”

(Appendix, page 47) there were no gris t-mil ls in Wyom ingin 177 1 .

“For bread the settlers used pounded corn . Doc

tor S prague,who kept a boarding-house

,would take his

horse,with as much wheat as he could carry

,and go out to

the Delawa re [to Cosh u tu nk] and get i t ground . S eventyor eighty mi les to mi l l w as no trifl ing distance. The fl ou r

w as kept for cakes and to be used on ly on extraordinary

occasion s .B y 1772 the New England settl ers were in fu l l and com

pl ete possession of Wyom ing , and then one of the first

matters of general inte rest that w as acted upon in townmeeting w as with reference to the erection of a gri st-mi ll .Early in 1772 a gran t was made to Nathan Chapman (whois said to have come from Goshen ,

New York), by the pro

prietors of Wilkes -Barré town ship, of a site of forty acres of

land at Mil l Creek ; thi rty acres on the north s ide of thecreek and ten on the south side

,j us t east of the road

known later as the “middle road,”and now as the continua

tion of Ma in street— runn ing from Wi lkes -Barré to Pittston .

The same yea r a gri st-mi l l and a saw -mi l l were bui l t by Mr.

Chapman on the portion of the afore-men tion ed s ite lying

north of the creek, and the gri st-mi l l w as the firs t one

erected in Wyoming .

During the period that Wyom ing w as under the j u r isdict i on of Connecticut, and the laws of that Province and S tate

prevai l ed and were enforced here , the statute relating to

grist-mi l ls provi ded that each mi l ler in the Colony, or the

EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY. I 13

owner of a grist-mi l l ,“shal l be a l lowed three quarts out of

each bushel of Indian corn he grinds , and for other gra in

two quarts out of each bushel ; except mal t, ou t of which

one quart ." S hould the mil l er pres ume to take or receive

greater to ll,he was l iab le to a penalty of ten sh i l l ings for

each conviction .

Each owner of a mi l l was requi red to provide s eal ed

measu res,vi z . : One of 1 pt . , one of 1 q t ,

and one of 2 qts .,“with an instrument to stri ke the sai d meas u res . The

mi l ler was also al lowed for bolting,one pint ou t of each

bushel he shou ld bolt . I t,

w as a lso provi ded by statu te that“one mil ler to each gri st-mil l” be exempted from l iab i l i ty

to do duty in the mi li tia of the Co lony.

THE CH A PM A N G R I S T -M ILL

on Mi ll Creek w as a log structu re, with one ru n of stones .The mi l l i rons were b ro ught by Matth ias Hol lenback in h is

boat up the S usquehanna River from Wright ’s Ferry, and

Charles Miner says the voyage “was rendered memorab le

by the loss o f Lazarus Young,who w as drowned on the

w ay u p.

”S tewart Pearce , in hi s

“Anna l s of Luzerne

County,says that this m i l l w as carried away by the high

water soon after i t w as erected . This I very much doubt,

for in a deed of conveyance executed by Nathan Chapman

October 24, 1774 ,he describes the two m i l l s then s tanding

on the north s ide of the creek as the ones which had beenerected by him “some years past.Chapman ran his gri st-mil l from its completion in 1772

unt i l the last-mentioned date— October 24 , 1774-when

,in

considerat i on of £ 400“to 6apa z

'

a’ Whe conveyed to Adon ijah

S tanb u rrou gh, late of Orange county, N . Y .,th e forty acres

of land , the two mil l s , dwell ing-house, etc . S tanbu rrou gh

ran

.

the grist-mi l l un ti l some time after the W ar of the

Revol ution had been begun,when

,being a Loyal ist, or

Tory, he was forced by the inhab i tan ts to leave Wyoming .

1 I 4 EAR LY G R I S T-MILLS OF W YOMIN G VALLEY .

Before going away he placed the Mi l l Creek property incharge of his father

,Josiah S tanb u rrou gh,

then atWyoming,

and who was not a Tory. Adon ijah having fa i led to payto Chapman the cons iderati on money for the property

,the

latter sold the same November 16,1777 , to Jos iah S tanbu r

rough the father,who w as in possess ion . Charl es Miner

says that in 1776—7“the people had no other mi ll to grind

for them,

”and S tanbu rrou gh

’

s mil l was kept in constant

operation.

These Chapman- S tanbu rrou gh mil ls‘ were destroyed by

the invading enemy in Ju ly, 1778 . According to an offi cial

report made by the S el ectmen of Wyom ing in 178 1 , Jos iah

S tanbu rrou gh’

s losses by the British and Indian depreda

tions of Ju ly, 1778, were appra i sed at £ 603, 14 sh. With

a s ingle excepti on th is was much the largest amount of loss

reported by the S electmen as having been sustained by anyone of the Wyoming sufferers .About 178 1 or

’

2 new mill s were b ui lt on the Mi l l Creek

s ite by Josiah S tanb u rrou gh . The new grist-m i l l was taken

possess ion of by the Pennamites in the Autumn of 1783 and

given to a man friendly to the Pennsylvan ia cau se. (S eepetition of John Jenkins et d l .

,to the Penn sylvan iaAssembly

,

Miner ’s “History of Wyom ing , page Repossessionof the mi l l w as ga ined by the Yankees a few mon ths later

,

but May 1,1784 ,

i t w as again “taken by force from the inhabitan ts by the soldiers with large cl ubs .” A t this time i t

w as the on ly grist-mil l in the settlement . (S ee peti tion ofZebulon Butler , Obadiah Gore, Nathan D en i son et a l ., to

the Con tinenta l Congress . “Penn ’

a Archives,

”X . :

S oon thereafter the settlers took possess ion of the mi ll by

force,and

“kept i t runn ing n i ght and day to provide flou rfor themselves for futu re emergenci es as wel l as for thei r

presen t wants .” (S ee Miner’s “Wyoming ,

” pageAfter that Josiah S tanb u rrou gh con tinued to r u n the mi l lunti l February , 1787, when, fo r £ 300 he conveyed the whole

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EAR LY G R IS T-M ILLS OF WYOM ING VALLEY . I 15

property to hi s daughter E li zabeth , wife of John Hol lenback

of Wi lkes-Barré . Early in the presen t centu ry the old mi ll swere removed

,and a new grist~ mil l was erected by Mrs .

John Hol lenback on the s outh side of the creek . John

Hol lenback had died in 1797 . Upon the death of Mrs .

Hol lenback in 1808 or ’9 the grist-mil l became the property

of her son Matthias,2d . In 1820 the mi l l w as assessed for

taxation at $ 500. In 1860 or ’

6 1 the mi ll w as converted

into a d is ti l l ery,and tw o years later the bui lding was tu rned

into a dwel l ing-house . There are now remain ing no vestiges

of the bu i lding,i t having been destroyed by fire ten or more

years ago .

S tewart Pearce in hi s “Anna ls of Luzern e County says

that in 1782“James S utton ,

who had previo us ly bui l t mi l l s

in Kingston and Exeter townships,erected a grist-mi l l on

Mil l Creek near the river . It was constructed of hewn

l ogs,had one r u n of stones

,and on the roof of the bu i lding

there was a sentry-box from which the val l ey coul d be

overl ooked,and the movemen ts of the enemy observed .

Acco rding to M r . Pea rce thi s was the firs t mi l l erected

within the present l imits of the ci ty of Wi lkes-Barré,and he

says that i t w as swept away by the Pumpkin Flood of 1786 .

I find no reference to th is mi l l in any other rel iab l e history

of thi s loca l i ty,nor do I find any record evidence showing

that James S utton ever owned any land or rights a long Mil l

Creek .

I f s uch a mi l l as has been described w as erected on Mil l

Creek near the river,

” i t must have been bu i lt upon the si te

owned by Messrs . Hollenback and Gore— for from 1782 t i l l

1788 they owned the mi l l- s i te and a l l the water rights at th e

mouth of Mi l l Creek— as wi l l be shown more fully herein

a lter. My belief i s that the mi l l described by Mr. Pearce

was the one erected in 178 1 or’

2,as previously described

,

for Josiah S tanbu rrou gh (and very probab ly bui l t by James

1 16 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF W YOM IN G VALLEY.

S utton) on the old Chapman s ite, and not near the riveras Pearce says .The testimony of al l writers of Wyoming history

,and al l

old records which I have exam ined,i s to the effect that

there was on ly one grist-mil l on Mi ll Creek in the'

years

1782 5 , and that was the S tanb u r rou gh mi ll on the Chap

man s ite. The gri st-mil l of 1782 , with“a sentry-box on the

roof,

”may have been bu i lt on the sou th s ide of the creek

,

and the saw -m i l l,which was erected about the same time

,

s et up on the nar l it s ide— and,i f s uch w as the case

,the

“sentry

»box mil l was,as Pearce says

,the first grist-mi l l

bu i lt within the presen t l imits of Wi lkes -Barré.

H OLLEN B A CK’S S TONE G R I S T-M ILL , M ILL C R E EK .

In the S ummer of 1772 the proprietors of the S u squ ehan

na Company who were on the ground at Wyoming voted“to give unto Capt. S tephen Ful ler

,Obadiah Gore

, Jr .,and

S eth Marvin al l the privi leges of the stream ca l led Mi l l

Creek,below Mr . Chapman ’s mi l l

,to be thei r ow n property

,

with fu l l l iberty of bu i lding mi l ls and fl ow ing a pond,but

so as not to obstruct o r hinder Chapman ’s m i l l— provided

they have a saw -m i l l ready to go by the I st of November,1773. The donees or grantees named sold for ten shi l l

ings,S eptember 10

,1772 , one

-quarter of thei r right to Mil l

Creek to Capt. Obadiah Gore, S r .,of Kingston

,and soon

thereafter the erecti on of a saw -mi l l was begun . I t was

fin ished and in runn ing order before November 1,1773

the time stipu lated .

Charles Miner says History of Wyoming,page 142)

This was the first saw -mil l erected on the upper waters of

the S usquehanna . This,of cou rse

,i s an error

,as we have

hereinbefore shown that there w as a m i l l at the mouth ofMil l Creek in 1769 and in 177 1 .

Before August,1774, the proprietors of the mi ll- seat at

the mouth of Mi l l Creek had bui lt near thei r first m i l l a

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EAR LY G R IS T-MILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY. 1 17

second saw-mi l l . Captain Ful ler had in the meantime dis

posed of his one-quarter interest in the m i l l s and rights to

S eth Marvin,who later sold the in terest to Isaac Benjamin

for £ 100 . In December,1775 , Marvin and Benjamin sold

thei r half- interest in the two mi l ls and the privi leges annexed

and belonging,to Capt. Robert Carr ; and in the fo l lowing

Ma rch Carr so ld the same hal f- interest to Matthias Hol

lenback of Wi lkes-Barré . The two Gores and Hol lenback

ran the two mi l ls unti l Ju ly 3, 1778, when they were burn tby the British and Indians .Capt . Obadiah Gore, S r . ,

died in the S pring of 1780, and

at that time neither of the two mil ls had been reb ui lt . In

the inventory of Captain Gore ’s estate‘

w e find thi s i tem“One-quarter of a mi l l- seat on Mil l Creek

,with one-ha l f of

a set of saw -mil l i rons, £ 9 — which shows , without doubt ,

that the saw -mi l l i rons compri sed the on ly portion of the

tw o mi l ls at the mouth of Mi l l Creek saved from destructionin Ju ly, 1778.

Obadiah Gore, Jr.

,became the owner of his deceased

father's one-quarter interest,which gave h im a ha l f- interes t

in the property ; and August 27, 1788, he sold th is ha lf

interest to C01. Matthias Hol lenback , who thus became the

owner of the mi l l - s i te at the mouth of Mi l l Creek .

‘

Colone l

Hollenback w as the eldest brother of John Hol lenback,pre

viou s ly mentioned .

Judging by the language in the deed of conveyance from

Gore to Holl enback (s ee Luzerne County Deed Book I . :

83) there were no bui ldings on th is s ite in 1788 but withintwo or three years thereafter Colonel Hol lenback had erected

there,and w as operating

,a saw -mi l l . In 1809 thi s m i l l w as

assessed for taxati on at $ 150.

During the years 1809 and’

10 Colonel Hol lenback erectedon the north s ide of Mi l l Creek

,very near to hi s saw -mil l

(about where the plan t of the Wi lkes -Bar’

ré E lectri c L ight

Company now stands), a large gri st-mil l . The rear portion

1 18 EAR LY G R I S T-MILLS or WYOMIN G VALLEY.

of the bui lding, abutting on the creek , was fou r and a-halfs tori es in height the first and second stori es being bui lt of

stone,and the remain ing stories of wood . The front por

ti on of the bu i lding w as th ree and a-half s tories in height,

and w as bui lt enti rely of ston e. The mil l had fou r r u n of

stones . This , in i ts day ,was the most extens ive and ex

pens ive grist-mi l l in the county of Luzerne . It and thesaw -mi l l near by were assessed in the years 18 1 1 at

$ 2000,and in 18 1 5 at $2800. The grist-mi l l was known for

many years as Hol lenback’

s stone mi l l .After the decease of Colonel Hollenback the property

passed into the ownersh ip of his 5 011 George M . Hol lenback,

Esq. In the S pring of 1850 the mi l l was leased by GeorgeH . Roset of Wilkes-Barré

,who

,having made extens ive re

pa i rs and employed an experienced mil l er,named the estab

l ishment“Wyom ing Mi l l . It w as operated as a gri st-mi l l

unti l 1853, and w as then used for a variety of other pu rposes

un ti l about 1867 . After that i t stood in a dismantled con

diti on unti l 188 1,when i t w as torn down .

One of the early mi l lers at th is -mil l was a man named

John Mu rfy ,who married a daughter of Cornel i u s Cou rt

right. He was s ucceeded by Isaiah Tyson,who also mar

ried a daughter of Corneli us Cou rtright. Tyson was fol

l owed . by Driesbach as mi l ler,and he was fol lowed by S troh .

About thi s time Mess rs . Flick and Phi ll ips rented the mil l .Later a man named S imms was the mil ler.

TH E W R I G HT-M IN E R M ILL ON M ILL C R EEK.

About 1790 Thomas Wright moved from Doylestown ,

Penn ’

a,to Wi lkes-Barré

,where he immediately engaged in

mercanti le bu siness . He purchased,August 3 1, 179 3, of

Nathan Waller and John Carey twen ty-five acres of back

lot No . 1 1, in that pa rt of Wi lkes-Barré township which waslater Plains township , and i s now the borough of Miner

’s

Mil ls,together wi th “a mil l-pond and saw -mi l l upon and

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EARLY G R I S T- MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY. 1 19

belonging to said tract. This property was on Mil l Creek,

about two mi les from its mouth,and had belonged to Dan i el

Whitney of Orange county,New York

,who

,March 7 ,

1786 , sold to John S taples of Wyom ing . The mi l l -pond

w as referred to in the deed of conveyance,and without doub t

there was at that time ( 1786) a saw-mil l there . I f not,one

must have been bu i lt by S taples soon thereafter, for when ,

in J une,179 3, S taples sold the property to Wa l l er and

Carey a saw -mi l l was m en tioned as one of the appurtenances .In 179 5 Thomas Wright erected a grist-mi l l at th e mi l l

pond previ ous ly men ti oned,on the site of the presen t Miner's

Mil ls . This mi l l w as operated by Thomas Wright unti l

18 13 when he sold to his son- in- l aw Asher Miner then re

s iding in Doylestown,Penn ’

a .

Before w e describe the mi l l a few words in relati on to Mr .

Wright,the origina l bu i lder

,wi l l not be amiss .

Thomas Wright was born in Coun ty Down,North of

I reland in 1748, and came to America in 1763 with h is

brothers Joseph and William and s ettled at Doylestown,

Bucks county,Penn ’

a . Thomas was soon in charge of aschool at Dyerstown tw o miles north of Doylestown . He

secured a home in the fami ly of Josiah Dyer and taught the

rudiments of Engl ish to the ch i ldren of the n eighborhood,

and final ly made love to the daughter of his host. One day

he and the daughter qu ietly s lipped off to Phi ladelphia and

were married which rel ieved the cas e of d iffi cu l ty ,as at that

day F r i ends cou ld not consent to the marriage of thei r

daughters o ut of meeting . About 1790 he removed to

Wilkes—Barré . He located his home abou t two mi les north

east of the v i l lage at what i s now Miner ’s Mi ll s,and in 179 5

bui lt the mi l l before menti oned . The settl emen t soon became known as Wrightsvi l le

,but when incorporated as a

borough i t w as cal led Miner ’s Mil l s in honor of the old m i l l

whi ch had been i dentified with the Miner fami ly for severalgenerations .

120 EARLY G R IS T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY.

Thomas Wright bui lt what isnow known as the o ld Miner

homestead, below the m i l l , about the time of bu i lding themil l ( 179 or probab ly a short time before that. This wasoccupied by Mr . Wright ti ll h is death in 1820

,and after

wards by the Hon . Charl es Miner,the Historian

,by whom

i t w as named the “Retreat,

” un ti l his death .

“Aunt” S arah Wright,as she was cal led by almost every

body,wife of Joseph Wright

,and mother of Charles Miner ’s

wife,and grandmother of Mrs . E l len E . Thomas

,now of

Wi lkes -Barré,one day rode up on horse back from her

home,the old Alexander house at the end of Divis ion street

,

Wilkes-Barré,to the Thomas Wright house using as a rid

ing whip a branch of a sycamore tree . There were but fewtrees about the place

,and she planted her riding whip which

having l ived and grown for upwards of a hundred years i s

now an immense tree, probab ly the largest of its variety inthe va l ley

,and i s s ti l l an obj ect of admi ration in ful l vigor

and l ikely to l ive and fl ou ri sh for many years to come.Thomas Wright died at Wrightsvi l l e in 1820 . He was

the father of one daughter, Mary,the wife of Asher Miner

,

and two sons Joseph and Josiah , al l born in Bucks county

Pennsylvan ia . He owned and publi shed the W z'

lées - B a r re

G az ette from 1797 to 1800,when i t was bought by Asher

Miner and the name changed to the Lu z er ne Federa l ist. A n

interesting fact in thi s connection i s that the first three

owners and operators of thi s mi l l were a l so publi shers of

newspapers inWilkes-Barré, namely,Thomas Wright,Asher

Miner and Robert Miner (my father).Thomas Wright became a large land own er in Luzerne

county,and if he had reta ined one- tenth of h is landed pos

sess ions which afterwards became va l uable for coal , his

estate would have been one of the largest in Pennsylvania .

I t i s related of Mr . Wright that when upon his death bed

he gave di recti ons that when he died the mi l l s above h is

house,both the grist-mi ll and the saw -mil l

,shou ld be imme

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EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY. 12 1

diately stopped and rema in closed un ti l the funera l, proces

s ion had left the house . When the process ion started from

the ho use the gates were to be hoisted,the wheels set in

motion and business res umed as usua l .

I t i s a lso given as family history,and i s undoubtedly

authentic,that he had numerous carriages of various kinds

,

and that as he knew he could not l ive much longer he had

them al l cleaned up and marsha l led before his window,that

he m ight see for himself that they were in proper conditionfor his funera l . S o i t s eems he w as not afra id of the ap

proach of death , b ut made s u itable preparati ons himsel f that

a l l th ings might be in order at i ts coming .

From what we can gather we find that Thomas Wright

was a wel l educated man for that time,and his l etters show

a forgetfu lness of sel f and a kindly dispos i ti on . We have

reason to bel ieve that he w as a shrewd business man,as

h is vari ou s enterprises prospered and he d ied a rich man

fo r the times in which he l ived . Probably he w as an cc

cen tri c man,but his eccentric ities were not of a disagreeable

kind . In short it may be sa id that he w as a gen t leman,and

the world w as the better for his having l ived in it.The fol lowing descr ipti on of the Wright m i l l w as written

by James A . Gordon,the loca l h i storian

,known by some of

yo u I have no doubt,who l ived in Plymouth in 1877 . The

artic l e w as wri tt en at my s uggestion fo r the R ecord of Ike

Times . Mr . Gordon speaks chicfly from his persona l knowledge. He says“Thomas Wright

,who had come from Ireland before the

Revol uti on,conceived the proj ect of bu i lding a m erchant

mil l on Mil l Creek about one and a quarter mi les above the

Matthias Hol lenback mi l l,and accordingly in 179 5 he began

what was afterwards known as‘Wright’s M il l . ’ The base

ment w as s ubstantial stone work which is sti l l standing

under what i s now‘Miner’s Mi l l s . ’ I t w as

’

thi rty by forty

feet, the superstructu re w as two stori es, and I think from

122 EA R LY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY.

my own impress ion there were not over seven or eight feetbetween the fl oors .

“El isha Delano of Hanover was the mi ll-wright and JamesA . Gordon and George or Benjam in Cooper were the car

penters who erected the frame and enclosed i t with ordinary

hal f- inch weather boarding . It w as started early in thespring of 1796 with a s ingle r u n of coun try stones

,known

as conglomerate rock,which were made by Is rael Bennett

and Jacob Oz ancu p . There was no bol ter for the first s ixmon ths

,but a s ifter w as used instead

,into which w as dis

charged the mea l as i t came from the grinder.“Jacob Oz ancu p w as the first mi ller and came from Min

nes ink,S ussex county, N . J. He continued to ru n the mil l

unti l . it w as fu l ly completed as a merchant mi l l,which w as

sometime in 1799 or early in 1800,when the Tysons came

on from Bucks coun ty and took charge of the concern,and

continued to Operate it unti l 182 1 when they removed to

Canada . During a part of th is time Joseph Murphy wasthe mi l ler under Thomas Tyson

,I sa iah Tyson having joined

John Murphy in erecting and Operating at Pi ttston what

w as afterwards the Barnum mi l l .“The facts above stated

,which occurred before my re

memb rance,I have received from authenti c sou rces

,being

indebted therefor to Nathan Draper,John Clarke and my

uncl e John Atherton,and Wil liam Thompkins late of Pi tts

ton ,Mrs . Hannah Abbott of Wi lkes-Barré, and Mrs Clari ssa

(Cooper ) Price, a l l natives of that neighborhood with the

exception of John Atherton . Besides th i s I remember dis

t inctly a stone in the foundation wa l l roughly cut with the

inscription ‘1793

’ or I have no choice from my own

impressions which i t was .

“James A . Gordon w as a residen t of Wi lkes-Barré lessthan th ree years

,removing to Athens early in 1796 . His

accoun ts were in my possession up to 1845 when they were

bu rned in my ofli ce on the Pub li c S quare in Wilkes-Barré.

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124 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY .

buckwheat flou r. Al l the moving of the grain and flou rwas done by the hoisting barrel

,which w as rigged with

rol lers on the bottom so that i t w as moved with very l ittle

effort by the m il ler . In the attic s tory w as a cooler for thes u perfine fl ou r , which w as put in motion by a geared horiz ontal shaft connected with the master wheel

,as were a lso

both of the bo lters .“This m i l l had a high reputation for its buckwheat flou r ,for which it w as ch iefly indebted to the cons ummate ski l lof the m i l ler and i ts h u l ler . The whol e machinery w as

operated by a breast wheel of twenty- fou r feet in diameter,

with a head and fa l l of fourteen feet,the driving buckets

being three and one - ha l f feet long and made water tight .A t thi s period there w as a lways an abundant s upply of

water in Mi ll Creek,and except

,

in a very dry summer the

mil l cou ld be ru n from morn ing to s u n down . I bel i evethat thi s was the fi rst m i l l in the county that sen t its flou r

to the Phi lade lphia market. This m i l l w as destroyed by

fire in 182 5 and w as immediately rebui lt by Asher Minerwho w as then the owner of the property

,and a larger and a

better one took its place .

”

In clos ing M r . Gordon says : “About th is time my ao

quaintance with the neighborhood ceased,and I cannot

therefore speak of its s uccessor from my ow n personal

knowledge .

I think it very safe to say that th is Wright-Miner mil l i s

the oldest m i l l in this county and perhaps in th is S tate sti l l

runn ing and managed by the descendants of the origina l

owners and propri etors . It has descended in a straight l ine

for five generations in one fam i ly . First, Thomas Wright ;then Asher Miner

,his son- in - law ; then

‘

R obert Miner, the

latter ’s so 1 then Charl es A . Miner,son of Robert , and now

Asher Miner , of the fifth generati on,who is Genera l Manager

for the M iner ~ H i l lard Mil l ing Co .,who are runn ing i t in

EA R LY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY. 125

connecti on with other enterprises . S uch instances are very

rare in thi s country .

This mi l l has been owned and operated by Thomas Wright,Asher Miner

,Robert Miner

,E l i za Miner, hi s widow , Charles

A . Miner,Miner Thomas

,Isaac M . Thomas 81 Co ., Miner

Co . ,and now the Miner-Hillard Mi l ling Co .

Capt. Ca lvin Parsons says the mi l l-dam now standing was

erected by Asher Miner about 1828,about two years after

the destruction of the original mil l by fire, consequently now

i s s eventy years o ld,and as sol id as when first erected .

THE JOHN S ON ON L AU R E L R U N .

In 18 17 Jehoida P. Johnson,son of the Rev . Jacob John

son,bui l t a sma l l grist-m i l l on Lau rel R u n

,in what was

Wi lkes -Barré townsh ip and i s now the borough of Pa rsons .M r . Johnson operated thi s mi l l un ti l 182 5 (a man named

Holgate being the mi l ler), when he leased it to Chri stopherAppleton

,a merchan t in Wi lkes-Ba rré

,who ran the mi l l in

connection with a disti l lery unti l 1829 ,when E . Appleton

l eased the property .

In 1828,a year o r two before h i s death

,M r . Johnson en

larged and improved the m il l considerab ly . After 183 1 the

hei rs of Jehoida P. John son operated the mi ll unti l 1843,when the property came into the ownersh ip of Wi l l iam P.

and Mi les Johnson . The grist-mil l,which by that t ime had

depreciated very much in va l u e , w as r u n by these men fora couple of yea rs in connection with thei r powder-m i l l

,and

then w as abandoned as a grist-m i l l. The bui lding w as de

stroyed a good many years ago when the adj oin ing powder

mi l l was wrecked by an explos i on .

COF F R IN ’ S M ILL , N E W PO R T TOW N S H IP .

S ometime after Chapman had so ld his Mi l l Creek proper ty to S tanb u rrou gh he erected in Newport

’

township— say

in 1774 or’

5— a small l og grist-mi ll

,with one r u n of stones .

126 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMING VALLEY.

It stood near the l ine of Hanover township,not far from

Nanti coke Fa l l s,and in i ts vicinity the Newport i ron- forge of

Mason F and John Alden w as erected about 1777 . In

1776 this grist-m i l l was known as Coffrin’

s M i l l,being

'

thenthe property of James Coffr in . In 1777 he sold i t to JohnComer.

Pearce says : “This was the on ly mi l l in Wyoming that

escaped destruction from floods and from the torch of thesavage.” Miner says that in the latter part of 1779 i t w asguarded by a few men

,and three o r fou r famili es ventu red

to reside in i ts vicin ity . D uring the S ummer of 1780 i t wasguarded by one L i eutenant, one S ergeant, and ten privatesfrom Capt . John Franklin ’

s m i l i tia company then in the Continental servi ce at Wyoming .

This mi l l was a sma l l affai r,and cou ld hardly be dignified

by the name of gri st-m i l l . It w as,in fact

,a corn -mi ll

,and

w as l i ke many others which were erected du ring the earlyyears thro u gho u t the S usquehanna settlements . They were

located upon li ttl e streams which were often dry o r nearlyd ry ,

and they had one ru n of stones but l ittle larger than a

ha lf-bushel meas u re. These mi lls were so arranged that

when the stream w as l ow they cou ld be tu rned by hand,

and cou ld crack in to samp and mea l from one and one-hal f

to three bushe ls of com a day .

S o far as pos s ib l e the Coffr in or Newport-Hanover m i l lmet the wan ts of the Wyoming publ ic during the years

1779 but the settlers were compe l led to carry thei r

gra in to Colonel S troud ’s m i l l at S troudsbu rg, a distance offifty miles through the wi lderness . From the jou rna l o f

Col . John Frankl in we learn that J uly 20,1780,

“a boat ar

rived from down the river with the welcome cargo of twenty

three barrel s of flour and on the 6th of the fol lowingAugust severa l men wen t down the river [probably toS unbury] to mi l l , and the same day L i eutenant Gore andothers set ou t to Colonel S tro ud ’s mi l l .

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128 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY.

of Hanover and operated it in connection with the gristm i l l unti l 1828. B y th i s time the mi l l bu i lding had becomesomewhat di lapidated

,and during the years 1829 to 3 1

neither grinding nor card ing was done there ; but , havingbeen renovated and improved meanwhi l e

,the gris t—mil l and

carding-machine were operated by George Behee during1832, 3 and 4 . Then the carding-machine w as given u p,

and the grist-mi l l a lone w as operated by Mr . Behee unti lh is death in 1846 or

’

7 . After that i t was Operated by hi s

hei rs for awhi le.

