EPITOME OF CURRENT JOURNALS - Journal of Neurology

EPITOME OF CURRENT JOURNALS

ALLGEMEINE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHIATRIE UND IHRE

GRENZGEBIETE

Vol. 107. Nos. I and 2.Die empirische Ebprognose, die Zwillingsmethodeund die Sippenforschung in ihrer Bedeutung furdie psychiatrische Erbforschung und fur diePsychiatrie uberhaupt. (Empirical prognosis ofheredity, investigation of twins and of families, andtheir psychiatric significance.) E. Rudin. 3.

Spatreife und " Angeborener Schwachsinn " imSinne des Gesetzes zur Verhutung erbkrankenNachwuchses. (Delayed maturity and " con-genital feeble-mindedness " as applied to the lawof sterilization.) A. H. Schmitz. 21.

*Uber kriminal-biologische Erbforschung. EineObersicht uber die Problemlage und ihre bevol-kerungspolitische Tragweite. (Significance of thegenealogy of criminals.) F. Stumpfl. 38.

Das Laboratorium der Heilanstalten ist unerlaisslichzur Erfullung ihrer Aufgaben im Dienste am Volk.(The laboratory of the mental hospital is indis-pensable for its task for the nation.) W. Hartwich.64.

*Die Insulin- und Cardiozolbehandlung der Schizo-phrenie. (Insulin and cardiazol treatment ofschizophrenia.) E. Kuppers. 76.

*Zur Schizophreniebehandlung. (Trea tment ofschizophrenia.) T. Dussik. 97.

*Erfahrungen mit der Insulinschockbehandlung beiSchizophrenen. (Experiences with insulin shocktreatment of schizophrenia.) H. Ruffin. 1 10.

Korperliche Umstellungen durch die Insulin- undCardiazolbehandlung in ihrer Bedeutung fur diePrognose der Schizophrenie. (Physical signs afterinsulin and cardiazol treatment in their significancefor the prognosis of schizophrenia.) D. Jahn.114.

Die praktische Einfuihrung der Insulin- und Cardiazol-behandlung in den Heil- und Pflegeanstalten.(Insulin and cardiazol treatment in asylums.) H.Roemer. 121.

Ober den Begriff der " an Gewissheit grenzendenWahrscheinlichkeit" und seine Anwendung imarztlichen Gutachten. Zugleich ein Beitrag zurgerichtsarztlichen Beurteilung des "geheilten"Paralytikers. (Psychiatric certificates for " cured"cases of general paresis.) W. Horstmann. 129.

March 1938.Bewahrungsgesetz und Erbgesundheitsgesetz. (Laws

for the protection of society and for sterilization.)W. K. Schmidt. 142.

Die Bedeutung der Liquoruntersuchung fur diepsychiatrisch-neurologische Praxis. Ein fber-sichtsbericht. (Significance of cerebro-spinal fluidexamination in psychiatric-neurological practice.)H. Demme. 150.

Significance of Criminal Genealogy.-Sterilization of persons with hereditarycriminal constitutions is advisable for thefuture safeguard of society. (K. S.)

Insulin and Cardiazol Treatment ofSchizophrenia.-Critical review of theliterature.

Treatment of Schizophrenia.-The com-plications which occur during insulintreatment may be divided into three groups:(1) disturbance in organs other than thecentral nervous system (circulatory, re-spiratory); (2) disturbance of absorptionof sugar given during the shock; (3) deepcoma, which may last for several days, andmay be " akinetic " or " hyperkynetic "

(with extrapyramidal symptoms or epilepticseizures). Suggestions to prevent orcounteract these complications are given.(K. S.)

Insulin Shock Treatment of Schizo-phrenia.-Symptoms of restlessness, excite-ment, and hallucinations could be in-fluenced to an extent which was neverobserved after other forms of somatic orpsychological treatment. (K. S.)

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY

Vol. 94. No. 3.Correlations of Behavior and Neuropathology in aCase of Cerebral Palsy from Birth Injury. A.Gesell and H. M. Zimmerman. 505.

Puerperal Psychoses and their Sequele. L. J.Karnosh and J. M. Hope. 537.

Development of Family Care in New York State.H. G. Hubbell. 551.

Mental Reactions and their Management in Patientswith Cardiac Disease. P. H. Drewry and J. H.Wall. 561.

*The Behavior of Children receiving Benzedrine.C. Bradley. 577.

The Effect of Benzedrine Sulfate on the IntelligenceScores of Children. M. Molitch and A. K.Eccles. 587.

A Psychiatric Study of Recidivists. C. B. Thompson.591.

November 1937.*Mental Changes following the Removal of the Right

Cerebral Hemisphere for Brain Tumor. S. N.Rowe. 605.

*Defects of Intelligence from Focal Lesions withinthe Central Part of the Left Cerebral Hemisphere.L. B. Alford. 615.

Sodium Amytal as a Substitute for Tube Feeding.W. H. Foley and V. P. Rossignoli. 639.

Primary Affect Hunger. D. M. Levy. 643.Child Analysis as a Technique in the Investigations of

Mental Mechanisms. M. W. Gerard. 653.Child Psychiatry. J. S. Plant. 665.Some Therapeutic Principles applicable to PsychiatricWork with Children. F. H. Allen. 671.

An Evaluation of the Treatment of Problem Childrenas determined by a Follow-up. H. W. Patter andH. R. Klein. 681.

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Problem Children growing up. L. Kanner. 691.Mental Changes including Aphasia in a Patient with

Sickle-Cell Anemia. B. Bossermann and S. H.Kraines. 709.

Children receiving Benzedrine Sulphate.-Twenty-one boys and nine girls, aged 5-14years, who were already resident in thehospital suffering from a variety of be-haviour disturbances, were selected forstudy. Every child in the group had beenunder observation for at least a month. Adaily dose of benzedrine was administeredon waking. Fourteen children exhibited amarked improvement in their school work,both as regards interest displayed andindustry. Eight did not show such astriking change, and five showed no changein school performance, though their be-haviour in other respects was distinctlyaltered. Two children showed no responseto the drug at all. Nearly all the childrenbecame emotionally subdued, without,however, losing interest in their sur-roundings. All the children were given atrial dose of 20 mg., but in eight childrenthis dose was reduced to 10 mg. followinggastro-intestinal upsets. One child did notreact at all to this dose.Mental Changes following Removal of

Brain Tumour.-A woman aged 38 sufferedfrom severe headaches for one and a halfyears. Examination showed only a veryslight weakness of the left lower face andmild euphoria. X-rays demonstrated ex-

tensive calcification in the right frontalregion. The partial removal of a rightfrontal astrocytoma was performed. Symp-toms of increased intracranial pressure

Vol. 94. NClinical Studies of Drug Addiction. L. Kolb and

C. N. Himmelsbach. 759.*Circumscribed Cortical Atrophy in the Presenile

Psychoses: Pick's Disease. C. Davison. 801.Emotionial Factors in the Rehabilitation of the

Physical Disabled. L. Reznikoff. 819.Interpretation of the Electrical Activity of the Brain.

H. Davis. 825.Electrical Signs of Cortical Function in Epilepsy and

Allied Disorders. H. H. Jasper and 1. C. Nichols.835.

*A Case of Protracted Hypoglycemia. N. L.Easton. 853.

Mental Disorder in Russia. J. Page. 859.Hospital Recor-ds. W. C. Garvin. 867.Misunderstanding of the Pathogenesis of Schizo-

phrenia, arising from the Concept of " Splitting."M. Levin. 874.

*Vitamin-C. Studies in Alcoholics. H. Wortis, S. B.Wortis, and F. I. Marsh. 891.

Analysis of Spoken Language of Patients withAffective Disorder. S. Neuman and V. G.Mather. 913.

A Review of the Work on Extra-Sensory Perception.D. L. Wofle. 943.

Comments on Dr. Wofle's Review. J. B. Rhine.957.

Neuroses and Neuropsychoses. A. Myerson. 961.

Cortical Atrophy in Presenile Psychoses.-The author gives a detailed description oftwo cases. The first autopsy revealedmarked atrophy of the temporal convolu-tions, hippocampus, and part of the frontal

0o. 4.

appeared and mild mental changes appearedabout six months later. One year after thefirst operation a second more radicalremoval of the tumour was carried out.Ten months later, on account of headachesand mental changes, a third operation was

performed and most of the right cerebralhemisphere was removed. When examinedsix months after the operation the patientshowed some emotional instability, slightimpairment of recent memory, but little ifany deterioration in her intellectual abilityas measured by mental tests. Eight monthsafter the operation, the strength in the leftleg had improved sufficiently to enable herto walk. She could raise her left arm aboutsix inches from the lap, but apparentlycould perform no other voluntary move-ment in the upper extremity. The cranialnerves were entirely normal with theexception of a left homonymous hemia-nopia.

Defects of Intelligence from Focal Lesions.-Clinical and anatomical records of sevencases of right hemiplegia are presented anda study of the intellectual defect indicatesthat this is an affection or group of relatedaffections more or less separable from suchassociated disturbances as aphasia, apraxia,paralysis, sensory loss, and emotional dis-order. A review of the correlated clinicaland pathological studies of these casestends to localize the structures from whichintellectual defect is produced by injury.Both negative and positive evidence tendsto indicate that these structures occupy arelatively small area situated posteriorly in

the basal region of the brain.

January 1938.convolutions of the left side. There wasdistortion in the arrangement of the cyto-architectural layers of the left temporallobe, and retrograde changes in the gang-lion cells. There were also marked swel-lings of the nerve cells near the paraolivarisdorsalis. The atherosc!erotic changes ofthe smaller cortical vessels were consideredas a possible cause of the atrophy. Thediencephalic region, which showed similaratherosclerotic changes of the vessels, didnot contain any alterations of the ganglioncells. The absence of senile plaques and ofAlzheimer's fibrillary nerve cells favoured a

diagnosis of Pick's disease. In the secondcase examined there was a convolutionalatrophy of the left hemisphere involvingchiefly the left first frontal, first and secondtemporal convolutions, and Ammon's horn(Sommer's sector), characterized by chro-matolysis of nerve cells and increase in gliacells. Against a diagnosis of Alzheimerwas the absence of fibrillary changes in thenerve cells and senile plaques. The variouspathogenetic theories accounting for theproduction of the disorder are discussed.

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Protracted Hypoglycxemia.-A case of aprotracted coma lasting three days in a 29-year-old schizophrenic girl is described.Sucrose by the mouth and intravenousglucose were duly administered. Theclinical picture did not change in spite ofthe fact that the blood sugar level variedfrom 30 mg. to 235 mg. It is suggested thatthe nerve cells were so injured by the hypo-glycvmia that they were rendered incapableof utilizing the carbohydrates that wereavailable, and required a period of 49 hoursto recover. The outcome was favourable.The improvement noted in the psychosisbegan with her recovery from the protractedcoma and has continued up to the present,when the patient is again able to enjoythe mental health she had prior to the onsetof her illness.

Vitamin C Studies in Alcoholics.-Vita-min C studies on the blood and spinal fluidas well as the five-hourly excretion test ofWright were carried out on a large numberof normal patients and a group of alcoholicpatients in the psychiatric and neurologicalwards of Bellevue Hospital. The alcoholiccases were clinically divisible into tengroups-Group I: Chronic alcoholism without

psychosis or peripheral neuritis (nine cases).These vitamin C values fall within normalrange.

Vol. 94. No. 5.Habeas Corpus Releases of Feeble-minded Persons

and their Consequences. L. Kanner. 1,013.The Experimental Neur-osis and the Problem of

Mental Disorder. H. S. Liddell. 1,035.Intro-Extraversion: the Concepts and their Clinical

Use. R. M. Collier and NI. Emch. 1,045.The Appraisal of Intellectual and Physical Factors

after Cerebral Damage in Children. B. Crothersand E. Lord. 1,077.

The Other Side of Hallucinations. J. Lang. 1,089.A Review of the Results from the Employment of

Malaria Therapy in the Treatment of Neuro-Syphilis in the Florida State Hospital. M. F.Boyd, W. K. Stratman-Thomas, S. F. Kitchen, andW. H. Kupper. 1,099.

Hereditary Form of Primary ParenchymatousAtrophy of the Cerebellar Cortex associated withMental Deterioration. A. J. Akelaitis. 1,115.

A Constructive Criticism of Certain Hospital Pro-cedures. K. H. Bowman. 1,141.

Statistical Contributions from the Mental HygieneStudy of the Eastern Health District of Baltimore.B. M. Cohen and R. E. Fairbank. 1,153.

*The Diagnostic Validity of the Rorschach Test.J. D. Benjamin and F. G. Ebaugh. 1,163.

*Some Clinical and Physiological Aspects of the BrainPotentials. J. Hughes, E. A. Strecker, and K. E.Appel. 1,179.

Post-Operative Psychoses. M. M. Abeles. 1,187.*Results of 15 Years' Experience with the KetogenicDiet in the Treatment of Epilepsy in Children.H. F. Helmholz and M. Goldstein. 1,205.

Some Data of the Psychiatric Morbidity of Jews andArabs in Palestine. L. Halpern. 1,215.

Psychiatric History of the Development in California.M. H. Smyth. 1,223.

