HAL Id: tel-02009279https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02009279

Submitted on 6 Feb 2019

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Entre Psychologie et Ecologie : approche psycho socioécologique de la restauration des carrières en région

méditerrannéenne (cas du Liban)Johnny Fenianos

To cite this version:Johnny Fenianos. Entre Psychologie et Ecologie : approche psycho socio écologique de la restaurationdes carrières en région méditerrannéenne (cas du Liban). Psychologie. Université Paul Valéry -Montpellier III, 2018. Français. �NNT : 2018MON30024�. �tel-02009279�

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Vol:12, No:5, 2018

193International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 12(5) 2018 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10008977

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Vol:12, No:5, 2018

194International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 12(5) 2018 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10008977

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Vol:12, No:5, 2018

195International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 12(5) 2018 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10008977

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International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Vol:12, No:5, 2018

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World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Vol:12, No:5, 2018

197International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 12(5) 2018 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10008977

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International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences

Vol:12, No:5, 2018

199International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 12(5) 2018 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/10008977

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CPQ Neurology and Psychology (2018) 1:1

Research Article

Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits

Fenianos Johnny1,2, Khater Carla2* & Brouillet Denis1

*Correspondence to: Dr. Khater Carla, Center for Remote Sensing- National Council for Scienti�c Research Lebanon, Lebanon.

1University Paul Valéry, Laboratoire Epsylon, Montpellier, France

Received: 23 August 2018

Copyright

© 2018 Dr. Fenianos, et al. �is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keywords: Cognitive Tools; Environmental Psychology; Reading/Writing Habits; Lateral Perception; Eco-logical Rehabilitation; Quarries; Lebanon

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

CIENT PERIODIQUE

Published: 25 September 2018

2Center for Remote Sensing- National Council for Scienti�c Research Lebanon, Lebanon

CIENT PERIODIQUE

Abstract

Communicating with key stakeholders is an essential factor of success in all environmental projects. Literature �ndings con�rm that laterality and in particular writing/reading habits play a crucial role in modifying perceptions. In this paper, we test the in�uence of reading/writing habits on the expression of the visual appreciation of an image, on two groups of 40 right-handed Lebanese students (sinistroverse vs. bilateral readers/writers) aged 16 to 19. Lebanon is a multicultural country where students study either exclusively in Arabic or are exposed to both Arabic and French, and/or English cultures. 32 images of common �ora (plants) and fauna (animals) that could be used in quarry rehabilitation projects, were displayed on a computer screen for appreciation and the results showed that, in the case of exclusively Arabic speaking target communities, using adapted tools

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

Fenianos, et al., CPQ Neurology and Psychology (2018) 1:1 Page 2 of 13

Introduction

Ecologists have always needed to communicate their results, questions and �ndings or to share and discuss the various elements of a project.

To a question raised in Miller and Hobbs (2007) [1] on how much more ecology is needed, Khater et al. (2012) replied that, not only more ecology is needed, but also more social involvement [2]. Khater (2015) has stressed on the importance to develop a science on the interface and strengthen inter-disciplinary communication [3]. More recently Ramirez et al. (2018) [4], echoing Courchamp & Bradshaw (2018) [5] and Tallis & Lubchenco (2014) [6] con�rm the importance of e�ective social interactions and the need for a more inclusive ecology.

It is now well established that visual space perception is asymmetric. �at is to say that the ability to appreciate objects is laterality space dependent. According to Cassasanto (2009) objects are more easily detected when they appear on the right side of a surface than on its left [7]. �is perceptual asymmetry results on the brain’s preference response to visual stimuli [8]. Nicholls, Bradshaw, & Mattingley (2001) [9] and Bradshaw et al. (1987) [10] have estimated that the left bias might be a consequence of the over activation of the right hemisphere of the brain. While studying the cultural in�uences on visual scanning patterns, Abed (1991) has demonstrated that the cross-cultural di�erential visual perceptions are not related to location of �xations by the retina [11]. �ereby Fagard & Dahmen (2003) have compared the e�ect of reading and writing directions between French and Tunisian children and con�rmed the e�ect of writing directions, i.e. dextroverse (L-R) and sinistroverse (R-L), on spatial visual perception [12].

Manual dominance is one of the main speci�cities of the body. �e results observed in studies of typing activity showed that skilled typists on the QWERTY keyboard preferred letters typed with the right hand to those typed with the left hand. But when participants were asked to perform the preference task while holding a motor plan in memory (i.e., dual task) the skilled typists’ preference was attenuated when the motor plan involved the same �nger used to type the presented dyads [13]. Jasmin & Casasanto (2012) con�rmed that preference judgments are in�uenced by motor �uency caused by digit-speci�c typing simulation (the so-called QWERTY e�ect) [14]. At last, Yang, Gallo and Beilock (2009) showed that the �uency with which participants type the letter dyads to be recognized in�uences their recognition judgement [15]. Participants found it easier to remember letter dyads typed with two di�erent �ngers than those typed with one �nger. Indeed, typing a letter dyad with two di�erent �ngers is easier than typing a letter dyad with one �nger.

could allow a better expression of the true perceptions of a community. When it comes to the successful implementation of environmental projects, our results open the �oor, to the necessity of understanding lateral perception of target communities especially in terms of reading/writing direction, in adapting the tools during public hearings and presentations.