TH E B U TLE R M l LL , H A N OV E R .

As early as 1793 there w as a grist-mi l l on a branch of Nan

ticoke Creek in Hanover, not far from where the D undee

shaft was sunk many years afterwards . This mi l l belongedto Nathan Carey

,then to Chri stopher Hurlbut

,and in

August,1796 , i t passed into the possession of James S u t

ton . In November,1796, S utton conveyed to G en . Lord

Butler of Wilkes-Barré a half- in terest in this property

being part of Lot No . 16 and known as“the mil l l ot”— “to

gether with one-ha lf of a saw -m i l l and grist-m i l l thereon

s tanding,and one-ha lf of al l the appurtenances and appa

ratu ses thereto belonging .

”

Plumb says in his “History of Hanover Township” that

thi s “w as probably the grist-mi l l of Pelatiah Fitch,assessed

to him in 1799”— in which year there were on ly two gris t

m i l l s in Hanover,Fitchs ’ and Delano ’s . I f this be true

Fitch probably owned,or ran

,the m i l l for on ly a short

time . The assessmen t l ists of Hanover show that early in

the presen t cen tu ry this Nant icoke Creek grist-mil l,on Lot

No . 16,w as the property of Lord Butler of Wi lkes-Barré,

and in 1809 i t was assessed at $ 500,fo r pu rposes of taxati on .

The mi l l was operated under the di rection of Lord Butler

unti l 18 15 , when he sold the prop erty to Joseph Pruner , the

materna l grandfather of the late Judge Edmund L . Dana of

EARLY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY. 129

this c ity . Mr . Pruner ran the mi l l unti l 1827, when he sol d

i t to Col . John L . Butler of Wi lkes-Barré, one of the sons

of G en . Lord Butle r, the fo rmer owner . Colonel Butl er

Operated the mi l l from 1828 to 1833 incl us ive . B y this time

the bu i lding and fittings were very much out of repai r (themil l was assessed at on ly $50 in and no bus iness was

done there after 1833, the water power having decreased .

The mil l was in ru ins in 1840.

TH E INM AN M ILL , H A N OVE R .

Prior to 1809 Richard and Is rael Inman of Hanover bu i l t

a very s ubstantia l gris t-mi ll at the foot of S o lomon ’s Fa l ls,

above the present borough of Ashl ey . In 1809 th i s pr0p

erty w as assessed at $ 500 . In 18 12 Richard Inman became

the sol e owner of the mil l,and operated i t that year and the

next. Then i t s tood idle unti l 18 17 , after which Richard

Inman operated i t un ti l h i s death in 1830 or’

3 1 .

Having pu rchased the property from the estate of Richard

Inman,Is rael Inman operated the mi l l in 1833

— when i t w as

assessed at on ly $40. About 1835 o r later the bui lding was

converted into a dwel l ing-house,and in the S pring of 1850

i t was carried down to the flats by high water .

TH E R O S S M ILL , H A N OVE R .

In 1826 G en . Will iam Ross of Wilkes-Barré bui lt a sma l l

gri st-m i l l on S olomon ’s Creek at the foot of the moun ta in

in Hanover townsh ip,nea r the Inman m i l l j ust menti oned .

This m i l l w as Operated by Genera l Ross un ti l 1830,when

he en la rged and improved it . Two years later he added

other improvemen ts,which . made i t the most va l uable m i l l

property in the township . Genera l Ross operated this mil l

unti l his death in 1842 ,after which

,for a n umber of years

,

i t w as operated by his 5 011,Judge W m . S . Ross , of Wi lkes

Barré .

This mi l l consi sted of a two and a-ha lf story frame strue

130 EA R LY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY.

tu re on a stone substructu re one story in height . The

wooden part of the bu i lding w as pa inted red . It stood inthe m i dst of very pictu resque su rroundings . Twenty-five

years ago the bu i lding was in a somewhat dismantl ed condition

,having been abandoned as a gri st-mi l l for some years

previous to that time. Al l vestiges of the bui lding have nowdisappeared .

TH E M OR G A N M ILL , H A N OV E R .

Prior to 18 12 George Mes inger was operating a smal lgrist-mi l l in Hanover township

,on S olomon ’s Creek below

the presen t borough of Ash ley,and nea r the south-west

boundary line of the townsh ip of Wi lkes -Barré. In 18 14

Mes inger sold the mi l l to John Greenawa l t, who ran i t unti l

182 1 when he so ld out to Thomas H . Morgan . The latter

ran the mi ll un ti l 1837 , and then sold to Merri t Abbott.He ran the mi ll one year

,and then abandoned i t. In 1840

i t w as in ru ins .P E TTY ’

S M IL L , H A N OV E R .

In 1845William Petty bu i l t a very s ubstantia l frame gri st

mi l l on S olomon ’s Creek in Hanover town ship,about one

quarter of a m i l e below the presen t so uth -west boundary

l ine of the c ity of Wi lkes-Barré It stood a lmost oppos ite

the S pot where now stands the Frankl in Junction” signa ls tati on of the Cen tra l Rai l road of New Jersey .

The m i l l w as of good s ize,two and a-hal f stories in height

,

and had fou r ru n of ston es . It w as r u n by water s uppliedthrough a race from a mi l l -pond si tuated back on the hil l

below Ashley. The mi l l—pond received its water from 5 01

omon’

s Creek,into which

,at the mi l l

,the race emptied .

This mi l l,which was known as

“Petty ’s Mil l,

”w as oper

ated by the owner for a number of years . After the LehighVa l ley Rai l road was extended through Hanover to Wi lkes

Barré and beyond , the name of the m i l l was changed to“The Rai l road Mil l s” —inasmuch as the tracks of the ra i l

road lay within a few yards of the mil l . In the S pring of

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EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY . 131

1864 Oliver M . Martin leased these mil ls and ran them

un ti l November, 1867, when he w as j oined by Charl es W .

Garretson of Wilkes-Barré as a partner in the bus iness .

Martin and Garretson carried on the business unti l the death

of Mr . Garretson in December, 1870,dissolved the partner

ship .

From 187 1 to 1885“The Rai l road Mi l l s were Operated

by J. W . D riesbach , and then A . P. Tins ley came in to pos

sess ion . He operated them unti l Feb ruary 14, 1887, when

the bu i lding w as destroyed by fire. On the spot where i t

stood there i s now a ra i l road cattl e-pen ,for the conven i ence

of the owners of the s laughter-house near by .

P LYM O U TH .

Befo re the al l otment of lands in Plymouth township among

the proprietors,the owners agreed to set off fifty acres near

to Coleman ’s,

*or Mil l Creek

,and a mil l seat thereon

,for

the pu rpose of encou raging the bui lding of a grist-mil l .This mil l lot lay a long the smal l stream afterwards known

as Ransom ’s Creek,which fl ow ed in a south- easter ly di rec

t ion in the lower end of Plymou th town ship,and empti ed

into the S usquehanna near the s ite of old S hawnee Fort .The erection of thi s mi l l w as undertaken some years later

by Campbell and Gilbert Den ton ; b ut before opera

t ions cou ld be begun the massacre of 1778 occu rred,“in

which Den ton w as ki l led,and his son went away without

doing anything.

” His half- right in the mi l l- s ite was for

feited . Later Campbel l began the erecti on of the mi ll,but

soon sold h is ha lf- in terest in the si te to S amuel Ransom ,

who contin ued the work of erecting the mi ll .In 1786 the mil l w as not yet in working order, and R an

som sold h is in terest to Hezekiah Roberts— agreeing to

make a t i tle to twenty-five acres of land and the mi l l seat .

S o called fromJeremiah Coleman ,o rig inally of G oshen , N . Y . , w ho , pr ior to Jan

ua ry ,1773 , owned a

“righ t" of land on the banks of th is s tream , and had built a househere .

132 EAR LY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY.

James Bidlack then agreed to j oin Roberts in bu i lding the

mi l l,but did nothing towards i t ; whereupon in June, 1787,

the comm ittee of the town voted the mi l l seat to Roberts“being fifty acres excl us ive of a fou r - rod highway” —and

Roberts completed the mil l the same year .These facts have been d rawn from the origina l u npu b

l ished minutes of the Pennsylvan ia Commissi oners who,

under the Act of Assembly of 1799 , examined and settled,early in the presen t centu ry

,the titles to lands in the seven

teen townships of Luzerne county .

S tewart Pearce says in his “Annal s of Luzerne County

(page 2 16)“In 1780 Robert Fau lkner erected a log g rist

mi l l on S hu pp’

s Creek,bel ow the s i te of the presen t [ 1860]

S hupp Mil l, and about the same time Hez ekiah Roberts putup a s imi lar mil l on Ransom ’s Creek . Col . H . B . Wright

repeats th i s statement in his “Historica l S ketches of Plymouth

,written in 187 2 and

’

73, and adds that the fou ndation of the old Fau lkner mil l had disappeared before his day .

(The Colonel w as born inI th ink i t is very certain that both these gentlemen were

mistaken with regard to the Fau lkner and Roberts mi l l s .We have previous ly shown

,by what may be cons idered

good evidence,that the on ly grist-mi l l in Wyom ing Va l ley

in 1780 and’

8 1 w as Coffrin’

s l i tt le m i l l in Newport,near

Nanticoke . We have a lso shown ,by the most sati sfactory

testimony,that the Roberts m i l l w as not completed unti l

1787 . It is fa i r to pres ume,therefore

,that the Fau lkner

mi l l w as erected,on what w as later known as S hu pp

’

s Creek ,about the year 1787.

S M ITH 'S M ILL , P LYM O U TH .

About 1808 Abijah S mith became the owner of the

Roberts mi l l (previously menti oned) on Ran som’s Creek 1n

Plymouth township,and

,having repai red and improved it ,

ran i t u nt11 18 12 or ’

13. Then the mi l l stood idle unti l

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134 EA R LY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY.

E l i sha Delano was bu i lding fo r him a new gri st-mil l fartherdown the creek . This mi ll w as compl eted in 1796 , and w as

ru n unti l 1830 by Abraham Ti l lbu ry— to whose wife i t hadbeen devised by her father

,Benj am in Harvey .

The fol lowing paragraph,written by the late Cal eb E .

Wright,Esq .

,and publ i shed in l e H is tor ica l R ecord

,

Wilkes-Barré,in 1889 ,

i s apr opos“Near the river Harvey’s

Creek passes the base of ‘Ti l lbu ry’

s Knob,

’

an abrupt ledge

similar to Campbel l ’s at the head of the Va l ley. It w asnear the brow of the butting ledge

, on the waters of Har

vey ’s Creek,and distan t a mi le o r so from hi s nearest neigh

bor,that Abraham Ti l lbu ry estab l i shed his noted grist-mil l .

I t did the custom work for the farmers in a circuit of manymi les around . Abraham ,

a s i len t,meditative man

,wearing

spectacles of the anci ent style,whose glasses were as large

as ou r si lver dol lars, ran the m i l l h imself.”

In 1830 the Ti l lbu rys so ld thei r mi ll to Joshua Pugh , who

ran i t u nti l 1833 and then had a new gri st-mi l l erected onthe site by Hen ry Y ingst

,a German from Dauphin county

,

Penn ’a . Pugh operated this m i l l fo r a number of years,and

a ls o kept an inn near by for awhi le . A more modern mill,

erected not many years ago , now occupies the si te of the

Pugh mi ll . It is operated by Mess rs . Bergen Co . of West

Nanti coke.TH E G R U B B M ILL , P LYMO U TH .

In 1793 Peter Grubb , who had been a shop-keeper inWilkes -Barré

,but w as then l iving in Kingston township

near the Plymouth l ine, and w as a farmer,a Justice of the

Peace,and one of the Commissioners of Luzerne coun ty ,

erected a grist-mi l l in Plymouth township on the north -west

or main branch of Toby’s Creek . This m i l l s tood on the

east side of the ma in road runn ing from Kingston to Plymouth

,and was on ly a short di stance from the Kingston

l ine. The stream upon which the m i l l s tood w as for a l ong

time known in Plymouth as“G rubb

’s mi l l brook .

”

1 111: S U TTON 1 776 .

FROM P IEA R CE'

S ANN A LS LL'Z E R N E CO U NT Y .

C R ANK 0 1“THE S U TTON M l L l

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136 EARLY 01215 1 5 1111 4 5 OF WYOMING VALLEY.

stood on the north side of the river,and some years later an

i ron forge was bui lt on the Oppos ite s ide of the stream . In

1775 the grist-mil l passed into the hands of Capt . S olomonS trong , and soon thereafter w as swept away by a flood .

The second grist-mil l in Pittston township w as erected in1794 by Joseph Gardner and Isaac Gould , on Gardner

’s

Creek,in what i s now Jenkins township.

TH E H A LLO CK-CON R A D M ILL , P ITT S TON .

Pri or to 1820 Peter Hal lock w as operating for a number

of years a grist-mil l in Pittston township . In the year men

tioned he disposed of the property to S amuel Con rad , who

ran the m i l l unti l 182 5 and then sold out to John Con rad .

He ran i t unti l 1829 , when i t was abandoned as a grist-mi l l .

TH E B A B B M IL L , P I TT S TON .

For some years up to and including 18 18 Peter Pain

owned and ran a grist-mil l in Pittston township . Early in

18 19 the property came in to the possess i on of John P. Babb,and he zran the mi l l unti l h is death in 1840. D uring the

next five years i t was operated under the di rection of Babb’s

hei rs,and then (in 1846) Edwa rd Babb became the owner .

He ran the mi l l for a number of years thereafter .

TH E B A R N U M - R O B IN S O N M ILL , P ITT S TON .

In 18 19 Messrs . John Mu rfy and Isaiah Tyson ,who had

each,at d ifferen t times

,been mil ler at the Hol lenback stone

grist-m i l l in Wilkes -Barré township,erected a' gris t-mil l in

Pittston township . They ran the mi l l in 1820 and’

2 1 , and

then removed to Canada . In 1822 thi s m i l l was the prop

erty of Joseph Fell , and in 1823 Ca lvin Wadhams of Plymouth became the owner . He soon so ld i t

,howeve r, to

Z enu s Barnum of Pittston ,who

,from 1824 to 1829 or

’

30,

incl usive, Operated the mil l.

In 1830 the property was sold to John W . Robinson , Esq .,

EARLY G R I S T-M ILLS 0F WYOMIN G VALLEY. 137

of Wi lkes -Barré,under whose ownership the mil l was ru n

unti l 1836 . He then sold to George S ax ,who owned the

property one year. Judge John N . Conyngham of Wilkes

Ba rré then became the owner , and held the property un ti l

184 1 , when he sold i t to Henry J. Wil liams . In 1843 the

bui ld ing was diverted to other uses .

TH E B U TLE R S TE A M M ILL , P IT T S TON .

In 1846 Messrs . John L . and Lord Butler of Wi lkes-Barré,

and Judge Garri ck Ma l lery of Ph i ladelphia , who , under the

firm name of John L . Butler Co .,had been engaged for

eight years in the min ing and shipping of coa l at what i s

now Pittston ci ty,erected there a la rge steam gri st-mil l .

The engine and fitt ings which had been removed from

the “ Butler S team Mil l ” in Wilkes -Ba rré were set up in

this new m i l l , and in the latter part of 1846 m i l l ing opera

t ions were begun .

For a n umber of years a la rge and va l uabl e business w as

done at th i s mil l by the o riginal owners,and by thei r s u c

cessors .

TH E CA R P EN TE R - S HOEM AKE R M IL L , W YOM IN G .

As early as 1780 or’

8 1 Benjamin Carpenter,a nati ve of

Connecticut,settled in the upper end of Kingston township

,

at the foot of the mountain back of the‘ pres ent borough of

Wyoming. About 1790 he bu i lt a gris t-mi ll on Ab raham’s

Creek,at the lower end of the gorge where the creek breaks

through the mounta in,and later he b ti i l t n ear by a wool len

mil l .This local i ty— years afterwa rds known as S hoemaker ’s

Mi l l s— w as for a l ong time known as Carpen te r ’s Mi l ls and

Carpenter- town and as late as 1830 the flats between this

l oca l i ty and Wyoming,o r New Troy as the place was then

cal led,was covered by a fo rest .

Benjamin Carpenter operated h is mi l ls un ti l 1807 , when

138 EARLY G R I S T-M ILLS OF W YOMIN G VALLEY.

he sold them to S amuel S hoemaker and removed to Ohio .

S amuel S hoemaker ran the gri st-mil l unti l 18 16,and then

Isaac S hoemaker, S r.,

came into possess ion and continuedthere unti l 1828.

From 1829 to 1837 or’

38 John Ambler owned and ran

the mi ll,and then Charles Ful ler occupied the property for

about two years . In 1840 the property came in to the pos

sess ion of Isaac C. S hoemaker,who rebu i lt the grist-m il l

that year,putting in a l l the new improvemen ts in m i l l fittings

then invented .

In 184 1 the firm of Isaac C. and W m . E . S hoemaker w asorgan i zed

,and they operated the mil l unti l 1862 . From

1863 unti l about 1872 Isaac C. S hoemaker w as the sol eowner and Operator

,and then S amuel R . S hoemaker be

came the owner. Prior to 1880 steam instead of water

power was introduced .

Forty years ago the flou r manufactu red at thi s mi l l w as

genera l ly conceded to be the best manufactu red in thi s

val ley,and it a lways sold for twenty-fi ve cen ts a barrel more

than other Wyom ing Va l ley flou r .This property is now leased and operated as a feed mi l l

by the firm of James Fowler 8: S ons .

TH E T U TTLE M ILL , F O R TY F O R T .

Prior to 1798 Hen ry Tuttl e erected a sma l l two-story

frame grist-mil l on Abraham ’s Creek,in Kingston township,

j ust south- east of the road runn ing from Kingston to Pi ttston .

I t stood very near what i s now known as the stone-archedbridge

,a lmost on the dividing l ine between the boroughs

of Wyoming and Forty Fort . Henry Tuttl e ran th is m i l l

un ti l 18 12,when his son Joseph Tuttle came into possessi on

of i t . He ran i t for twenty-six yea rs , and then,Apri l 9 ,

1839 ,

sold the property to George W . Barber, who operated the

mi l l unti l 1853 .

In 1854 El ijah S hoemaker, Jr. ,bought the mi l l . It stood

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140 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY

lying in and about the mounta in gorge th rough which thema in branch of Toby's Creek winds i ts w ay into the Wyo

ming Va l ley. This loca l i ty soon came to be known as

“Hartsou f’

s Hollow ; but after the departure of Mr . Hart

souf from Kingston in 1808,and after one or two m i l ls had

been erected near hi s o ld home,the name of the place came

to be “Mil l Hol low .

” This name i t bore unti l from i t andcontiguous territory the presen t borough of Luzerne w aserected some years ago.

Prior to 1805 or’

6 Zachariah Hartsou f sold to S amuel

Atherho lt one of the best portions of his tract of land,lying

a long the c reek n ear the base of the foot-hi l l at the southernentrance to the “Hol low . Here Atherholt erected imme

d iately a gri st-mil l , which he ran unti l November,1809 ,

when he sold the property to Peter Babb . From that dateunti l early in 18 12 Babb operated the mil l

,and then sold i t

to Joseph S wetland and removed to a farm in Providence

townsh ip .

S wetland erected a disti l l ery on the property,and ran i t

and the grist-m i l l unti l November, 18 17 , when ,for $ 5000,

he so ld twenty - two acres of land,the gri st-m i l l

,disti l lery

and other appurtenances to Jacob Holgate and Wil liam

Hicks of German town,Phi ladelphia coun ty

,Penn ’

a . Hickstook possess ion of the grist-m i l l and ran i t (pres umably forhimself and Holgate

,who con tinued to reside in Ph i ladel

phia) unti l June 17 , 183 1 .

Upon that date Hicks conveys his one-ha lf interest in the

property to Ho lgate,who

,in cons iderati on thereof

,

“guar

antees and secu res to sa i d H icks and to his hei rs,during

the l i fe of sa i d Jacob Holgate and h is wife,the one- fou rth

part of a l l the tol ls and emol uments of the grist-m i l l . Mr .

Holgate’

s represen tatives then took charge of the mil l and

ran i t from July, 183 1 , to sometime in 1832 , when Mr . Hol

gate died . The representatives of his estate then operated

the mi ll unti l 1836 or’

37 ,when i t w as des troyed by fire .

EARLY G R I S T -M ILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY. 14 1

TH E H A NCOCK M ILL , L U ZE R N E B O R OU G H .

About 1838 th e s ite of the Holgate mi l l, previ ously men

t ioned,w as bought by Wil l iam Hancock

,fo rmerly ofWilkes

Barré,but then established as a tanner and cu rrie r near the

“Hollow.

”In 1839 and

’

40 Charles and John Mathers,

two young mi l lwrights of Kingston township,bu i lt for Wi l

l iam Hancock a very s ubstantia l,a l though not large

,gri st

mil l on the site j ust menti oned . The mi l l w as painted red,

and the fi rst mi l ler employed by Mr . Hancock w as Lambert

Bonham .

This mil l was operated by j udge Hancock (he had in themean time been elected one of the Associate Judges of the

Luzerne County Courts) unti l h i s death in Janua ry, 1859 ,after which it w as operated by the representatives of h is

estate unti l 1864 ,when i t w as sold to Atherhol t and Lutz .

They operated it for some years,and were succeeded by

Atherhol t and Houghton pri or to 1873. Later David Ather

holt ran i t unti l after 1880.

About 1890 H . N . S chool ey S on came into possess ion,

and now occupy it . The mil l stands near the Haddock

(formerly the Hutchin son) coa l -breaker. For a number of

yea rs it w as known as the old red mill,but some years ago

i t exchanged its red coat for one of lead co l or.

TH E S H A F E R -H OLLEN B ACK M ILL , M IL L HOLL O W .

S ome time before 18 13 Adam S hafer erected on Toby ’s

Creek,about an eighth of a mi le above the S amuel Ather

holt ( later the Hancock) mi l l-s ite, an oi l-m i l l,which he

operated unti l 18 19 ,when he bu i l t n ear i t a sma l l gri s t-m i l l

about one and a -ha l f stori es in height. He ran these two

mil l s unti l 1824 ,when he sol d out to George M . Hol len

back,Esq .

,of Wi lkes-Barré .

From 1825 to 1837 or 38 these mi lls were operated underthe ownership of M r . Hollenback

,and then Thomas C .

Reese Co . ran the gri s t-mi l l and oi l -mi l l unti l the end of

142 EA R LY G R I S T- M ILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY ’.

1839 . After that the grist-mi l l bui lding w as used for a

plaster and chopping-m i l l down to 1890 . From 1849 to

1856 John Bartho lomew ran i t . The bu i lding i s now usedas a blacksmith shop . I t is painted a dirty yel low color

,

and stands nearly Oppos ite the smal l i ron bridge which

c rosses Toby ’s Creek at the sou th end of Mil l Hollow .

TH E DO R R ANCE M ILL , M ILL H O L LO W .

What is probably the oldest grist-m i l l on Toby ’s Creek

i s the two and a : hal f story frame mi l l,pain ted white

,which

stands at the no rth end of Mi l l Hol low . The origina l

s tructu re i s sa id to have been buil t in 18 12 by James Hughes,

S r ., but during i ts long life i t has been renovated , en larged ,renewed and improved severa l t imes . Origina l ly i t w as

what was cal led a c lover-mi ll,but in 182 5 and

’

26 JohnBreese ran i t as a gris t-m i l l

,and in 1827 Josiah Marsha l l

and Dan i el Gore ran i t as s uch . Then i t reverted to i ts

origina l uses .

In 1834 Geo . W . L ittl e came in to possessi on of the mil l

and operated it as a grist-mil l and plaster-mil l un ti l 1837 or

38, when he w as j oined by John Gore as a partner in the

business . In 1840 Gore became sole owner, and ran themi l l as a grist-m i l l on ly un ti l 184 5 , when he sold out to

Charl es Dorrance and Pettebone . They"

en larged

and improved the mi l l , and made i t a val uable property .

They ran the m i l l un ti l 185 2 ,when Colone l Dorrance pu r

chased the interest of Mr . Pettebone, and bus iness w as car

ri ed on under h is ownership unti l 1866 .

In that year John S . Pettebone took the m i l l and ran i t,

and in 1869 purchased i t and eight acres of land from Col

onel Dorrance for $7200. Pettebone ran the m i l l unti l

187 1 at l east ; then C. B . Manvil le,and after him A . H .

Coon,ran i t . In 1880 S amuel Raub bought the mi ll , and

after runn ing it fo r a few yea rs handed it over to h is son

Andrew G . Raub,who ran i t unti l he bui lt h is Rol ler Mil ls

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144 EAR LY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOM ING VALLEY.

TH E B U TLE R S TE AM M ILL , w xE s - B A R R E'

.

As previ ous ly mentioned,the first gri st-mil l erected with

in the present limits of the ci ty of Wilkes -Barré w as bu i l tin 178 1 or

’

82,on the south bank of Mil l Creek , about one

hal f mi le from i ts mouth . Inasmuch as the on ly val uab le

and ava i lable rights on Mil l Creek were a l ready taken u p,

and there was no other stream of water at hand whi ch cou ld

fu rn ish power s u fficient to ru n a mi l l of good size, no other

gris t-mil l ru n by water was ever erected wi thin the terri torynow comprehended in the city of Wilkes-Barré ; excepting,of cou rse

,the mi l l bui lt by John Hol lenback early in thi s

cen tu ry to take the place of the worn -out and behind- thetimes mi l l of 1782 .

The people of Wilkes -Barré who had grists to grind were

compelled for fifty -six years to pat ron i ze either the mi l ls on

Mil l Creek and Lau rel R u n,or the m i l l s in the neighboring

townships of Kingston,Plymouth and Hanover .

S ome time before the next grist-mil l w as erected inWilkes

Barré township the va l ue of s team power had come to be

fu l ly understood,and i t was being introduced into many

factories and mil ls where water had formerly been the

motive power. I t w as on ly i n 1830 that the firs t rai l road in

the Un i ted S tates,for the use of cars drawn by a steam

locomotive,was opened for traffic. Eight years later Messrs .

John L . and Lord Butler erected here in thei r native town

the first steam grist-mi l l bu i l t in the Wyom ing Va l ley— or

fo r that matter,in Luzerne county.

I t stood on the east s ide of Publ i c S quare,where now

stands the bui lding occupied by the grocery store of Lewis

Brown . The basemen t of the bu i ld ing w as a sunken s tory

of stone (in w hich the engine w as l ocated), and above thi s

the structure was of wood,two and a-hal f stori es in height .

Along the front of the bui lding,on a l evel with the first

floor,and six or eight feet above the s ide-wa lk , w as an u n

EAR LY G R IS T' M ILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY. 145

covered porch,reached by a fl ight of steps from the street.

This mil l w as opened fo r bus iness in 1838 o r’

39 , and aslong as the bu i lding stood i t w as known as the ButlerS team Mil l .” It was operated at first by John L . and Lord

Butl er,bu t later by John L . alone .

In 1845 the engine , machinery and m i l l fittings were removed from the bu i lding

,carri ed to Pittston

,and the next

year insta l led in the new steam gri st-mil l erected there by

Mess rs . John L . Butler Co .,as previo usly noted . In the

S pring of 1846 H . B . Robinson and Lord Butler opened inthe room on the first floor of the abandoned m il l on the

S qua re,a store for the sal e of gen eral merchandise. In the

basement s tory H . and F . McA lpin estab l i shed at the sametime thei r stove and tin -ware shop .

The bui lding con tin ued to be used for miscel laneous pur

poses unti l May 26,185 5 , when it

‘

and al l the other bu i ldings a long the east s ide of the Pub li c S quare were destroyed

by fire. A t the time of the fire W . W . Loomis had his harness and saddlery shop on the first fl oor of the mi ll bui lding,

and J . C. Frederick and H . C. Wilson occupied the

basemen t floor with thei r stove and t inware bu siness .

THE TH OM A S S TE AM M ILL , W ILKE S - B A R R E .

The Wyoming Divis ion of the North Branch Canal wascompleted in 1834 ,

and for a few yea rs thereafter everybodyin th is l oca l ity hoped and expected that the S tate ofPennsylvan ia would soon complete the cana l to the New York S tate

l ine . Our manufactu rers,merchan ts and bus iness men

genera l ly expected to derive large profits from the increasedamoun t of bus iness that wou ld come to them by way of the

cana l ; but thei r expectati ons were n ever rea l i zed, owing tothe fai l u re of the S tate to h u rry a l ong the completion of theimportan t work .

In 1840 Abraham Thomas , an active and prominen t bus i

ness man in Wilkes-Barre,erected a large frame bui lding

146 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WY OM IN G VALLEY.

for a steam grist-mi l l on the north bank of the canal , north

of Un ion and between Frankl in and River streets . After

Mr . Thomas had erected his bui lding he concl uded , in view

of the state of canal affa i rs,that i t wou ld be more profitabl e

to use the bu i lding for a steam saw -mi l l— which he did from

184 1 unti l early in 1846, when he d ied . A few years later

t he mi l l was sold and removed .