Diagnostic Validity of Rorschach Test.-Fifty patients seen by one of the authors inconsultation were submitted to theRorschach test. The other writer made hisdiagnosis entirely on these tests without any

Group 1 : Chronic alcoholism withperipheral neuritis (eight cases). Theurinary excretion test was done on two casesand yielded low figures. No observationswere made on the blood or C.S.F.Group III: Alcoholic hallucinosis with

mild peripheral neuritis (10 cases). Thefigures for blood and C.S.F. were far belownormal in nine cases, and normal in onecase.Group IV: Alcoholic hallucinosis (35

cases). In all cases the Vitamin C levelswere below normal in blood and C.S.F.Group V: Alcoholic hallucinosis-

observations on cases immediately afterrecovery (six cases). The average bloodand C.S.F. values were higher than in thepreceding group, but still below normal.Group VI: Delirium tremens (14 cases).

All vitamin C values in blood and C.S.F.were below normal.Group VII : Korsakoff psychosis (five

cases). In only one case was a normalfigure obtained for C.S.F., and here theblood was low. All other cases gave sub-normal values.Group VIII : Alcoholic encephalopathy

(five cases). In every case vitamin C wasbelow normal in blood and C.S.F.

These results emphasize the nutritionalfactor in the production of nervotis andmental changes in chronic alcoholics.

March 1938.clinical knowledge of the cases. Com-parison between the Rorschach and theclinical evaluations of the cases showed avery high degree of correspondence, andthe authors conclude that the Rorschachtest possesses a definite diagnostic value.

Aspects of the Brain Potentials.-Studiesof the electric potentials in the cerebralcortex of 80 insane patients showed greatvariation in the frequency, pattern, andamplitude of the e.e.g. led off from theoccipital area. In a group of manicdepressives the predominant rhythm wasbetween 20-40 per second. Followingamytal narcosis there was a return to theslow rhythm in two of these patients im-mediately after recovery from narcosis fora short interval during which time thepatients were free from symptoms ofhypomania. With clinical improvementthere was a permanent return to the normalalpha rhythm. In a group of schizophrenicpatients the potentials developed underamytal anasthesia were not markedlydifferent from those seen before the amytaladministration. They are said to have beencharacterized by very fast rhythms andbursts of activity with frequencies as highas 500 per second. In a subsequent dis-cussion Jasper suggested that the highfrequencies which he had also observed inschizophrenics were due to muscular andnot to cortical activity. The paper is not

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illustrated and the details given are in-sufficient for the reader to form any opinionas to the nature of the very fast rhythmswhich the authors claim to have alsoobserved in conditions of hyperpncea.

Ketogenic Diet in Epilepsy in Children.-From 1922-1936 the Ketogenic diet wasused at the Mayo Clinic to treat 501 childrenwith epilepsy: 31 per cent. of the caseswith idiopathic epilepsy were rendered freefrom attacks and 16 per cent. becamedefinitely improved when Ketogenic diet

was given an adequate trial. Approxi-mately 11 per cent. of cases of symptomaticepilepsy were free from fits when treatedwith ketogenic diet. Eight per cent. of thepatients with idiopathic epilepsy whose fitshad been abolished by Ketogenic diet hada recurrence of the attacks within 7 yearsfollowing the last attack. They had re-sumed normal diet for periods between2-4 years when the attack occurred. Aftermore than 7 years no recurrences werereported.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

Vol. 49.Monocular Perception of Distance. M. C. van

Tuyl. 515.The Path of Seen Movement as a Function of the

Vector-Field. J. F. Brown and A. C. Voth. 543.Conditioned Discrimination: the Development of

Discrimination with and without Verbal Report.E. R. Hilgard, A. A. Campbell, and W. N. Sears.564.

A Study upon the Recall of Pleasant and UnpleasantWords. P. T. Young. 581.

Whole and Part Methods in Puzzle Solution. L. W.Crafts and H. M. Kohler. 597.

Changes in Skin Resistance and Affective Tone.N. W. Shock and C. H. Coombs. 611.

The Affective Value of Pitch and Tempo in Music.K. Hevner. 621.

The Insensitivity of the Cornea to Heat and Pain

Vol. 5 1.The Problems of Mental Disability in England. M.

Bentley. 1.The Neurological Level of the Factors Underlying

Time-Errors. G. Kreezer. 18.*Studies in Vibratory Sensibility. L. H. Cohen and

S. B. Lindley. 44.Time as a Factor in the Recognition of Visually

Perceived Figures. M. A. Seidenfeld. 64.The Effect of Pattern upon Simultaneous Letter-

Span. H. Woodrow. 83.The Principle of Closure in Terms of Recall and

Recognition. J. J. Tiernan. 97.The R6le of Incentive in Conditioning and Extinction.W. K. Brogden, E. A. Lipman, and E. Culler. 109.

*The Effect of Pain upon Peripheral Blood Volume.J. P. Nafe and K. S. Wagoner. 118.

The Discrimination of Color Mass. B. R. Philip.127.

*The Relation between Psychosis and Physical Type:A Statistical Study. E. F. Wells. 136.

The Optimal Muscular Tensions for Various Per-formances. G. L. Freeman. 146.

Studies from the Psychological Laboratory of VassarCollege.The Comparative Efficiency of Intensity, Per-

spective, and the Stereoscopic Factor in Pro-ducing the Perception of Depth. M. F. Wash-burn and C. Wright. 151.

An Apparatus for Measuring Changes in BodilyResistance. A. R. Lauer and D. E. Anderson.156.

A Nerve-Action Potential Amplifier. F. Henry.159.

Apparatus for the Study and Treatment of Enu-resis. 0. H. Mowrer. 163.

Vol. 51. NCornell Studies in Dynasomatic Psychology. M.

Bentley. 203.A Descriptive Study of Somatic Objects. H. C.Werner. 225.

An Experimental Approach to the Self-Object. M. S.Ryan. 235.

An Experimental Study of Anticipation. 253.

No. 4

No. I

October 1937.derived from High Temperatures. J. P. Nafe andK. S. Wagoner. 631.

The Dependency of Cold upon Vascular ActionStudies with Nerve Block. J. P. Nafe and K. S.Wagoner. 636.

The Effect of Adaptation upon Vascular Reactionsto Thermal Stimuli. J. P. Nafe and K. S. Wagoner.645.

The Reliability of Introspection in Emotion. W. A.Hunt. 650.

Minor Studies from the Psychological Laboratory ofClark University. Visual Acuity as a Functionof Intensity and Exposure-Time. C. H. Grahamand C. Cook. 654.

The Latency of Visual After-Effects as a Function ofthe Intensity of Illumination on an AdjacentRetinal Region. J. Levine and C. H. Graham.661.

January 1938Vibratory Sensibility.-A somewhat com-

plicated and cumbersome apparatus hasbeen used to test the sensation of vibration.It has been shown that the diameterof the surface of stimulator in contactwith the skin is of importance in obtain-ing a low threshold for this form ofsensation. Studies were also made afterthe anesthetization of the skin. (E. A. C.)Pain and Peripheral Blood Volume.-It

has been shown that the sensation of paingives rise to vasoconstriction. There is arelationship between the degree of vaso-constriction and the intensity of stimulus.(E. A. C.)

Psychosis and Physical Type.-Physicalmeasurements have been made in 50 casesof dementia prxcox and 50 cases of manic-depressive psychosis. No reliable differ-ences were found between the measure-ments in these two groups. The authorconcludes that his studies do not sub-stantiate Kretschmer's theory of distinctphysical types or Kretschmer's correlationbetween bodily type and psychosis.(E. A. C.)

[o. 2. April 1938.Progressive Change in Simple Action : a Study of

Learning. S. G. Longwell. 261.Mathematical Objects and Symbolizing. T. A.Ryan. 283.

A Psychological Consideration of Analogy. M. L.Lemmon. 304.

Retrospect and Prospect. M. Bentley. 357.

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Ontogeny of Embryonic Behavior in Aves.XII. Stages in the Development of Physiological

Activities in the Chick Embyro. Z. Y. Kuo.361.

The Influence of Social Facilitation on Motor Per-formance at Different Levels of Intelligence. 379.

*The Effect of Pain upon Systemic Arterial BloodPressure. J. P. Nafe and K. S. Wagoner. 390.

Sex Differences in the Perception of Color Mass.B. R. Philip. 398.

Pain and Systemic Blood Pressure.-Theauthors have been able to demonstrate thatstimulation of the skin with a pin or heatis invariably followed by a rise in systemicpressure, though neither cardiac norrespiratory rate is affected. (E. A. C.)

ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUESVol. 95. Part 2.*Les Formes Cliniques du Cafeisme Cerebral.

(Clinical forms of caffein intoxication.) P. deFortunie and Belfils. 725.

Hallucination et Champ Visuel. (Hallucination andthe visual field.) F. Morel. 742.

Sur ]es Gommes du Cerveau au Cours de la ParalysieGenerale Traitee par la Malaria. (On gumma ofthe brain in cases of general paralysis treated bymalaria.) J. Dretler. 758.

Proceedings of the Societd Medico-Psvchologique.A Propos de l'lcriture en Miroir. (On mirror

writing.) P. Abely and M. Rancoule. 769.tpilepsie Psychique Post-Traumatique Associee Aun Syndrome d'Amnesie Continue. (Post-trau-matic psychical epilepsy associated with a syndromeof continuous amnesia.) M. L. Marchand, Mme.Gaultier, and M. R. Stora. 776.

Deux Paralysies Generales Infantiles. (Two cases ofinfantile general paralysis.) M. Brissot and J.Maillefer. 780.

Syndrome de Korsakoff au Cours d'une Crise deRhumatisme Aigu. (Korsakoff syndrome occur-ring during an attack ofacute articular rheumatism.)Capgras, J. Lhermitte, Ajuriaguerra, and Dous-sinet. 794.

Sur la Methode de D. Anglade pour l'Ltude de laNeurologie. (Anglade's method for the study ofNeuroglia.) R. Anglade, M. Rougean, and P.Royer. 800.

Deux Jumeaux Dements Precoces. (Twins sufferingfrom dementia precox.) S. Rousset and M. G.Daulmazon. 806.

Troubles de la Memoire Post-Traumatique de TypeParticulier. Confabulation et Amn6sie Syst&matique. (Post-traumatic disturbances ofmemory. Confabulation and systematic amnesia.)S. Rousset and M. G. Daulmazon. 810.

Vol. 96. Part 1.*Desordre de la Fonction Hypnique et Hallucina-

tions. (Disorders of sleep and hallucinations.)J. Lhermitte. 1.

*La Technique Actuelle du Test Psycho-Diagnostiquede Rorschach. (The technique in current use forthe Rorschach test.) M. Monnier. 15.

Traitement de la Schizophrenie par le Pentamethyl-entetrazol (cardiazol). (Cardiazol treatment ofschizophrenia.) H. Delgado. 23.

Proceedings of the Societd Medico-Psychologique.Remarques Cliniques sur la Periode Precomateuse

au Cours du Traitement des lEtats Schizophreniquespar l'Insulinotherapie. (Clinical observations onthe precomatose period during insulin therapy.)Y. Porch'er and M. Leconte. 66.

Forme Cerebrale tvolutive Anormale d'une SyphilisHereditaire. (Abnormal cerebral development inthe case of a hereditary syphilitic.) Marchand,Stora, and Mme. Gaultier. 70.

Kinesie de Jeu chez les Idiots. (Movements of idiotsduring play.) Mme. Bonnafous-Serieux, Guiraud,H. Ey.

Syndrome de Korsakoff Alcoolique Aigu. Mme.Bonnafous-Serieux. 74.

Hallucinations combinees de la Vue et de l'ouie chezun Enfant de 3+ Ans. (Combined hallucinationsof vision and hearing in a child 3j years old.)Mr.e. S. Leconte-Lorsignol. 74.

Disorders of Sleep and Hallucinations.-Two cases of vascular mesencephalic

No. 5. December 1937.Pleurs de. Sang au Debut de l'Acces lEpileptique.

(Tears of blood at the onset of an epileptic fit.)J. Picard. 824.

Clinical Forms of Caffein Intoxication.-The principal signs of caffein intoxicationare: (a) Tremor found in 60 per cent. ofthe cases, which may persist for some weeksafter coffee-drinking has ceased. Tremoris very rapid, chiefly affects the hands andrarely the tongue and face. (b) Hyper-aesthesia, parxsthesia, pruritus. (c) Verti-go and gastric disturbances. Often intenseanorexia. (d) Anaphrodisia; abortionhasalso been observed. (e) Disturbances ofthe vegetative nervous system, e.g. tachy-cardia, vasomotor disturbances, dyspnea,polyuria. (f) Cerebral symptoms: lessen-ing of the sensation of fatigue, intellectualfacilitation, insomnia, symptoms ofdrunkenness resembling alcoholism. Theauthors consider that the abuse of coffee-drinking only causes pathological symptomsin subjects with a constitutional suscepti-bility to caffein poisoning. Excessivecoffee-drinking can be suppressed withoutdeprivation symptoms supervening. Sup-pression leads to the disappearance of allthe symptoms due to coffee poisoning.