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

Fenianos, et al., CPQ Neurology and Psychology (2018) 1:1 Page 3 of 13

All this work led us to question the in�uence of writing directions on the perception of images, and more speci�cally their emotional evaluation, in relation with quarry rehabilitation in Lebanon. Indeed, the way people conceive the world is intrinsically dependent on body speci�cities and on the way they interact with their environment [7]. Two major factors have been highlighted: manual dominance and laterality. Since these two factors are intimately linked in the case of writing, they should both be taken into account.

Almost 40% of Lebanese are considered francophone, another 15% “partially francophone”, and 70% of Lebanon’s secondary schools use French as their language of instruction. By comparison, English is used as the language of instruction in 30% of Lebanon’s secondary schools. French and English are often taught since preschools in addition to Arabic [27].

Lebanon is an independent Republic located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon’s of-�cial language is Arabic, however, as a consequence of the former French Mandate on the country, the article 11 of the Constitution states that the French language is to be used on Lebanese pound banknotes, road signs, vehicle registration plates, and public buildings, alongside Arabic

�e aim of this work is thus to determine if the in�uence of reading/writing habits (sinistroverse vs bilateral) a�ect the expression of visual appreciation of an image on a scale bar. To do that, and as recommended by Millhau et al. (2013, 2014) we have used two di�erent appreciation scale bars: a regular Likert appreciation scale bar ranging from 0 (I totally dislike) on the right to 5 (I totally like) on the left for the “bilateral” group and an inverted scale bar used for the sinistroverse group adapted ranging from 0 (I totally dislike) on the left to 5 (I totally like) on the right, in order to test if the perception of the “I like” position is a�ected by the reading/writing habits of the two groups of participants [18,19].

If manual dominance is one of the main body speci�cities, laterality is another one: an individual’s most �uent actions are those executed with the dominant hand on the dominant side (i.e. for a right-hander, movements of the right hand on the right side). Classic studies on aim-pointing tasks have already demonstrated that ipsilateral actions are carried out more easily and faster than contralateral actions for both the dominant and the non-dominant hand [16]. In other words, independently of handedness, the right hand should be more �uent on the right side of space than on the left part, and the left hand should be more �uent on the left part than on the right part of space [17]. Moreover, Milhau, Brouillet & Brouillet (2013, 2014) show that it is necessary to take into account the e�ect of the location of responses, by considering their congruence with the motor �uency experienced during the task rather than the motor �uency corresponding to the participant’s handedness [18,19].

All these studies support the ideas that motor compatibilities generate �uency and that the more �uently an item is processed the more it is considered familiar [20-24] and emotionally positive [25,26].

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

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40 right handed Lebanese students aged between 16-19 were targeted by this study. 20 students were re-cruited from Islamic University - Tyre/ South Lebanon and come from an exclusively Arabic speaking back-ground with no exposure to a second language, and 20 other students came from a bi-cultural background (St Joseph University- Beirut) where Arabic and French are equally taught since preschool. Beirut being the Capital of Lebanon and Tyre the capital of South Lebanon (4th biggest city in Lebanon).

Material and Methods

Participants

In other terms, the members of the group coming from South Lebanon write exclusively from right to left “sinistroverse” group, while bilingual students, who represent the “bilateral” group in the frame of this study, can write alternatively from right to left and from left to right. Since Lebanon is a small scaled country relatively homogeneous in terms of socio cultural pressure, at the exception of language, both groups are composed of students living in cities and therefore exposed to comparable cultural and background. Partici-pant’s dominant hand was assessed through the Ediburgh Handeness Inventory - Short Form [28]. All 40 participants were con�rmed right handed.

Materials

32 stimuli images representing 16 �ora (plants) and 16 fauna (animals) (Figure 1) were included in a pre-automated computer presentation. Images were selected in view of their potential use in quarry rehabilita-tion projects. All images represent commonly known plants and animals in Lebanon. �ey are often used in university presentations and they were pre-tested on a control group to ascertain that participants are familiar with them. Each image was automatically displayed on the screen for a duration of 600 ms alternat-ing randomly plants and animal’s images. After each image, a screen was displayed showing a non-graduated appreciation scale bar of 5 cm length. Two scale bars were used, a regular Likert scale bar used for the ‘bilat-eral” group displaying on right side of the bar the word “I like” (rating 5) and on the left side of the bar the word “I dislike” (rating 0), and an inverted Likert scale bar used for the sinistroverse group showing the “I Like” (rating 5) on the right side and the “I dislike” (rating 0) on the left side.