THE H ILL A R D M ILL , W ILKE S -B A R R F'

J .

In 1847 Oliver B . Hillard and Moses C. Mordecai,who

had come to Wi lkes-Barre,from Charleston

, S . 0 ,about a

year previ ously to engage in mercanti le b us iness,began

the erection of a large steam grist-mil l on the north side of

Un ion street,east of Main street

,Wilkes-Barré. The rear

of the bui lding abutted on the cana l,and faci l i ti es were there

provided for loading and un l oading boats . The basemen t

w as a s unken story of stone ; the superstru ctu re was ofbrick

,th ree and a - hal f stories in height . Captain Thomas

H . Parker, of Wilkes-Barré , was the b ui lder . Exteriorly

the bu i lding was o riginal ly about the same as i t i s to -daybarring themarks of age, decay and untidiness which it bears .In the erection and fitting up of the m i l l no expen se or

pains were spared . There were six r u n of stones . The en

gine,boilers and appurtenances came from E lmi ra

,N . Y .

,

and cost something over 5 500.

S team w as tu rned on at th i s m i l l for the first t ime on

Chri stmas-day ,1848, and early in January, 1849 , the owners

informed the publ i c that they were ready to do c ustom work ;and that “persons in town wishing to have grain ground”

might have it sen t for on giving notice. Merchant mi l l ing,

however,w as the specia lty at th is mi l l .

The W z'

lées - B ar ré A dvoca te of Jan uary 17 , 1849 , referred

to the Hil lard 81 Mordeca i Mi ll in these words : “I t i s a

magn ificent bu i lding— the machinery is extensive and of the

best qual i ty. The improvements made by these en terprising

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148 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY.

1858, when the property was sol d at sheriff ’s sal e toMess rs . D rake and S terl ing . They leased the mil l to HerzLowenstein of Wi lkes -Barré

,who ran it for a year o r two .

The owners then ran i t un ti l the death of,M r. Drake dis

solved the partnersh ip . S hortly afterwards the propertyw as so ld to Messrs . M . W . Morri s and R . F . Walsh

,who

took possessi on Apri l 1,1864 . They operated the m i l l

unti l December 3 1 , 189 5 , when ,on account of fa i l ing health ,

Mr . Wa lsh reti red from the business,which since then has

been conducted by Mr . Morris . The original,s ubstantia l

frame structu re,painted red

,i s s ti l l in use

,and the property

is ca l led “The Keystone Roller Mill s .”

From abou t 1785 to 179 5 the pioneers of the region lying

al ong the North Bran ch of the S usquehanna River from

S alem ,in Luzerne county

,to Owego

,in New York S tate,

were compel led to resort to the Wyom ing Va l ley to havethei r gra in ground . From 1786 to

’

9 1 the few early settlers

in the vicin i ty of Owego found nomi l l nearer than WilkesBarré

,which they reached by canoes as thei r means of con

veyance . In 179 1 Fitch’s mi ll w as estab l ished fou r mi les

above Binghamton .

As late as 1796 the inhabi tants of Huntington township ,Luzerne coun ty, were compelled to bring thei r gri sts to theHarvey mil l at West Nanticoke. In 179 5 o r

’

96 TimothyHopkins and S tephen Harrison erected the first gri st-mil l

in Huntington townsh ip . I t was a smal l concern ,and w as

l ocated on Mill Creek,a branch of Huntington Creek

,at the

head of Hopkin ’s Glen .

Early in 1799 El i sha Harvey, of Plymouth , completed the

erection of a grist-mill on Huntington Creek , at what i s nowHarveyvi l le . This m i l l later became the property of hi s son

Benjam in Harvey,who in 1837 erected in i ts stead a much

larger and finer mil l,which w as operated for th i rty- two

EARLY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY. 149

years,when i t w as destroyed by fire. I t was replaced the

same year ( 1869 ) by the large fl ou ring-mi l l now owned andoperated by the hei rs of A . N . Harvey

,deceased .

From 1779 to 1785 there w as at al l times a lmost a scar

c i ty of wheat and rye flou r in Wyoming,owing to the lack

of near-by and conven i en t grinding faci liti es .

In 1784 Timothy Pickering passed up the S usquehanna

River from Nescopeck to Tioga,a distance of 120 miles

,

and he says that he and h i s party tasted b ut once bread

made from fl ou r . Cakes made from corn coarsely b roken

in a mortar,or ground in a mil l

,were the s ubsti tu te .

A good deal of wheat and rye w as ra i sed by the settlers

during the period last mentioned,and many of them pa id

thei r taxes to the town with grain . A t a town -meeting held

inWilkes-Barré Apri18, 1782 , i t was Voted,That the town

treas urer be des i red to grind up so much of the pub l i c wheat

as to make 200 pounds of b i sc u i t,and keep i t made and so

deposited as that the n ecessary scouts may instantly be

s upplied,from time to time

,as the occas ion requ i res .”

TH E N E W M INE R -H ILL A R D CO R N M ILL .

Although thi s paper i s devoted to the Old Mi l l s of Wyo

ming,a few words about this new departu re— the new Miner

Hi l lard Corn Mill,at Miner ’s Mil l s— may not be amiss . This

mi l l,which is bui lt of bri ck

,was erected adjacen t to the old

Miner Mi l l,and completed in May ,

1900. I t i s excl us ively

a Corn Mill,that i s for the manufactu re of the products of

Maize,or Indian Corn alone

,s uch as the vari ous s i zes of

hominy,coarse and fine mea l

,corn -fl ou r

,what i s known as

hominy,feed

,&c.

There i s a large and increas ing foreign demand for these

goods,and the world i s rapidly learn ing the val ue and econ

omy of ou r com as food for man and beas t. The capacityof this Mi l l i s seven hundred barrels

,o r thi rty-five h undred

bushel s of corn in twenty - fou r hou rs . There i s on ly one

150 EARLY G R I S T-M ILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY.

other Mi l l of th is kind in Pennsylvan ia,and probab ly not

more than twen ty in the whole Un ited S tates .It has al l the latest and most

’

approved machinery and

has been pronounced by competen t experts the best of itskind in the coun try

,which real ly means the world

,s ince

there are no mi l ls of this kind outs ide of the Un i ted S tates .

I wi l l conclude thi s paper with an extract from one whichI read on the general s ubj ect of Mil ling and i ts Improve

ments,

” at the S tate Conventi on of Mi l lers , at Gettysburg ,Pa .

,in S eptember

,1894 .

My persona l knowledge of grist-m i l l s and mil l ing methods

extends back over a period of a lmost s ixty years for as a

sma l l boy I saw a good dea l of the old mi l l bu i lt by my

grandfather and owned by him,and then owned by my

father .I came into possession of thi s ol d mi l l after the death of

both my parents , j ust before I became of age.

A t that time the mil ling business in thi s val ley was con

fined almost excl us ively to what w as known as c ustom

work,that i s the grinding of gra in of farmers fo r tol l

,which

was one- tenth,or at ‘the rate of one bushel in ten for grind

ing. The farmers had thei r grain ground into flour and

feed and found a market for it themselves,and I am not s u re

when the competiti on w as not too close but that it w as as

good a method of mi l l ing for the mi ller as the present sys

tem of buying and sel l ing, known as merchant mi l ling.

Under that system there were no bad debts to worry

about as the work w as pai d fo r before it was done .

A t the time to which I refer there were three mi lls on the

same stream,from one-hal f to three-quarters of a m i l e apart

- the Hol lenback stone m i ll,the S tanbu rrou gh-Hol lenback

mi ll,and my mi ll— and al l dependen t upon the custom work

of the surrounding farmers for thei r business . This made

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EAR LY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOM IN G VALLEY. 15 1

competiti on very l ively ; so c lose that at one time the mi l

lers instead of wa iting for the farmers to b ring thei r gra in

themselves to the mi l l,would

,in thei r riva l ry to get bus

iness, go with thei r ow n wagons and hau l it to the mi l l

,

grind i t and hau l i t back to the farmers, go sometimes as

far as s ix or eight m i l es for i t,and al l the whi l e the farmer ’s

own horses were standing in the stable wi th noth ing to do .

I a l so remember that at times when b us iness was very

dul l and custom work coming in s lowly,my heart woul d

occas ional ly be cheered by the sight of a farmer driving up

to the mi l l with a wagon- load of corn ears and wheat screen

ings,ch iefly cheat o r chess , to be ground , cob and al l

,into

feed . We had cob crushers in those days , and I bel ieve

there are a few sti l l left,b ut I th ink corn -cobs are worth

more for smoking ham s than for making feed .

But that kind of millingwas neither pl easan t nor profitable.

On the other hand,the o ld - fash ioned three-or fou r- story

,

hip - roofed mi l l,with i ts abundan t and never-fai l ing water

power,and s low-moving but powerfu l overshot water-wheel

,

splashing con tinual ly day and n ight,and runn ing perhaps

three or fou r pai rs of burrs on wheat,one or two on rye

,

one fo r bu ckwheat,in season

,and one or two for feed or

mea l as occasi on might requi re— a mill property l ike th is ,s u rrounded i t m ight be by a farm ofmany ferti l e acres

,with a

good bus iness,either c ustom o r merchan t

,or both com

bined as w as often us ua l,was an exceedingly pleasant pi c

tu re to look upon,and a very s ubstantia l and profitab le

piece of property to be possessed of.The owner of s uch a property was u sual ly an important

and respected citi zen of the neighborhood in which he l ived,

and the s u rro unding fa rmers were dependen t upon him fo r

tu rn ing thei r gra in in to edible or marketable fo rm,and for

furn ishing them a cash market for thei r crops . In short,

he w as , to put it mi ldly, a prom inent man among his n eigh

bors,and often a power in the comm un i ty.

152 EARLY G R I S T-MILLS OF WYOMIN G VALLEY .

S uch w as the old- fashioned mi l l as i t exi sted for many

generati ons . The old mi l l with its h umm ing bu rrs and

laboring water wheel has l ong been the theme of legend,

poetry and song,and wi l l l ong continue to be ; but i ts u se

fu lness has ceased to exist,and a new order of things and

new methods have come about,and have come to stay.

If any person had made the assertion,say forty years ago,

that fl ou r wou ld ever be made on anything except a French

bu rr s tone,he would have been considered a fit s ubj ect for

an insane asylum . But now as you wel l know,a perfect

and we l l equipped modern m1l l,for making every speci es of

flou r and feed,can be built without anything resemb l ing a

mi l l- s tone entering into i ts constructi on .

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DRIFT MOUND S OF THE S US QUEHANNA

VALLEY .

B Y FREDER IC CORSS , M. D.

R EAD s ar ong"m a w vommo 1115 1 01110411. A ND GEOLOG ICAL socmr v NOV. 13 , 1896.

TH E S U SQUEH A NN A .

The S usquehanna (crooked river), ri s ing in 0tsego Lakein the S tate of New York , receives the ou tfl ow of R ichfiel d

S prings and S chuyler Lake, a short distance from 1ts sou rce .

Flowing in a shal low va l l ey among the rol l ing hi l l s of cen

tra l New York in a southwesterly d i rection,i t en ters S u s

q u ehanna county,Pennsy lvan ia ,whence,making a greatbend

northwestw ard , i t moves westward in New York, and fina l ly

enters Pennsylvan ia in Athens town sh ip near the easterly

border of a level va l ley some fou r mi les b road , which becomes narrowed to a width of about a mi le a few mi les be

low. In New York the water—shed of the Delaware l ies but

a few mi les eastward of the S usquehanna va l ley,b ut west

ward,for about 1 50 or nearly 200 mi les , the southern ti er

counties l ie in the water- shed of the S usquehanna.

TH E CHEM UN G .

The Chemung river,ris ing in midwestern New York

,and

having n umerous tribu ta ries,some of wh ich have thei r

s ou rce in northern Pennsylvan ia but a few m i les east of the

headwaters of the Allegheny,and dra in ing an area princ i

pa l ly unwooded and s ubj ect to destru ctive floods,flows

eastward un ti l severa l mi les below Elmira; when i t t u rns

south and enters Athens town sh ip near the westerly border

of the V-shaped val ley I have described,and joins the S u s

154 D R IFT MOU ND S OF THE S U S Q U EHANNA VALLEY .

q u ehanna at Tioga Point, five miles south of the York S tatel ine. Roughly estimated from the ordinary maps

,i t appears

that the waters at Tioga Poin t are derived from a water-shedof about square m i l es in mid-centra l sou thern New

York and mid-northern Pennsylvan ia .

B E L O W T IO G A P O IN T .

One travel ing down the river from Athens wi l l notice thatthe r iver va l l ey i s bounded on each s ide by precipi tou s hi l l s

from 300 to 600 feet in height, which , in several places , approach so closely that the river flats are qu ite narrow and

s ubject to overfl ow in the annual S pring freshets . Thesehi l ls,though broken and in terrupted

,appear to belong to

the Appalachian system . A t Wysox the river val ley i s

broad,and the anci en t flood plain i s many feet higher than

any freshets have been in modern t imes . The stream fol

lows a tortuous w ay among these mountains in a genera l

southeasterly di rection,intersecting Bradford

,Wyoming

and L uzerne counti es , to Pittston ,whence i t flows in a south

westerly cou rse,between ridges of the Appalachians

,unti l

i t fina l ly escapes from its rocky barriers at Harrisburg.

T R I B U TA R IE S .

The chief tributa ri es are received from the west— the Che

mung,the West Branch and the Jun iata . It i s interesting

to notice that Potter county gives ris e to the Al l egheny, to

Pine Creek,which enters the West Branch at Jersey S hore,

and to the Cowan esque, which flows northeast and j o ins the

Tioga,which a lso fl ow s n orthwa rd . Besides these larger

streams there flow from the west,Towanda creek

,S ugar

c reek and the Mehoopany, al l con siderab l e streams . Fromthe eastward

,though not east of the m eridian of 0tsego

Lake,are derived the Wysox, the Wya l us ing, the Meshop

pen , the Tunkhannock, the Lackawanna . Each of these'

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156 D R IFT MOU NDS OF THE S U S QU EHANNA VALLEY.

ta in must have been wel l and deeply covered , for glacial

grooves and striat ion s are deep and abundant wherever thereare adequate exposures .

The melting of th is continenta l i ce caused the flooded

river epoch . The fountains of the great deep were brokenu p. Great lakes lay where now are rol l ing hi l ls . Thepresent channel s were insu fficient to carry off the flow

,and

mounta in cascades b roke over the lower s ummits on every

s ide. In the deeper lakes the water qu ietly deposi ted ahori zon ta l sediment of fine mud like the presen t flood plainof the river. Where there w as a chance for the water tofind a l ower level

,there w as a torren t loaded with broken

i ce,rocks and soi l . Great fiel ds of ice were b l own hither

and thither by the winds,and often caused immense gorges

,

in comparison with which, ours of 187 5 w as a mere pu nc

tu ation poin t. No doubt very fine hydrau l i c effects fol lowed

the bu rsting of these i ce dams . S uppose an i ce dam 200

feet high at Campbel l ’s Ledge. The backwater wou ld

reach to Towanda . The sudden breaking of such'

a damwou ld move an enormous amount of so lid material

,the

heavier portions being the firs t to be deposi ted as the waterbecame more quiet in the broader va l ley.

These are the notions general ly accepted by professional

students,and appear to be the necessary resu lts of the mel t

ing of the great continen ta l ice sheet . What fol lows in thi s

paper i s pu rely amateu r observation . One cannot help remarking that the amateur has great advantages over the

profess ional . He has no reputation at s take,and i s not

hampered by poss ibl e obj ections . Where dates are wantingthe imaginati on easi ly s uppl ies al l that are needed to com

plete the ta l e.

S P A N I S H H ILL .

The va l ley in A thens\tow nship,

between the rivers,i s a

fai r ly level pla in of river dri ft consi derab le higher than the

Dam MOU NDS OF THE S U S QU EHANNA VALLEY. 157

highest modern fl oods . Upon i t are s ituated the vi l lages of

Athens,S ayre and S outh Waverly. In the central porti on

of the plain i s a large mound of gravel , bowlders , sand and

clay,formerly ca l l ed S pan i sh Hi l l . Probab ly the name sti l l

adheres . The flat s ummit, an acre o r two in extent, i s per

haps 80 feet above the s u rrounding plain, and has some

what an oval shape . (I describe i t from a memory manyyears ago .) Its s ides are steep and water-furrowed . In

short,i t resemb les in form

,though not in color , one of

ou r familiar cu lm banks . The early settlers s upposed th i s

to have been constructed by S pan i sh so ld i ers as a fortifica

ti on . I have often heard Mrs . Perkins , daughter of the

famous John S hepherd of Mi l ltown ,and author of the book

“Early Times,

” speak of the rema ins of S pan i sh agricu ltu re

upon i ts level top . I can find no record of S pan i sh occupa

tion,nor

,indeed

,a printed word upon the s ubj ect

,and the

notion appears to me enti rely un tenab le . Immediately north

of the mound and con tinuous with it is a h i l l of native rock

in place,somewhat higher than S pan ish Hi l l and about

equa l to i t in width . In th e l ight of glacia l and post glacial

h istory,as read in the geol ogica l record

,l et u s pictu re the

scene during the flooded river epoch . The glacier whichcovered th e whole watershed of the upper S usquehanna

has retreated under the increas ing wa rmth as far as south

ern New York. The whole region i s swept by an enormous

torrent of water,loaded with mu d

,i ce and bowlders . Con

fined by the narrow gorge from U lster to Towanda,the de

scending flood is checked . Perhaps the whole narrow pass

is obstructed by immens e bodies of i ce b rought down from

the face of the glacier— real in land i cebergs . S o the swift

onward rush i s stopped and the whole va l ley of Athen s becomes a somewhat tranqui l lake

,the water fl ow ing over the

tops of the lower s u rro unding hi ll s,as i s sti l l evident from

water grooving in many places . The cobblestones and

coarser gravel settle first at the head of the val ley and the

1 58 D R IFT MOU NDS OF THE S U S QU EHANNA VALLEY.

fine sedimen t and sand at the l ower part (Tioga Point). Thes tratified sedimen t gradua l ly becomes deeper unti l the whole

val ley i s s i l ted up to the l evel of the top of S pan i sh Hi l l .After years the great fl ood s ubsides ; the winter freezing is

less severe ; the ice gorge gives w ay ; the waters sweepthrough the i r presen t channel s and sl owly ca rry wi th them

the d rift materia l which has fi l led the val l ey. But the knob

of rock above S pan i sh Hi ll stops the cu rren t and protects

the debri s below i t from the force of denudati on and the

hi l l remains,a symmetrica l and wonderfu l record of i ts ow n

origin .

TO W ANDA D A M .

This i s a fanci fu l sketch,but I saw i ts counterpart in min

iatu re when the dam at Towanda w as removed . The poo l

above the dam had been partly fi l led with river drift,which

was partia l ly washed away when the dam w as removed,but

severa l dri ft mounds were left,and are there to this day.

W E S T 9 11 1 3 10 11 D R IF T M OUN D .

The same description appli es a lmost word for word to

the dri ft mound in West Pittston between the vi l lage andKingston moun ta in . The hi l l i s l onger than S pan i sh Hi l l

,

and i ts s ides less steep, but you can see the rocky head

with the drift and sand heap bel ow i t . While the great

fl ood w as s ubs iding the river ran on both s ides of the hi l l,

which w as merely an i s land in the great val ley lake.Wysox and Tunkhannock are bu i lt on interes ting mounds

,

and water-worn rocks are to be seen in many places high

u p the s ides of the mountains .

W YOM IN G M OUND .

The whol e of Wyoming Va l ley i s a drift p lain,and the

vi l lage of Wyoming stands on a large mound which is beau

ti fu l ly terraced in many places, as may be seen south of the

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160 D R IFT MOU NDS or THE S U S Q U EHANNA VALLEY.

TH E L EHM A N P L A TE A U .

I consider th i s whole area of water- swept h i l ls to havebeen caused by the S usquehanna during the flooded riverepoch . The river pass at Coxton ,

i f i t existed at al l at that

time,or w as formed then

,wou ld have been too narrow to

have tran sm i tted a s ign ificant portion'

of the flooded river

which fl ow ed from the great north . Harvey ’s Lake appearsto have been a natura l depression in the cou rse of this great

body of water . I have visi ted the va l ley behind the hi l l west

of Berw ick and find there the same evidence of ancient water

action . I conclude, then ,that the Welsh Hil l mound w as

formed by materia l swept down from the mounta in where

the crest i s l owered above Bul l R u n .

L U ZE R NE B O R OU G H M O U N D .

The same theory appears to accoun t for th e very inter

esting drift mound in Luzerne borough on which w as a

m i l itary camp in 186 1 . This mound l ies between Troy Hol

low and the ol d town of Mi l l Hol low . S outh of R au bvi l le

i s Cooper H i l l , which is part rock in place and in part sand

and l oam,which appears to have been continuous with

m i l itary mound un ti l a channel was worn through it by

Toby ’s creek,a long the banks of which Mi l l Hol low w as

bui lt. ,The Cooper H i l l mound w as doubtless continuous

with themoun tain s ide un ti l a channel was c ut through i t

by the littl e s tream runn ing down from the George Cort

right farm .

4}The one large mound

,which w as cut into three

parts by erosion,w as somewhat c i rcu la r 1n form

,abou t ha lf

a m i le i n d iameter, and from 30 to 60 feet high . The deeper

parts are cobblestones and the h igher sand and loam .

It 13 h i the mounta in and s lopes gradual ly downto the D acks . The Mil l Hollow gap was a

natu ra l fau lt in the\rocks , but water-worn ledges high up

13111171 MOU NDS or THE S U S QU EHANNA VALLEY. 16 1

the mountain s ide show that it has been much eroded . The

d ri ft material from this pass l ies upon the marsh which ex

tends along the foot of the moun tain from West Pittston to

Edwardsvi l l e,and must have been depos i ted long su bse

quent to the eros ion of the bu ried val ley known to exist

under the marsh . Possib ly thi s bu ried va l ley may be a

series of pot-holes l i ke those in Watkin s Glen .

D R I F T A ND G LAC I A L M OU ND I N ED W A R D S V ILLE .

If you fol low the tro l ley“

road from Edwardsvi lle to Ply

mouth Juncti on,immediately after passing McG owan

’

s ha l l

yo u hnd upon you r right a large gravel mound fi rm ly and

horizontal ly strat ified,and on ly a few steps beyond you pass

th rou gh a smal l c ut in a mound of very differen t material,

which is not at al l in layers except upon the s urface . It

cons ists of large bowlders and hardpan , with some angu lar

stones . Many of the bowlders are finely striated longit u di

nal ly upon thei r paral lel faces . They are typical s ubangular

striated bowlders, and the mound in which they l ie i s doubt

l ess an undistu rbed glacia l mound . Reaching S heridan ’s

S witch you wi l l noti ce that a dri ft mound extends from

Hoyt ’s Hi l l to Ross Hi l l . Furthermore,you wi l l see that th is

mound is con t inuous with another which hl ls the whol e val

ley between Ross Hi ll and the mountain,except where a

channel has been eroded by Boston creek . This whol e de

pos it seems to have been brought from Kingston ho llow

through the littl e va l ley between Hoyt Hi l l and the moun

ta in,except a smal l portion cons isting of cobb lestones and

conglomerate which appears to have rol led down the mounta in s ide north of Bu l l R u n gu l ly a l ready described . I s u s

peet that the glacia l mound I have men tioned was protect

cd from remova l by the meeting of coun ter cu rren ts , one

being the river in the va l ley, the other being the arm reach

ing down behind Hoyt Hi l l from Lu zerne . The s ink-hole

162 11111111 MOU NDS on THE S U S Q U EHANNA VALLEY.

near the Larksvi l l e churches is not a min e cave, a

chance depress ion in the cou rs e of the stream which carriedthe material deposited al l about i t .

Thus the d rift mounds of the S u squehanna appear to be

the records of a flooded river epoch,and to show by thei r

posi ti on and structu re the sou rce and method of construetion .

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164 FOS S ILS IN THE R IVER D R IFT A T P ITTS TON .

transported . The means of transport may have been eitherfl u vial or glacia l . In the former case thei r origin must have

been from the north and west ; in the latter, from the northand east . S ome erratics from the far north Lauren tian sys

tem may have reached the headwaters of the S usquehanna

by glacia l action and have been farther transported by the

river . This i s evident from the well known directi on of the

great glacia l movement,which was in genera l from the

northeast over the region now drained by the S usquehannaand i ts tributaries .The enormous denudation which

,together with suhs i

dence,has reduced the Appalachian system to i ts pres ent

moderate elevation,nearly al l occurred before the glac ia l

epoch , and the flooded river peri od which terminated the

glacial may doubtless be considered the chief agent o f tran s

portation of the foss i l s in question .

The drift at Pittston i s from the watersheds of the S u s

q u ehanna and Lackawanna. The watershed of the Lack

awanna i s bounded on the east by the Moosi c moun tain ,

and on the west by the Lackawanna mountain unti l toward

the north it approaches and j oins the Moos ic,as the Wi lkes

Barre and Kingston moun ta ins un ite near Berwick . North

of the coal fields the western l imit of the Lackawanna water

shed i s E lk Horn mountain and adjacent tabl e lands .

The va l ley extends northward to Ararat township , where

it terminates,the dra inage going northwest by S taru cca

creek to the S usquehanna and eastward to the Delaware.

The bed of this va l ley in the lower part i s upon the coal

meas ures— to the north,of Catski l l and Chemung forma

ti on s . The moun ta in outcrops are conglomerate,red sha le,

Pocono sandstone. The n umerou s lakes which form so

interesting a featu re of Wayne coun ty empty into the Del

aware.The watershed of the S usquehanna is much more exten

s ive,including n orthern centra l Pennsylvan ia and southern

FOS S ILS IN THE R IVER D R IFT A T P ITTS TON . 16 5

central New York,and the geologi ca l featu res are greatly

d ivers ified . Chemung rocks underl i e the whol e region,

here and there capped by Catski l l , and coa l meas u res appear

at Barclay and elsewhere.Now

,the col lection of foss i ls we have in hand

,consisting

enti rely of erratics,cannot be u sed to identi fy the hori zon

of any given regi on . S o far as they are characteristi cs of

the formations known to exist in the contributing water

sheds,thei r presence at Pittston has been accoun ted for . In

examin ing the drift mounds from which these foss i ls were

taken,we find pebbles of gn ei ss and gran i te , which are no

where found in place in the watersheds of the rivers . These

foreign fragments are rounded and polished by attrition inwater

,showing that they have been much rol led and worn

befo re reaching thei r presen t resting place . Many of the

bowlders contain ing fossi l s show the same evidence of far

travel ing,and whi le the earl ie r part of thei r passage may

have been by ice,the later part w as by rol l ing in water. The

loose ground in the bed of the river is a moving body

s lowly rol l ing down stream . The long time requ i red fors uch trans i t

,and the exceeding s lowness of the process of

rounding and pol ishing,i s seen when we pick up an Indian

arrow head in the bed of the river and find that a centu ry

and a ha lf or twice that time has not perceptib ly du l led its

point nor obscu red i ts conchoidal fractu res .Among these foss i ls I find some teeth o f fish

,but I have

not found any distinctively Catski l l fossi l s which I can

i denti fy. The hardness of that formation probab ly prevented

a general spread of fragments,o r perhaps the accessibl e

points were al l swept away before the presen t drift mounds

were formed .

Our specimens,then

,belong to the Chemung series . These

rocks are of a soft claylike structu re,and abound in smal l

fragi le shel l s or c lay prints of them indicating , i f one may

be a l l owed to surmise,that they were depos i ted in a tranqu i l

166 Foss i r s IN THE R IVE R D R IFT A T P ITTS TON .

muddy sea of no great depth— tranqu i l,fo r s uch waves as

now beat upon the coral i s lands of the Pacifi c wou ld have

prevented thei r growth o r crushed them before the c lay

casts cou ld have been form ed . A part of the Chemung area

i s desti tute of foss i l s,showing that l oca l c onditions varied

when the formation was taking place.A h interesting featu re of these remains i s the frequency

with which they are found heaped together o r spread out

on smooth fl at s labs . We have beauti fu l specimens of eachfeatu re here.This sel ecting and distrib uting action of water is seen in

the extensive phosphate deposi ts a l ong the coast of the

Gulf of Mexico . These, deposited several feet in depth andseveral rods wide

,are hundreds of mi les long

,and cons ist of

the teeth of sharks— a defin i te specific gravity and contin u

ous current in the same di rection doubtless caused thei r

deposition .

The fal l winds which are now blowing and heaping up

the sere and yellow leaves of the forests in the corners of

the helds show a tendency to segregate leaves of l ike s ize

and weight— a t rifl ing matter, but serving to show the u n i

formity and permanence of natura l law .

Besides these fragi le shel l s of spi rifera and ovicu lopec

tens,&c.