4o. 1. January 1938.lesions with visual hallucinations aredescribed. In both cases the hallucinationscorresponded with persistent hypersomnia.The author finds similar visual hallucinatoryincidents in cases of cataplexy. He is ledby these considerations to integrate in acommon psychophysiological mechanismboth sensory hallucinations, inhibition oftonus, and paroxysmal attacks of sleep.He considers that these symptoms are allattributable to a disturbance of the inte-grated functions that are concerned withsleep.

Technique for the Rorschach Test.-Avaluable survey of the technique of theRorschach method serves as an introductionto the revised edition of the " Psycho-diagnostik." The author concludes withtwo important counsels. First, he con-siders that it is absolutely indispensable forthe evaluation of this test for the observerto know precisely the intellectual level ofthe subject. He recommends an additionalexamination of each patient by the Binet-

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Simon or other method of intelligencetesting. Secondly, he warns against theterms "introversion" or "extroversion"as employed by Rorschach; he considersthat these schematizations do not neces-

Vol. 1.*Les " Kinesies de Jeu " chez les Idiots. (Thechoreo-athetoid movements associated with play.)Mme. Bonnafous-Serieux and H. Ey. 145.

Sur les Modifications Post-Traumatiques du SystemeNerveux chez les Enfants et les Adolescents.(Post-traumatic changes in the nervous system inchildren and adolescents.) N. Oseretzky and Z.Stcheglova. 158.

*Le Traitement des Complications Nerveuses del'Alcoolisme par la Strychnine. (The treatment ofalcoholic disturbances of the nervous system bystrychnine.) P. Cossa, H. Bougeant, M. Puech,and P. Sassi. 167.

Proceedings of the Societe Medico-Psychologique.Acces Maniaque au Cours d'une Maladie de Basedow.

(Attack of mania in a case of exophthalmic goitre.)Laignel-Lavastine, Escalier, H.-M. Gallot, and H.Mignot. 188.

Psychose Hallucinatoire Chronique et Syphilis.(Chronic hallucinatory psychosis and syphilis.)R. Anglade, P. Royer, and M. Rougean. 192.

Sideromanie et Dipsomanie chez un Desequilibre.(Dipsomania and railway-phobia in a psychas-thenic.) R. Stora and Mme. Gaultier. 197.

Diplegie Cerebrale chez un Enfant Atteint d'IdioteCongeniatale et d'Epilepsie. Foyers Pseudo-Kystiques Multiples Cerbraux et Protuberantiel.(Cerebral diplegia in a child suffering from con-genital idiocy and epilepsy. Multiple pseudo-cystic lesions of the cerebrum and bulbar regions.)L. Marchand, M. Brissot and J. Maillefer. 200.

Claustromanie, Coprochesie, et Trichophorie parAboulie Psychasthenique. (Claustromania, copro-phobia, and hirsutism in a case of psychasthenicabulia.) P. Courbon and Mme. Buvat-Pochon.207.

Manies de Veuvage. (Manias of Widows.) Mme.Bonnafous-Serieux and H. Ey. 225.

Essai d'Interpretation des Reactions ManiaquesSurvenues apres une Emotion Triste (Manie apresVeuvage). (Attempt to interpret maniacal reac-tions supervening on a sad emotion. Mania afterwidowhood.) X. Abely and M. Leconte. 232.

Tumeur sous-frontale bilaterale a SymptomatologieAffective. ttat Psychologique normal apresAblation de la Tumeur et des Deux Poles Frontaux.(Bi-lateral sub-frontal tumour causing affectivesymptomatology. Normal psychological stateafter ablation of the tumour and the two frontalpoles.) H. Baruk, M. David, and H. Askenasy.241.

Vol. 1.*Les Troubles de la Sensibilite A la Douleur dans la

Paralysie Generale. (Disturbances of pain sensa-tion in general paralysis.) R. Nyssen and R.Busschaert. 289.

Les Delires Secondaires au Traitement de la ParalysieGenerale. (Secondary delirium occurring in thetreatment of general paralysis.) A. Requet andJ. Turin. 298.

*Recherches sur les Hormones Hypophysaires dansCertaines Psychoses. (Studies on pituitary hor-mone in certain psychoses.) M. Cahane and T.Cahane. 31 1.

Soixante Ans de Psychose Maniaco-Depressive.(60 years of manic-depressive psychosis.) M.Olivier and Mme. Chevalier-Gazaniol. 321.

Proceedings of the Societe Medico-Psychologique.Sur l'P-volution des Delires d'Influence. Trois

degres de Deficit Residuel. (On the evolution ofdelusions of compulsion.) J. Vie and M. Villemez.327.

Hyperkinesie gesticulaire de Demence. (Gesticula-tory hyperkinesia and dementia.) P. Courbon andMme. Buvat-Pochon. 333.

No. 2

No.:

sarily correspond either to the results ofthe test or to the clinical data. The testshould be brought back to its initial objec-tive character and only purely descriptiveterminology employed.

February 1938.Injections Intrarachidiennes de Vitamine B5 dans la

Psycho-Polynevrite de Korsakow. (Intrathecalinjections of vitamin B5 in Korsakoff's psychosis.)E. Martimor and P. Neveu. 242.

Choreo - Athetoid Movements. Theauthors consider that in cases of mentaldeficiency exhibiting choreo-athetoid move-ments it is possible to distinguish a systemof movements connected with playful ornarcissistic tendencies. The movementsare occasional; they always arouse interestand are accompanied by euphoria. Theyappear suddenly during periods of in-activity. They are inhibited by voluntaryactivity.

Treatment of Alcoholic Disturbances byStrychnine.-The intensive treatment ofalcoholism with strychnine, first publishedby Lutin in 1873, has been revised afterfifty years and its value endorsed by numer-ous authors. The writers consider thatthere is no form of alcoholic disturbanceof the nervous system that cannot besuccessfully treated by strychnine. Theycall attention to the great tolerance ofalcoholics for strychnine and give as muchas 0-02 gm., but never more than 0 03 gm.,in the 24 hours. Not only are both mentaland neurological symptoms favourablyaffected, but during treatment by strychnineall desire for alcohol disappears. Theauthors proceed to discuss thc possiblemechanism of strychnine action in relationto alcoholism. They consider that as inbarbiturate poisoning the administration ofstrychnine tends to correct a heterochronismof the peripheral and central chronaxiesproduced in this case by alcohol.

March 1938.Tremblement de Type Pithiatique, cephalees avec

Bouffees Confusionelles, Perturbations Sym-pathiques Cervicales (d'Origine Traumatique).Guerison par le Venin de Cobra. (Hystericaltremor, headaches with confusional crises, dis-turbances of the cervical sympathetic of traumaticorigin. Cured with cobra venom. H. Baruk andR. Mathon. 339.

Troubles Abasiques Hysteriformes chez un Parkin-sonien Post-Encephalitique. (Hysterical abasia ina case of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism.) P.Sivadon and P. Queron. 345.

Automutilation A But Therapeutique chez un DementPresenile a Forme Depressive. (Auto-mutilationwith a therapeutic design in a case of depressedpresenile dementia.) P. Sivadon and P. Queron.347.

Resultats du Traitement de 111 Cas de ParalysieGenerale par le Stovarsol Sodique. (Results oftreatment of 111 cases of general paralysis withsodium stovarsol.) L. Marchand. 349.

La Therapeutique Convulsivante de la DemencePrecoce par le Pentamethylenetetrasol (Cardiazol).(Convulsant therapy of dementia precox with

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cardiazol.) R. Anglade, P. Royer, and M.Rougean. 357.

Les Manifestations Motrices chez l'Enfant, de laNaissance a Trois Mois. (Movements exhibitedby infants from birth to three months.) M.Bergeron. 367.

Psychose Hallucinatoire Curable de la Menopause etPousee Hypertensive. (The curable psychoses ofthe menopause and crises of hypertension.) P.Chatagnon, P. Scherrer, and C. Chatagnon. 373.

Pain Sensation in General Paralysis.-The sensory system of 102 cases of generalparalysis was examined. Seventeen ofthese cases were untreated, the remaining85 cases had been treated with malaria notless than some months before the examina-tion. Of the 17 cases examined beforemalarial treatment, eight showed a diminu-tion of sensibility to pain of varying degree.Of the 85 patients who had undergonemalarial treatment, 65 showed a varyingamount of hypoalgesia. Three patientsappeared to have complete analgesia ; thisdid not, however, persist through repeatedexaminations in two of the cases ; the thirdcase was permanently analgesic. Loss ofthe deep reflexes was present in 21 of the

102 cases, and of this group 86 per cent.were definitely hypoalgesic. Of the 81cases with normal deep reflexes analgesiawas present in 71 per cent. There was nodefinite correlation between the degree ofmental impairment and the occurrence ofanalgesia.

Pituitary Hormone in Certain Psychoses.-An examination of 30 cases of affectivepsychosis showed either thyroid hyper-trophy or hyperthyroidism in 40 per cent.The authors were induced by these observa-tions to look for the presence of thethyrotropic pituitary hormone in the urine.In nine cases showing signs of thyroidhypertrophy the thyrotropic hormone wasfound in the urine of six cases. Twelvecases of mania with thyroid hypertrophywere examined for the melanophore-ex-panding hormone. Four cases gave posi-tive results. The reaction was negative inthe urine of two cases of confusional in-sanity and four cases of schizophrenia. Apositive melanophore reaction was observedin two castrates.

ARCHIVES DE NEUROLOGIE DE BUCAREST

Vol. 2. >Les Connaissances Actuelles sur l'Hysterie. (Present-

day conception of hysteria.) D. Paulian. 3.L'Hysterie et le Diencephale. (Hysteria and the

diencephalon.) A. Radovici. 9.Considerations sur le Mecanisme et le Traitement duMutisme Hysterique. (The mechanism and treat-ment of hysterical mutism.) A. Dimolesco. 15.

Quelques Remarques sur les Rapports de l'Hysterieet de la Schizophrenie. (Some observations onhysteria and schizophrenia.) H. Claude. 23.

Note sur le Mecanisme Psycho-Physiologique deCertains Das de Pythiatisme. (On the psycho-physiological mechanism in cases of Pythiatism.)Laignel-Lavastine. 30.

Vol. 2.Physiotherapie tlectrique des Paraplegies. (Electro-

physio-therapy of paraplegia.) D. Paulian and I.

Bistriceanu. 102.Les Variations de la Tension Arterielle dans l'Hemi-

pl6gie sous Influence de l'Effort Therapeutique.(Blood pressure in hemiplegia and the effect ofeffort.) E. Marinesco-Bojoio. 107.

Contributions a, l'Ptude du Corps Jaune et de sesIndications. (Contribution to the study of thecorpus luteum.) D. Paulian and E. Copcea. 113.

L'trotisme Delicteux de l'Homme d'Age MOr et

4o. 1

4o. 2

1938.Le Probleme de l'Hysterie et ses Dilemmes. (The

problem of hysteria.) J. Froment. 33.L'Hysterie et les Fonctions Diencephaliques. (P-tude

Neurologique.) (Hysteria and the functions of thediencephalon.) C. Vincent. 46.

L'Hysterie et le Pythiatisme Vus par un Psychiatre.(Hysteria and pythiatism as seen by a psychiatrist.)E. Gelma. 52.

Quelques Remarques sur la Position due Probleme del'Hysterie. (Some remarks on the problem ofhysteria.) H. Baruk. 69.

Le Probleme de l'Hysterie. (The problem ofhysteria.) A. Salmon. 77.

1938.Non Dement. (Criminal sexuality in the adultand mentally healthy man.) E. Gelma. 117.

tber die Bedeutung des diastolischen Blutdruckesfur die Beurteilung Hyperthyreosen. (Diastolicblood pressure in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.)K. Hitzenberger. 123.

Le R6le des Noyaux Hypothalamiques dans la ViePsycho-Affective. (The role of the hypothalamicnuclei in psycho-affector symptoms.) A. Salmon.132.

L'Hysterie au Point de Vue Biologique. (Biologicalviewpoint of hysteria.) V. M. Buscaino. 147.

ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

Vol. 38.*Meningiomas: Origin, Divergence in Structure andRelationship to Continuous Tissues in Light ofPhylogenesis and Ontogenesis of the Meninges,with Suggestion of a Simplified Classification ofMeningeal Neoplasms. J. H. Globus. 667.

*Pathologic Features of Multiple Sclerosis and AlliedConditions. G. B. Hassin. 713.

*A Proposed Mechanism of Emotion. J. W. Papez.725.

Mode of Onset of Epilepsy. J. L. Fetterman andV. R. Hall. 744.

No. 4. October 1937.*Sympathectomy in Man: Its Effect on the Electrical

Resistance of the Skin. C. P. Richter and M.Levine. 756.

*Association of Carotid Sinus Reflexes with Syncopeand Convulsions. A. S. Freedburg and Le R. H.Sloan. 761.

*Necrotizing Encephalitis simulating Tumor of theBrain Clinically and due to Necrotizing Angiitis.N. A. Levy. 775.

*Water Metabolism in Relation to Convulsions.T. T. Stone and H. Chor. 798.

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Meningiomas.-In a long and lavishlyillustrated paper the author discusses theorigin and diversity of structure of themeningioma in the light of the phylogenesisand ontogenesis of the meninges. A newsimplified classification of the meningiomasis offered. This is based on the identifica-tion of each variety with some dominantcell form and cell organization whichcharacterizes a stage in the development ofthe meninges. (R. M. S.)