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

Fenianos, et al., CPQ Neurology and Psychology (2018) 1:1 Page 9 of 13

We have therefore analyzed the perceptions (evaluation) of each type of image (animals and plants) to dis-tinguish those perceived positively (above 2.5 being the median value of the suggested scale bar) from those perceived negatively (below the 2.5 median value).

Results showed that

�is analysis shows no signi�cant di�erence between the 2 groups for animal photos perceived positively: sinistroverse group (m=3.68) and bilateral group (m=3.43), F (1,38) = 0.68, p=0.45, n2p=0.01.

�ere is a signi�cant tendency between the 2 groups for animal photos perceived negatively: sinistroverse group (m=0.78) and bilateral group (m=1.30), F (1,38) = 3.12, p=0.085, n2p= 0.07.

�ere is a signi�cant di�erence between the 2 groups for plants photos perceived positively: sinistroverse group (m=4.40) and bilateral group (m=3.77) F (1,38) = 7.10, p=0.01, n2p= 0.16.

Figure 4 shows that animals can be perceived either positively (above the median) or negatively (below the median) while plants were only perceived positively by all participants.

Discussion

In the frame of a broader approach, aiming at communicating ecological �ndings to concerned stakeholders in a more e�cient way, and to identify whether regularly used tools need to be adapted to �t the communi-ties’ speci�cities, a set of 32 images (plants and animals) that could potentially be used in quarry rehabilita-tion were used for this study.

�is paper aimed to test to what extent the reading/writing habits of participants (sinistroverse and bilateral) a�ect their evaluation of animal and plant images when faced with a Likert scale bar adapted to their read-ing/writing habits running from left to right for the bilateral group and inverted from right to left for the sinistroverse group.

40 right handed Lebanese students aged between 16-19 were targeted by this study, they were recruited either from an exclusively Arabic speaking background (sinistroverse group) with no exposure to a second language, and from a bicultural background (bilateral group) where Arabic and French have equally been taught since preschool.

Participants were presented the 32 images (16 animals and 16 plants) and invited to �ll an evaluation sheet to mark their appreciation of the image (to what extent they liked or disliked it) on an appreciation scale bar (adapted in view of the groups).

1. both groups are comparable when it comes to appreciation of the whole set of images;

2. animals and plants are not perceived in the same way: plants are perceived in a more positive way than animals;

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

Fenianos, et al., CPQ Neurology and Psychology (2018) 1:1 Page 10 of 13

3. there is a signi�cant interaction between the type of images and the nature of the groups, but the dif-ference between groups appear only for plant images (the “sinistroverse” group evaluates signi�cantly more positively the plant images than the “bilateral” group);

�is research is part of a PhD thesis of �rst author and part of two projects funded by Grant Research Pro-gram- CNRS, and CEDRE Program. �is is an LIA O-LiFE contribution number SA 42-2018.

Acknowledgment

�e authors would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Jalal Tabel for his support in data entry, and data structuring and Claire Grandchamps for editing the �nal version of this manuscript.

Disclosure Statement

“In these studies, we report all measures, manipulations and exclusions.”

When it comes to the successful implementation of environmental projects, our results open the �oor, to the necessity of using psycho cognitive tools that are adapted to local speci�cities and habits, especially in terms of reading/writing direction, during public hearings and public presentations. Our results could con�rm a signi�cant di�erence between exclusively Arabic speaking persons and bilingual persons in perceiving the appreciation bar, where the “I like” pole is situated at the left side of the bar, and the “I don’t like” is on the extreme right. �is has to be nuanced by the fact that Arabic natives, who were never exposed to foreign lan-guages throughout their education, are nevertheless exposed to biculturality through media and/or publicity and have therefore developed the ability to self-adapt to the tools presented to them.

4. When we investigated the origin of the interaction, the results showed that this interaction could be ex-plained by the appreciation itself and not the type of images displayed. Results showed a signi�cant di�er-ence between the two groups. �e sinistroverse group evaluated more positively the plant images evaluated positively, and more negatively the animal images evaluated negatively.

Deriving from the literature �ndings highlighting the importance of laterality in evaluation, using coherent tools such as inverted Likert scale bar in the case of exclusively Arabic speaking target communities could allow a better expression of the true perceptions of a community. �is can be particularly important in any project involving local communities and the need to consider their acceptability for an item (object, living organism, etc.) to be included in the project.

Our experiments highlight a previously unexplored cross-cultural di�erence in spatial perception and sug-gests a new interpretation in which communities that are exposed to more than one culture (bilateral group) tend to have less radical positions (whether liking or disliking an item), while monocultural individuals (here the sinistroverse group) show more stringent positions.

Fenianos, et al. (2018). Adapting Presentation Modes to Cultural Backgrounds in Environmental Projects: �e E�ect of Reading/Writing Habits. CPQ Neurology and Psychology, 1(1), 01-13.

Fenianos, et al., CPQ Neurology and Psychology (2018) 1:1 Page 11 of 13

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