,we hnd great n umbers of fossi l coral s— rema ins of

the l imestone beds which appear here and there in the

northern watershed . The corals,l ike the l ingu laz, have a

great pers i stence of l i fe . We can sca rcely say of the ocean

with ByronTime writes no wrinkle on th ine az ure brow,

S uch as creation ’

s dawn beheld thou rol lest now ,

but the humble polyp has written his his tory in large l etters

on the gl obe, and the cora ls of the N iagara and other north

erly formations show that a cl imate once preva i led there

s imi lar to that of the Pacific. n ear the tropi cs .

A n open question i s as to the extent and locat ion of Per

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BURIED VALLEY A ND POT HOLES IN THE

WYOMING COAL FIELD .

B Y F REDER I C CORSS, M . D.

READ B EFORE THE W Y OM ING H ISTOR ICAL A ND GEOLOG ICAL SOC IETY OCT . 12 , 1899 .

One vis iting Watkins Glen wil l notice a seri es of bowlshaped pits in the rock forming the bed of the li ttl e stream

,

some three or fou r yards in diameter and as many deep,

fi l led with water and having on the bottom one o r more

rounded bowlders . These pits are ca l led pot-holes,or

sometimes kettl e-holes,a lthough the latter term is genera l ly

appli ed to pits in a gravel bank su ch as may be seen near

the two chu rches in Larksvi l l e. Kettle-holes in a grave l

bank may be formed by the uneven depos i t of the washwhen the gravel is deposi ted

,or may mark the spot where

an i ceberg had lodged before the gravel w as deposited,

which rema ined in place whi le the gravel bank w as under

going constructi on,and afterwards melting left its pi t u n

fi l l ed . The rock pot-hole is apparently formed by the

gyrations of stones caused by the motion of water,the

stones becoming rounded and the bed rock being hol lowed

out at the same time. In a smal l stream the process of

attrition i s much sl ower than in a large vol ume of fl ow ingwater

,but in either case i t seems that an essential conditi on

i s that the stream shal l not convey much movab le so l id

matter,as in that case the hole woul d be fi l led up before a

rea l pot-hole cou ld be formed . This is the conditi on at

Watk ins Glen . The watershed of the stream is very smal l .The water rema ins very clear after a heavy ra in,

and so few

bowlders are rol l ed down i ts bed that the holes are not fil led

u p . The few that reach the holes are s lowly rol led round

and round until they become spherical and final ly wear out,

B U R IED VALLEY A ND POT HOLES. 169

the smal l partic les fl oating in the swi rl of the water and

final ly fl ow ing with it over the lower rim of the bowl . If

the presen t conditions continue long enough these pools , as

the Watk ins people ca l l them,wi ll coa l esce and the canon

wil l be deepened . After that,i f a great wash of bowlders

should come down the stream the gorge would be fi l led up

and we should have a b uried val ley.

B efore taking up the study of natu ral rock excavations

in the Wyom ing coa l field l et u s accept and adopt two laws

for ou r gu idance. The first i s the doctrin e of Un i formita

rianism,which teaches that essentia l un i formity in causes

and effects,forces and phenomena, has preva i l ed in a l l ages

of the world ’s phys ical h isto ry,and that the activi ti es of the

pas t were simi lar in mode and inten s ity with those of the

present— opposed to catastroph ism .

” The second i s S ir

Will iam Hami lton ’s Law of Pars imony,which teaches that

when a known adequate cause exists we shou ld not invent

nor imagine others .

The present study is merely an awkward attempt to read

the facts in the light of these two laws,and by no means to

try to make a landing where profess ional geo logists are al l

at sea .

No doub t natu ra l rock excavations,now fi l led with drift

,

exis t in other regions,where l ike conditions occu r

,as wel l

as in ou r coa l helds,but the absence of min ing operati ons

leaves them undiscovered . The cutting of coa l has b rought

many u nderground s urpris es,as the s urface seldom suggests

any unusua l formation below . The Archbald pot-holes werefound by the workmen

,the s urveys having given no warn

ing ; and the cave- in at E ighth street, Wyoming, was en

t irely without warn ing . The Annua l Report of the S tate

S u rvey for 1885 conta ins a chapter by Prof. A shbu rner on

the Archba ld pot-holes,from which we may get the deta i l s .

The first hole w as “discovered by the men at work open

ing a chamber from the ai r-way , where they encountered a

170 B U R IED VALLEY AND POT HOLES .

mass of round stones weigh ing from one to s ix or more

pounds,which were resting like a wa l l in front of them

,and

which extended across the face of the work ings,from within

about one foot of the bottom of the vein up to the roof;worked around it and found the coa l regu lar

,with th is pil

lar standing in an a lmost ova l shape (greatest length about20 feet) ; started to clear i t o ut, and found i t ran throughthe rock to the s urface

,a distance of over 40 feet.

”

A second or upper hole was discovered abou t fifteenmon ths later (in May, 1885) some distance ( 1000 feet) upthe same hol low as the first one occupies . Its dimen s ions

are 42 x 24 feet at the s urface and i ts depth 38 feet. S omeof the pebbles were from the rock itself and coa l

,and some

were of transported material . Mr . Branner of the geological

s u rvey desc ribes the topography as fol lows,and you may

observe that the words fit Watkins Glen : “The little hol low

in which both the holes are l ocated is one-hal f mile long,

and in thi s di stance ri ses about 9 5 feet in a di rection of north

32° east . A t the lower end of th is l ittle val ley the h i l l tops

on either side are about 500 feet apart, and in elevationabout 70 feet above the top of the first hole, which is at thel ower end of the va l l ey .

Prof. A shbu rner shows that the lim i ted watershed of thi s

hol l ow cou ld have produced but a sma l l s tream,and adds

“These facts are presented here as bearing upon the poss i

bi l ity of these pot-holes having been formed during recent

times by the fa l l of water resul ting from natu ral d ra inagein the same w ay that pot- holes are now being formed in the

beds of ou r mountain streams . When the maximum amount

of water which could poss ib ly be obtai ned during recen t

times to flow through the hol low in which the hol es are

located,the depth of the ho les

,thei r d iameter and s i ze

,and

the character of the gravel fi l l ing of the holes , are al l con

s idered,i t wou ld appear not on ly improbab le

,but absol utely

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172 BU R IED VALLEY AND POT HOLES.

Here and there a rock breaks from an overhanging cl i ff andeither rides upon the s urface or slowly finds i ts way throughthe mass to the bottom . When i t reaches the edge of a

crevasse it fal ls to the bottom and probably by its weight

rema ins in a pot-hole i t may find, the ice fl ow ing on overit . The ice of a modern glacier con ta ins vastly less rock

than in i ts youth . Cons idering its enormous weight and .

i ts i rres istibl e advance,a glacier i s wonderfu l ly gentl e in

i ts work . Many yea rs ago a traveler fel l into a crevasse inan Alpine glacier and was l ost. Forty years afterwards h i s

body , wonderfu lly preserved by the i ce and easi ly recogn i

zable,appeared at the foot of the glac ier .

In Larksvi l le,near here

,at the rear of the residence of

the late M r . John Kel ler,i s a knob of soft rock which the

glacier ground somewhat b ut did not displace . The front

of a glacier is a lways melting i f on land,or breaking off i f

in deep water . Ou land i t i s covered and bounded by aheap of rounded stones cal led i ts mora ine

,which fa l l into

and fi l l up any pot-holes which exist there . In fron t of the

mora in i s the apron ,cons isting of m u d and sma l ler gravel

ston es which the water can transport . The farther from

the front the finer the materia l . When a pot-hole i s fi l led

with bowlders thei r weight keeps them immovabl e. The

harder the downpour of water the more firmly are they

compacted together . The cobblestones on the bank of the

B ay of Fundy are so firmly wedged in thei r places that one

cannot pick one u p . All that may have once been mova

ble are ground to sand and mud, or have been pounded into

some crevi ce which ho lds them .

From these facts I have no hesi tation in bel ieving that

when a pot-hole is found fi l led with transported material ,on ly a few of the bowlders , and those at the bottom

,were

concerned in making the excavati ons . Once fi l led with s ol id

matter,a pot-hole is fin ished. These facts and ou r first law

B U R IED VALLEY AND POT HOLES . 173

l ead to the conclus ion that the Archbal d pot-holes were

pre-glacial .The min ing disaster of Nanti coke in December

,1885 ,

w ith its pi ti fu l story of the loss of twen ty- s ix l ives,i s sti l l

fresh in the public mind . In cutting coa l as u s ua l the miners

u nexpectedly tapped a pot- hole or bu ri ed va l ley, and were

overwhelmed by the in rush of water and bowlders,which

rapi ly spread through the open gangway for a di stance of

3000 feet .This natura l rock excavation occu rs in the val ley ocenpied by Newport c reek— a ‘ smal l val ley with a rock bottom

which carried a smal l stream con tain ing littl e sol i d matter,

with a striking resemb lance in i ts topography to the other

places we have described . I do not find that i t has beenful ly determined whether th is pit i s contin uous with the

bottom of the ma in va l ley of Wyoming,but the fact that

i t w as fi led with materia l l ike that in the Archba ld pot-holes

suggests that i t w as separated by a barrier of rock from the

main va l ley . Otherwise the large bowlders wou ld probably

have been borne onward to the deeper depress ion .

The Wyoming coa l field occupi es a l ong narrow val l ey

named Lackawanna from its northern extremity above For

est City to Pittston,and Wyoming from Pittston to Nanti

coke. It i s su rrounded by a mounta in on al l s ides formed

by the upheaved rocks which in the va l l ey underli e the coa l .This r im consi s ts of three strata of di fferen t degrees of hard

ness— the Catsk i l l the hardest,the red sha le the softes t

,and

conglomerate. As these three strata presented thei r edges

upward,the red sha le lying between the other has wasted

away more rapidly than they,forming the red shal e val ley

which lies between the two crests .The rim i s cut through at the northern end by the Lack

awanna ri ver next upon the northerly s ide by Fa l l Brook

creek,and then by Legget

’

s c reek ; and in s uccessi on by

the S usquehanna,Abraham ’s c reek

,Toby’s creek and Ha r

174 B U R IED VALLEY AND POT HOLES .

vey’s creek . A t Nanticoke the inner c rest i s cut by the

S usquehanna,which there enters the red sha le va l ley. The

southern rim i s i rregu lar in S pring Brook township,but is

in the ma in one continuou s ridge. The floor of the va l ley5 10pes towa rds the southwest. A t Forest City the rai l road

elevati on i s 1481 feet above tide , at S cran ton (D .,L . W .)

740,at Pittston (L . V.) 57 1 (35 feet above the river), at

Wilkes-Barre at Nanticoke 5 38, at Carbondal e 1083 .

In round numbers,from Carbondale to S cranton the fa l l i s

343 feet ; from S cran ton to Pittston 189 ; Pittston to Wilkes

Barre 22 ; Wilkes -Barre to Nanti coke 1 1 feet. These rai l

road levels do not,however

,indicate the s lope of the rock

fl oor of the va l l ey . Water i s a great level er . S edimenta

tion upon the flood plains is of course greater in deep water,

and thus are formed ou r pra i ri e- l ike flats . The rock fl oor

i s by no means l evel t ransversely. I t i s interrupted by an

ticl inal s , wh ich , whi le in the ma in somewhat para l lel to the

long axis,are afterwards found cross ing at vari ous angles .

Another fact discovered in min ing is that at some time

water o r ice fl ow ed directly upon the rock , cutting a s uc

cess ion of pot-holes,or more probably con tinuous canyon ,

from somewhere above Pittston to Nant i coke. This chan

nel i s c ut entirely through the upper layer of rock and

through the top vein of coa l as wel l . The cave- in at Eighthstreet

,Wyom ing

,w as cau sed by the men in m in ing coa l

b reaking in to the fil led up val ley,when the loose fil l ing

rushed into the mine,l etting the s urface fal l in . The loca

t ion of thi s rock excavati on has been determined in some

places by the process of s inking bore holes to find at what

depth the surface of the rock may be found . In some placesthe dri ft i s about 200 feet deep, and experts th ink that i s

probably the maximum,though there may be pot-holes in

the bottom of the bu ried va l ley much deeper .

Now,i f this rock- cut con tinued on down the river at the

same depth,or with a sl ight increase, i t would be classed

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176 B U R IED VALLEY AND POT HOLES .

was probab ly the first onset of the advanc ing glacier. S ince

the most fl oatabl e matter wou ld have been the first to arr ivewhen the ice had reached the head of the val ley

,i t began

to thrust forward larger pebbles and bowlders,which thus

were deposited on top of the fi rs t a rriva ls,as now found .

In time the whol e a rea seems to have been fi l led to about

200 feet above i ts present l evel . Then came the fl ooded

river epoch when the movable matter w as gradua l ly swept

on down the stream to form the gravel banks found from

Wi lkes -Barre to the plains below Harri sbu rg .

R EPO R T OF THE

CURATOR OF PA LXEONTOLOG Y

ON THE

L A COE COLLECT ION OF F05 5 11 5 .

S ince the las t vol ume o f the Proceedings and Col lections

of the Wyoming Histori cal and Geologica l S ociety w as

i ss ued there have been a number of va l uabl e acqu is itions

to the departmen t of Geology,and much work of a practica l

natu re has been accomplished a long this line. The l ibrary,th rough the addition of many reports of su rveys which the

S ociety did not formerly possess,has now reached s uch

proportion s as to be j ustly ca l l ed a working geologica ll ibrary. Besides works of a genera l and spec ia l natu re

,

i t now contains a very complete set of al l reports of government s u rveys

,the larger part of al l the state reports

,

and many importan t reports i ss ued by the Domin i on of

Canada. To the departmen t of m inera logy has been added

a rich and beautifu l col lection of the zinc and l ead o res o f

S outhern Missou ri , the gi ft of the Zin c Min ing Compan i es .

The Curato r of this depa rtment , Mr .Wi lliam R . Ricketts,has

fin ished catal ogu ing,and i s completing a card cata l ogue of

the extens ive col lection of minera l s now in the possession

of thi s S ociety. S o that,from a practi ca l standpoin t, the

va l ue of the col lecti on,to students and

i

others,i s very much

enhanced .

During the year Mr . Ralph D . Lacoe, of Pittston ,who w as

for many years Cu rator of the department of Pa laeonto logy,presented to the S ociety hi s very complete and interestingcol lecti on of Pa laeozoi c Fossi l s . This co l lecti on w as the

res u lt of many years of tireless energy and the expenditu re

of much money . Through this addi ti on the departmen t o f

178 R EPOR T ON THE LA COE COLLECT ION OF FOS S ILS .

palae onto logy,already rich in the palaeo -botany of the coal

measu res,i s now very complete in i ts records of the flora

and fauna as i t existed from the Cambrian e ra to the closeof Pa laeozoi c time. From dupli cates of the above menti oned

gi ft of Mr . Lacoe i t i s designed to further complete a

un ique col l ection,a rranged a n umber of years ago by

the late D r. Charles F . Ingham ,Harrison Wright

,Ph . D .

,

S heldon Reyn olds , Esq . ,and the former Cu rator Mr . Lacoe

,

to represent “ the crust of the earth,

”in which is shown

typica l specimens from the earl i est to the latest formati ons .This col lection has been found inval uable to the students of

the schools of Wi lkes -Barré and vicin ity whi le engaged in

the study of Geology.

A cata logue of the Lacoc col lection ,which n umbers be

tween 4000 and 5000 specimens , wi l l be found in the fol

l owing pages . The co l lection conta in s many duplicates , and

i t i s hoped that the publicati on of thi s l is t wil l res u lt inbringing about exchanges with other soci eties of a l i ke

character .To the Corresponding S ecretary of the S ociety belongsthe credit of many days of val uable time and m uch pa ins

taking labor devoted to the preparation of this cata logue .

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180 PA LIEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Alveolites mordax .

Var . N iagara G r .

Alveol ites, new species .

Devon ian .

Alveoli tes n iagarens is .

Lower Devon ian .

Alveol i tes sq u amosu s .

B il l ings . Corn iferous G r .

Amplexus in termittens .Hal l . Ham ilton G r .

Amplexus shu mardi .Edwards Haimes . N iagara G r .

A nthropora concreta .

N icholson .

A nthrOpora emacerata .

Nicholson .

A nthropora neglecta.

N iagara G r .

A nthropora n iti da .

B i l l ings .

A nthropora , new species .A nthropora shafferi .

Meek . (Pti lodacti lu s .)A steroceri um pyri formis .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

A tactOpora maculata .

U lrich .

A tactopora mundu la .

U lrich .

A tactopora orton i .N icholson .

A tactopora septosa .

U lrich .

A u locophy l l um mutabi l i .Davis . Middle Devon ian .

A u l oc0phy l l u m s u lcatu m.

D’Orbigny. Corn iferous G r .

A u loc0phy l l um u ngu loi dum .

Davis . Lower Devon ian .

A u lopora conferta .

W inchel l . Ham i lton G r .

A u lopora negl ecta .

N iagara G r .

A u lopora, new species .Keokuk .

A xophy l l um rude .Wh ite 8: S t. John . Carbon if.

B loth rophyl l um decorat um .

Bi l l ings . Devon ian .

B l othrOphy l l um promiscum.

Hal l . Devon ian .

B lothrophy l l um sess i le .Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

B loth rophy l l . z aphrentiforme.

Davis . Devon ian .

B ythopora dendrina .

Jones.

B ythopora minuta.

Jones .

B ythopora tenuis .Jones .

Campophy l l um torq u i um .

Carbon iferous .

Cladopora expatiata.

R om inger. Corn iferous G r .

Cladopora fisheri .U pper Helderberg .

Clad0pora labiosa .

B il l ings . Corn iferous G r .

CladOpora l ichenoides .Meek Worthen . N iagara G r .

Clad0pora pingu is .

R ominger. U pper Helderberg.

Cladopora reticu lata .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Cladopora robusta .

R ominger. Corn iferous G r .

Chetetes fru cticos um .

Hal l . Ham . G r . (Monotrypel la

arbuscu la.)Chetetes fu rcatu s .

Chetetes m i l leporaceu s .

Coal measures .

Cl imacograptu s bi corn i s .Hal l .

Cl imacograptu s typical is .

Hal l .

PA LZEOZ OIC Fossn s . 18 1

Cl is iophy l lum oneidaense.

L . Dev. ( A crophyl l um . S . A .M .)Chonophyl l um n iagarense.

Hal l . N iagar a G r .

Chonophyl l um nanum .

Davis . U pper Devon ian .

Chonopora papi l lata.

James .

Chonopora scab ra.James .

Col umnar ia alveolata.G oldfuss . B lack R iver G r .

Cyathaxonia cynodon .

R afinesqu e. Keokuk G r .

Cyathaxon ia gaines i .Davis . N iagara G r .

Cyathophyl l um american um .

Devon ian .

Cyathophyl l um brevicorn .

Devon1an .

Cyathophyl l um conatum .

Hal l . Ham ilton G r .

Cyathophyllum corn i cu l um .

Edwards Haimes . Corn i f. G r .

Cyathophyl l um corn i cu lum .

Var . Meek . U pper Helderberg.

Cyathophyl l um davidsoni .Devon1an .

Cyathophyl l um davidson i .Var . Ham i lton G r .

Cyathophyl l um fimbriatum .

Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

Cyathophyl l um j u vene.

R om inger. U pper Helderberg.

Cyathophyl l um ha l l i .Edwards Ha imes . l i am . G r .

Cyathophyl l um hal l idum .

Davis . Devon ian .

Cyathophyl lum hou ghton i .R om inger. Hami lton G r .

Cyathophyll um rugosum .

Hal l . Co rn iferous .

Cyathophyl lum oneidaense.

Devon1an .

Cyathophyl l um mu l ticrena.

Dav1s . Devon ian .

Cyathophyll um radic ula .

R om inger. N iagara G r .

Cyathophyl lum scyphus .R ominger. Hamilton G r .

Cyathophyl l um val idum .

Hall . Devon ian .

Cyathophyl l um z enkeri .B il lings . Corn iferous . Devon ian .

Cystiphy l l u m ameri canum .

Edwards Haimes . Ham. G r.

Cystiphy l l um decorticatum.

B i l lings . Devonian .

Cystiphyl l um grande .Davis . Devon ian .

Cystiphy l lu m ohioense.

Nichol son . Corn iferous G r .

Cystiphy l l um s u lcatum .

B i l l ings. Corn iferous G r .

Cystiphy l l um ves icu losum .

G oldfu ss . U pper Helderberg .

Cys tiphy l l um vesicu los um .

Var . G oldfuss . Corn iferous .

Dekay ia appressa.U l rich .

Dekay ia aspera .

Edwards Haimes .

Dekay ia attrita (syn . aspera).Dekayia obscu ra .

U lrich .

Dendr0pora al terans .

R omberger. Devon ian .

Dendropora ascu lata .

Dawson . Devon ian .

Dictograptu s reticu laru s .

U lrich. Cincinnat i G r .

D iphyphy l l um belli s .Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

Diphyphy l l um coagu latum.

Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

182 PA LZEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Diphyphy l l um archiaci .B i ll . (Crepidophyl l um) . Devon .

Diphyphy l l um archiaci .Hamilton G r .

D iphyphy l l um fu n icum.

W inche l l .‘

Ham i lton G r .

D iplograptu s pristi s .H iss inger . (Prionotus) . U tica S late

Du ncanel la borea l is .N icholson . N iagara G r.

Favosites ampl iss imu s .

Davis . Middle Devon ian .

Favosites arbeiocu la.

Hamilton G r .

Favosites arbor.Devon ian .

Favos ites argus .Davis . Devon ian .

Favosites bacu lus .Davis . Lower Devon ian .

Favos ites basalticu s .

U pper Helderberg.

Favos i tes canadens is .B i l l ings. Devon ian .

Favos ites cymos u s .

Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

Favosites digi tatu s .R ominger. Devon ian .

Favos ites emmons i .R ominger. U pper Helderberg.

Favosi tes emmons i .Var . R om inger. Devon ian .

Favosites epidermatu s .

R ominger. Corn iferous G r .

Favos i tes ex imu s .

Davis . U pper Devon ian .

Favosites favos u s .

G oldfuss . U pper S i lurian .

Favosites favos u s .

Var . G oldfu ss. N iagara G r .

Favos i tes forbes i .Edwards Haimes. N iagara G r .

Favosites fu s tiform i s

Davis . Lower Devon ian .

Favosites goldfu ss i .D

’Orbigny. U pper Helderberg .

Favos i tes goodwyn i .Davis . U ppe r Devon ian .

Favos i tes ham il tones is .

R ominger. Hami lton G r .

Favos ites ham i l tonoidea.

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Favos i tes hemispher icu s .

Yandel l S . Cornif. G r .

Favosi tes hem isphericu s .

Var . Devon ian .

Favosites intertex tu s .

R om inger. Hami lton G r .

Favos ites l imi taris .

R ominger . Corn iferous G r .

Favos ites mundus .Davis .

Favosites n itel l u s .

W inchel l . Hamilton G r .

Favos i tes n iagarens i s .

Hal l. N iagara G r .

Favos i tes placenta .

R ominger. Hami lton G r . Dev.

Favosites pi rum.

Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

Favosi tes pinum.

Favos i tes polymorpha.

G oldfuss . Cor niferous G r .

Favos ites prox imu s .

Hal l . Lower Devon ian .

Favos i tes radiatus .R ominger. Ham ilton G r .

Favos ites rad iciformis .

R om inger . Devon ian .

Favos ites spin igeru s .

Hal l . Niagara G r .

Favosites tennesseens is .

N iagara G r .

Favos ites tuberos us .R ominger. Corn iferous G r .

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184 PALIEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Monticu l ipora cru stu lata.

James .

Mon ticu l ipora dal 11.Edwards Haimes .

Monti cu l ipora del icatu la.

N icholson .

Monticu l ipora discoidea.James.

Monticu l ipora dyer i .James .

Mon ti cu l ipora elegans .U lrich .

Monticu l ipora expatiata.

U lr ich .

Monticul ipora fietcher i .Edwards Haimes .

Monti c u lipora fibrosa .

G oldfuss . S tenapora)

Mon ticu l ipora fi l iasa .

D’

Orbigny.

Monticul ipora frondosa.

D'

Orbigny.

Monti c u lipora frondosa .

Var . decipiens . R om inger .

Mon ti cu l ipora grac i l i s .James .

Mon ticul ipora impl icatu s .

U l r ich .

Monticu lipora i rregu laris .

U lrich .

Monti cu l ipora jamesi .N icholson .

Mon ti cu l ipora laterali s .U lr ich .

Mon ticu l ipora lyc0podites .

Vanu xem .

Monti c u l ipora mammu lata.

D’

Orbigny.

Monti cu l ipora meeki .James .

Monti cu lipora rholesta .

N icholson .

Mon ti cu l ipora newberryi .N icholson .

Monti cu l ipora nod u los u s .

N icholson .

Mon ticu l ipora ob l iqua.Montic u l ipora oncal l i .James.

Monticu l ipora oneal l i .Var . s igi l aroides . N icholson .

Monticu lipora petasiformis .

N icholson .

Montic ul ipora petechial is .

N icholson .

Monti cu l ipora petropol i tana.

Pander.Monti cu l ipora pulchel la .

Edwards Haimes .

Mon ti cu l ipora quadrata .

R ominger.Montic u l ipora ramosa .

D’Orbigny.

Montic u l ipora rugosa .

Hal l .

Monticu l ipora selwyn i .Var . hospital is . Nicholson .

Mon ti cu l ipora su bglobosa.

U l rich .

Monticu lipora s u bpu lchel la.

N icholson .

Mon ticu l ipora tuberculata .Edwards Haimes .

Monticu l ipora varians .James .

Mon ticu l ipora vaupel i .U lr ich .

Monticu l ipora whiteaves i .N icholson .

Monti cu l ipora whitefiel di .James.

Omphyma verrucosa .

Edwards Haimes . Niagara G r.Pachyphy l l um w oodman i .

W h ite. Hamilton G r .

PA LIEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Pachyphy l l um, special .Var . Corn iferous G r .

Pachypora .

Davis . Devon ian .

Palmophy l l um divar icans .

N icholson .

Plasmapora fo l l is .Edwards Haimes . N iagara G r .

Phi l l ipsastria yandel l i .R om inger. U pp. Held . D ivou .

Protera vetusta.

Edwards Haimes .

S tel l ipo ra antheloidea.

Hal l .S tel l ipora l imetaris .

U l r ich .

S treptelasma corn i c u l um .

Hal l .S treptelasma profunda.

Trenton G r .

S treptelasma recta .

Hal l . Hamilton G r.

S trombod is pentagonu s .

G oldfuss . N iagara G r .

S trombodis var.S i lur ian .

S trombod is striatus .D

’Orbigny. N iagara G r .

S yringopora bou chard i .E . 11. U pper Helderberg .

S y r ingopora ,new speci es .

Lower Helderberg .

S y r ingopora his ingeri .B il lings: Devon ian .

S y ringopora sociabi l is .

Davis .

S yringopora,new speci es .

Corn iferous G r .

S yr ingopora perelegans.B il l ings . Corn iferous G r .

Tetrad i um fibratum .

S afford .

Thecia maj or.

R ominger. N iagara G r .

185

Thecia mino r.R om inger .

Thecia ramosa .

R ominger. U pper Helderberg .

Thecostegites hemisphericu s .

R ominger . N iagara G r .

Zaphren tis ca lceo la .

W h ite. Burl ington G r .

Zaphrenti s centra l i s .Edwards Haimes . Keokuk G r .

Zaphren ti s denta l is .S t . Lou is G r .

Zaphren ti s dentiforme.S t. Louis G r .

Zaphren ti s el l ipti ca.

W h ite . S t . Louis .

Zaphrent is exigua.Davis. Devon ian .

Zaphrenti s ex i l is .

Davis . Devon ian .

Zaphrenti s explanata .

Davis . U pper Devon ian .

Zaphrenti s gigan tea.

R afinesqu e. U pper Helderberg .

Zaphrentis patu la .

R om inger. N iagara G r.Zaphrenti s prol ifica .

B i l lings . Hamilton . Devon ian .

Zaphrenti s var .B il l ings . Corn iferous . Devon ian .

Zaphrentis simplex .

Hal l . Hami lton G r.

Z aphreni

tis spin u losa .

Edwards H . S u b. Carbon .

Zaph renti s rafinesqu e .

Corn iferous G r.

Zaphrenti s var .

U pper Helderberg .

Zaphren ti s torquata.

Davis . Midd le Devon ian .

Zaphrentis ungulaR ominger. Devon1an .

186 PA Ll EOZOIC FOS S ILS .

E N CH INODE R M A T A .

A ncy rocrinu s bu lbos us .Hal l .

A nomaloides reticulata.U lr ich .

A nomalocyst ites balanoides .

Meek . Cincinnati G r . (Named aCrustacean—Enoplou ra byW etherby) .

Cyclostoides magnus .Mil ler Dyer. Cincinnati G r .

E retmocrin u s magnificu s .

Lyon Casseday .

E retmocrin u s vernu i l lanu s .