Multiple Sclerosis and Allied Conditions.-According to Hassin the fundamentalfeature of multiple sclerosis is that thechanges are not confined to the plaques butare diffuse and scattered throughout theentire central nervous system; that is,even areas apparently normal exhibithistological changes. The nerve fibres areattacked primarily and directly, withoutthe intermediation of the blood vessels.(R. M. S.)

Mechanism of Emotion.-lt is suggestedthat the hypothalamus, the anteriorthalamic nuclei, the gyrus cinguli, thehippocampus, and their interconnectionsconstitute a harmonious mechanism whichmay elaborate the functions of centralemotion, as well as participate in emotionalexpression. (R. M. S.)

Sympathectomy in Man.-Cervical sym-pathectomy (removal of the stellate andfirst thoracic ganglia) in 10 patients con-sistently produced a large increase in theelectrical resistance of the skin of the palmsof the hands. Cervical sympathectomyproduced a smaller and less consistentincrease in the electrical resistance of theskin on the backs of the hands. Lumbarsympathectomy (removal of the second,third, and fourth lumbar ganglia) in twopatients produced similar changes in theresistance of the skin on the soles and thebacks of the feet. It was concluded that

Vol. 38. No. 5

*Sensory Functions of the Optic Thalamus of theMonkey (Mocacuus rhesus): Symptomatology andFunctional Localization investigated with theMethod of Local Strychninization. J. G. D. deBarenne and 0. Sager. 913.

*Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex Cerebri of CatsResponses Elicitable in Chronic Experimentsthrough Implanted Electrodes. S. L. Clark andJ. W. Ward. 927.

*Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia: Introductory Studyof Fifty Cases of Mental Deficiency associated withExcretion of Phenylpyruvic Acid. G. A. Jervis.944.

"Cold Pressor Test " in Tension and Anxiety: aCardiochronographic Study. B. V. White andE. F. Gildea. 964.

Curve of the Sugar Content of the Blood followingEncephalography: Comparison with the UsualCurve for Dextrose Tolerance. M. Scott. 985.

*Studies in Diseases of Muscle. I. Metabolism ofCreatine and Creatinine in Progressive Muscular

readings of the electrical resistance of theskin should be as useful for the study ofsympathetic disturbances in man as theyhave proved to be in monkeys and cats.This method has the advantage over othersin that it requires little time and can berepeated at frequent intervals, with littleinconvenience either to the patient or to theobserver. (R. M. S.)

Carotid Sinus Reflexes.-The authorsconsider that in a number of patients withattacks of weakness, vertigo, atypicalepilepsy, and vague epileptiform seizures,the carotid sinus reflex may be xtiologicallyresponsible. The diagnosis is based on therepeated induction of these attacks bypressure on the carotid sinus and theinability to produce them after procainiza-tion. If the carotid sinus is found to behyper-irritable in patients with the symp-toms described, local pathological con-ditions in the region of the carotid sinusshould be removed and denervation of thecarotid sinus should be considered.(R. M. S.)

Necrotizing Encephalitis.-A case ispresented of massive necrotizing encepha-litis simulating a tumour of the brain,which was due to widespread necrotizingangiitis of unknown aetiology. Cases ofunusual inflammatory vascular disease ofthe brain reported in the literature, particu-larly periarteritis nodosa and the " arteritis "of unknown etiology described by Harbitz,and their relationship to the present caseare discussed. (R. M. S.)

Water Metabolism in Relation to Con-vulsions.-From a study of 18 young adultepileptics who were subjected to hydrationand dehydration, the conclusion is reachedthat it remains to be proved whether arestriction of fluid intake can diminish orprevent the occurrence of convulsions.(R. M. S.)

. November 1937.Dystrophy. A. T. Milhorat and H. G. Wolff.992.

*Encephalomyelitis complicating Measles. N. Mala-mud. 1,025.

Sensory Functions of Optic Thalamus ofthe Monkey.-This paper is concerned withan investigation of the sensory functionsof the thalamus of the monkey by means ofthe method of local strychninization.(R. M. S.)

Electrical Stimulation of Cortex Cerebriof Cats. By a method of permanentlyimplanting electrodes on specific points ofthe cortex cerebri which allows recoveryfrom anxsthesia and the effects of operation,cortical points in cats were stimulated at

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intervals over long periods with and with-out anesthesia. The experiments demon-strate that the same response can be elicitedfrom the same cortical point from day today and argue against any marked in-stability of cortical points except under thetemporary influence of transient physio-logical states. The influence of ananesthetic on the response to repeatedstimulation of a cortical point appears tobe expressed by the depression or elimina-tion of the effects (of facilitation) onneighbouring cortical areas before thedepression or abolition of the responsefrom the point under the electrode. Thepicture is similar to that obtained in theresponses to successively weaker stimuliapplied to the same point. No evidence ofpain as a primary response to corticalstimulation was observed, though someevidence of sensory effects was found. Themethod allows the production of epilepti-form seizures at will in the " normal"animal. (R. M. S.)

Phenylpyruvic Oligophrenia.-A pre-liminary study of 50 cases of mentaldeficiency associated with excretion in theurine of phenylpyruvic acid enabled theauthor to exclude any relation of endo-genous agencies to the etiology of thedisease, whereas the family incidence ofthe disease suggests that a genetic mechan-ism is of etiological significance.

Vol. 38.*Epidemic Encephalitis: a Follow-Up Study of 266

Cases. W. L. Holt. 1,135.*Degeneration of the " Boutons Terminaux " in the

Spinal Cord. An Experimental Study. W. C.Gibson. 1, 145.

*Factors producing Lumbar Cerebrospinal FluidPressure in Man in the Erect Posture. T. vonStorch, E. A. Carmichael, and T. E. Banks.1,158.

Hypertensive Apoplexy and Its Causation. W. H.Chase. 1, 176.

*Facial Tic in relation to Injury of the Facial Nerve.An Experimental Study. H. A. Howe, S. S.Tower, and A. B. Duel. 1,190.

*Roentgenologic Study of Orientation of the PinealBody. I. Comparison of the Proportional and theGraphic Method in Absence ofTumor of the Brain.W. W. Fray. 1,199.

A Clinicopathologic Study of Astrocytomas. R. W.Waggoner and K. Lowenburg. 1,208.

*Changes in the Brain in Plexectomized Dogs, withComments on the Cerebrospinal Fluid. G. B.Hassin, E. Oldberg, and M. Tinsley. 1,224.

Entostoses within the Calvarium: Survey of Skullsin the Warren Museum of the Harvard UniversityMedical School. M. M. Canavan. 1,240.

*Arterial Supply of Lateral Parolivary Area of theMedulla Oblongata in Man. L. Alexander andT. H. Suh. 1,243.

*Oxygen Metabolism inSchizophrenia. K. G.Hoskins. 1,262.

Epidemic Encephalitis.-Of 78 patientsfirst seen in the acute stage at the BostonPsychopathic Hospital whose conditionwas diagnosed as epidemic encephalitis,11 5 per cent. are alive and without knownsequele after from 10 to 16 years. Theprognosis for lasting recovering appearsnot to be altered appreciably by the pro-

Statistical elaboration and critical analysisof the genetic figures afford justificationfor regarding the condition as determinedby a single recessive gene substitution.From a biochemical point of view thecondition appears to be an error of themetabolism of phenylalanine, consistingessentially of a failure to oxidize further anormal catabolite, phenylpyruvic acid,which consequently is excreted as such inthe urine. On what appear to be wholelyinadequate grounds the author considersthat extrapyramidal symptoms are acharacteristic component of the disease.(R. M. S.)

Diseases of Muscle.-The principal con-clusion from this study is that the creatineoutput and creatine tolerance would appearto be an expression of the total mass ofimproperly functioning muscle and not,per se, an index of the amount of wastedmuscle or the primary site of the disease.(R. M. S.)

Encephalomyelitis complicating Measles.-Two cases of encephalomyelitis compli-cating measles are reported, illustrating,respectively, the acute phase and the end-stage of the disorder. The condition isinterpreted as a true encephalitis. Thefundamental differences between measlesencephalitis and multiple sclerosis arediscussed. (R. M. S.)

No. 6. December 1937.minence of mental symptoms during theacute attack, for other authors haverecorded similar rates of recovery forpatients in general hospitals.Of 90 patients with sequele observed

again after from 10 to 17 years, 7-7 percent. are apparently recovered. For 72patients with sequelx who came underobservation more recently, but after alonger elapsed time since the acute attack,the rate of recovery is 1 4 per cent.Children with behaviour disorders con-stitute the only group with sequelx ofepidemic encephalitis in whom improve-ment may reasonably be expected.(R. M. S.)

Degeneration of Boutons Terminaux inSpinal Cord.-Boutons terminaux aregenerally believed to be the end processesof axons synapsing on the body anddendrites of a nerve cell. In this paperthe author presents pictorially observationsbased on a study at regular intervals ofsome stages of degenerating boutonsterminaux in the cat after section of thespinal cord. (R. M. S.)Lumbar S.C.F. Pressure in Man in Erect

Posture.-From observations made inpatients in the National Hospital it isconcluded that lumbar cerebrospinal fluidpressure in man, measured in the erect

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sitting position, is determined by theintradural venous pressure existing at thelumbar level. This venous pressure isconditioned by the hydrostatic effect of thecolumn of blood below the right auricle,the pressure existing within the rightauricle, and the rate of flow of the blood.Since the difference in pressure responsiblefor the rate of flow is very small, the lumbarvenous pressure is approximately equal tothe sum of the vertical distance between thepoint of puncture and the pressure in theright auricle. (R. M. S.)

Facial Tic in Injury of Facial Nerve.-Anatomical and physiological studies weremade on the facial muscles of 27 rhesusmonkeys in which facial paralysis andsubsequent recovery had taken place afterinterruption of the facial nerve. After anaverage of 44 days function began to returnin the paralysed muscles, and after from 52to 79 days purposeless tic-like movementsmade their appearance. These tics in-volved various portions of the facial muscu-lature and were synchronous with purpose-ful movements elsewhere in the facial field.From the demonstration, first, of aphenomenon similar to the axon reflex inthe regenerated facial field and, second, ofactual branching of axons at the site ofinjury, it was concluded that single re-generated axons had by branching come tosupply widely separated muscles and thatan irrevocable functional union had takenplace between muscles which do notnormally contract simultaneously. Thetics which follow injuries to the facialnerve in man are discussed in the light ofthese observations. (R. M. S.)

Roentgenologic Study of Orientation ofPineal Body.-The position of the pinealbody as revealed by roentgenology is ofimportance in the diagnosis of brain tumourand cerebral atrophy, and in this paper anaccount is given of a simple method oflocalization, which is based on strictproportionality of the measurements of the

anteroposterior and the vertical diameter ofthe skull. (R. M. S.)

Changes in Brain in Plexectomized Dogs.-Dandy's conclusion that the origin ofthe cerebrospinal fluid is largely, if notexclusively, in the choroid plexus ischallenged by Hassin and his co-workers,who have repeated his experimental workon animals. Using Dandy's techniquewith slight modifications, the choroid plexuswas removed from 30 dogs which wereallowed to live from 2 days to 8 months.The experimental evidence indicated thatcerebrospinal fluid forms in the ventriclesbut not from the choroid plexus. Itssource is the cerebral tissue fluids drainedby the ventricles through the connectingVirchow-Robin channels. (R. M. S.)

Arterial Supply of Lateral ParolivaryArea of Medulla Oblongata in Man.-Thelateral parolivary area of the humanmedulla oblongata is supplied in its anteriorthird (half or fourth) by the anterior arteryof the lateral parolivary fossa (a branch ofthe basilar artery). In its posterior two-thirds (half or three-fourths) it is suppliedby the posterior artery of the lateral paro-livary fossa (a branch from the posteriorinferior cerebellar artery), supplementedby one or two intermediate arteries of thelateral parolivarv fossa (branches from thevertebral artery).

In case of absence of either the anterioror the posterior artery of the lateral paro-livary fossa associated with rudimentarydevelopment of the intermediate artery orarteries, either the anterior or the posteriorartery of the lateral parolivary fossa suppliesthe entire lateral parolivary area. (R. M. S.)Oxygen Metabolism in Schizophrenia.-

Studies bearing on the problem of oxygenmetabolism in schizophrenia which havebeen carried out in the Worcester StateHospital during the last decade indicatethat defective oxygen metabolism is animportant feature in this psychosis.(R. M. S.)

ARCHIV FUR PSYCHIATRIE UND NERVENKRANKHEITEN

Vol. 107.*Uber die Indikation zur Insulinschockbehanidlung

der Schizophrenie. (The indication for treatmentby insulin in schizophrenia.) R. Lemke. 223

Die Frage der Schwangerschaftsunterbrechung beiGeisteskranken und psychisch Abnormen. (Th.-interruntion of pregnancy in mental disorders.)T. Stuppler. 240.

Familiare amyotrophische Lateralsklerose. (Familialamyotrophic lateral sclerosis.) G. Riutenik. 248.

*Beitrage zur Histopathologie der Paralysis agitans.(Histopathology of paralysis agitans.) A. Jubaand A. Szatmari. 265.

lDber optische Sinnestauschungen als epi!eptischesAquivalent bei traumatischer Schadigung desHinteihauptlappens. (Visual hallucinations as an

epileptic equivalent in injury of the occipital lobe.)A. Szatmari. 290.

No. 2. November 1937.*Ober vasomotorische Reaktionen und Warme-

regulation im katatonen Stupor. (Vasomotorreactions and heat regulation in catatonic stupor.)R. Jung and E. A. Carmichael. 300.

Uber die Pathogenese der Lyssa. (Pathogenesis ofrabies.) 1. Schiikri-Akscl. 339.

Jakob Haringer. Eine psychopathologische Unter-suchung uber die Lyrik. (Mit Hinweisen aufHermann Hesse und Max Herrmann.) (JakobHaringer. A psychopathological study on thelyric with reference to Hermann Hesse and MaxHerrmann.) R. Flinker. 347.

*62. Wanderversammlung der sudwestdeutschenNeurologen und Psychiater am 22. und 23. Mai1937 in Baden-Baden. (62nd meeting of South-West German neurologists and psychiatrists onMay 22--23, 1937, at Baden-Baden.) 400.

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*Cher eine FrOihform der Alzheimerschen Krankheit(28. bis 39. Lebensjahr) mit Olivenskierose undhochgradiger Atrophie der Stammganglien (termi-naler Chorea). (An early form of Alzheimer'sdisease (28 -39 years of age) with sclerosis of theolive and intensive atrophy of the basal gsnglia(terminal chorea).) H. Kufs. 431.

Insulin Treatment of Schizophrenia.-Report on 46 cases treated by the insulinmethod at the Jena clinic. The resultsfall considerably short of those reportedfrom Austria and Switzerland, but agreewith more recent experiences of Mauz andLehmann-Facius. Social remission wasreached only in 26 per cent. of the totalcases, of which 50 per cent. were not acute.There were four fatalities. After-historiesmade personally by the author on untreatedschizophrenics several years after thebeginning of the illness showed that 34 percent. had resumed work. The authorbelieves that insulin influences only thosecases which would improve without treat-ment, though the treatment appears toshorten the schizophrenic attack con-siderably. He advocates the use of theencephalogram in order to select cases fortreatment. Considerable enlargement ofthe sulci and the ventricles in the encephalo-gram precludes favourable results fromtreatment. (A. M.)

Histopathology of Paralysis Agitans.-Histological investigation of five cases.The globus pallidus is the predominant siteof the lesions, while striate body andsubstantia nigra are only slightly involved.Senile plaques and argentophil fibril changesare scarce and inconsistent in cortex andbasal ganglia. It is therefore doubtfulwhether the disease is to be regarded as a

Vol. 107. Nos. 3*Die Zentrale Haubenbahn und ihre Bedeutung furdas extrapyramidal-motorische System. (Centraltegmental tract and its significance in the extra-pyramidal system.) E. Weisschedel. 443.

Zur Frage des " personlichen Tempos" bei denDepressiven. (Personal tempo in depression.)F. Ferreira. 580.

Beitrage zum Problem der Entfremdungserlebn'ssebei Hirnkranken. (Problem of depersonalizationin brain disease.) E. Pappenheim. 590.

Zur Symptomatologie der Delirien bei occipito-parietalen Herden. (Symptomatology of deliriumin occIpito-parietal lesion.) A. Auersperg und A.Flach. 616.

Zur Anatomie und Patho-Phvsiologie des vorstehendbeschri-ebenen Falles. (Anatomy and Patho-physiology of the preceding case.) 0. Potzl. 636.

Zur Genese der haptischen Halluzinationen imVerlaufe von intoxikativen Psychosen. (Origin ofhaptic hallucinations in the course of toxicpsychoses. P. Buchler and J. Szepesi. 651.

Internistische Erfahrungen bei Durchfiihrung derMalaria- und Pyriferbehandlung. (Medical obser-vations in the course of malaria and pyrifer treat-ment.) H. Vock. 658.

*Ober die Cholinesterase inm Blut bei Myasthenie undMorbus Parkinson. (Cholinesterase in the bloodin myasthenia and Parkinson's disease.) E.Pichler. 669.Central Tegmental Tract.-Careful

historical review on all we know about thisT

JO URNALS 269

local manifestation of senility. Discussionof the various localizatory conceptions oftremor and acinetic syndrom. (A. M.)

Vasomotor Reactions in Catatonic Stupor.-In eight cases of catatonic stupor it isshown by means of finger plethysmography,thermoelectric registration of skin andrectal temperature and observation of theheat reaction that the inclination to peri-pheral vasoconstriction, coolness of theextremities, cyanosis, and oedema may beexplained by the immobility of the patient.There is no positive indication of any realabnormality of the peripheral and centralvegetative nervous system. This negativeresult, though it clarifies previous con-troversial statements, should not discreditthe belief in the organic nature of psychosis.(A. M.)The Meeting of the South-West German

Neurologists and Psychiatrists.-Manypapers deal with the influence of age on theappearance of mental and nervous disease.The paper of Schaltenbrand on the ageincidence of brain tumour, of Zillig ongeneral paralysis from the same viewpointmay be specially mentioned. Marchioninidealt with the disappearance of diastase insyphilitic spinal fluids, and he observedthe same phenomenon in extracts of cortextaken from G.P.I. brains. (A. M.)

Alzheimer Disease.-Histological descrip-tion of a case whose chief features arealready indicated in the above title. Dis-cussion of similar cases in the literature.Particular importance is attached to v.Braunmuehl's theory of ageing. (A. M.)

and 4. December 1937.tract. Personal investigation consists ofa complete myelin series and confirms theprevious observations that the main partof the tract originates in the i-ed nucleus,with a small remnant coming from theglobus pallidus. The previous name,thalamo-olivary tract, is therefore wrong.Besides the fibres going to the olive thereare definite connections with the substantiareticularis of the mid-brain, pons, andmedulla, from which centrifugal fibresoriginate to end probably in the spinalanterior horns. From the olive efferentextrapyramidal impulses are carried viaHellweg's bundle or the olivary-cerebellarconnections. The central tegmental tractis in man the most important descendingextra-pyramidal fibre system, while therubro-spinal tract is of minor significance.In contrast to the pyramidal, the extra-pyramidal pathway consists of shortinterrupted systems. This may signify thepossibility of substantial modification ofthe impulses while travelling to the pern-


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phery. The clinical significance of thecentral tegmental tract is but little under-stood at present. (A. M.)

Cholinesterase in Myasthenia and Parkin-son Disease.-Even the smallest amountsof prostigmin inhibit the esterase. In

Vol. 107.fiber Kleinhirnveranderungen bei multipler Skierose.

(Cerebellar changes in disseminated sclerosis.) W.Ammerbacher. 675.

*Histologischer Gehirnbefund nach Insulinkoma.(Histological findings in the brain after insulincoma.) F. Kobler. 688.

Pupillenstorungen bei Hirntumoren und ihre Bezie-hungen zu anderen Schadigungen des Sehorgans.(Pupil changes in brain tumours and their relationto other changes of the visual apparatus.) P.Demmler. 701.

Lidnystagmus nach doppelseitigen Kaltspuhlungender Ohren. (Nystagmus of the eyelid after bilateralaural stimulation by cold.) H. Brunner. 711.

Zur Klinik der sog. Arachnitis adhaesiva. (Clinicalsymptomatology of arachnitis adhxesiva.) G. E.Storring. 717.

*Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Kerne des Hypothalamusbei Saugetieren. (Study of the hypothalamicnuclei in mammals.) H. Koikegami. 742.

*Bemerkungen uber die Chloruro-Kristallisation desLiquors. (Remarks on the " Chloruro-Crystalliza-tion " in the cerebrospinal fluid.) H. Selzer.775.

Zur Psychopathologie des Zwischenhirns (Thalamusund Hypothalamus). (Psychopathology of thediencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus.) G. E.Storring. 786.

Histology of Insulin Death.-After a shortreview ofprevious cases the author describesa personal observation. Besides slightglial and mesodermal reaction, the mainfeature was a vacuolic degeneration of theganglion cell nuclei, particularly markedin the cornu ammonis and medulla. Thischange is interpreted as being caused by

myasthenia the content of esterase in theblood is diminished. In Parkinson'sdisease the content is normal, but increasedafter muscular activity in contrast to thefindings in normal persons and thoseafflicted with myasthenia. (A. M.)

No. 5. March 1938.direct toxic effect of insulin overdosageupon the cell nucleus. The possibility ofa vascular pathogenesis, however, is notentirely ruled out. (A. M.)Mammalian Hypothalamus.-Careful and

well-illustrated comparative anatomicalstudy carried out on representative speciesof lower and higher mammals. The mostimportant result is the repudiation ofGruenthal's statement that there is in theascending phylogenetic scale a decrease ofthe number of nuclei. According to theauthor, Gruenthal was misled by hisarbitrary separation of the nuclei. Inhigher mammals the supraoptic nucleusconsists of three instead of two parts asin lower species; the paraventricularnucleus of two instead of one. Nucleitubero-mammillaris and laterales tuberisare found only from the apes onwards, etc.The author tries to bring some orderinto the conflicting terminology withoutavoiding the creation of new names.(A. M.)

" Chloruro-Crystallization " in C.S.F.-This method advocated by Bergauer et aliaas a test for pathological spinal fluid has nodiagnostic significance according to theauthors. (A. M.)

BRAIN

Vol. 60.*Epilepsy: A Paroxysmal Cerebral Dysrhythmia.

F. A. Gibbs, E. L. Gibbs, and W. G. Lennox.377.

*Somatic Motor and Sensory Representation in theCerebral Cortex of Man as studied by ElectricalStimulation. W. Penfield and E. Boldry. 389.

*Compression of the Chiasma. Optic Nerves andOptic Tracts by Intracranial Aneurysms. G.Jefferson. 444.

*Observations on Dystrophic Myotonica. 0. Maas.498.

The Exogenous Cellular Content of the Neuro-hypophysis in Man under Pathological Conditions.H. J. Wade. 525.

*Hydrocephalic and Focal Cerebral Symptoms inRelation to Thrombophlebitis of the Dural Sinusesand Cerebral Veins. C. P. Symonds. 531.

Epilepsy.-Epilepsy is due to defectivecontrol of cerebral rhythm. During aseizure the potentials recorded by theelectro-encephalograph are of high voltageand of different frequency from the normal8 to 20 a second. In " grand mal " afrequency of 25 to 30 occurs, in psycho-motor attacks 3 or 4 a second, while in" petit mal " fast and slow waves alternate.

No. 4. December 1937.The last variety are also present duringsubclinical attacks, while the two formermay precede the seizures. The abnormalrhythms usually originate in the frontalarea, but not infrequently in the parietalor occipital areas. Epileptics tend to showa greater variability of rhythm than donormals and show an exaggeration of thenormal changes in rate. Phenobarbitaland bromides slow the rhythm and areindicated for " grand mal," but not forpsychic variants. Abnormal rhythms areincreased by insulin and decreased byglucose and CO2. Mental activity tends toinhibit " petit mal " rhythms. (J. D.)

Somatic and Sensory Representation.-The human cortex was stimulated over800 times at 163 operations on consciousindividuals and the sensory and motorphenomena elicited were recorded. Despitean individual variation the pre- and post-central gyri showed the generally accepted

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topography. In disagreement withFoerster, the motor area of the tongue wasplaced below the jaw. Stimulation justabove the lip area caused vocalization. Thetopography of the post-central gyrusaccurately followed that of the pre-centraland there was an overlap between the two,sensation being elicited from the pre-centralgyrus and movement from the post-central.Tingling and numbness were the com-monest sensations. Pain was only felt 11times. There was no localization of thequality of the sensation. Excluding epi-leptiform movements, which continue afterstimulation has ceased, no motor activityoccurred from stimulation of cortex otherthan that of the post- and pre-central gyri,and a small area just anterior to this foradversive eye movements. Any mass orturning movements due to stimulation of6a beta were epileptic in nature. Ipsilateralmovement or sensation did not occur, butbilateral movements and sensations oc-curred in the face and tongue. Therewas no evidence of a vasomotor centre onthe convexity of the hemispheres, andvisceral or emotional responses were rare.Secondary facilitation displaced the sensoryresponses as well as the motor. (J. D.)

Compression of the Chiasma.-From agroup of 53 cases of intracranial aneurysmthe author has selected 12 basal aneurysmswhich had affected the visual pathways.They have been roughly divided into fourgroups. In three cases the aneurysmaffected the optic radiation or the striatecortex by ischemia following thrombosis.Precise localization of the lesion was notpossible. In one group the optic tract wascompressed by an aneurysm of the posteriorcerebral artery. The optic nerves werecompressed in two cases, one of which wasverified as being due to an aneurysm of thesubclinoid internal carotid which filled themiddle fossa. The chiasma was compressedthree times by anterior cerebral aneurysmsand three times by those of the internalcarotid, the former acting from above andthe latter from below. In addition to these

Vol. 61. 1*Increased Spontaneous Activity produced inMonkeys by Brain Lesions. C. P. Richter. 1.

*Spontaneous Hematomyelia: a Short Review anda Report of Cases illustrating IntramedullaryAngioma and Syphilis of the Spinal Cord asPossible Causes. J. C. Richardson. 17.

*On Normal Discs in Patients with Chiasmal Lesions.A. A. McConnell and A. J. Mooney. 37.