S chumard . Burl ington G r .

Er isocrinu s typus .M . W . U pper Coal Measures .

Eu calyptocrin u s crass us .Hal l . N iagara G r .

E u calyptocr inu s bases .N iagara G r .

Eu calyptocrinu s caelatu s .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Eu calyptocrinu s caelatu s .

Var . Niagara G r .

Eu calyptocrin u s ovali s .Troost. N iagara G r .

Eu calyptocrinu s chicagoens isW inchel l Marcy. N iagara G r.

E u calyptocrin u s , speci es .N iagara G r .

Forbesocrinu s ramu l os u s .

Hal l . Keokuk G r .

G i lbertsocrin u s tuberosus .Lyon Cas seday, sp . Keokuk .

G lyptocr inu s angula ri s .S . A . Miller . ( G au rocrinu s) .

G lyptocrin u s haeri .Meek . (Zenocrinu s) .

G lyptocr in u s car leyi .Hal l . (Mariacr inu s) .

G lyptocrinu s cognatu s .S . A . Miller. ( G au rocrinu s) .

G lyptocrinu s decadacty l u s .

Hal l .

G lyptocrinu s dyeri .Meek . C incinnati G r .

G lyptocrin u s dyeri s u blevis .

S . A . Miller.G lyptocrinu s parvus .

Hal l .G lyptocr inu s inornatu s .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

G lyptocrin u s neal l i .Hal l .

G lyptocrinu s s ubglobos u s .

Meek .

G lyptocrin u s scu lptu s .

S . .A Miller. Meek.

G lyptocrinu s shafferi .S . A . Mil ler.

G lyptocr inu s s iphonatu s .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

G lyptocrinu s occidental i s .Hal l . N iagara G r .

G on ias teroi docrinu s tuberos usLyon Casseday. Keokuk G r .

Ou same stone a S aphiocr inu s ,Pl atycr inu s, &c.

G ranitocrinu s melo .

Owen . Burl ington G r .

Hem icys ti tes g ranu latu s .

Hal l . Cincinnat i G r .

Hem icys t i tes stellatus .Hall . Cincinnati G r .

Heterocrinu s gen i cu latus .U l r ich . Cincinnati G r .

Heterocr inu s heterodacty l u s .

Hal l . Cincinnati G r .

Heterocrinu s j uven i s .Hal l . C incinnati G r .

Heterocrin u s pentagonu s .

Hal l . C incinnati G r.Heterocrinu s s implex .

Hal l . C incinnati G r .

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188 PAL/EOZOI C FOS S ILS ;

MOLL U S CO IDA .

Archimedes revers u s . Heterodictya magn ifica.

Hal l . W arsaw G r. S . A . Miller.

Archimedes worthen i . Heterod1ctya nodosa.

Hal l . W arsaw G r .

James:

B ern icea ves icu losa.

HetCTOdtCtY a pavona

U lrich .

D 0rb1gny. C1nc1nnat1 G r .

Heterod ictya pl umaria .

James .

Heterod ictya ponderosa.

B yth0po ra arctopora .

Miller Dyer.CeramOpora alternata .

James ' Lichenal ia concentrica .

Ceramopora beam . H an.

James . W ith Orthoceras duseri . Pt ilodictya fa l ciformisCeramopora concen tri ca . N icholson .

James ' Pti lodictya fragi l is .Ceramopora mu l t1pora . U lrich .

James '0

Pti lodictya fenestel l iform is .

Ceramopora ohi oens1s . N icholson . Cincinnati G r .

N icholson . Lower S i lurian . Pti lodictya fl ex u osaFenestel la aemea . James .

Hal l o N iagara G r . Pti lodictya granu lar is .

Fenestel la del icata.James Cim i f mafi G r

Meek W averly G r Ptilodictya n itidu la .

Fenestel la elegans . B i l l (A ntheoporalHam i lton G r . Pti lod ictya perelegans .

Fenestel la mu l tiporata .U lr ich

McCOY CO31Measu reS Pti lod ictya shafferi var . robustiFenestel la prisca .

U l r iCh '

Lonsdale. Cl in ton G r . Pti lodictya semata .

Fenestel la shu mard i . Meek Coal Measu res o

Prout. Carboni ferous . R hinopora tubercu lata .

Fistu l ipora fl abel lata .Hal l N iagara G r

R hombopora lepidodendra .

F i s tu l ipora natans . Meek . U pper Coal Measures .

Def oman ' S agenel la e legans .F1s tu l1pora ow en i . Hal l . Niagara G r .

DeY °man ° S tictopora a lba .

F1stu l 1pora pecu har i s . Davis . Devon ian .

3 °mmger ' Kf °lmk G " S tictopora carbonaria .

Hel1opora xharr15 1. Meek . Coal Measures .

Heterod ictya macu lata . S tictopora cavernosa .

U l r ich . C incinnati G r . Devon ian .

iP A LIEOZOIC FOS S ILS . 189

S tict0pora fibrosa .

G oldfuss . Trenton G r.

S tictopora laby rinthica.

Hall . Trenton .

S tomatOpora arachnoidea.Hall .

S tomatopora con fusa.N icholson .

B R A CH IOPODA .

Ambocoelia umbonata . Atrypa hystrix .

Con rad . Hamilton G r. Hal l .

Anastrophia internoscens .Atrypa impressa .

Hall . N iag ara G r .

Hal l . U pper Helderberg .

Anastrophia verneu i l i . Atrypa nodos trata .

Hal l . (Pentamerus) . Hal l . N1agara G r.

Athyri s cora ,Atrypa reticu laris .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

L innaeus . Lower Helderberg .

Athyris concentrica. A “Y paOvar .

U pper Helderberg.

Ham i lton G r .

Athyris lamel losa .

Atrypa varLevei lle . W averly G r .

n ara G r .

Athyris var. Atrypa sper iferoides .

Keokuk G r . Eaton . Hami lton G r .

Athyr i s rogersr. Atrypa spinosa .

C03 1 Measures . Hall . Ham i lton G r .

A thy r i s sper ifero1des . Cama rella ambigua .

Eaton . Hami lton G r . Hal l . Tren ton G r .

Athyris s ubti l ita . Cama rel la hemipl icata.

Hal l . C031Measures . Hal l . Trenton G r .

Athyri s s u bq u adrata. Cran ia dyeri .Hal l.» Kaskask la G r . 5 . A . Mil ler. Cincinnati G r .

A thy r1s s u btri ata . Cran i a hami l tonen iae .

C031 Measures . Hal l . Devon ian .

A thyr1s v1ttata . Cran ia lael ia .

Coal Measu res . Hal l .Cran ia para l lela .

G r . U lrich . Cincinnati G r .

Atrypa concentrica . Cran ia scabiosa .

Hal l . Hal l . C incinnat i G r .

A t Cran ia s ocial i s .

U lrich . C incinnati G r .

S tomatOpora d i l icatu la.

Coa l Measures .

S tomatopora infl ata .

Lamer S t. (Hyppothsa) .

S u bretopora angu lata .

Hall .

Trematopora infrequ ens .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

190 PA I J EOZOIC

Chonetes carinatus .Conrad . Ham ilton G r .

Chonetes defiectu s .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Chonetes gran u l iferu s .

Owen . Coal Measures .

Chonetes hemi sphericu s .

Keokuk G r .

Chonetes logani .Norwood Pratten . W averly.

Chonetes mesolobu s .

N . P. Lower Coal Measures.Chonetes scitu l u s .

Hal l . Devon ian .

Chonetes var .

Hami lton G r .

Chonetes s et igeras .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Chonetes sh umardan u s .

DeKoniu ck. Lower Carbiniferous .

Chonetes syrtal i s .

Hami lton G r .

Chonetes verneu i l ian u s .

Norwood Pratt . Coal Measures .

Chonetes yandel l iana .

Hal l . Corn iferous G r .

Chonetes , species .Lower Carbon iferous .

Cryptonel la ca lvin i .W hitfiel d . Chemung. Devon ian .

Coelospi ra hemispherica .

Hal l . U pper S i lurian .

Cy rtina ham i ltonens is .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Discina grandis .Vanu xem. Hami lton G r .

Discina lodens i s .

Vanu xem. Ham ilton G r .

Discina kidita.

Coal Measures .

DiscinaHal l .

FOS S ILS .

Discina meekana .

W h itfield . Coal Measures .

Discina newberryi .S u b. Carbon iferous S hale.

D i sc ina n i tida.

Coa l Measures .

Discina s u b lamel l osa.

Discina tenu is trata .

U lrich .

Discina var .

Eaton ia pecu l iaris .

Conrad . Lower Helderberg G r.

E ichwal dia reticu lata .

Hal l . Niagara G r .

Leiorhyncu s globu l i forme.

Vanu xem. Chemung G r .

Leiorhyncu s kel logi .Hal l . Ham ilton G r .

Leiorhynchu s l im i tare.Vanu xem. Hamilton G r .

Leiorhynchu s m u l ticos ta .

Hall . Hamilton G r .

Leiorhynchu s qu adricostatumVanu xem . Ham ilton G r .

Leiorhynchu s , species .Hamilton G r .

Leptaena pl icatel laU lrich . Cincinnat i G r .

Leptaena seri cea .

S owerby . Tren ton G r .

Leptaena sericea , var . (aspera).James . Cincinnati G r .

Leptobol u s lepis .

Hal l .

Leptocoel ia acu tipl icata .

Conrad . U pper Helderberg G r .

L ingu la bel l iformis .

Cincinnati G r .

L ingu la c uneata .

Conrad . Med in a G r .

L ingula densa .

Hal l . Chemung G r.

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19 2 PA IJ EOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Orthis inscu lpta .

Hal l .

Orthi s iow ens is .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Orthis j amesi .Hal l .

Orthis l inney i .James .

Orth is lynx .

E ichwald .

Orthi s michel in i .L ’Evei l le.

Orthis m i chel in i .Hal l . Var . bu r l ingtonensi s .

Orthi s mu l tisecta.

James .

Orthis occiden ta l i s .Hal l .

Orthis orb icu lari s .S owerby .

Orthis pectinel la.

Conrad .

Orthi s pen elope.Hal l . Hami lton .

Orthi s pl icatel la .

Hal l .Orthi s pis um .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Orthis propinqua .

Hal l .

Orthis res u pinoides .

Cox .

Orth is retrorsa .

S alter .Orthi s scovi l l i .James .

Orthis s u bq rata.

Orthis testu d iDalman .

Orthis testudinaria.

James . Var . jugosal‘

.

Orthis tricenar ia .

Conrad.

Orthis tripl i cata .

Meek .

Orthis tu l lens is .

Orthis vanu xemi .Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Pentamerel la papi l ionens is .

Hal l . Hamilton G r .

Pentamerus gal eatus .Dalman . Lower Helderberg.

Pentamerus ob longu s .

S owerby . N iagara G r .

Pentamerus pseu dogaleatu s .

Hal l . U pper S i lurian .

Phol idops cincinnatiens is .

Hal l .

Prod u ctel la lachrymosa.

Prod u ctel la spin u l icosta .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Prod u ctel la s u bacu leata.

Murch ison .

Prod u ctel la s u balata .

Productus b u r l ingtonens is .

Hal l . Lower Carbon iferous .

Productus cestriens is .

Norwood Pratten . Coal Meas .

Productu s cora .

D ’Orbigny.

Productus costatu s .

S owerby.Productus fl emingi .

S owerby . Lower Carbon iferous .

Productus lasal lens is .

W orthen . Lower Coal Measures .

Productus laevicostu s .

Productus longispinu s .

Productus‘

mesia l is .Hal l . Keokuk G r .

Productus m uricatus .Norwood Pratten . Coal Meas .

Productus nan-u s .

Meek W orthen . Coal Measures .

PA LfEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Productus nodosus .Newberry . Coal Measures .

Productus nebraskensis .Owen . Coal Measures .

Productus parvus .Meek W orthen . Coal Measures .

Productus prattenanu s .

Norwood . Coal Measures .

Productu s portlockanu s .

Norwood Pratten . Coal Meas .

Productu s pu nctatu s .

Mart in . Coal Measures .

Productus sem ireticu laris .

Mart in . Coal Measures .

Productus splenden s .Norwood Pratten . Coal Meas .

Productus S pinu l icosta .

Hal l . Dev. (Produ ctel l a S pin .)Productus symmetricu s .

McChesney. Coal Measures .

Productus w i lber ian u s .

Mcchesney. Coal Measures .

R etz ia cvax .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

R etz ia mormon i .Marcou . Coal Measures .

R ens selaer ia ova l i s .Hal l . Oriskany.

R ensselaer ia ovoides .Eaton . Oriskany .

Rhynchonella acinus .Hal l . U pper S i lu rian . N iag . G r .

Rhynchonel la capax .

Con rad . Trenton G r .

Rhynchonel la capax .

W h itheld . Var . perl amel losa.

Cincinnati G r .

Rhynchonel la contracta .

Chemung G r . S tenoschisma

contractum).

Rhynchonel la congregata .

Conrad . ( S tenoschi sma congregata)Rhynchonel la cuneata .

Dalman . N iagara G r .

I 93

Rhynchonel la dentata .

Hal l .

Rhynchonel la doti s .Hall . ( S tenoschisma) . Ham . G r .

Rhynchonel la indianens is .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Rhynchonel la mutab i l i s .Hal l . Lower Helderberg.

Rhynchonel la neglecta .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Rhynchonel la nob i l i s .Hal l .

Rhynchonel la plena .

Hal l . Trenton G r .

Rhyn chonel la prol ifica .

Hal l . Hami lton G r.

Rhynchonel la recinu la .

Hal l . W arsaw G r .

Rhynchonel la s impl icata .

Con rad . Lower Helderberg .

Rhynchonel la tennes seens is .

R oemer. N iagara G r .

Rhynchonel la tethys .B i l l ings . Corn iferous .

Rhynchonel la u ta .

Marcou . Coal Measures.

Rhynchonel la ven tri cosa .

Hal l . Lower Helderberg .

Rhynchonel la venu stu la .

Hal l . Fully l imestone .

Rhynchonella whitiana .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

R hynchotreta q u adr ipl icata .

S A . Miller .

S terfoschisma sapha.Hal l . Hami lton G r .

S tenoch isma contractum .

Hal l . Chemung G r .

S pi ri fer acum inatus .Con rad . Corn iferous G r .

S pi ri fer aranata .

Oriskany . S andstone.

194

S pi ri fer a lta .

Hal l . Chemung G r .

S piri fer arenos u s .

Conrad . Oriskany .

S pi rifer arrectu s .

Hal l . Oriskany .

S pi ri fer cameratu s .

Coal Measures .

S piri fer capax .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

S pi ri fer carteri .Hal l . Waverly G r .

S pi ri fer cri spa .

H is inger .

S pi rifer cyclostom u s .

Hal l . Niagara G r.S pi rifer d isj u ncta .

PA LZEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Niagara G r .

S owerby . Chemung G r .

S pi rifer eu r u teines .

Owen . Ham i lton .

S piri fer forbes i .Devon ian .

Norwood Pratten . Burl ington G r.

S pi ri fer fornacu la .

Hal l . Hamilton G r .

S pi rifer gran u l ifera .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

S pi ri fer gregar i u s .

Clapp . Corn iferous .

S pi ri fer grimes i .Hall . Ham ilton G r .

S piri fer hu ngerford i .Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

S pi ri fer leidy i .Norwood Pratten .

S piri fer l ineatus .Mart in .

S pi rifer macrothy r i s .

Hal l . Corn iferous .

S pi ri fer marcy i .Hall . Ham ilton G r .

S pi rifer medial is .Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Chester G r.

Coal Measures .

S pirifer m u cronotu s .

Conrad . Ham il ton G r . Devon ian .

S pi rifer opim u s .

Hal l . Coal Measures .

S pi rifer orestes .Hal l . Chemung G r. Devon ian .

S pi ri fer owen i .Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

S pi ri fer parryana .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r . Devon ian .

S pirifer pennatu s .

Owen . Ham ilton G r. Dev.

S pi ri fer planoconvexa .

Coal Measures .

S piri fer plen u s .

Hal l . Burl ington G r .

S pi rifer pseu dol ineatu s .

Hal l . Burl ington G r .

S pi rifer radiata .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

S piri fer roy is s i .Keokuk G r .

S pirifer tu l li us .Hal l . Hami l ton G r . Devon ian .

S pi ri fer vanu x emi .Hal l . Lower Helderberg .

S pi ri fer vanu x em i .Hal l . Var . Tentacul ites. S i lur ian .

S pi ri fer vari cosa .

Ha l l . Hami lton G r .

S pirifer w hitney i .Hal l . Chemung G r .

S pi ri fer z ei z ac.

Hal l . Ham ilton G r .

S pi r ifer ina kentu ckyens i s .

S humow . Coal Measures .

S chi z ocran ia pi losa .

Hal l . Tren ton G r .

S treptorhynchu s arctostr iat’

m

S treptorhynchu s cras s um .

Meek 8: W orthen . Coa l Meas .

S treptorhynch u s elongatus .James .

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196 PALZEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Z ygospi ra cincinnatiens is .

James .

Z ygospira concen trica .

U l rich .

Z ygospi ra errati ca.

Davidson . Trenton G r .

Coleol u s acicu latu s .

Hal l . Ham ilton G r .

Coleol u s tenu istr iatu s .

Ham i lton G r.Conula ria formosae .

Mil ler Dyer. C incinnati G r .

Conula ria newberryi .W inchel l . W averly G r .

Conularia su bcarbonar ia .

Meek W orthen . Keokuk G r .

Con ularia trenton iensis .

Hal l . Trenton G r .

Conularia species .

Bel l erophon b i lobatus .S owerby . Tren ton G r .

Bel lerophon var .

Bellerophon carbonar i u s .

Cox . Coal Measures .

Bel lerophon explanatu s .

Hal l .Bel lerophon l eda.

Hal l .Bellerophon mohri .

S . A . Miller .Bel lerophon montfortanu s .

Norwood Pratten .

Bel lerophon newberryi .Meek . Corn iferous .

Bel lerophon nodocarinatu s .

Hal l . Lower Coal Measures.

Z ygospira headi .B il l ings .

Z ygospira kentu ckyens is .

James .

Z ygospi ra modesta.

Hal l .

PTE R OPOD A .

Conu laria u ndu latafiCon rad . Hami lton G r .

Hyoli thes americanu s .B i l l ings .

Ten tacul i tes gyracanthu s .Eaton . Lower Helderberg .

Tentacul ites r ichmandens is .

S . A . Mil ler.Tentacul i tes sterl ingens is .

Meek and Worthen .

Ten tacu lites fiss u re l la .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Tentacu l ites i r regu lar is .

Hal l . Lower Helderberg .

G A S TE R OP I D A .

Bel lerophon patu l u s .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Bel lerophon percarinatu s .

Conrad . Coal Measures .

Bel l erophon s u bcrassu s .

S t. Louis G r .

Be l lerophon su blaevis .

Hal l . S u b. Carbon iferous .

Bel lerophon,specia l .

Coal Measures .

B u can ia bi dorsata .

Hal l . Trenton G r .

B u can ia costata .

James .

B u can ia expansa .

PALE OZOIC FOS S ILS .

Cal lonema bel latum .

Hal l . Corn iferous. Devon ian .

Cyclonema b i l ix .

Hal l .

Cyclonema b i l ix .

Var . fl u ctu atum . James .

Cycl onema phaedra .

B il l ings .

Cyclonema pyramidatum .

James .

Cyclonema mu l ti lena.

Cyclora depressa .

U l rich .

Cyclora hoffman i .S . A . Mil ler.

Cyclora minuta .

Hall .

Cyclostoma n iagarens is .

Hal l . N iagara G r.Cyrtol ites carinatus .

S . A . Miller .

Cyrtol ites dyeri .Hal l .

Cyrto l ites elegans .S . A . Miller.

Cy rtol ites mitel la.

Cyrtol ites ornatus .Conrad .

Cyrtol ites pi leol us .Hal l . Devon ian .

Euompha l us cyclostomu s .

Hal l . Hami lton G r . Devon ian .

Euomphal us deco l latu s .

Hal l . Corn i i . (Di sju nctu s) .Eu ompha l us s ubrogosu s .

Meek W orthen . Coal Meas .

F u s ispira s u bfu s i formis .

Hal l .

H010pea macros toma .

Hamilton G r . Devon ian .

H010pea obl iqua .

Hall .

I 97

Loxonema delphicola.

Hal l . Hamilton G r .

Loxonema ham i ltoniae.

Ham i lton G r .

Loxonema nex i le.

Macrochi l ina altonens is .

W orthen . Coal Measures .

Macrochi l ina ham il ton iae.

Hal l . H am ilton G r.

Macrochi l ina ham i l ton iae.

S pecial . Coa l Measures .

Macrochi l ina macrostoma .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Macrochi l ina medial is .Meek Worthen .

Macrochi l ina pr1m1gen1a .

Conrad . Coal Measurers .

Macrochi l ina tu rr itu s .

W hi tfield . Coal Measurers .

Macroch i l ina ventri cosa .

Coal Measurers .

Metoptoma rugosa .

( S tenotheca) . Burl ington G r .

Metoptoma umbella .

Meek Worthen .

M u rch ison ia augustina .

B il l ing .

M u rchison ia bel l icincta .

Hal l . G alena G r .

Mu rchison ia graci li s .Hal l .

Mu rchison ia mi l leri .Hal l .

“

Mu rchison ia mu lt igruma .

S . A . Miller.

M u rchison ia perangu lata .

Hal l .M u rchison ia s imu latrix .

B i l l ings .

Nat ic0ps is altonens is .

McChesney. Coal Measures .

Natic0ps i s gigantea .

Hal l 8: W hitfield . Chemung

19 8 PA LfEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

aticops is humi lis .Meek . Corn iferous.

Naticops is nana .

Meek W orthen . Coal Meas.

Nat ic0ps is nana .

S pecies . Coal Measures .

Platyceras argo .

Hall . Ham i lton G r .

Platyceras bi serial is .

Hal l . Keokuk G r .

Platyceras campan u latum .

W inchel l . N iagara G r .

Platyceras carinatum .

Hall . Niagara G r .

Platyceras dumos um .

Conrad . U pper Helderberg.

Platy ceras eq u i laterale .

Hal l . Keokuk G r .

Platyceras infundibu lum .

Meek W orthen . Burl ington G r .

Platyceras q u incyense .

Mcchesney . Keokuk G r .

Platyceras s u cu l entu m .

Hal l . Hamilton G r . Devon ian .

Platyceras thetis .Hal l . Ham i lton G r . Devon ian .

Platyceras u ncu m .

Meek W orthen . Burl ington G r .

Platystoma l ineatum .

Hal l . Hamilton G r .

Platystoma n iagarens is .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Platy s toma peor iens is .

McChesney. Coal Measures .

Pleu rotomaria beckw ithana .

Mcchesney . Coal Measures .

Pleu rotomar . bonharborensis .

Cox. Coal Measures .

Pleurotomaria b raz oensis .

S chumard . Carbon iferous G r .

Pleu rotomaria depressa .

Cox. Coal Measures .

Pleu rotomaria grayvi l lens is .

Norwood Pratten . Coal Meas .

Pleu rotomaria haydenana .

G ein i tz . Coal Measures .

Pleu rotomaria lenticu laris .Trenton G r .

Pleu rotomaria l ineata z ity s .

Hal l .Pleu rotomaria oh ionas .

James .

Pleu rotomaria spi ronema .

Meek W orthen . Coal Meas .

Pleu rotomaria sphaeru lata .

Conrad . Coal Measures .

Pleu rotomaria s u bcon ica.

Hall . C incinnati G r .

Pleu rotomaria s u bconstricta .

S . A . Mill er.Pleu rotomaria s u lcomarginata.

Conrad . Ham ilton G r .

Pleurotomaria trophidophora.

Meek .

Pleurotomaria umb i l icata.

Hal l . Tren ton G r .

Pleu rotomaria ventricosa .

Or iskany G r .

Polyphemops is peracu ta .

Meek Worthen . Coal Meas .

Pupa vermi l ionens is .

Brad ley . Coal Measures .

R aph istoma tenticu lare.

Emmons . Trenton G r .

S traparo l l u s s u bru gos u s .

M . W . C . M . (Euomphalus) .

S trophosty l u s cyclostomu s .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Trochonema umbi l icatum .

Hal l . Trenton G r .

Turbo lineatus .(Pleurotomaria) .

Turbo rotundus .Corni ferous .

Turbo shu mardi .

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200

Orthoceras texti le.

PA LZEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Orthoceras tu rbidum .

Hal l . Hami lton G r. Hall .

Orthoceras transversum . Orthoceras vertebrate.S . A . Mil ler. Lower S i lurian . Hal l. Trenton G r .

L AM E L L I B R AN CH I AT A .

A mbonychia acu tirostrata .

Hal l . Niagara G r .

A mbonych ia amygdael ina .

(Var . Cypricard i tes amygdael ina).

A mbonychia bel l istriata .

Hal l .

A mbonych ia casn .

Meek Worthen .

A mbonych ia costata .

j ames .

A mbonych ia orbicu laris .Tren ton period .

A mbonych ia radiata .

Hal l .

A mbonychia robusta .

S . A . Mil ler. Hudson R iver G r .

A l lor isma cuneata .

S wal low . Coal Measures .

A l lorisma cu rtum .

S wallow . Permian G r .

A l lor isma s u bcu neata .

Meek Hayden .

A l lorisma var. s u bcu neata .

A l lor isma var . s u bcu neata .

A l lorisma w inchel l i .Meek . Waverly G r .

A mph icoel ia n eglecta .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

A nodontops i s mil leri .Meek . Hudson R iver G r .

A nomalodonta alata.

Meek . S pecies . (A mbonychia).

A nomalodonta gigantea.S . A . Mil ler.

Coal Measures .

A startel la varica .

McChesney. Lower Coal Meas .

A startel la vera .

Hal l . Coal Measures .

Avicu la chemu ngens i s .

Conrad . (Pterinea Chemung) .

A vicula el liptica .

Hall . (Pterinea E llipt ica) .

A vicu 10pecten carbonar is .

Coal Measu res .

A vicu 10pecten cl evelandicu sS wal low . Coal Measures .

A vicu 10pecten coxan u s .

Meek . Coal Measures .

A vicu 10pecten indianens is .

Meek W 0rther1. Keokuk G r .

A vicu 10pecten n eglectus .Coal Measures .

A vicu 10pecten occiden ta l i s .S humard . Coal Measures .

A vicu 10pecten pel l ucidus .Meek Worthen .

A vicu 10pecten recti laterari u s .

Cox . Coal Measures .

Card iomorpha missouriensis .S humard . Coal Measures .

Card iomorpha m i s sou ri ensis .Var . S humard . Coal Measures .

Cl i dophor u s fabu l u s .

Hal l . Cincinnati G r.

Cl idophoru s pl anu latu s .

Conrad . Cincinnati G r .

1 C linOpistha laevis .Meek W orthen . Coal Meas .

G l inopistha radiata.Hal l .

PA LXEOZOIC FOS S ILS .

Conocardium su btrigonale.

D’Orbigny. Corn iferous .

Conocardiu m s u btrigonal e .

Var . Devon ian .

Conocardi um ventri cos um .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

Cren ipecten l eon ,o r leonensi s .

Cren ipecte’

n reti fer u s .

S humard . Coal Measures .

Cu cu l laea Opima .

Hal l W hi tfield . Hami lton G r .

S . A . Miller says synonym for Nucula l irata.

Cu neamya ampla .

U lr ich . Cincinnati G r .

Cu neamya infl ata .

C incinnati G r .

Cu neamya parva .

S . A . Mil ler . Cincinnati .

Cypricardel la bel l istr iata .

Conrad S pecies . Hami lton G r .

Cypricardel la codon .

Hal l . Hami lton G r . (Proposedinstead of Microdon , Conrad,S . A . Miller .

Cypricardia recu rva .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Cypr icarditis haynanas .

S afford . Cincinnati G r.

Cypr icarditis quadrangu lari s .W hi tefield .

Cypr icard it i s amygdal inu s .

Hal l . 1“renton G r .

Entol ium avicula .

S wallow . Coal Measures .

G rammys ia bis u l cata .

Conrad . Hami lton G r .

G rammy s ia cingu lata .

Ham i lton G r .

G rammys ia ci rcu lari s .Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

G rammys ia discoidea .

Hamilton G r .

20 1

G rammys ia nodocostata .

Hal l . Hami lton G r .

G rammys ia obsol eta .

Hall . Ham i lton G r .

G rammy s ia secunda .

Hal l . Var . G ibbosa. Ham. G r.

Lyrodesma cincinnatiense .

Hal l . Cincinnati G r .

Lyrodesma maj o r.U lrich . (Tel l inomya pectu nculoides . Hal l . Cincinnat i G r .

Lyrodesma posts triatum .

Emmons .

Macrodon bel l istratu s .

Var . Cypri cardel la .

Macrodon obsoletu s .

Meek. Coal Measures .

Megalomu s canadens is .Hal l . U pper S ilu rian .