*The Neurone as Studied by Micro-Incineration. L.Alexander. 52.

*The Origin of the Fall in the Pressure of the Cerebro-spinal Fluid after its Artificial Elevation by JugularOcclusion. T. H. B. Bedford. 62.

*Vascular Lesions in the Brain-Stem and OccipitalLobe occurring in Association with Brain Tumours.M. T. Moore and K. Stern. 70.

*Observations on the Pathways transmitting theSensation of Taste. H. G. Schwartz and G.Weddell. 99.

A Case of Primary Generalized Amyloid Disease with

chiasmal cases 71 were collected from theliterature and the field defects fully dis-cussed. The commonest were monocularcentral scotomata or blindness, alone orin association with temporal hemianopiain the contralateral eye, homonymous,hemianopia, and bitemporal hemianopia.Sudden fluctuations in vision were commonand the discs were usually atrophic. Severepain appearing abruptly and roughlycontemporaneous with disturbance ofvision is characteristic of aneurysms, butthey may closely mimic a benign tumour.X-ray demonstration of calcification in thewalls of the aneurysm, destruction of thesella, or widening of the sphenoidal fissureare useful aids in diagnosis, while angio-graphic demonstration is conclusive. Inmost instances carotid ligation is to berecommended. (J. D.)

Dystrophia Myotonica.- 158 members of57 families in which dystrophia myotonicaoccurred were examined. Only four werefound to be without suspicion of the disease.The material is analysed to show that it istransmitted by dominant inheritance andthat fraternal anticipation occurs. (J. D.)

Hydrocephalic and Focal Cerebral Symp-toms in Thrombophlebitis.-Five furthercases of otitic hydrocephalus are reported.Evidence is presented showing that thehydrocephalus is due to defect in the C.S.F.absorption mechanism and this has beenattributed to thrombosis of the superiorlongitudinal sinus. This conclusion isbased on the demonstration that thrombosiscan spread from the lateral sinus to thesuperior longitudinal sinus and thatthrombosis of the superior longitudinalsinus, not otitic in origin, can produce asimilar picture. Support for this view isalso found in the fact that of the reportedcases 65 per cent. were secondary to theright ear, and this corresponded fairly wellwith percentage in which the superiorlongitudinal sinus joins the right lateralsinus rather than the left. Several casesillustrative of the association of cerebralvenous and superior sinus thrombosis arealso reported. (J. D.)

No. 1. March 1938.Involvement of the Nerves. S. de Navasquez andH. A. Treble. 116.

Increased Spontaneous Activity in Monkeywith Brain Lesions.-Nineteen monkeyswere kept in special cages so designed thata record of the amount of movement couldbe obtained. A total of 46 cerebraloperations were performed. It was con-cluded that activity is definitely controlledthrough the prefrontal cortex, particularlyarea 9, and also through the striatum.Lesions of these structures produced anincrease in activity. (J. D.)

Spontaneous Haematomyelia.-Four cases

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of hxematomyelia are reported and twowere proven at autopsy to be complica-tions, one of syphilitic meningomyelitis andthe other of a developmental angioma.The term " spontaneous " is used to indicatethat the hemorrhage was the first indicationof the disease. Trauma is of little ietio-logical importance in this condition.(J. D.)Normal Discs in Chiasmal Lesions.-A

report of six cases of verified tumoursinvolving the chiasma unassociated withoptic atrophy. In most instances therewere marked field defects; five of the sixtumours lay behind the chiasma, suggestingthat the absence of atrophy may be ofdiagnostic import. It appears that pallorof the discs is due to involvement of theoptic nerves rather than the chiasma ortracts. (J. D.)The Neurone studied by Micro-Incinera-

tion.-Sections of various parts of thenervous system were incinerated at 6500 C.Ganglion cells contain rich deposits of heat-resistant mineral ashes in their nucleolusand Nissl bodies. The nucleus, axonehillock, and axis cylinder are almost freeof ash. The mineral ash content of thecerebellar and cerebral cortex is greaterthan that of the isocortex and basal gangliaand there are characteristic appearancescorresponding to various fields of thecerebral cortex. The mineral content ofthe cells is greater during development andapparently has some relationship to growthand metabolic activity. (J. D.)

Fall in Pressure of C.S.F. after JugularOcclusion.-It had previously been foundthat the C.S.F. pressure returned to itsoriginal level within an hour. Thisphenomenon was investigated, using amethod which permitted the C.S.F. pressureto be maintained at any desired level andwhich also permitted the measurement ofthe flow of fluid into or out of the sub-arachnoid space. When the pressure waskept at its high level after jugular occlusion

a continuous inflow was observed. Whenthe pressure was kept at the original levela rapid displacement of fluid occurred andsubsequently either a very slow outflow orno flow was observed. It was concludedthat the fall in C.S.F. pressure after jugularocclusion was due to increased absorptionin those venous sinuses least influenced bythe occlusion. (J. D.)

Vascular Lesions in Brain Stem andOccipital Lobe.-A clinical and patho-logical description of 14 cases of supra-tentorial tumour associated with distantvascular lesions. In five there was throm-bosis of one or both post-cerebral arteriesattributable to compression by the herniateduncus. In two of these and in the re-maining nine hemorrhages were found inthe mid-brain and pons. These are fataland result from an increase in systemicblood-pressure produced reflexly by suddenchanges in intracranial tension. A raisedsupratentorial pressure and herniation atthe tentorium which cause congestion inthe mid-brain act as predisposing causes.(J. D.)Pathways transmitting Taste.-It was

found in four cases that section of thetrigeminal root did not affect taste. Inthree cases section of the sensory root of thefifth nerve was followed by loss of tasteon the homolateral two-thirds of the tongue.Two of these had evidence of injury to thefacial nerve, but one was uncomplicatedexcept for section of the greater superficialpetrosal nerve. Three cases after excisionof the chordo tympani had homolateralloss of taste, while in two cases it waspreserved. It therefore appeared that thepathway for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue was subject to varia-tion. In some instances it was conveyedby the chorda tympani, otic -ganglion,internal sphenoidal nerve, and greatersuperficial petrosal nerve to the geniculateganglion, while in others by the chordatympani and facial nerve. (J. D.)

BULLETIN OF THE NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK

Vol. 6.*Migraine in Children and the Mechanism of the

Attack. H. A. Riley. 387.*The Sense of Smell. XVI. A Comparison of the

Results of Encephalography and Ventriculographyand of Quantitative Olfactory Tests for theLocalization of Supratentorial Tumors of theBrain. C. A. Elsberg. 403.

*The Value of Quantitative Visual Tests for theLocalization of Supratentorial Tumors of theBrain. A Preliminary Report. C. A. Elsberg andH. Spotnitz. 41 1.

*Are Vision and the Olfactory Sense governed by theSame Laws ? A Comparison of the Results ofQuantitative Functional Tests of Vision and of theSense of Smell and Its Significance. C. A. Elsbergand H. Spotnitz. 421.

*A Comparison of the Symptoms and Signs of

'o. 3. December 1937.Intracerebral and Extracerebral Tumors involvingthe Temporal Lobes. R. T. Collins. 430.

Ganglion Cell Tumors of the Central NervousSystem. A. Wolf and B. F. Morton. 453.

Encephalographic Appearance of an IntraventricularEpidermoid. C. G. Dyke and L. M. Davidoff.489.

*Thresholds of Vibratory Sensibility as determinedby the Pallesthesiometer. A Study of SixtyNormal Subjects. R. W. Laidlaw and M. A.Hamilton. 494.

Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis followingRespiratory Disease. C. Davison and S. Brock.504.

*Pathological Study of a Group of Cases sometimesreferred to as Polyneuritis. W. M. Honeyman.519.

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Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery ThrombosisJ. D. Spillane. 529.

*The Reactions of Patients to Encephalography. AnAnalysis of One Thousand Cases. S. S. Bohn.540.

*A Note on the Appearance of Meningioma in TissueCulture. A. Wolf and W. M. Honeynian. 569.

*Pyogenic Infections within the Vertebral Canal.M. M. Campbell. 574.

Migraine in Children.-Eight patientsunder the age of 13 with migraine wereobserved and the salient features of thedisease at this age are described. Currenttheories of the mechanism of the attackare discussed. (J. D.)

Sense of Smell.-Sixty-one supratentorialbrain tumours were investigated by ventri-culography and the author's olfactorytests. In 77 per cent. olfactory tests weresufficiently positive to indicate the side ofthe lesion and in 80 per cent. of these thetests gave adequate information as to theregion to be exposed at operation. (J. D.)

Visual Adaptation Tests in Brain Tumours.-A preliminary report on the value ofdark adaptation tests in the localization ofbrain tumours. In 19 verified cases thevisual tests gave adequate information asto the side of the lesion and as to whetheror not it involved the frontal lobe in80 to 90 per cent. The test is based on aprevious demonstration that dark adapta-tion is mainly a central process. It isdefective in the eye opposite to the side ofthe lesion. Lesions of the frontal lobecause an inversion of the adaptation timesto continuous and flickering light. (J. D.)

Comparison of Vision and Olfaction.-The formule expressing olfactory fatigueand visual adaptation are compared andshown to be the same. As similar lawsgovern both it is probable that they aredependent on a cerebral mechanism.(J. D.)

Intra- and Extra-Cerebral TemporalTumours.-The symptoms and signs of 108neoplasms affecting the temporal lobeshave been investigated; 74 were intra-cerebral, while 34 were extra-cerebral.Only 50 per cent. of cases had symptomsdefinitely referable to dysfunction of thetemporal lobe. Contralateral motor andsensory disturbances and visual field defectswere the most important localizing signs.A comparison of the extra- and intracerebralneoplasms showed that the former have alonger course and a greater incidence ofauditory disturbances and mental aber-

rations. Trigeminal neuralgia occurredonly in this group. The intracerebralneoplasms caused more field defects andmore marked contralateral motor andsensory signs. Drowsiness and stuporwere confined to this group. (J. D.)

Vibration Sense.-The amplitudethreshold of vibration sense was investigatedon different regions of the body and theresults on a group of young normal subjectscompared to those on older subjects. Thefinger-tips were uniformly the most sensi-

tive areas, while areas of obesity raised thethreshold. Marked variations in thresholdwere found on adjacent spots and thethreshold was increased with age, especiallyin the lower part of the body. (J. D.)

Pathological Study of Cases calledPolyneuritis.-Four cases of severe poly-neuritis showing mainly motor disturbanceswere investigated clinically and at post-mortem. No significant pathological ab-normality was discovered. (J. D.)

Reactions to Encephalography.-The re-actions following encephalography in 1,000consecutive cases are reported. Atropineis recommended as a preoperative drug,while morphine is contra-indicated. Thesymptoms and their duration are enumer-ated. Two fatalities occurred and bothpatients had brain tumours. Failure of theventricles to fill occurred in 10 per cent.,but the percentage was much higher in thegroup with brain tumours and in thosecases where a general anxesthetic was used.(J. D.)Meningioma in Tissue Culture. Frag-

ments of four meningiomas were cultured.Three of these showed typical mesodermalelements, while the fourth showed a rapidgrowth of solid columns of cells whichwere probably of arachnoidal origin.(J. D.)

Pyogenic Infections of Vertebral Canal.-A brief review of the literature, togetherwith a report of eight cases of purulentinfection of the extra-dural space. Thecases are characterized by pyrexia, localtenderness, root pains, and signs referableto dysfunction of the spinal cord, especiallysphincter disturbances. The mode ofspread may be either hematogenous or

direct through the intervertebral canals.Laminectomy should be performed as an

emergency measure to allow drainage.(J. D.)

L'ENCEPHALE

Vol. 32.Un Cas de Dystrophie Interrn6daire entre le Syndrome

d'Apert et celui de Hurier.A Case of Dystrophy Intermiiediate between the Syn-drome of Apert and that of Hurier. G. Muyle andL. van Bogaert. 169.

No. 4. November 1937.De Quelques Psychoses Schizophreniformes dans

1' Enfance.Schizophrenic Psychosis in Children. Dr. Langfeld.

183.

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JOURNAL OF ANATOMY

Vol. 72.*Meninges and Cerebro-Spinal Fluid. L. H. Weed.

181.*The Exogenous Cellular Content of the Neuro-hypophysis in Man under Normal Conditions.H. J. Wade. 216.

A Technique for Operations in the Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Region of the Rabbit. G. W.Harris and G. T. Popa. 226.

Further Remarks on the Terminations of Nerves inHuman Teeth. 0. W. Tiegs. 234.

The Development of the Pais Membranacea Septiin the Human Heart. P. M. B. Rodgers. 247.

The Early Stages of Replacement of the SemilunarCartilages of the Knee-joint in Rabbits afterOperative Excision. R. Walmsley and J. Bruce.260.

The Effects of Prolonged Vestrogeneric Stimulation.on the Prostrate of the Rhesus Monkey. S.Zuckerman. 264.

The Effects of Male Hormone on a Mature CastratedRhesus Monkey. S. Zuckerman and A. S.Parkes. 277.

Vol. 72.The Primitive Form of Epiphysis in the Long Bones

of Tetrapods. R. W. Haines. 323.A Study of Spinal Cord Development in Silver-

Stained Sheep. L. G. Scharpenberg and W. F.Windle. 344.