Megambon ia jamesi .Meek . Cincinnat i G r .

Mod iolops is cincinnat iens is .

Hal l W hitfield . C incinnat i G r .

Mod1010ps is concentrica .

Hal l W hitheld . C incinnat iModiol ops is faba .

Con rad . Cincinn at i G r .

Modio lops is modiolar is .

Con rad . C incinnati G r .

Mod1010ps is perlata .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Mod iolops is spatu lata .

j ames;C incinnat i G r .

Mod io lops is truncata .

Hal l .

Mod iomorpha a lta .

Conrad . Ham i lton G r .

Mod iomorpha a l ta .

Var . Conrad . Ham i lton G r .

Mod iomorpha concentrica .

Con rad . Hamilton G r .

Mod iomorpha concen trica .

Var . Conrad . Ham i lton G r .

202 PAL/EOZOI C FOS S ILS .

Myal ina keokuk .

W orthen . Keokuk G r .

Myal ina mon roens is .

W orthen. U pper Coal Measures .

Myal ina swal lovi .McCheney. U pper Coal Meas .

Myal ina sw al lovi .S pecies . U pper Coal Measures .

Myal ina s u bq u ad rata .

U pper Coal Measures .

Nucu la bel lat u la .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r.

N ucu la bel lastriata .

Conrad . Hami lton G r .

Nucu la l ineata .

Hamilton G r .

Nucu la n iot ica.

Hall . U pper Helderberg .

N ucu la miotica .

Var . Hal l . U pper Helderberg .

Nucu la oblonga .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Nucula oblonga .

Var . Hami l ton G r .

Nucu la randal l i .Hal l . Hamilton G r . Devon ian .

Nucula truncata .

Hami lton G r .

Nucula ventricosa .

Hal l . Coal Measures .

Nucu la ven tricosa .

S pecies . Ham ilton G r .

N u cu l ites elongata .

Ham ilton G r .

N u cu l ites tr iq u eter .

Conrad . Ham i lton G r .

N u cu l ites s u lcat inu s .

Conrad . Keokuk G r .

Nyassa a rguta .

Hal l . Ham i lton G r .

Nyassa ham i l toniae .

Orthodesma contractum .

Hal l . Cincinnatti G r .

Orthodesma cu rvatum .

Hal l Wh itheld . Cincinnati G r .

Orthodesma m icklebu rghi .Wh itheld . C incinnati G r .

Orthodesma paral lel um .

Hal l .

Orthodesma rectum .

Hal l 8: W hitfiel d . C incinnat i G r .

Orthodesma su bovale.

U lrich . Cincinnat i G r .

Paracyclas el l iptica .

Hall . Corniferous . (Devon ian .)Paracyclas el liptica .

Var . Hal l . Corn if. (Devon ian .)Paracyclas l i rata .

Con rad . (Devon ian .)Paracyclas l i rata .

Var . Conrad . Hami lton G r .

Paracyclas proavia .

G oldfuss . Lower Devon ian .

Paracyclas serata .

Devon ian .

Pinna peracu ta .

S humard . Coal Measures .

Pl eu rophor u s s ubcostatu s .

Meek 81 W orthen . Coal Meas .

Pleu rophor u s tr ipodolphoru s .

Meek . Lower Coal Measures .

Prothy ris elegans .Meek . U pper Coal Measu res .

Pseu domonotis hawmi .(Eumicrotis) . Meek Hayden .

Pterinea bel l il ineata .

B i l l ings .

Pterinea chemu ngens is .

Pterinea demissa .

Conrad .

Pterinea el liptica .

Hal l . Trenton G r .

Pter inea fl abel la .

Conrad . H ami lton G r .

Pter inea fl abel la .

Var . Conrad . Hami lton G r .

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204 PALZEOZO IC FOS S ILS .

Cerau r U s pleu rexanthem u s .

Cyphaspis christy i .Hal l . Niagara G r .

Cyther0ps is cincinnatiens is .

Meek .

Cytherops is cyl indri ca .

Hal l .

Cytherops is i rregu lari s .

S . A . Mil ler.Dalman i tes achates .

B i l l ings .

Da lman i tes booth i .G reen . Hami lton G r.

Da lman i tes breviceps .

Hal l .

Dalman ites carleyi .Meek .

Da lman i tes selenu ru s .

Eaton . U pper Helderberg .

Dalman i tes veru cos u s .

Hal l . N iagara G r .

Dalman ites,species .

Homolonu tu s dekay i .

G reen . Hamilton G r .

I l laenus armatus .Hal l . N iagara G r .

Leaia t ricarinata .

Meek W orthen . Coal Measures.

Leperditia al ta .

Conrad . Lower Helderberg.

Leperd itia glabra .

Lepidocoleu s jamesi .Hal l W hitfiel d . Hudson R iver.

Lichas trenton iensis .

Conrad .

Phacops bufo .

G reen . Hamilton G r .

Phacops rana .

G reen . Ham ilton G r .

Phi l lips1a bufo .

Meek 8c W orthen . Keokuk G r .

Phil l ips ia ,species .

U pper Carboniferous .

Primi tia byrnes i .

Pr imi tia crepi formis .

Primi tia cincinnatiens is .

S . A .‘Miller.

S phaerexochu s romenger i .Hal l . N iagara G r .

Triarth rus becki .G rren . U tica S late.

Trin ucleus bel l u l u s .

U lrich .

Trinucleu s concentricu s,

LI S T OF TAX A BLE INHABITANTSI N THE

TOWN AND COUNTY OF WES TMORELAND ,

(W yommc , PENN’A ,)

S TATE OF CONNECTI C U T,

1776- 1780.

Tax l i sts have a lways been j u st ly regarded as among themost importan t data to the historian in writing the recordsof a people or a section of country . A nd yet we search thehisto ri es of the Wyoming section of Pennsylvan ia in va info r such lis ts prior to 1796 . The li sts of this date werepublished for the fi rst time by S tewart Pearce in his “Anna l sof Luzerne county.

” His Append ix shows that in 1763one hundred and seventeen New England settlers locatedin the Wyom ing Va l l ey. Fifty of these

,who were s lain by

the Indians in the massacre that year,are al l of the n umber

whose names are known . A t that t ime no government hadbeen establ i shed at Wyoming

,and the settlers had not

fel t the bu rden of taxation . From 1769 to 1772 over twohundred others

,a lso from New England

,settled at Wyo

ming . Thei r names are reco rded by Pearce . These werealso free from taxati on . But in 1774 ,

when the town ofWestmoreland w as estab l ished as a part ofLi tchfield coun ty ,Connecticu t

,the necess i ty of taxation was rea l i zed,and at a

town meeting held at Wilkes-Barré,Ma rch 2

,1774 ,

for th eelection of oFficers fo r the governmen t oi . the town , the following were elected L i sters

,for the pu rpose of as sess ing

property and l evying taxes : “Anderson Dana ,Dan i el Go re ,

E l isha S wift, E lipha l et Fo l let, Perrin Ross , Nathan Wade ,Jerem iah Blanchard

,Zavan Tracy

,Uriah Chapman , Gideon

Ba ldwin, S i las Gore, Moses Thomas , Emanuel Con saw ler ,

John Jenkins,Phineas Clark .

” How long these rema inedin office i s not known

,but the fol lowing certificate, for which

I am indebted to the kindness of Os car J. Harvey, Esq .

,

shows the Li sters for 1776 :

A t the October, 1776 , ses s ion of the G enera l A ssem b l y of .Connec

ticu t a certificate w as received from the Listers of W estmoreland

206 WE S TMOR ELAND TAX L I S TS , 1776- 1780.

(W yom ing) sett in g forth that the G rand Li st for the town of W est

moreland ,m ade on the A u gust Lists for the year 1776 , i s £ 6996, 13s .Th is l ist w as

“c er tified b y A nderson Dana , E l isha S w ift , John

J en k in s , Jr . ,Nathan K ings ley, W i l l iam W i l l iam s , W i l l iam S tark ,

W i l l iam H ibba rd , A aron G ay lord ,John Perk ins , Lis ters .

Evidently no tax l i sts pri o r to 1796 were known to Chapm an

,and none to Miner except that of 178 1 , a copy of which

w as sen t to the Un i ted S tates Congres s by M r . Miner in1 837 accompanying the e l oquen t and fo rcib le Peti tion ofthe S ufferers at Wyom ing during the Revol utionary W ar

for rel i ef.” This l i st w as published by the Governmen tin House Report 1032 ,

2 5th Congress , 2d S es s ion ,Publ i c

Documen t No . 336 . It w as reprinted by the Wyom ingHistorica l and G eologica l S ociety in 189 5 in my paperentitled The Massac re of Wyom ing

,the Acts of Congress

for ' the Defense of the Wyoming Va l ley,Penn ’

a,1776

- 1778,with the Peti ti ons of the S ufferers by the Massacre of Ju ly

3 , 1778, for Congress i ona l a id .

”O n pages 78—83 of thi s

publication i t wi l l be found,en titl ed “A true l is t of the pol ls

and estates of the town of Westmoreland,ratable by law

the 20th of August, The assessment w as made by“j ohn Frankl in ,

Christopher Hurlbut and j onah Rogers ,L i sters . It reports the n umber of po l l s at Wyom ing thatyear ove r -16 years o ld at 140 ; l ive stock 6 5 5 acres plowed

other land 2 86 54 ; tota l land owned 1 276 acres,

s i lver watches 2,owned by Captain John Franklin and

S arah Durkee, each va l ued at £ 1 , 10 .

S ome yea rs ago the late S heldon Reynolds , Esq ., dis

covered the origina l Tax L ists of the Town and County ofWestmoreland for 1776 , 1777 and 1778, which he added tohis private col lection of loca l manusc ripts . S hortly beforeh is death he had these l i sts copied for the use of this soci ety .

They are printed ‘

h ere for the first time ,and from copies

madefby myse l f“verba tim et We are indebted to

his fam i ly for this privi lege. Thro ugh the generou s act ofOscar Harvey, Esq .

,I am permi tted t o give a lso a Tax

‘L istof the Town and County of Westmoreland for 1780 from a

copy in his possess ion . As the demora li zed conditi on of

.this section in 1779 made t he levying of t axes extremelyd ifficu lt

,noth ing w as done by t he Conn ectic ut author ities

to accomplish it. This appears from severa l petitions madefto theC onnecticut Assembly for release from taxati on that

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208 WES TMOR ELAND TAX L IS TS , 1776- 1780.

Meanwhi le Pennsylvan i a w as not i d le in levying taxesu pon her own people in th is section . Without recogn i zingin any w ay the Connecticut titles and landholders , she levied taxes on a l l holders of land under the Pennsylvan i ati tles . In the Pennsylvan ia Archives

, 3d S eries , Vo lumeX IX

,prin ted

,but not yet publ ished

,under the s upervi s ion

o f William H . Egle,M . D .,

late S tate L ibrarian ,wi l l be

fo und the L i sts of S tate Taxes , Assessmen t, and S upply

T ax for Wyoming township , Northumberland county, foreach year from 1778 to 1789 ,

incl us ive. These give ful lnames of residen t and non - residen t landholders

,and are

we l l worth ca reful study . None of the names on the Connecticu t l ists are found on these

,so that an accu rate estimate

of the population of the Wyoming section cou ld be readi lymade from the two sets of tax l ists .

PENNS YLVAN IA TAXAB LES,WYOMIN G TOWNS HIP, NO R THU MBER

LAND COU NTY.

S tate Tax , 1778, 1779 , 1780. R es iden ts , 56 ; acres , val ue,

taxes,A ssessmen ts , 1781 R es iden ts , 4 5 ; acres , ta xes , £ 4 50 .

Non - res iden ts , 3 1 ; acres , u ncu l t i vatedtaxes , £ 860 .

S u pp ly Tax ,1782 . R es idents , 3 1 ; acres , taxes , £ 2 18.

Non -res iden ts , 42 ; acres , u ncu lt i vated ;ta xes , £ 74 1 .

S u pply Tax , 1783 . R es iden ts , 54 ; acres , horses , 6 1 ; catt le ,77 ; taxes , £ 85 .

S u pp ly Tax ,1784. R es iden ts , 54 ; acres, horses , 6 1 ; cattle ,

77 ; ta xes , £ 9 5S tate Tax , 1785 . R es iden ts , 7 5 ; acres , horses , 1 1 1; cattle,

105 ; taxes , £ 26 .

Non -res iden ts , 70 ,acres , uncu ltivated

taxes , £ 1 14 .

S tate Tax , 1786 . R es idents , 83 ; acres , horses , 12 1 ; cattle,1 17 ; taxes , £ 45 .

Non -res iden ts , 65 ; acres , u ncu ltivatedta xes , 112 .

S tate Tax , 1787 . R es idents , 64 ; acres , horses , 104 ; cattle,102 ; taxes , £ 22 .

Non—res iden ts , 70 ; acres , u ncu ltivated ;ta xes , £ 67 .

HORACE EDWIN HAYDEN.

TAXABLES FOR THE

TOWN A ND COUNTY OF WES TMORELA ND,

1776

R A TE B IL L F O R W ILK S B A R R E D I S T R ICT .

MA DE ON 1 111: A U G U S T L I S T, 1776.

R ichardson Avery ,R ichardson Avery ,(

‘

Jhri s tn Avery ,W i l l iam Avery ,John Abbot

,

E l ias B i xby,

Jwee B issel ,James B ed lock ,A sa Bu rnham ,

Zebu lon Bu t ler,E l isha B lackman ,

S todard Bowers ,B enj n Bay ley ,

Aa ron Bower,

A sa. Bennet ,Moses Brown ,Joseph Cooper ,Bonj u C lark ,S amu el 0010

,

E lean Cary ,W i l lm Dorton ,

W m Du nn , J n r

Anderson Dana,

Thomas Du rkee,Dan i el Down i ng,

2 10 WES TMOR ELAND TAX LI S TS,1776

- 1780.

Dan iel G o re,R ez in G reer,Obed iah G ore

,

James G reen ,

James G ou ld ,E l ias G reen ,

John G arret,

John Hageman,S imeon Hide,Joseph Hageman

,

John Hide,S am ue l Hutch i ns

,

Matthew and John Hol lenback,

Thomas McCl u re,Hou let Haz en

,

R obt Hopk ins,A z el Hide,G ama1 I rasdel

,

W m Ju dd ,Eben r Lane,S olomon Johnson ,ThosI Nea l,Mart in Nelson

,

W m Nelson,

Aaron P ixby ,Thos P i ckard ,Ebenar Parks

,

W m Parker,Ju n i a P reson

,

B hen t Ph i lips,Thos Porter,Jeremiah R oss,Jacob S hu felt ,Jos iah S tansburyJohn S taples,John S taples ,Jos iah S m ith ,Joseph S taples , .

Isaac S mi th,Adon ijah S tarisbu ry,James S tark ,Isaac S m ith

, J u n t

W m S tark,

A sa S tevens ,Dari u s S nafi ‘

ord,Jabel S el l ,E l ihu W aters,Ephraim W heel er,John W i l l iams ,

Thos W i l l iamsJohn W heeler,Peter W heeler ,

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2 12 WES TMO R ELAND TAX 1776- 1780.

W inchesr Mathewson ,J esse Lee,James Legget,

Pete r Low ,

S eth Mar v in ,John Mu rpy ,

Ph ineas Parce,

Timo P ierce,Ez ek i el P i erce,Jno. Perk i ns ,Isaac Ph i l i ps

,

J u o. Pearce,A shbel R ob in son ,

E l ias R oberd , J u n l'

E l ias R oberd ,Timo R ose,E l ij ah S hoemaker,B enj n S k i fl .

J u o. S m i th ,W m H . S mi th,fi mo S m ith

,

Lockwood S mi th ,Bened ick S atter l y,W m S ear ls

,

Lu ke S w eat land ,Constant S ear ls

,,

Jedeh S tevens,Thos S todard

,

R osel S teven s ,B hen t S h i ner

,

Joshu a S teven 8,E l isha S w ift,

John Tubbs ,Parshal Ter ry , Ju n r,Isa iah W a lker,

Israel W a lker,Az i as Yale,

PLYMOU TH D I S T R I CT .

Amos Ames bu ry ,Asahel A therton ,

Ca leb . Au stin ,

Joshu a Bonnet,

WES TMOR ELAND TAX 1776—1780.

Jes se Co leman,

W m Ch u rch i l l,Jerem iah Coleman ,J11an Chu rch i l lThos Cascadden,G i lbe rt Denton ,B enj n Cole,Dan ie l Den ton,Dan l Co lton ,

F rederick Eveland ,Dan iel F i nch, S en . ,

James F r isby ,John F rank l in ,

Jonathan Fors i tt,

P h i l i p G ross,

B az abel G u rny ,

S olomon G oes,Nathal G oss ,Joseph G ay lord ,Char les G ay lord

,

Ju stu s G ay lord ,Aaron G ay lord .

P hi l ip G oes ,Ju n r

Zach )! Hartz ifi'

,

B enjn Harvey ,Ti mo Hopk ins,S i las Harvey ,ThoS Heath ,Jonathan Hu nlock,W m Hu r lbu t

,

John Heath,Crooker Jones

,

Benj i ! K i lbon,

R u fu s Law rence,Eph ra im McCoy ,N icholas Manv i l ,Dav id Marv in

,

Matthew Marvin ,

Jumes Nesbet ,J onathn P ri chard

,

Noah Pet tebone,S amu el R ansom,

J os iah R ogers ,P eri n R oss

,

Dan ie l R obard s ,Hez ek iah R obards

,

Jamen R obards ,Eben? R obard s ,E l isha R icha rds,

Thos S awyer,S imdn S pald ing

,

O l i ver S m ith ,

2 13

2 14 WE S TMOR ELAND TAX 1776—1780.

Obadi ah S cott ,Dan ie l S harwood

,

R obt S pencer,John Ti lbu ry ,Mat th ias Vanhorn ,

Asaph W h it t lesey,

John Van W y ,S amu el W i l l iams

,

W m W h ite,R ufu s W i l l iams,

E li hu W i l l iams,

Nathan W ade,

H A N O V E R

P r ince Alden,

Major Alden ,E ber And rews ,Jerem iah B igford

,

I saac Bennet, Jr . ,

Peleg Ba rret ,I saacCampbel l

,

John Commer,

James Cook“Peleg Cook ,Nath1 Daven port

,

S am uel Downer,

S am1 Ens ign ,

John Ew ing,James Fors i th

,

John F rank l in ,And rew Freeman

,

R oz el F rank l i n ,

IsaacP ri tchet ,Dan iel F ran k l i nWa it G arrat

,

Ti tus HenmanN i chol as Huffman ,

Ebenez er Hibbard ,W m H ibbard

,

Cypr ian H i bbardR ichard Inman ,

l ijah Inman,

W m Jam ison ,

R obtt Jam ison,

John Jam i son ,John Jackson ,W m M . Karrachan

,

G eorge Lu kes,Edward Lester,

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2 16 WES TMO R ELAND TAX 1 15 1 5 1776—17 80.

Aaron S tark ,E l ijah S i l sbry ,

S amuel S later, J r .

,

S aml S later,John S tafi'

ord,

Eph raim S anford ,W m S hay ,Dav id S mi th ,Zach S qu i re,E l ear W es t,W i l lm W i l l iams

,

Jnst ’s W ord i ng,

John Word ing,Nathn W i l l iams

,

EXETE R

Nathan A l been ,Joseph Baker,S aml B rown

,

S i las Bened ict ,Dan i

’I Cambel,

Manassa ( lady ,S tephen G ardner,John G ardner,P eter Harri s,S tephen Hardmg,S tephen Hard i ng, Jr . ,

Lemu el Hard ing ,James Headw el l ,B enj fl Jones,Nathan Jones ,Thos Jos l in ,Dan i

’ l l ngersol ,NathI Johnson ,

J u O Jenkins ,Timothy Keyes ,W i l lm Mart in

,

W m Pi ekard,

Thos P icket ,Joseph S locum

,

Jacob S yne,Jno. D . S hoemaker ,E l isha S covel

,

Ebenr S ear ls,Levi Townsend

,

Isaac Tr ip, EsqJ

'

ob Tr i p,Joh Tr i p

, J r .,

P reserved Tay lor,P h i l i p W i ntermu te

,

J110 W i nte rmote,

P hi l ip W interm u te,Jr . ,

WES 'I‘N-OR ELAND TAX 1776—1780.

TH E

F reder ick A rger ,P h i l i p Bender,P r ince B ryan t ,Jaco b Bowman

,

Adam Bowman ,

E l ij ah B rown ,Ph i l i p Buck ,Dav id B igsby ,Jacob B runner.Joshua Beebe,

Cole,N icholas Depn e,Jos iah Dewey ,John Depue,J u o Dew i t ,S tephen Fe rr ington ,F rederi ck F rank ,

Lemu el F i tch ,Edward Hicks,G osper Hopper,R euben Herr ington,And rew H ickman ,

G eo. Ken tner,Nathan Kings ley,John Laraby

,

Isaac Laraway,R ead Ma lory

,

Zehn Marcy,Tho8 M i l l ord

,

Thos M i l lord . J r . ,

B en W i l l Pau l ing ,N icholas Ph i l i ps

,

Abe l Pa lmer,Ichabod Phel ps ,E l ijah Phel ps ,John S tephens ,F rederick S m i th

,

H u l d ri ck S hou t,

Hen ry S immons,

B ostion S trOpe ,Coonrad S ea r ls

,

John S ecord ,James S oovel ,

P eter S ecord ,E ph ra im Ty ler,Isaac Van A lst i ne,

e,

2 18 WE S TMOR ELAND TAX 1776—1780.

Hend r ick W inter,E l isha W i lcox ,Hen ry W i ndecker

,

Abram Workman,

John W i l l iamson,

Thos W igton ,A mos York ,

L A CK A W A Y

John A i nsl y ,Hez ek iah B ingham,

R oger C la rk ,U r iah Chapman , Esq .

,

A sa Chapman,

James Dye,S tephen Edwards,Capt . E l iab Farnham,

Dav id G ates,

Nath1 G ates ,S amu el Ha ll et,Jonathan Haskel l

,

Zadock K i l l om ,

Eph ra im K i l l u m,

S tephen K i l l um,

Jacob R imbol ,J u o. W m P el let,Amos Park ,Zebu lon Par ish ,S tephen Pa r ish ,Isaac Par ish ,W i l l iam Pel let

,

S i las Park ,Nathan Thomas,Enos W oodward

,Jr .

,

E l ijah W in ter,

C A S H ETON

3001 S trong,

F O U R F OLD F O R

James Cole,

R obt F raz er ,S amue l F reeman ,Dan i el G ore,N icholas Hu ffman ,

Thos Levensworth,

TH E TO W N OF W E S TM O R E L AND ,

A nno 1776 .

£2 5 . d .

144 O O

15 6 0 0

72 0 O

72 0 O

77 O O

48 O O

185 O O

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

220 WES TMOR ELAND TAX 1776- 1780.

Obah G ore, Esq . ,

P eter Harr is ,E l ijah Harri s

,

W i l l iam Hammond,Lebbeu s Hammond

,

Dan iel Hewet,

Chri s topr Hu rl bu t,Deth ick Hu i t,John Hammond

,

O l i ver Hammond ,Dan iel Ingersol ,Jos1ah Kel log, E ldadNatha l Landon ,Peter Low ,

Jesse Lee,James Legget,W incheste r Mattheson ,R obt McI nt i re,Ez ek ie l P ierce,Timoth y P ierce,John P ierce

,

Noah Pettebone,John P erk i ns,Timothy R ose,Eben r S k i nner,W m S tephens,Constan t S earls

,

W i l lm S ear ls,Thos S toddard ,Joshu a. S teven sLockwod S mi th ,W idow S w i ft ,Jed id iah S tevens,E l ijah S hoemaker

,

Lu ke S weat land,

Parsha l l Terry,

U ri ah Terry .Lebbeu s Tubbs

,

Natsh1 R . Terry,Ichabod Tut t le,Isaac Vanorman ,

Isaac U nderwood,

S tephen W h i ton,Oz i as Ya le,

W ILKE S B A R R E .

Ch ri stopher Avery,John Abbot

,

W m Avery ,R ichardson Avery ,Jonathan Avery ,B enj n Bayl ey,

WES TMOR ELAND TAX 1776—1780.

0010 Z ebn B u tl er,Thos B rown ,

Isaac Bonnet,A sa Bonnet ,John B rown ,

G ideon B al dwm ,

E l isha B lackman ,Nathan Bu l lock,G eo. Cooper,W m Cooper ,

S amu el Cole,E leaz er Cary ,Nathan Cary ,

R obt Du rkee,Jabez Da rl ing,Dav id Dar l i ng ,

Anderson Dana,

Dan iel Down ing,W m Du n . J r . ,Thomas Dunn ,

S had rack Da rby ,

Hen ry E l l iot ,John E l l iot ,Joseph El l iot,S tephen Fu l l erJabez Fish ,E l isha F ish ,Jonathan F itch

,

John Fos te r,Obed iah G ore, J r . ,

Dan ie l G ore,Corne l iu s G a le,James G reen

,

John G arret,R ez i n G ree r,Dari u s Haz en .

Z eru iah Hazen ,

John Hol lenback ,.

S amu el Hu tch inson,

Joseph Hu bbard,

821m l Hu tch inson, J r,

John Hide.John Hageman,Enoch Judd

,

W m Ju dd ,

Az a r iah Ketcham,

Ben in Kel l v,S olomon Lee ,Thos McCl u er ,

22 1

2 22 WESTMORELAND TAX L I S TS,1776

—1780.

Daniel Rosecrans,

W idow Ross,

W m Row ley,Dav i d Reynolds,Isaac Rodes,Darius S pofi'

ord,

Joseph Shaw,B enj n Shaw ,

W m Start,Josiah Smith

,

Joseph S locum,

W m Hooker Smith,

Aron Start,Asa Stevens,John Sm ith ,Jos iah S tansbrou gh ,

Jabez Se l l,E l iz abeth Start,Joseph Staples,Joh n Staples

,

Isaac Smith ,James Stap les,Samuel Stap les,Joh n Truesdel l ,Gama. G . Truesde l l,Joh Tripp ,Justus Worden

,John Whi te,J onatbn Weeks,J onathn Weeks, J r . ,Phi lip Weeks,Peter Wheeler

,

John Wi l l iams,Thaddeus Wi l l iams

,

Danie l Whitney,James Wig ton ,F lavius Waterman ,W i l l iam Warner

,

E li h u Waters,

P L Y M O U TH

Samuel And rews,

Samue l Ayers,

Ma ry Baker.James B ed lock ,Joehna Benn et,Nathan Beech

,

Bul l Goodw in,

B enjn Cole.Jonatban Center,Joshua Co leman

,

John Colwell,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

2 24 WESTMORELAND TAX L IS TS,1776

U r i ah Marvi n ,

Ph i neas Nash ,James Neshet

,

W m N e l son ,Danie l Owen ,Jonathan OtisPeter Pue

,

Noah Pettebone, J r .

E l isha Parker,

G i l es Permon ,James Parker,Jun ie. Preston ,Nebem l ah Parks,Perin Ross ,James Roberts

,Dan ie l R oberts:Hezekiah Roberts,James Roberts,Josiah Rogers

,

B enj n Reed ,Jonab Rogers,Mary R oberts ,W m Reynolds

,

Dav id Reyno lds,

E lisha Richards,Samuel Ransom

,

W m Steward ,Simon Spa ld i ng.Bened ick Satterly ,Danie l S herwood ,Ol i ver Smi th,Obe i i ah Scott,So lomon S qu i re,Jacob S l ye,Peter Stevens.Thomas Sawyer

,Dan ie l Trask ,Matth ias Van lone,John Vanny ,R u fu s W i l l iams,E l ihu W i l l iams , J r .

,

W i l lm W hi te,A saph W hi ttlesey,Nathan W ade,Samue l W l l l iams

,

John Wi l son,

Jesse W ashbou rn ,

WE S TMOR ELAND TAX L I S TS , 1776- 1780 .

Prince Alden ,W m Armstrong,Robt A lexander,Pe leg Ba rret,G ideon Burret,John B on y ,Stephen Ba rret,Isaac B oo th,G ideon Boo th ,James Brink ,Isaac Bennet. Jr . ,Jeremi ah Bickford

,

Henry B u my ,Aron Bowen ,S tod ard Bowen,James CookJames Cork indale,John Commer,Kingsly Cumstock

,

Jonatban Cory ,Jenks Cory,Chr i st,r Cortrigh t

,

E l i s ha Cortright,

John Cor l i te,

Isaac Campbel l,

James Cu chran ,

Charles Carrel l,

Alexander Campbél l ,W m Hesson

,

Samue l Davenport,

Natba l Davenport ,John R ising,Isaa c Fi tchet

,

And rew Freeman,

James Fors i th ,

R oswe l l Frank lin,

John Frank l in,E lias G reen

Nathan1 Howard,

Samuel Howard,

Cyprian Hibbard ,Ti tus Henman

,

W i l lm H ibbard,

Eben r H ibbard,Nathan How e l

,

John Hu tch i ns,

Is rael Inman,

R ichd I n man,E l ijah Inman , J r .