Observations on the Cervix Uteri and the Urethra ofMonkeys. O. C. Sandys and C. Zuckerman. 352.

Some Observations on the Fcetal Vessels of theHuman Placenta, with an Account of the CorrosionTechnique. P. Bacsich and C. F. V. Smout. 358.

The Development of the Supra-Umbilical Portionof the Anterior Abdominal Wall. G. M. Wyburn.365.

The Investigation of Cell Size with Special Referenceto the Human Lymphocyte. D. Mainland andB. K. Coady. 374.

-4o. 2. January 1938.An Outline of Elliot Smith's Contributions to

Neurology. H. H. Woollard. 280.Two Skulls with Absence of the Premaxilla. D. E.

Derry. 295.Anomalous Heart. G. I. Boyd. 299.The External Characters of a Second Australian

Fsetus. F. Wood-Jones. 301.

Meninges and C.S.F.-This article is toolong to abstract, but should be read by allinterested in the C.S.F. (E. A. C.)Exogenous Cellular Content of Neuro-

hypophysis.-A study has been made of75 pituitary glands. It has been foundthat there are more basophil cells in themale than in the female gland. Theinvasion by basophil cells may reachconsiderable proportions in perfectly healthysubjects. (E. A. C.)

No. 3. April 1938.Lymphatics of the Skin, with a Note on Lympathic

Watershed Areas. G. Forbes. 399.The Cervical Vertebra of the Australian Native. F.

Wood-Jones. 411.The Course of the Incisor Branch of the Inferior

Dental Nerve in Rodents and Some Observationson the Nerve Supply of the Pulp. E. Ridehalghand D. Stewart. 416.

Abnormal Development of the Brain in the 8-mm.Pig Embryo. J. S. Baxter and J. D. Boyd. 422.

The Morphology and Permeability of the Roof of theFourth Ventricle in Some Mammalian Embryos.H. Cohen and S. Davies. 430.

A Rare Malformation of the Hand. R. S. Stacey.456.

The Preputial Glands of British Muridee. L. H.Jackson. 458.

JOURNAL BELGE DE NEUROLOGIE ET DE PSYCHIATRIE

Vol. 37. No.Paralysie Bulbaire chez une Tabetique. (Bulbar

paralysis in a tabetic.) P. Divry and P. Houyez.619.

Signification Diagnostique de la Ventriculographiepour la Tumeur du Corps Calleux. (Diagnosticsignificance of ventriculography in tumour of thecorpus callosum.) T. de Lehoczky. 625.

Vol. 37. NIntroduction au Probleme de l'Encephalite Vaccinale.

(Introduction to the problem of post-vaccinalencephalitis.) L. van Bogaert. 675.

L'Encephalite Post-Vaccinale aux Pays-Bas. (Post-vaccinal encephalitis in the Pays-Bas.) F. S. van

Bouwdijk-Bastiaanse. 685.

Encephalite Post-Vaccinale Mortelle. Demonstra-tion Anatomique. (Fatal post-vaccinal encepha-

Vol. 37. N*Tumeur Cerebrale Parvicellulaire se Propageantdans l'Espace de Virchow-Robin. (Small-celledcerebral tumour propagating in the Virchow-Robinspaces.) J. Mage and H. J. Scherer. 731.

La Paralysie Agitante A Caractere Hereditaire etFamilial. (Heredo-familial paralysis agitans.)R. Dellaert, R. Hyssen, and L. van Bogaert. 747.

10. October 1937.Contribution au Syndrome Polyradiculonevritique de

Guillain-Barre. (Contribution to the polyneuriticsyndrome of Guillain-Barre.) L. Laruelle andL. Massion-Verniory. 635.

Le Traitement Convulsivant de la Demence Precoce.(The convulsive treatment of dementia pracox.)A. Leroy. 646.

40. 11l1. November 1937.litis. Pathological demonstration.) E. Kokken.696.

Un Cas de Myelite Transverse Post-Vaccinale.Guerison. Presentation du Malade. (A case ofpost-vaccinal transverse myelitis with recovery.)J. Mage. 703.

Considerations Cliniques sur l'Encephalite Post-Vaccinale Infantile. Deux Cas Personnels. (Dis-cussion of clinical features of post-vaccinalencephalitis in children.) M. Meunier. 706.

[o. 12. December 1937.Reactions Vestibulaires Anormales Observees au

Cours de Lesions Intramedullaires Cervicales etCervico-Dorsales en Evolution. (Abnormal vesti-bular reactions observed in the course of cervicaland cervico-dorsal intramedullary lesions.) J.Helsmoortel and L. van Bogaert. 752.

Dystrophies Cutanees Multiples a Caractere Heredi-

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taire, Polynevrite et Troubles Mentaux. (Multiplecutaneous lesions of hereditary character withpolyneuritis and mental disorder.) H. Baonville,J. Ley, and J. Titeca. 760.

Neurinome de l'Acoustique avec SymptomatologieVestibulaire Anormale. (Acoustic neuroma withabnormal symptomatology.) F. Crabbe. 768.

Small-celled Tumour in PerivascularSpaces.-Mage and Scherer describe atumour affecting the basal ganglia on oneside in a man of 50 years, with widedispersion in the perivascular spaces,

Vol. 38.*La " Glioblastome en Plaques." (On multiple

patches of glioblastoma.) H. J. Scherer. 1.L'Influence des Excitations Algiques sur la Tension

Arterielle chez les Paralytiques Generaux. (Theeffect of painful stimulation on the blood pressureof general paralytics.) R. Nyssen, R. Busschaert,and L. Asaert. 18.

Sur les Indications de la Therapeutique Convulsivante.(On the indications for convulsant therapy.) P.Verstraeten. 28.

Un Cas de Saturnisme Chronique Tardif, Suite deBlessures de Guerre (Fragments de Grenade) ayantsimule, successivement, une Sclerose en Plaques,puis une Polynevrite avec Ulc&e Peptique. (Acase of chronic lead poisoning following warwounds from grenade fragments, having simulatedsuccessively disseminated sclerosis, then poly-neuritis with gastric ulcer.) E. de Savitsch. 32.

Le Traitement de la Sitiophobie par le Na-Cl Hyper-

Vol. 38.*The Anatomical Basis of the Thalamic Syndromes.A. E. Walker. 69.

Un Syndrome d'Ataxie Cerebelleuse Progressive avecOligophrenie chez Deux Jeunes Israelites Polonais.(A syndrome of progressive cerebellar ataxia witholhgophrenia in two young Polish Jews.) M.Maere and G. Muyle. 96.

*Le Probleme de la Localisation et des AtaxiesCorticales. (The problem of the localization ofcortical ataxias.) M. A. Gerebtzoff. 108.

Syndrome du Trou Occipital par AbcEs du LobeFrontal. (Syndrome of the foramen magnum.produced by frontal abscess.) L. Laruelle and L.Massion-Verniory. 133.

Vol. 38.*Essai sur un Groupe Epid6mique de Cas de Poly-

radiculonevrite avec Dissociation Albumino-Cytologique du Liquide Cephalo-Rachidien (Typede Guillain et Barr6), chez l'Enfant et chez l'Adulte.(Discussion of an epidemic group of cases of in-fective polyneuritis with albumino-cytologicaldissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid (Guillain-Barre syndrome) in the child and in the adult.)L. van Bogaert, F. Philips, J. and M. A. Rader-maker, and T. Verschraegen. 151.

Un Cas de Polyradiculonevrite avec DissociationAlbumino-Cytologique et Oedeme de la Papille.(A case of infective polyneuritis with albumino-cytological dissociation and {edema of the papilla.)P. van Gehuchten. 212.

Diplegie Faciale Curable. (Curable facial diplegia.), P. Martin and J. Titeca. 217.A propos d'un Cas Anormal de Poliomyelite

Anterieure Aigue chez une Enfant. (An abnormalcase of acute anterior poliomyelitis in a child.)Prof. Dereux. 228.

Quelques Remarques sur l'ttiologie de la Maladie deGulilain-Barre. (Some remarks on the xtiology ofthe Guillain-Barre syndrome.) A. Biemond. 231.

Syndrome de Guillain et Barre et Varicelle chez un

Enfant. (Guillain-Barre syndrome and chicken-pox in a child.) Clement and Ketelbant. 240.

though the meninges are only slightlyinvaded. It is concluded that the tumouris primary, and of a characteristic type ofwhich three earlier cases have appeared inthe literature, all with identical situation,histology, and clinical features (profoundmental changes, change in character, finallya rapidly progressive hemiplegia withsensory change). The histogenesis of thesmall cells is undetermined. (D. D.-B.)

No. 1. January 1938.tonique et le Scopochloralose. (The treatment ofnegativism by hypertonic saline and chloralose-scopolamine.) T. Rubbens and F. Wallez. 39.

Gliablastoma.-Scherer describes thepathology of a case of multiple sharplydelineated patches of gliablastoma in thebrain stem and cerebral white matter. Thepatches resemble an inflammatory de-myelinating lesion and in places frankgliablastoma with a tendency to grow inconcentric bands. A neoplastic changesupervening on a disseminate inflammatorylesion is the explanation that is favoured.(D. D.-B.)

No. 2

No. 3

February 1938.Thalamic Syndromes.-Walker has

written an excellent summary in Englishof his work on the constitution of thethalamic nuclei and their relationship withspinal, cerebellar, and cortical projectionsystems. The disorders resulting fromdamage to different parts of the thalamusare discussed in relation to this recentwork. (D. D.-B.)

Cortical Ataxias.-An anatomical dis-cussion of the cerebello-preparietal pro-jection. (D. D.-B.)

March 1938.Polyneuritis.-Van Bogaert and his col-

laborators conclude that the affectiondescribed in 1916 by Guillain and Barre canbe considered as a morbid entity, probablyof infectious origin. An acute poly-radi-culitis with rise of protein in the C.S.F.without increase in cells has a very favour-able prognosis, though some cases occasion-ally came to autopsy. The dissociationbetween increase of albumen and of cellsin the C.S.F. is seen in less degrees inother more chronic types of neuritis, andeven alcoholic neuritis in slight degree.Cases of polyneuritis without dissociationmay also have a favourable course. Never-theless, it is worth while maintaining theclinical distinction ofthe complete syndromeof Guillain and Barre. Dr. Biemond notesoccasional mild pleocytosis in associationwith the condition. (D. D.-B.)

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JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

November 1937.The Bisulphite Binding Power of the Blood in Healthand in Disease, with Special Reference to VitaminB1 Deficiency. F. H. L. Taylor, S. Weiss, andR. W. Wilkins. 833.

The Estimation of the Subcutaneous Tissue Pressureby a Direct Method. G. S. Burch and W. A.Sodeman. 845.

Clinical Studies of the Blood Volume. I1I. Changesin Blood Volume, Venous Pressure, and BloodVelocity Rate in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure.J. G. Gibson and W. A. Evans, Jr. 851.

The Measurement of Glomerular Filtration, Creati-nine, Sucrose, and Urea Clearances in Subjectswithout Renal Disease. A. W. Winkler and J.Parra. 859.

The Measurement of Glomerular Filtration. TheCreatinine, Sucrose, and Urea Clearances inSubjects with Renal Disease. A. W. Winkler andJ. Parra. 869.

Vol. 17. No. IChloride Depletion in Conditions other than Addi-

son's Disease. A. W. Winkler and 0. F. Crank-shaw. 1.

The Effects on the Cardiovascular System of Fluidsadministered intravenously in Man. I. Studies ofthe Amount and Duration of Changes in BloodVolume. D. R. Gilligan, M. D. Altschule, andM. C. Volk. 7.

Studies of Gonococcal Infection.III. A Comparison of the Bactericidal Properties

of the Synovial Fluid and Blood in GonococcalArthritis. W. W. Spink and K. S. Keefer. 17.

IV. The Effect of Mucin on the BacteriolyticPower of Whole Blood and Immune SerumK. S. Keefer and W. W. Spink. 23.

The Renal Excretion of Endogenous Creatinine inMan. Comparison with Exogenous Creatinineand Insulin. B. F. Miller and A. W. Winkler.31.

The Effect of Epinephrin in Circulatory Collapseinduced by Sodium Nitrite. R. W. Wilkins, S.Weiss, and F. W. Haynes. 41.

The Neutralization of Encephalitis Virus (St. Louis,1933) by Serum. R. S. Muckenfuss, J. E. Smadel,and E. Moore. 53.

Respiratory Properties of the Arterial Blood inNormal Man and in Patients with Disease of theLiver. Position of the Oxygen DissociationCurve. A. Keys and A. M. Snell. 59.

Observations on the Renal Threshold for Ascorbic

A Convenient Method for the Determination of theApproximate Cardiac Output in Man. J. S.Donal, Jr. 879.

Chronic Pyelonephritis and Arterial Hypertension.A. M. Butler. 889.

Allergy and Desensitization in Tuberculosis. H. S.Willis and C. E. Woodruff. 899.

Relation of Serum Calcium to Serum Albumen andGlobulins. A. B. Gutman and E. B. Gutman.903.

Studies in Serum Proteins. I. Identification of aSingle Serum Globulin by Immunological Means.Its Distribution in the Sera of Normal Individualsand of Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver and withChronic Glomerulonephritis. F. E. Kendall.921.