,

Dav id Inman,

HANNOVER

22 5

2 26 WE S TMOR ELAND TAX L I S TS,1776

—1780.

Samuel Ensigne,

Robt Jam ison,John Jam ison

W m J am ison ,G eorge Liq u ers ,Edward Lester

,

Eben Lane,Conrod Lines

,

James Lasl y ,G eorge Mack

,

Jacob Morri s,W m MC Characan

,

B enj n Potts,Jos iah Pe l l

,

W m R and a l l ,Capt Laz s Steward

,

Laz s Steward, J r . ,

James Spencer,

Edw ard Spencer,

W m Smith,Jm‘

James S teven son,

Caleb Spencer,

W m Sm ith,

John S barar,John Ti lbury

,

Lines Spencer,Jobn W a lker

,

Adam White,

Robt You ngs,

Japhet U tley,

P I TT S TOW N

James Bagl ey,

Jobn Ryon ,Z achry Squ i re,Cap

l J erh B lanchard,

Joseph Leonard,Eton Jones,

Francis Phi li ps,

Isaac Finch,

E li h u Cary,

Isaac Baldwin,

W m Shay,Barnabas Cary,

Joseph Cary,

Rufus Baldwin,

John Scott,

Danie l Cash ,Joseph S pragu e,Nath i W i l l iams

,

I sa i ah Ha lsted,

J ames Lew is,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

2 28 WES TMOR ELAND TAX L I S TS,1776

- 1780.

U P TH E RIVER

W m Pawl ing,E l i sha W i l lcox ,Thos W i l lcox ,John Thor ington (pro Herr ington),R eu ben Har ri ngton

,

F red er ick S m i th ,E l ij ah B rown

,

John Pens l erFred eri ck Anker,A be l Pa lmer.M ichae l Showers

,Nathan K i ngs l y ,B enj n Eaton ,B enj n S k i ff,Capt Robt CarrLemue l F itch

,

R ichd Fi tz Gerald,

M inor Robb ins,

B enj n M arcy ,E l ij ah Phe lps

,

Joseph Wi n k l er,

Ezer Cu rt is,Amos Y ork

,

Ichabod Phelps,James W e l ls,Ishmae l B ennet

,

Isac Falkenburg,Bas t ion Strope,G art Vanderbarrack ,James Va na l st i ne

,

Isaac Laraway,

Old Vana ls t in e,

Isaac Vana ls t i ne,

EXETER

John Jenk i ns, Esq .,

E l i sh a, Scov i l .Capt Stephen Hard ing

,

W m Mart i n,

Davi d Sm i th,

Chr i s f W i ntermoot ,Ph i l ip W i n termoot

,John W i ntermoob,Peter Ha rr is , Jr . ,

R enj u Jones,Joseph Baker,James Headea l ,Joh n D. Shoemaker

,

D I STRICT .

p

a

wwq

ca

cn

a

co

w

H

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

Q

O

O

O

O

O

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5”

131

é

s

WESTMORELAND TA X L I S TS,1776—1780 .

R ichd Tozer,R ichd West,Ju st is Jon es,James S n 11011,James F inn ,John G ardner,Stephen Gardner

,

Sam l Morgan ,Thos Jos l i n ,James New tonSam l Tozer,Stephen Hard i ng:Lem . Hard ing,Nathan Brad l y

,

Jonathan Haskell ,Jacob Kimbol

,

A be l R imbol ,W al t t r R im bo l ,Moses Ki l l um ,

Z adock K i l l um,

Eph ra im K i l lam,

Amos Park ,J epthah K i l l u m,

E l ij ah W i t ter,

S i las Park . Esq ; IHezeki ah B ingham ,Enos W oodward

,

LACKAW ACK

U riah Chapman,Esq r

John Ki l l amZ ebulon Parr ish

.

Jasper Ed wards,Enos Woodward, J

‘

r

o

John A ins ly ,

Capt E l iab FamJames Dye

,

Nath l G ates,

Roger Clark ,Dav id G ates,Joe l Strong,John Pel let

, J rW m Pe l let

,

229

230 WES TMOR ELAND TA X LI S TS,1776

—1780.

M EMORANDA ON LA ST

of E l i jah Scovel,

c eu s Tubbs,

Ph i l ip G oss,James Nesheb

,

Joh n Jameson,

E l ij ah Inman,

Ph i l ip Weeks,

“*John Wh i tes acct. ,W m S tark .

Ph in eas Nash,

Perr in Ross,

Thos Jos l in,

S tevenson,

6 ‘

M EM ORANDA ON LOO S E S HEET .

Isaac B a ldw in,Esq

r

Lem u e l Gu st i n,

Thos Benne t,

Jonn Avery,

B enj n Bay ley,Docl

' Dyer,Door Derby ,Jobn Ho l lenbackJohn Hagaman,B arri a S pofi

'

ord,

W m H . Sm i th ,Jos iah S tanborou ght,Jonn Cory

,

Jenks Cory ,

Nathn l Davenport,

R i chard Inman,

Ca leb Spencer,Thos Cascadden

,

P er in Ross,

W m Stewart,Nathan Wade,

Ishmae l Bennet,

Eton Jonas ,James Divine

,

John Wh ites name erased .

ORI G INAL .

a

O

2

5

8

9

0

0

2

8

6

1

6

0

1

1

1

1

1

L

2

3

1

0

0

1

1

1

O

O

O

O

N

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

232 WES TMO R ELAND TAX LI S TS , 1776- 1780 .

Asa G ore,Obad iah Gore,

Peter Harr is ,E l ij ah Harr is ,W m Hammond ,Lebbeu s Hammond ,Dan ie l Hewet

,

Doth i ck Hewet,Chr i stopr Hu r lbut,John Hammond

,O l i ve r Hammond,

Dan ie l Ingerson ,Jos iah Ke l logE ldad Ke l l og .

Nathel LandonPete r Low

,

Jesse Lee,J ames LeggetW i nches te r Matthewson

,

Robert M ( I nt i re,Ezek i e l P ierce,Timo thy P ierce,Joh n P ierce ,Noah Pat tebon e

,John Perk ins,

Timothy Rose,Pershal Terry,U r iah Terry ,Lebbeu s Tubb

,

Nathel Terry,W i l l i am S tephens

,

Eben r S k i n ne r ,Cons tan t v S earlw

,

W m Sear l s,Thos S todard ,Joshu a Stevens,W i dow Sw ift ,Lockwood Sm ith

,

Jeded i ah Stevens,E l i jah Shoemaker,Luke S w eat l and ,Ichabod Ta tt le

,

Isaac Vanorman ,

Isaac U nderwood,Stephen Wh i te ,Oz ias Y a le,

W I LK S B A R R Y DE S T R I CT .

£ 1 8 . d

Chri stopr Avery, 5 5 14 0John Abbot,

. 36 4 0

W m Avery , 34 0 0

R ichardson A very , . 43 12 0

WESTMOR‘ELAND TAX LIS TS , 1776—1780.

Jonathan Avery,B enj n Bay ley,Col . Z ehn Butler,Thomas Brown

,

Isaac Bennett,

Asa Benne t,

J ohn Brown ,G ideo n B al dwm ,

E l i sh a B lackman,Nathan Bul lock

,

W i l l iam Coper,Joseph Crooker,Samue l Cole

,E leaz er Cary,

Nathan Cary,

Jar ib Dyer,R obt Du rkee,Jabez Darl i ng,Davi d Dar l ing.

And erson Dana,W i l l iam Dorton ,Dan i ’ l Down i ng

,

W m Dunn , J11111”Thomas Dunn

,

Shadrack Darby,Henry E l l iot

,

John E l l iot,

Josep E l l iot ,Stephen F u l lerJabez F ish

,

E l i sh a F i sh ,

Jonathan Fi tch;J ohn Foster,Obad iah G ore, Ju nt‘Da n i e l G ore,Corn e l i us G ale,James G reen

,

John G a rret ,R oz i n G reet .

Dar i us Hazen,Jerem iah Hazen

,

John Ho l lenback,

Samue l Hu tch inson,

Joseph Hu bberd ,

Samue l Hu tchenson,

John H id e ,John Hageman

,Enoch Judd,

W m Judd ,A za ri ah Ketcham

,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

233

234 WESTMORELAND TAX L I S TS,1776

- 1780.

Wi l l i am Parker,Dan i el R osecrance,W idow Ross,W i l l i am Rowley

,

Dav id Reyno ldsIsaac Rod i es ,Dar ius S pofi

'

ord,

Josepb Shaw,B enj rl Shaw,W i l l i am Start,Jos i ah S m i th ,Joseph S locum ,

W m H . S m i th ,Aaron Start,Asa Stevens

,

Joh n S m i th ,Josi ah Stanbrough ,Jabez S i l ls ,E l i zabeth Start,Joseph Staples,J01111 Stap les

,

Isaac S m ith ,James Stap les

,

Samuel Stapl es,

John Tm esdel l ,G amal ie] Truesdel l,Job . Tr i p,Justus Worden ,John Wh i te .Jonathan Weeks

,

JcoathamWeeks,Ju nr

Ph i l ip Weeks,Peter Wheeler,John Wi l l iam ,

Thaddeus W i l li am,

Da-v id Wh i tney,James W igton ,

F l avi u s Waterman ,W i l l iam Warner,E l i hu W aters,

P LY MO U TH

Samuel And rew s,

Samuel Ayres,Mary Baker,James B ed look ,Joshu a Bonnet,

Bu l l Good wi n,Banj u Cole,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

236 WESTMORELAND TA X L I S TS,1776

- 1780.

Nicol as Man v i l ,Sam ue l Marv in ,Dav id Marvi n

,

U r iah M arv i n,

Eph ra im McCoy ,Ph i n eas Nash

,

James Nesheb,W m N i l son .Dan i el Ow en ,

Jonathan Ot is,

Peter Pue,Noah Pettebone

, J r . ,

Parker El i sha,

Permon G i les ,James Parker,Ju n is, P reston ,Nehemi ah Parks

,

Peri n Ross,James Roberts

,

Hez ek i ah Roberts,Dan i ’ l Roberts

,

James Roberts,

Jos iah Rogers,

B enj n Reed ,Jonah Rogers

,

Mary Roberts,

W i l l iam Reynolds,

Dav id R eynolds,

E l ish a R ich ards,

Samuel Ranson,

W m Steward,

S i mon S pa ld ing ,B enedk Satter ly

,

Dan i e l S harwood ,O l i ve r S m i th ,Obad i ah Scott,Solomon S qu i re

,

Jacob Stye ,Peter Stevens

,

Thos Sawyer,

Dan i e l Trash ,Mat th ias Van l one,Rufus W i l l i ams ,E l ih u W i l l iam . J r .

,

El ih u W i l l iam s,

W i l l i am Wh i te,

Asaph W h i tt lesy,Na than Wade,Samue l W i l l iam s

,

John W i l l sons,

Jesse W ashbou rn,

WES TMOR ELAND TA X LIS TS,1776

P ri nce A lden ,W i l lm Armstrong,Robt A lexander,Peleg Ba rret,G ideon Barret

,

J01111 Bon y,Stephen Burreit,G ideon Booth

,

James B r in k,

Isaac Benn et,Jr . ,

Jerem iah B i ckford,

Hen ry B urny,

Aaron Bow i n,

S todard Bow i n,James Cook

,

James Cork i ndal e,

John Commer,A l exd Campbell,Ki ngsl y Comstock

,

Jeuks Cory,Ch r istopher Cort ri ght

,

E l isha Cortr ight,

John Carl i l e,

Isaac Campbell,

James Coch ran,

Charla: Cer l l ,Samuel Devenport ,Nathel Davenport,John Eu i ng,Isaac Fi tchet

,

Andrew Freeman,

James Forsi th ,Roswel l F rank li n

,

Joh n Fran k l in,

E l ias G reen,Nat l: l How ard

,

Ci ppri an Hubbard ,W m H ibbard

,

Ti tu s He l l manEbenr H ibba rd

,Nathan How e],

J01111 Hu tch ins,

Israel Inman,

El i j ah Inma n, J r .

,

E l ijah Inman ,Davi d Inman ,

H A NOVER

237

238 WESTMORELAND TAX L IS TS,1776

—1780.

John Jacobs,Samuel Ens ines,R obard Jam ison ,John Jam ison ,W m Jam ison ,G eorge L iqu e ts

,Edward Lester,

Ebenezer Lane,

Conrad L ines,

James Las l y ,George Mack

,

Jacob Morri s ,W m McCarraoan ,B enj fl Potts,Jos iah Pe l l

,

W m Randal l,

Capt. Lazarus Steward,

Laz arus Steward,Jr .

,

James Spencer,Edward Spencer

,

W m Sm i th , J u n fJames Stevenson

,

Ca leb Spencer,W m Sm i th

,

John Shaw r,

J01111 S i l bu ry ,

Lev i Spencer,

J01111 Wal ker,Adam Wh ite ,Robert Y oungs,Japhet U t ley

P ITTSTOW N

Isaac Adams,Duke Adams,Dan i e l A l len

,

Isaac A l len ,Thos Angel

,

Dav id Al len ,Increase B i l l i ngs ,S i l as B ened ick ,W m Bened ick

,

Jamee Bag l y ,Capt . Jeremiah

Ru fus Bal dwi n,

Caleb Bates,Esq

r

James Brown,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

240 WES TMOR ELAND TAX LIS TS,1776

—1780.

EXETER

Josepb BakerNathan Brad ley ,Manassa Cady

,

John G ardner,

Stephen G ardner,Capt . Stephen Hard ing

,

Stephen Hard ing,

Sam u e l Ha rd ing,

Peter Harri s,J11111?

James Headsa l l ,Ju st i s Jones,Thomas Jos l i n ,John Jen k i ns

,Esq .

B enj n Jones,James L in n

,

S amuel Morgan ,James Newton,Wi l l iamM art i n

,

E l i sha S covel ,Dav id Sm ith ,John Dav i d Shoemaker

,

James Sutton ,Samue l Toz er

,

R i chard Toz er,

Ch r is toph er W in t imot,

Ph i l i p W in termot,

John W i ntermot,

R ichard West,

LACKAW ACK

John A ynsl y ,Hezek iah B ingham ,

R oger C lark ,U r i ah Chapman

,Esq .

,

James Dye,Jasper Edward ,Capt . E l iab Farnam

,

Nathel G ates,Dav id Gates,Jonathan Haskal l ,Jacob Kimbol

,

Abel Kimbol ,Wal ter R imbo l

,

Z adock K i l lam,

Moses K i l lam ,

Jepthah K i l lam ,

Eph ra im Ki l lam ,

John K i l lam,

D I S TRICT .

£ 2 5 .

33 0

20 0

20

26

WESTMORELAND TAX L I S TS,1776

—1780. 24 1

Capt. Z ebulon Parrish ,J01111 Pel let, Ju nrW i l l iam Pel let

,

Amos Park,

S i las Park. Esq .,

E l ijah W i t te r,Enos Woodward

,Enos Woodward,Ju nr

A TR U E L IST OF THE POLLS A ND ES TATE OF THE TOWN

OF WE S TMOR ELAND R ATABLE B Y L A W ON THE 20TH OF

A u ct A . D .

Ay res , Sam l . ,Atherton

,James

,

Atherton , James, J r .,

Butler, Co l . Z ebrlB id l ack , Meh i tab l e,Bai l ey , B enjnB rockway , R ichard ,Bu l lock, Nathan ,Burnham

,Asahel

,

B eu net , A sa ,Bennet. Isaac,Buck

, W m . ,

B row n,.David ,

Bennet, So lomon ,Bennet

,Ishmae l

,

B lanchard, A nd W

Cad y , Manasseh,Corah , Jonathan ,Comstock , John ,Comstock, Pe leg,Cary , Nathan,Cook , Nath lChurch , G ideon ,Chapman

,Asa

,

Den i son . Co l . Nathan ,

E l l i ot , Joseph ,F u l l er

,Capt . Stephen

,

F i tch,Jonathan

,

Fran k l in , J ohn , Esq .,

F it zgera ld,Derr i ck ,

F i sh , JoannahFr i sb ie , James,Gore

,L ie u t . Obadh

G ore, Dan i e l .G ore, W i dow Hannah;G ale

,Corne l i u s

Gore,W i d W E l i zab e th

,

Hol enback , Matthew,Hagerman , JohnHu r l bu tb

, J ohn , Esq .,Hurlbutt, Chr istr

H i d e , Joh n ,Har ri s , E l i sha,Hard i ng, Henry,Hagerman , J os .

Hopk ins, Ti mo thy ,Inman

,E l ij ah“

Inman , R ichard ,Ingerso l

,Dan i e l

,

Jackson , W m .

Jem i son , Joh n ,

242 WE S TMOR ELAND TA X L I S TS,1776

—1780.

Jen k ins, J u oJones

,Crocker,

McCl u er,Thos

Mateson , E l i sha,Nelson , W m .

Ni sbi tt, James,Nei l l , ThosO ’Neal . J110Park

,Thos

P i erce. Ph i nehas,P el l

,Jos i ah .

Pensyl , W id W Mary,

P i erce. W id W Hannah,

Ransom . W id W Esther,Reed, ThosRogers. Jonah,Ross, W mRoss, W idw Marsey ,R yon, John ,

S pal d ing, Capt. S imon,S locum , G i l es ,Spencer

,Ca l eb

,

Sanford , Dav i d ,Sutton , James,S aterl y , E l ish a,S m i th , John ,S m i th . W m .

,

S i l l . Jabez,Ti l l bu ry , J ohn

Thomas,Joseph

,

Trucks, W m . ,

U pson , W id W Sarah ,U nderwood , Isaac,W i l l iams, W m .

,

Warner,W m . ,

W i l l iam , Nath l

Yeri ngton , Abel,

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

244 OBITUARY.

Ruth are dead,and the be loved w i fe a l so preceded her hus

band to the final rest .

After a few years in bus iness there came to Samue l H .

Stu rdevan t the ca l l of h is country,and he d id not fa i l . He

was mustered into the Un ited States army August 3, 186 1 ,as comm issary of s ubs istence . A year later he was attached

to Slocum ’s Br igade of the Sixth Army Corps,and he soon

afterward became ch ief comm issary of the left grand d ivis

ion of the Army of the Potomac,attached to Genera l 5 10

cum ’s staff of the Tw efth Corps and w i th the rank of l ieu

tenant co lone l . In 1864 he was ch ief comm issary of the

Army of Georgia w ith the rank of co lone l . He was mus

tered ou t in October, 1865 . Co lone l Stu rdevan t saw a great

dea l of the severest fighting and the hardest genera l service .

He was at the batt les of Sou th Moun ta in, Ant ietam ,Fred

er icksbu rg,Chancel lorsvi l le , Gettysbu rg,

and a number of

lesser engagemen ts . I t often fel l to h is lot to endu re hardsh ips and to pass th rough great dangers in the d ischarge of

h is duty,but those who knew h im thorough ly learned to

know that he quai led before noth ing that had “duty” marked

upon i t. He was not mere ly a fa ithfu l officer— h is so ldier

l ife,to use the express ion of a veteran who knew

,was “l us

trou s w ith many b r i l l iant ach ievemen ts .

” There are those

who do their duty as we l l as they know how,and there are

ho know how . Co lonel Stu rdevant both knew how

d id i t.Th is m ight app ly and d id apply as wel l to h is bus iness

l ife as to h is l ife as a so ld ier. After the c lash of arms had

ceased he retu rned here to resume the triv ia l round— the

common task .

” And h is career was dest ined to last some

what longerxthan the a l lotted t ie of one generat ion , even

after the the war— th irty years and more of

hardwork,

ays enjoyed ; th irty years and more

of success th i rty years of unsu l l ied integri ty .

There was never a"

stai11 upon h is honor or h is word. His

OBITUARY. 245

was one of those rare natu res that does not revea l itse lf at

once nor to a l l a l i ke . To apprec iate h im one had to know

h im,and a better know ledge a lways added to th e apprecia

t ion . A nd yet i t cou ld scarce ly be sa id that th e few had amonopoly of h is fr iendsh ip . He had many fr iends because

he was by natu re a friend ly man,bu t the best and rares t

qual i t ies of h i s natu re lay deeper . Few of the atmospheres

of that sweet word home have ever been sweeter than the

atmosphere of h is home . The ch i ld ren,loved and lov ing

,

w en t the i r severa l ways into the wor ld,bu t th e o ld home

was a lways the i r home,the dearer because of the i r less fre

quen t v i s its . And sorrow came to it in the death of beloved

ch i ldren and of the wi fe who was a lways the queen of h is

heart. A fter that b low the days seemed rather to be en

dured than enj oyed,and yet h e a lways mainta ined that

refined cheerfu lness and that sympathy that comes from

su ffering when the S p i r it is strong to bear and patien t . And

as a Ch rist ian h is l i fe was eneompassed abou t w ith charity

of word,of deed and of thought . He was elected a mem

ber of the Wyom ing H istor ica l and Geo logica l Soc iety,

December, 1896 , was a d i rector of th e Pennsylvan ia andMassachusetts Lumber Company,was pres iden t of the Har

vey ’

s Lake Trans it Company,was a member of and for a

cons iderab le t ime chap la in ofW i l kes -Barre Lodge of E lks,

and a Mason .

H is loss is a hard one for the commun ity,the chu rch and

the socia l l ife to fil l,and for the home it is imposs ib le to fil l .

246 O B ITUARY.

C A PT A IN LAZ AR U S DENI S ON S TE A R N S .

Capta in L . Den ison Stea rns,commanding Company B

,

9th Reg iment In fantry ,Pennsylvan ia Vo lunteers

, 3d Brig

ade, 3d D ivis ion , Fi rst U . 5 . Army Corps , d ied at h is home

in Wi lkes-Barre,Tuesday morn ing

,September 6th

,1898,

at ten m inu tes past ten,of typho id fever

,wh i le on s ick

leave . He was a son of Maj or and M rs . I rving A . Stearns ;was born in W i lkes -Barre December 27th, 187 5 , and had

spen t near ly a l l of h is l ife in h is nat ive c ity. H i s early

educat ion was gained at the Har ry H i l lman Academy,

Wi lkes -Barre,and he prepared for co l lege at Ph i l l ips Acad

emy,Andover , Mass ,

graduating from S heffie ld S cient ific

Schoo l,Y a le Un ivers ity

,in the c lass of 1896 . On com ing

home he began work at once as a coa l inspector for

the Susquehanna Coa l Company,and afterwards was on

the Eng ineer Corps of the same company . He ear ly was

imbued w ith a strong des i re to en ter the m i l itary serv ice,

and had rece ived instructions in m i l itary tactics at Y a le.

He en l isted as a private in Company D, 9th Reg iment, Na

t iona l Guard of Pennsylvan ia,February 4th ,

1897, and on

the [ s t of j u ly of that year was chosen second l ieu tenan t

of Company B . The who le d ivis ion of the Nationa l Guard

of Pennsy lvan ia hav ing been ordered in to camp at Mount

Gretna,Pennsylvan ia

,by the Governor

,in response to the

first ca l l for troops by th e Pres iden t , for the war w ith Spain ,Lieu tenan t Stearns left W i lkes -Barre with h is command

Apri l 27th ,1898. On May 4th he vo lunteered for the war,

on the field at Mount Gretna. The captain of h is company

(Stewart L . Barnes) being d i sq u al ified for entering the U . S .

service on account of age,Second Lieutenan t Stearns was

unan imous ly chosen by the men to command th e company,

and was mustered into the serv ice of th e Un ited States,

w ith h is company,at Mount Gretna, on May 1 1th

, 1898.

He was the youngest offi cer of h is grade and command in

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248 O B ITUARY.

28th,he was b rought home from Lexington , Ky . , by Gov

ernor Hast ings on a hospita l tra in wh ich the Governor had

provided to bring the s ick of the Pennsylvan ia regimen ts

from the camps at Ch ickamauga and Lexington . The hos

p ita l t rain arrived at W i lkes -Barre Augus t 3oth, at 10

o ’c lock A . M .,and a week later he lay dead— one of the

prec ious l ives sacrificed that there shou ld be no ha l t in

American devotion to the interests of human ity,of progress

,

human l iberty and righteou sness . Death c la imed many a

sh in ing mark as a resu lt of th is war w ith Spain,b ut none

more lustrou s than Captain Laz arus Den ison Stearns .As an officer of the regiment he was un iversa l ly esteemed

by the command,and h is own men were devoted to h im .

Du r ing h is i l lnes s here there was a constant tra in of v i s

i tors and a stream of messages asking for news of h is con

d ition . H is you th , h is bri l l iant fu tu re, h i s fine phys ica l

manhood,a l l seemed to d raw sympathy

,and the thought

that the end m ight be near was a lmost too sad to enter ta in .

Ly ing desperately i l l h imse lf, he sti l l thought of some of h is

str icken compan ions,and asked after them w ith much so

l ic itude ; that seemed to be a key- note to h is . character

forgetfu lness of se l f,and thought for oth ers . Un iversal ly

be loved,it

.

w as in the bosom of h i s own fam i ly that he was

the devoted son and b rother,the thoughtfu l ch i ld

,dut ifu l

and sympathet ic,and later

,as was proved

,strong to bear

and pat ient to su ffer.

Though j ust on the th resho ld of a usefu l and act ive man

hood,with h is co l lege days as a p leasant memory to lookback upon

,h is character was in some respects we l l matured .

He was the sou l of honor,and no one ever knew h im to do

anyth ing mean or sma l l . He had noth ing of narrowness in

h is d ispos ition . He had an innate nob i l ity,wh ich was fos

tered a lways by the attrition w ith men,for h e chose good

compan ionsh ip . He had a l ibera l m ind,that frowned not

on s uch amu sements as the young peop le enjoy, but he had

O B ITUARY. 249

a lso a we l l defined power of know ing h imse lf,and of be ing

carefu l a lways to u se and no t ab use rec reat ion and pleasu re .

A l l who came in contact w ith h im were impressed by theunm istakab le marks of a fine natu re

,and a natu re fu l l of

man l iness and nob i l ity. These were stri k ing tra its,and

they man ifested themse lves when he had scarce ly entered

upon h is teen s .

He was industr ious and fa ithfu l in bus ines s j ust becausei t was h is natu re to be faithfu l and true to whatever h e u n

dertook,and h is bus iness career

,had he been spared

,wou ld

have been a most credi tab le and no doub t br i l l iant one .

H ere in h is nat ive town he was a great soc ia l favor i te,

and a leader in many of the affa i rs that go to make up the

s um of re laxation and of p leasu re in the hours given to such

occupation . He was a member of the Coun try C l ub,the

W yom ing H istorica l and Geo log ica l Soc iety s ince 189 5 , and

of the Pennsylvan ia Soc iety of the Sons of the Revo lu t ion .

The qua l ities that d ist ingu ished h i s bear ing among friends

were always exempl ified in h is m i l itary rou tine . He was a

str ict d isc ip l inarian,though a lways from the sense of du ty

,

and he a lways had the we l l be ing and the comfort of h is mennear h is heart .I t is remarkab le that one so young leaves beh ind s uch amatu rity of the best tra i ts

,both in socia l and bu s ines s l ife .Memory stands tearfu l and p itying where so short a t ime

ago rad iant Hope had seemed to stretch forth her hands .

These myster i es of l ife and death are a lways present,bu t

a lways baffl ing so lu tion .

H is was the patr iotism of the rea l k ind . He gave up

everyth ing that makes l ife worth l iv ing . Others d id,of

cou rse ; bu t somehow,as Nathan Ha le stands ou t when we

reca l l the Revo l u t ion,so does Capta in Stearns when we

th ink of the Span ish -American war.

250 O B ITUARY.

I S AAC LON G .

On the morn ing of Tuesday ,September 13 , 189 8, Isaac

Long,an honored c itiz en ofWi lkes -Barre

,passed away sud

den ly and wi thou t warn ing at h is home on South Frank l in

street .

On Monday even ing, the day ’s work we l l over,Mr . andM rs . Isaac Long sat together and enjoyed the resp ite from

the cares that in fest the day. When the hou r of ret iring

came there was no s ign that there was so soon to be a

bl ight upon the household . Before tw e lve hours had passed

Mr . Long lay dead .

H is b irthp lace was Pretz fe ld,Bavaria

,the year 1833 and

the day Feb ruary 22,a date pecu l iarly dear to the patriotic

Amer ican . H i s parents were Lou is and Sarah Long . He

came to th is country when j ust entering upon h is teens,and

here in th is c ity h e sett led w ith re latives . For a decade he

attended schoo l here,and then in 1857 he went to Phi ladel

ph ia,where he entered th e lace and emb ro idery bu s iness ,

and later on embarked in the manufactu re of umbre l las . In1874 ,

after an absence from here of seventeen years, he

came back again and bought ou t the carpet and dry goods

store of James Sutton on the north s ide of Publ ic Square.

H ere he bu i lt up a sp lend id bus iness,and when the We l les

Bu i ld ing was fin ished h e took ha lf the first and second

fl oors,and as h is room and accommodation s grew, so a lso

grew h is custom . H is estab l ishmen t came to be one of thebest known in the east.In 1863 and dur ing h is res idence in Ph i ladelphi a he was

marr ied to M iss Dora Rosenbaum . She had been a formerres ident ofWi lkes -Barre . She su rv ives w ith two daughters ,M rs . Char les G imb le

,of Ph i lade lph ia

,and M rs . Sarah S tern ,

wife of Harry F . Stern , engaged in the printing and l i tho

graph ic trade in Ph i lade lph ia . A nother daughter,now de

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2 52 O B ITUARY.

— and he gave large ly in oth er ways and in cases of ind i

v idua l need and d istress .

He shared h is prosperity w ith h is friends . In the e leganthome wh ich had become a possess ion of the past decade he

was the sp iri t of hosp ita l ity and good cheer,and here he

loved to greet h is fr iends,and here indeed they loved to

greet h im .

He shared h is prosper ity with h is emp loyes . Al l of them

felt that h is in terests were the i rs too . They were a lways con

s ide rately t reated, and when in d i stress many of them knew

and felt how much of a friend he was to them . In the store,

when the news came,the fee ling of consternation and

'

of

heartfe lt grief was sad to w itness .

He shared h i s prosperity with publ ic institu tions and w ith

individua ls,both in the gifts of the pocket and the gifts of

the heart . And he was a cons istent g iver and a constan t

giver,and better than a l l

,perhaps

,when one cons iders the

i l l -j udged charities that often do more harm than good,Mr .

Long was a wi se g iver.

A man of th e finest and nob lest of princ ip les a lways , hehad

,somehow

,as the years advanced upon h im

,seemed to

fee l more and more th e fe l lowsh ip and the b rotherhood of

man . He was a lways one of the most prominent in any

and a l l good works . He was freely consu lted,and h i s

op in ions were of weight and infl u ence .If one shou ld look for the secret of h i s bus iness successi t wou ld very l ike ly be found in the fact that h e was a manof unswerving in tegri ty and u nerring j udgment . In a l lth ings it was remarkab le about Isaac Long

,how he lost s ight

of the merchan t in the man . He was a s uccessfu l merchan t,

to be su re,bu t he was a man beyond a l l— a man of ideas

,

of heart,of the b roadest inte l ligence

,of the deepest sympa

th ies .

Though not a nat ive of th is country,Mr . Long came

here at such an early age that h is hab its,h is tra its

,h is na

O B ITUARY . 2 53

tu re,were thorough ly Amer ican . A merican ach ievemen ts

h e regarded as part of an inherited g lory that leg it imatelybelonged to h im,and he was proud of h is adopted coun t ry .

No one born on th is so i l and w ith American ancestry of

long years cou ld have been more thorough ly in sympathywith American inst itution s than Mr . Long ,

and he was one

of the best products of a l l that makes up A mer ican’

cit iz en

sh ip . Th is was exempl ified part ic u larly when he retu rned

from h is las t trip to E u rope . He was a keen observer,and

he made many observati ons wh i le away that were worth

listen ing to and th inking over . He was ab le to see c lear ly

j u st where we were in adyance of Eu rope,and l ike the

honest man that h e was , he d id not neg lect to note one o r

two matters wherein we m ight learn from the standard set

abroad . B ut the preponderance was so much in ou r favor,

he used to say,that he was as g lad to get back aga in as a

homes ick ch i ld .

To sum U p the ana lyses of h i s gifts and of h is character,I am led to th ink that noth ing cou ld be more e loquent than

the op in ion I have so often heard expressed from many

d ifferent sou rces : “I t wou ld scarcely be poss ib le to say too

much of h i s sp lend id manhood and nob le character.” Th i s

express ion i s the essence of apprec iation,and of s incere

regret at h is loss .

To have l ived thu s— to have graven h is name on the

hearts of so many of God ’s c reatu res— was not th i s su re ly

enough. to have strived for, even if he had not fi l led ou t the

a l lotted th ree score and ten . I t i s a resu lt that many thousands seek to accomp l ish and wh ich many seek in va in .

There cou ld be no sweeter p ictu re d rawn of the joys of the

home than that wh ich m ight be drawn of th is househo ld .

The departu re of the ch i ld ren,the eldest daughter ’s death

,

the marr iage of the others— these left gaps in the happy

fam i ly c i rc le bu t that d rew c loser th e husban d and w ife,and

together they passed a long l ife ’s pathway devoted s incere ly

254 01311 11411111.

each to the other and happy in hav ing each other. Thei r

son in law l ived w i th them,and the three formed a home

commun ity of rarest grace . The interruption came w ithout

warn ing . That home c irc le is broken and there i s gr ief

where there was once con tent and joy. But not on ly has

the home su ffered ; the c ity ,the commun ity

,the friends

,th e

church to wh ich he be longed— a l l are the poorer for h is

departu re .

M r . Long was e lected a member of theWyom ing H is tor

ica l and Geo logica l Soc iety Feb ruary 8th,1886 .

OTHE R M EM B ER S L A TE L Y DECEASED ‘

R ESIDENT .

A U G U S TU S STOU T VA NW ICKLE , d ied June 8, 1898 .

LOREN M . LU KE, d ied October 14, 1898.

H . BAKER H ILLMAN , d ied January 29 , 1899 .

W ILLIAM PENN R Y MA N ,d ied Jul y 3 1 , 1899 .

M I S S R U TH E . R Y M A N ,d ied August 18, 1899 .

M R S . MA R Y FRANCES PFOU TS , d ied November 8, 1899 .

CAPT . CALVIN PAR S ON S , died January 1, 1900 .

EDW A R D STRO U D MO R G A N ,d ied March 1 , 1900.

CO R R ES PONDIN G .

COL. JOHN FRANKLIN MEG INNES S , W il l iamsport, Pa ., d ied Nov . 1 1 , 1899 .

HON . F R A NLIN G EORG E ADA M S , Topeka, Kan sas , d ied 1899 .

HONOR A RY .

CH A R LES J. STILLE, LL . D. ,Presiden t H is torical Soc iety of Pennsylvan ia,

d ied August 12 , 1899 .

R EV. EDW IN G R IFF IN PORTER , President New England H i storica l andGenealogi cal Socie ty, died Febru ary 5 , 1900 .

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R OLL OF MEM B E R S H IP

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W il l iam H . Egle , M . D . Rev . Henry H . Jessup, D . D .

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Hon . Samuel A . Green , LL . D .

*Rev . Edmund G riffin Porter, M . A .

Rev . Samue l Hart , D . D . Prof. G . C . Swa l low, LL . D .

Charles J. Hoad ly, LL . D . Ethelbert W arfiel d , LL . D .

*Hon . F . G . Adams .E . M . Barton .

T. V. Braidwood .

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D . L . Belden .

Maynard B ixby .

R . A . Brock , F . R . H . S .

Ph il ip Alexander Bruce .

George Butler .Pierce Bu tler .Capt . John M . Buckal ew.

Gen . John S . C lark .

Gen . H enry M . C ist .Rev . Sanford H . Cobb .

Rev . Dav id Craft, D . D .

D . M . Col l ins .Samue l L . Cu tter .John H . Dager.Gen . W . C . Dar l ing .

Gen . W m . Watts H . Dav is .Rev . S . B . Dod .

Rev . S ilas H . Durand .

Elna than F . Duren .

George M . Elwood .

Prof. W i l l iam Frear, Ph . D.

H on . John G . Freez e .

George W . Fish .

Frank Bu tler Gay.

Granv i l le H enry .

Wi ll iam G r i fli th .

P. C. Gr itman .

Franc i s W . Halsey.Stephen H ard ing.

Dav id Chase Harrington .

A . L . H artwe l l .Christopher E . Haw ley.

Edward H errick, Jr .

D ied 1900.

CO R R ESPONDING .

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Ray Greene Hu l ing.

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J. M . M cMinn .

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Rev . J. J . Pearce .Bruce Price .

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S . R . Read ing .

J. C. Rhodes .j . T. Rothrock , M . D .

H . N . Ru st , M . D .

W il l iam M . Samson .

L ieut . H . M . M . R ichards .Mrs . Gertru de G r i ffith Sanderson.

Prof. B . F S humart .

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,M . D .

S . L . Thurlow .

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Abram Wal tham .

R OLL OF MEMBERSH IP . 2 57

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B y paym en t of 8100.

Miss Lucy W . Abbo tt .Thomas Henry Atherton .

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Samue l Le R oi Brown .

W i l l iam Lord Conyngham .

*Hon . Eck ley Brin ley Coxe.*Hon . Edmund Love l l Dana .*Edward Payson Dar l ing .

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Mrs . Al ice (Mcc l intock) Darl ing .

Andrew Fine Derr.*H enry H . Derr .M rs . Kate (Pe ttebone) D ickson .

Dorothy El len D ick son .

H on . Charles Den i son Fos ter.Alexander Farnham .

M rs . Sarah H . (Wrigh t) Guthrie .H enry H arrison H arvey .

Rev . Horace Edw in Hayden .

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j ohn We l les H ol lenback .

Andrew Hun lock .

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The L ife Membersh ip fee of one hundred dol lars i s always invested , the interes t on lybe ing used for the annua l needs of the S ociety . The l ife member is rel ieved from the payment of annu al du es , i s en ti tled to a l l p riv ileges of the S oc iety:and by the paymen t of h isfee es tabl ishes a permanen t memoria l of h is name which never exp ires , bu t a lways bearsinteres t for the benefit of the S oc iety .

2 58 ROLL OF MEMB ERS H IP .

R ES IDENTMiss Carr ie M . Alexander.Charles H enry Alexander.W il l iam Murray Alexander.Fe l ix Ansart .H erbert Henry Ash ley.

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Dan iel Ack ley Fe l l, Jr .

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Lord But ler HillardTuth i l l Reynold s H i l lard .

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Edw in T. Long.

Albert H . KippFrederick M . K irby .

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OF THE S OCI ETY ,FOR THE Y EA R 1 899 .

Academy of Science, Ch icago, I l l .Atherton

,Thomas H .

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Alabama State Geological Survey .

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Capwe l l , W . H . ,Dal las

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Columbia Col lege,N . Y .

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Chase , E . H .

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Dex ter,Prof. F B .

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,Chicago .

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26 1

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PU B LICA TIONS OF THE S OCIETY .

W Y OM IN G H I S TOR ICAL A ND GEOLOG ICAL SOCI ETY . Proceed ings and Col leetions . Vol s . 1—3 . W i lkes-Barre , 1858

—1886 . Three vol s ., 8vo . pp.

CONTENTS .

— Vol . 1 , No . 1 . Mineral Coal . Two 1ectu res , by Vol ney L . Maxwel l . 1858.

pp . 5 2 . 2d cd . , 1858 ; 3d cd . ,186o

, pp 5 2 ; 4th cd . W i lkes -Barre,1869 .

pp. 5 1 .

—Vol . 1,No . 2 , Proceed ings at the A nnual Meeting

,February 1 1

,1881 ;

M inutes ; Reports of Treasurer ; Cabine t Comm ittee ; Comm i ttee on Floodof 1865 ; “A Yankee Ce lebration at Wyom ing in Y e O lden Time,

” bySteuben Jenk ins . 1881 . pp. 5 8. Ou t of pr i n t .

— Vol . 1 , No . 3 . Proceed ings for the Year end ing February 1 1,1882 ; L ist of

Con tribu tors ; Commun ication of John H . Dager (oi gauge readings a tW i lke s-Barre bridge for I nciden ts in the Life of Capt . Samue l H .

Walker,Texan Ranger

,by Gen . E . L . Dana . 1881 . pp . 5 8.

Vol . 1 , No . 4 . A Memorandum Description of the Finer Spec imens ofInd ian Earthenware Pots in the Col lection of the Society . B y Harr isonWrigh t . 1883 . pp . 10 . Seven hel iotype p lates . Ou t of pr in t.

—Vol . 1 , No . 5 . Li st of Palaeozoic Fossi l Insec ts of the Un i ted States andCanada

,w i th references to the principal B ibl iography of the Subject . Paper

read Apr i l 6, 1883 , by R . D . Lacoe . 1883 . pp. 2 1 .

— Vol . 1 , No. 6 . Proceed ings for th e Year end ing February 1 1,1883 ; Li st of

Con tr ibu tors ; Me teorological Observations , February 1882—January , 1883,by Gen . E . L . Dana . pp. 70 .

—Vol . 1 , No . 7. I saac Sm i th Osterhou t . Memorial . 1883 . pp. 14.

—Vol . 1 , No . 8. Ross Memor ial . Genera l W i l l iam Sterl ing Ross and RuthTripp Ross. 1884 . Two portraits . 1858—1884 . 8vo. , pp . 1 7.

—V ol . 1 . Titl e page . Con ten ts . Index . pp. x i .— Vol . 2 , PA RT I . Charter ; B y

-Laws ; Rol l of Membersh ip ; Proceed ings ,March , 1883—February , 1884 ; Report of the Specia l Archaeological Comm i ttee on the Athens local i ty , by Harri son Wrigh t ; Local She l l Beds , bySheldon Reynolds ; Pittston Fort, by Steuben Jenk in s A B ibl iography ofthe Wyom ing Val ley, by Rev . H . E . Hayden ; Calvin Wadhams .PA R T I I . Proceed ings, May 9 , 1884- Feb 1 1

,1886 ; Archaeolog ical R e

port , by Sheldon Reynolds ; Num ismatical Report, by Rev . Horace Edw inHayden ; Paleeontological Report , by R . D . Lacoc ; Mineralogical Report,by H arri son Wrigh t ; Concholog ical Report, by Dr . Charles F Ingham ;C0ntr1bu tions to Library ; Rev . Bernard Page

,by She ldon Reynolds ;

Various S i lver and Copper Medal s presen ted to the American Ind ians byhe Sovereign s of England , France and Spain , from 1600 to 1800 ,

by Rev .H . E . Hayden Fossi ls from the lower coal measures near W i lkes- Barre

,

by E . W . Claypole Wyom ing Val ley Carbon iferous Limestone Beds,by

C. A . A shbu rner ; Obi tuar ies, 1886 . pp. 294 . I l lustrated .

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264 PU B L ICAT IONS .

The Massacre of Wyom ing. The Acts of Congress for the defense of theWyom ing Val ley, Pennsylvan ia , 1776—1778 ; w i th the Pet itions of theSufferers by the Massacre of Jul y 3 , 1778, for Congressional a id . W i than in troductory chapter by Rev . Horace Edw in H ayden , M . A . ,

Correspond ing Secre tary Wyom ing Historical and Geological Society . 8vo. ,

pp . 1 19 . Prin ted for the Socie ty. W i lkes - B arre , Pa . , 1895 .

Notes on th e Tornado of Augu st 19 , 1890, in Lu zerne and Columbia coun tr ies .A paper read before the Wyom ing Histor ical and Geological Soc ie ty December 1 2 , 1890, by Prof. Thomas San tee , Pr incipal of the Centr al H ighSchool . 8vo .

, pp. 5 1 . Map . W ilkes-Barre , Pa .

,189 1 .

I n i ts new home . The Wyom ing Historical and Geological Society takes formal possession of its new quarters . Address of Hon . Stan l ey Woodward .

Pedigree Bui lding . Dr. W il l iam H . Egle . 1896 . pp. 4 .

The Yankee and the Penn ami te in the W yom ing Val ley. Hon . S tan leyWoodward . 1896 . pp. 4 .

The Fron tier For ts w i th in the Wyom ing Val ley,Penn sylvan ia. A report of

the comm ission appo in ted by the S tate to mark the Forts erected againstthe Indians prior to 1783, by She ldon Reynolds , M . A ., Presiden t of theWyom ing Historical and Geolog ical Society . Read before the Wyom ingH istor ical and Geological Soc ie ty December, 1894. W ilke s-Barre

, Pa .

,

1896 . 8vo ., pp. 48. I l lustrat ion s .

The Front ier Forts w i th in the North and West Branches of the SusquehannaR iver

,Pennsylvan ia . A report of the Comm isss ion appoin ted by the S tate

to mark the Fron tier Forts erected against the Indians pr ior to 1783 , byCaptain John M. Buckalew . Read before the Socie ty October 4 , 1895 .

W ilkes-Barre, Pa ., 1896 . 8vo . , pp. 70. I l lustrations .

B ibl iography of the Wyom ing H istorical and Geological Soc iety . W i lkes -Barre,

Pa . ,1896 . 8vo. , pp. 4 .

The Mil itary Hospi tal s at Be th leh em and L it itz,Penn ’a, during the Revolution

ary War, by John Wool f Jordan . A paper read before the Society,Apr i l

10, 1896. W i lkes -Barre , Pa. ,

1896 . 8vo ., pp. 23.

The Palatines or , German Imm igrat ion to New York and Pennsylvan ia. A

paper read before the Society by Rev . Sanford H . Cobb of A lbany,N . Y .

W ilkes-Barre , Pa. , 1897. 8vc . , pp . 30 .

John and Sebastian Cabo t . A Four Hundred th Ann iversary Memorial of theD iscovery of America, by Harry H akes , M. D . Read before the Socie tyJune 24, 1897. W i lkes-Barre

,Pa . , 1897 . 8vo. , pp. 14 .

A h Address by Mrs . John Cas e Phelps , on the occasion of the erect ion of amonumen t at Laure l R u n

,Luzerne Coun ty, Pennsylvan ia, September 12 ,

1896, to mark the spo t where Capt . Joseph Dav is, and Lieutenant W il l iJones of the Penn sylvania Line were slain by the Ind ians, Apri l 23 , 1 779 ,w ith the Ske tch of these two officers by Rev . Horace Edw in H ayden ,M. A .

W i lke s-Barre, Pa . , 1897 . 8vo. , pp. 41 .

The German Leaven in the Pennsylvan i a Loaf. Read before the SocietyMay 2 1 , 1897, by H . M . M . R ichards . 8v0 . pp. 27. W ilkes -Barre, 1897.

A Honduras Trip, Hon . J. R idgway W right, 1898 . pp. 10.

Pab‘

fix’s 13‘t e fehrint

‘

e‘

d .

INDEX OF N A MES .

The L i s t s of T ax ab l e s , M e m b e rs an d Con t r ibu to rs , b e ing a rr a n g eda lph a b e t ic a l l y , a re not In de x ed .

A bbatt, 1 1 , 2 1 .

Abbott, 1 2 , 22 , 122 .

Adams, 37, 38, 76 .

Adon ij ah , 28 .

Alden , 126 .

Alexander, 15 , 82 , 1 20 .

Ambler, 138 .

Apple ton , 1 25 .

Arthur, 8.

Ash . 127.

A shbu rner , 17, 170, 17 1 .

Ash ley, 95,Atherhol t , 140, 141 .

Atherton , 122 , 123 .

Atwood , 48.

A mbrey, 105 .

Ayres, 10, 15 .

Babb, 136, 140.

Baldw in , 205 .

Barber,138.

Barnum , 122 , 136 .

Barnes , 246.

Bartholomew, 142 .

Beaujolai s , 103.

Beau l ieu, 106 .

Beaumon t, 1 1 , 12 .

B ecdel l iere, 97, 104 .

Bedford , 22 .

Behee, 127, 128.

Be l les, 47.

Benjam in,1 17 .

Benne t, 22 , 23, 122 .

Bergen , 134 .

B id lack, 132 .

B ingham , 79 .

B irney, 82 .

B lanchar d, 205.B lacon s, 104 .

B l imber, 42 .

Bonham , 14 1 .

Bou logne , 81 , 86, 88, 89 ,92 , 9 5 °

How'

man , 8.

Bradford , 54, 5 5 , 69 .

Branner, 170, 171 .

Breed, 46 .

Breese, 142 .

B revost, 95 , 104 , 105 .

Brodhead , 22 .

Brown, 9 , 12 , 144 .

Buck ingham, 135 .

B ul l , 50, 5 1 .

Burgoyne , 53 .

Burgunder,25 1 .

B urr. 33. 35 . 45 .

Bu tler, 1 14 , 128, 1 29 ,I 37 1 I 44 1 l 45

Buzzard , 104 .

Cadwalader, 49 .

Caldwe l l , 53.

Cal lot, 79 .

Campbel l , 13 1 .Carey

,1 18

, 1 19, 128.

Carles , 105 .

Carpen ter, 137.

Carr, 1 17 .

Cato , 43 .

Cerve ra, 15 .

Chamberl an, 108.

Champlain , 75 .

Chapman , 1 12 , 1 13, 1 14,

Chew , 49 .

C icero, 42 .

Ci st, 10, 20.

Clark , 205 .

Clarke, 122 .

Clarkson , 94 .

C laypole, 17.

Clayton , 5 5 .

Cl in ton, 48, 69 , 70, 72 .

Cofl'

r in , 126 , 132.

Coleman , 13 1 .

Col igny, 75 .

Col in , 104 .

Conrad, 131 .

Consaw l er , 205 .

Conyngham,137.

Cooley, 83 .

Coon,142 .

Cooper,122 .

Coray,135 .

Cornw alhs , 68, 69 , 72 .

Corss , 1 1 , 153,163 .

Cortright , 160 .

Courtright,1 18 .

Coxe, 15 .

Craft, 1 1 , 75 .

Cri sman , 1 27 .

Cromwe l l , 28.

Cush ing , 8.

Dana,15 , 23, 128, 205 ,

206 .

Darl ing, 22 .

D’A u tremont , 87, 95 , 96,

Davis. 7. 8, x4. 2 1. 33.35 .

Dean , 20 .

De B lacons,104.

Dei trick , 10 .

D e Kalb, 50, 70.

Delano, 122 , 127, 128,

134 .

De la Roue , 99 , 104 .

D e Liancourt , 9 1, 100 .

De Maud i t, 58.

D e Man ld , 104 .

De Nemours , 107.

Den i son , 1 14, 207, 247.

De Noai lles, 77, 78, 79,801 83: 87: 88: 941

99 .

Den ton , 131 .

Derr , 9 , 12 .

DeSeybert, 99 .

Di ttkensnzg.

D i cki nS OD, 33, 35 1 45 '

266

D ickson, 7.

D i l l , 44 .

Dodge , 107 .

DODOP. 50. 55 . 57. 58Dorrance

,1 1

,23 , 142 .

Drake,148.

Draper, 1 22 .

Driesbach , 1 18, 131 .

Da Coudray, 50 .

Dulong , 104.

Dunn , 81 .

Du Pont, 107.

Durkee , 1 1 1 , 206 .

Dyer,1 19 ,

Edwards, 33 1 35»45Egle

,10,

14, 15 , 2 1 , 208.

El l is, 58.

Eno, 10,Ersk ine

, 72 .

Evans, 8.

Eyre , 54 .

Farnham , 22 .

Faulkner, 132, 133 .

Fe ll , 136.

Fin lay. 33. 35 . 45 .

Fisher , 12 .

Fitch , 128, 148.

Fleury,63, 64, 65 , 67.

Fl ick,

~ 1 18 .

Fo l let , 205 .

Forsyth, 82 .

Fow ler , 138.

Fox, 82 , 107.

Frank l in , 38, 50 , 5 1, 76 ,

Frederick,145 .

Fromenta, 105 .

Froude, 27 .

Fu l ler, 1 16, 1 17, 133,

138.

G age. 49 .

Gal loway, 49 .

G anglofl’

, 143 .

Gardner, 136 .

Garre tson , 131 .

Gates , 44, 53 .

Gay lord , 82, 83, 87,206 .

G ibson 94 .

G i lbert, 98.

G imble,250.

INDEX.

G ladestone, 29 .

G ordon,88, 1 2 1 , 12 2 ,

124 .

Gore, 105 , 1 14 , 1 15 , 1 16 ,

1 1 7, 128, 205 , 207.

G oul d , 136 .

Graeme, 8, 15 .

G ray, 135 .

Gree ley, 15 .

Greenawal t,130 .

Greene, 56. 59 , 60, 6 1,

62 , 66 , 69 .

G rifii th , 163 .

G rubb, 134, 135 .

Hadsal l, 135 .

Hal lock, 136 .

H al sey, 15 .

Ham il ton , 169 .

H ammond, 94 .

H ancock, 37 , 87 , 141 .

Harrison , 148 .

Hartsou f, 139 , 140 .

H arvey. 7. 14. 133. 134.148, 149 , 205 ,Hayden , 8 , 9, 10, 1 1 , 12,13 , 18, 2 2 , 23, 208.

H azlewood, 49 , 50, 5 1 ,

Hei lpr in , 1 7, 22 , 167.

Heraud , 97.

H erman, 102 .

H ibbard, 206.

H ick s, 140.

Hillard,146, 147, 149 .

H i llegas , 49 .

Hodge, 9 , 12 .

Holgate, 140.

Hol lenback , 74, 81 , 83,

1 19 , 1 2 1, 14 1, 144 .

H ome , 33 .

H orne t, 98, 107, 109 .

Hoops, 81 , 84, 85 .

H opk ins , 148.

Hor ton , 147.

Houghton , 141 .

Howe. 50, 5 2. 53. 55 .60.

Howe l l , 57, 69 .

Hoyt, 135 .

Hu fl‘

, 100, 109 .

Hughes, 142 .

Hunt, 23 .

Huntington , 69 .

Hurlbu t,128, 206, 207.

Ingersol l, 94 .

I ngham,16, 17 25 , 178.

Inman,129 .

Jay . 42

Jefi‘erson , 39 , 76.

Jenk ins,1 14, 205 , 206.

Jessup, 95 .

Jogues. 75Johnson , 7 , 8, 9 , 12 , 13,14, 19 7 24 1 29 7 43»125 ,207.

Jones , 8 , 9 , 10,1 1, 12 ,

Jonson, 102 .

Jordan,14, 15 .

Keating. 77. 87.Kel ler, 172 .

Kingsley,206 .

Knox, 27 , 28, 68, 70 .

Kosciusko, 50, 5 1 .

Lacoc, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18,

Lafaye tte , 69 , 78, 79 .

Lamb,68.

La Porte, 98, 100 .

Laporte , 88, 107, 108.

Langfeld, 25 1.

La Prerou se, 90 .

La R oue , 99 , 104.

Lee,1 23, 127 .

Le Fevre , 95 , 97, 100,

Lesley,17 1 .

Liancourt , 9 1, 100 .

Lincoln , 10 .

Linsing, 58.

Little , 142 , 143.

Loom is , 145 .

Long, 8 , 10, 12 , 14, 250.

Loop, 10, 22 .

Loveland , 12, 22 .

L’

Overtu re, 77, 104.

Lowe , 58 .

Lowenste in , 148.

Lutz , 141 .

Mafiet, 23.

Maitland , 71 .

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268 INDEX.

Sutton,

1 15 , 128, 135 ,250 .

Swe tland,139 , 140, 143 .

S udfi , 205 , 206 .

Sybe rt,104.

Tal leyrand , 106 .

Talon’ 77’ 79 ’ 80 , 831 84 7

varnum ’ 56 7 6 1 7 62 , 63

85 . 37, 88, 90, 9 1 , 92 ,64, 65 , 68, 69 _

967 97 , 100,10 1

,105 ,

V011 Krug, 1 2 ,

Taylor, 8 .

Thayer. 63. 67 , 68.

Thomas , 10 ,22

, 120, 145 ,146 , 205 .

Thompk ins,1 22 ,

Thouars , 89 , 90 , 92 .

Thurston , 1 1 .

Ti llbu ry, 133, 134.

Tinsley, 131 ,

Toner, 97 ,

Tower , 81 .

Town , 86 ,

Towner , 32 ,

Town ley, 82 ,

Tracy , 205 .

Treat, 63.

Trucks,143.

Turner,2 2 .

Tu ttl e, 138, 139 .

Tyson, 1 18, 122 , 136.

W ade, 205 .

Wadhams , 8, 12 , 136 .

Wal ler, 1 18, 1 19 .

Wal sh, 148 .

W an sey, 79 .

W arburton , 31 .

W arfield , 14 .

Warner,1 1 1 .

Wash ington. 37. so. 55 .

6 1, 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66,

Wayne , 65 , 66 .

We ld, 102 . [9 1 , 105 .

Wel les, 9 , 10,12

,

Wel ter, 12, 18, 22 , 23.

W i therspoon, 27, 28, 29,3 1 , 32. 33 7 34. 35 ,

43. 44. 45 . 46 .

Wh i tney,87, 1 19 .

W i l l , 54.

W i l l iams, 137, 206.

Wi l l ing , 79 .

W i lson , 69 , 145 .

W oodru fl‘

, 8, 9 , 12 , 14 .

W oods, 44 .

Woodward , 7 , 8, 9 , 10,

Wr igh t, 9 , 10, 1 2 ,

17 7 l 9 7 2 1 , 2 21 241 25 71 20

,

1 2 1,1 23 , 1 24 , 125,

Y ingst , 134 .

Yost, 147.Young, 1 13 .

Z eisberger , 15 .

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