A Quantitative Study of the Oxidation of Glucose inNormal and Diabetic Men. J. M. Sheldon,M. W. Johnston, and L. H. Newburgh. 933.

January 1938.Acid in Man. J. M. Faulkner and F. H. L.Taylor. 69.

The Distribution of Body Water and Electrolytesin Adrenal Insufficiency. H. E. Harrison andD. C. Darrow. 77.

*The Effect of Hyperthermia on the Distribution ofWater and Electrolytes in Brain, Muscle, and Liver.H. Yannet and D. C. Darrow. 87.

The Metabolism of Blood Pigments in PerniciousAnemia. K. Dobriner and C. P. Rhoads. 95.

The Excretion of Caproporphyrin I. followingHtemorrhage in Dogs. K. Dobriner and C. P.Rhoads. 105.

The Influence of Epinephrine on the Digital Arteriolesof Man. A Study of the Vasoconstrictor Effects.T. J. Fatherree and E. V. Allen. 109.

Effect of Hyperthermia on the Brain.Hyperthermia was shown to redistributethe water in brain from the cells to theextracellular fluid, without any change inthe total water content, together withconcentrations of K, P, and N within thecells. These changes occurred whetherconvulsions did or did not take place.(J. N. C.)

Vol. 17.Urea Excretion at Low Urine Volumes. The Calcu-

lation of " Minimal " Urea Clearances. L. C.Chesley. 119.

The Excretion of Porphyrin in Refractory andAplastic Anemia. K. Dobriner, C. P. Rhoads,and L. E. Hummel. 125.

The Effect of Artificial Fever and Specific Antiserumon the Organisms Present in Cases of Type IIIPneumococcus Meningitis. M. F. Shaffer, J. F.Enders, and J. Wilson. 133.

The Flow of Blood m the Coronary Artery inPathological Hearts. W. B. Kountz and J. R.Smith. 147.

Clinical Studies of the Blood Volume. IV. Adapta-tion of the Method to the Photoelectric Micro-colorimeter. J. G. Gibson and K. A. Evelyn.153.

Alkaline Tides. G. D. Barnett and F. E. Blume.159.

A Note on the State of Calcium in High ProteinSerum. H. I. Chu and A. B. Hastings. 167.

No. 2. March 1938.*Ascorbic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid. M. Pijoan,

L. Alexander, and A. Wilson. 169.The Concentration of Glucosamine in Normal and

Pathological Sera. R. West and D. H. Clarke,with the technical assistance of E. M. Kennedy.173.

A Study of the Blood Iodine in Childhood. G. J.Fashena. 179.

The Effects of Pressor Drugs and of Saline KidneyExtracts in Blood Pressure and Skin Temperature.E. M. Landis, H. Montgomery, and D. Sparkman.189.

Ascorbic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid.A reasonably accurate method for the assayof ascorbic acid in cerebrospinal fluid isdescribed; the quantities found werealmost identical with those occurring inblood plasma. (J. N. C.)

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JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY

Vol. 67. No. 3. October 1937.

*Sensory Nerve Endings on the Smooth Muscle ofthe Urinary Bladder. F. Kleyntjens and 0. R.Langworthy. 367.

Development of the Brain of Amblystoma in EarlyFunctional Stages. C. J. Herrick. 381.

*Thymonucleic Acid in Purkinje Cells. Y. T. Loo.423.

*The Relative Vascularity of Various Parts of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous System of the Catand its Relation to Function. H. S. Dunning andH. G. Wolff. 433.

*The Superior Colliculus in Vision. E. E. Ghiselli.451.

*Cell Fiber Ratios in the Vagus Nerve. R. L. Jones.469.

*The Ratio of Myelinated to Unmyelinated Fibers inRegenerated Sciatic Nerves of Macacu.s Rhesus.H. A. Davenport, H. Chor, and R. E. Dolkart483.

*Development of the Spinal Reflex Mechanism inHuman Embryos. W. F. Windle and J. E. Fitz-Gerald. 493.

Sensory Nerve-Endings in Smooth Muscleof Urinary Bladder. Medullated fibresleaving the spinal cord with the posteriorsacral roots were found to end in arboriza-tions upon the smooth muscle of the cat'sbladder. Non-medullated fibres appear tohave a part in the formation of theseendings. These are believed to form theanatomical basis for the stretch reflex.Many simple motor nerve-endings wereseen. (J. D.)

Thymonucleic Acid in Purkinje Cells.-Using Feulgen's stain the distribution ofthymonucleic acid was studied in thePurkinje cells of rats of different ages.With increasing age the amount diminishedin the nucleus, appearing at the same timein the cytoplasm, and then further dimin-ishing in both as senile dissolution set in.The early stages of this progressive changeare attributed to overgrowth of the cyto-plasm in highly differentiated cells. (J. D.)

Vascularity of Nervous System of Cats.-The vascularity of different parts of thenervous system were determined histologic-ally. A comparison of (1) the trigeminalganglion, which has no terminal arboriza-tion and many cells; (2) the white matterof the hemisphere, which consists of axons;and (3) the superior cervical sympatheticganglion, which contains cells and manysynapses, showed that the vascularity wasproportional to the number of synapses.This was confirmed by observations ondifferent layers of the parietal cortex. Itwas concluded that this arrangement was

Vol. 68. No. 1

A Study of the Surface Structure of the Brain of theWhale. (Ba/laeioptera phi soh/.s and Ph.setercatodoti.) F. A. Ries and R. Langworthy. 1.

The Lateral-Line System of the Teleost Flioidulushcteroclitus. M. Denny. 49.

*Pericellular End-Bulbs in the Central Neivous

necessary to permit a sufficient rate ofoxidation in the very fine strands of theneurophil which have a great neural surfacearea. (J. D.)

Superior Colliculus in Vision.-Lesionsof the superior colliculus in rats producedno loss in retention of either discriminationor change in visual acuity or brightnessthreshold. It was concluded that thesuperior colliculus alone did not mediatedetail and brightness discrimination habits,but it was not yet possible to say if it coulddo so in the absence of the geniculostriatecomplex. (J. D.)

Cell Fibre Ratios in Vagus Nerve.-Thenumber of fibres in the vagus nerve of thecat was measured proximal and distal tothe nodose ganglion and the number ofcells in the ganglion counted. The numberof fibres in the proximal section was similarto the number of cells, but the distal trunkcontained 17 per cent. more fibres. Noevidence of branching or of synapses wasfound in the ganglion, all the cells beingunipolar. It appeared, therefore, that thegreat majority of the fibres in the cervicalvagus were processes of nodose ganglioncells, and that some of these cells weremotor in function. (J. D.)

Fibre Ratios in Regenerated SciaticNerves.-The sciatic nerves of eightmonkeys were studied six months afterunilateral section and resuture of the sciaticnerves. The ratio of myelinated to un-myelinated fibres was more variable in theregenerated nerves and about four-fifths ofthe total number of fibres was restored.The maturity of the myelin sheaths variedgreatly from nerve to nerve and fromplace to place in the same nerve. (J. D.)

Spinal Reflex Mechanism in HumanEmbryos.-Twenty-seven human embryos5 to 8 weeks old were studied. The primarymotor, primary sensory, and secondaryneurons were present in the youngestspecimens and the basic elements for aspinal reflex were present at 6 weeks.However, muscle development, centralintegrating mechanisms, and peripheralmotor and sensory endings do not reach afunctional stage until the eighth week.(J. D.)

December 1937.

System of Vertebrates. G. S. Phalen and H. A.Davenport. 67.

Further Experimental Studies of the Developnment ofLateral-Line Sense Organs in Amphibiains observedin Living Preparations. L. S. Stonie. 83.

The Structure of the Vertebrate Synapse. A Study

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of the Axon Endings on Mauthner's Cell andNeighbouring Centers in the Goldfish. D.Bodian. 117.

The Nervous System of Dolichoglossus Koualevskyi.W. N. Hess. 161.

Pericellular End-Bulbs.-Marked varia-tion in size and number of the end-bulbs

Vol. 68. TThe Relative Influence of the Locus and Mass of

Destruction upon the Control of Handedness bythe Cerebral Cortex. G. M. Peterson and L. C.Fracarol. 173.

Localization in the Oculomotor Nuclei of the Gold-fish. Z. Hadidian and M. S. Dunn. 191.

Development of the Cerebrum of Amblystoma duringEarly Swimming Stages. C. J. Herrick. 203.

*The Spinal Accessory Nerve in Human Embryos.A. A. Pearson. 243.

*Fiber and Cellular Degeneration following TemporalLobectomy in the Monkey. R. W. Rundles andJ. W. Papez. 267.

Spinal Accessory Nerve.-Seven humanembryos 7 to 12 weeks of age wereexamined. The spinal accessory portionof the Xlth nerve was found to originatein a group of cells in the ventral horn ofthe cervical cord down to C6. Some of thefibres emerge directly, while others have ashort ascending intramedullary course.Ganglia were found along the nerve andafferent fibres entering the spinal cordturned dorsally into the posterior funiculus.

was found in different mammals and indifferent parts of the central nervous system.This variation suggested that their degenera-tion was not a suitable index for locatingsynaptic connections unless the degeneratedtract was massive. (J. D.)

4o. 2. February 1938.Other afferent fibres entered with C1.(J. D.)Temporal Lobectomy in the Monkey.-

The brains of two monkeys were examined7 and 26 months after bilateral temporallobectomy. Commissural connections be-tween the two lobes run in the corpuscallosum and anterior commissure. Themedial geniculate nucleus sends fibres tothe cortex lying in the lower wall of thesylvian fissures, the parageniculate fibreslying more caudal. No direct connectionexists between the pulvinar and temporalcortex, but the ventral nucleus of thethalamus is connected by corticofugal andcorticopetal fibres with the subcentral andlower postcentral gyri. There is notemporal cortical projection tract to thepons. The degeneration in the striatecortex following interruption of the opticradiation is described and also certainconnections of the tail of the caudatenucleus and putamen. (J. D.)

JOURNAL OF MENTAL SCIENCE

Vol. 84. NiThe Eighteenth Maudsley Lecture: Science and

Psychiatry. F. Golla. 4.*Huntington's Chorea: A Study of Thirty-Four

Families. L. Minski and E. Guttmann. 21.On Some Problems of Histological Diagnosis and

Interpretation of Circulatory Disturbances in theBrain. A. Meyer. 97.

Schizophrenia-like Psychoses in Young Children.R. A. Q. Lay. 105.

The Control of Dysentery by Prophylactic Inocula-tion. K. C. L. Paddle. 134.

Insulin Treatment of Schizophrenia.I. Recent Advances in Insulin Treatment. H. P.

Strecker. 146.II. Hypoglycaemic Treatment of Schizophrenia:Some Impressions. A. A. W. Petrie. 156.

Insulin Therapy A Review, with Special Reference

lo. 348. January 1938.to the Mechanism of Cure. R. Freudenberg.165.

Somnifaine Narcosis Results of 40 Treatments in38 Cases. J. Kearney. 177.

Some Developments, Legal and Administrative, inMental Treatment. R. H. Curtis. 183.

Responsibility in Mental Disorder, with SpecialReference to Algolagnia. W. N. East. 203.

Huntington's Chorea.-Thirty-four fami-lies have been studied. The members wereexamined for minor anomalies on both thepsychological and neurological sides. Theresults were analysed. It is intended toamplify this report at a later date. (E.A.C.)

JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE

Vol. 86.*Malignant Tumors of the Nasopharynx. W.Needles. 373.

Comparative Intelligence Ratings in the Four Typesof Dementia Prsecox. C. E. Trapp and E. B.James. 399.

Hypnosis : a Rational Form of Psychotherapy in theTreatment of the Psychoneuroses. J. L. McCart-ney. 405.

Spontaneous Intraspinal Subarachnoid Hxmorrhage.H. B. Slavin. 425.

*The NatuIre of Tolerance to Ethyl Alcohol. H.Newmarn and J. Card. 428.

No. 4. October 1937.Malignant Tumours of Nasopharynx.-

Thirty-five cases of nasopharyngeal malig-nancy are reported, together with a reviewof the literature. Stress is laid on theabsence of local signs and the early involve-ment of the cervical glands and Eustachiantube. The growth may spread through thebase of the skull to produce a picturesimilar to that of a basal meningioma or

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aneurysm. These tumours are moderatelyradio-sensitive. (J. D.)

Tolerance to Ethyl Alcohol.-Using dogs,it was shown that the animals acquired a

Vol. 86. }History of Psychiatry and Mental Hospitals in

Mexico. S. R. Moreno. 513.

The Rorschach Inkblot Method in Organic Dis-turbances of the Central Nervous System. Z.Piotrowski. 525.

Vol. 86. lPersonality Studies in Alcoholic Women. F. J.

Curran. 645.Changes in the Brain in Accidental Electrocution.

G. B. Hassin. 668.The Use of Graphology in Medicine. G. C. Booth.

674.*Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia (Migrainous)

associated with Cyclic Scotomata. C. W. Lipp-man. 680.

Experimental Induction of Infantile Behavior inMajor Hysteria. R. R. Dieterle and E. J. Koch.688.

definite tolerance to moderate concentra-tions of blood alcohol. This acquiredtolerance to alcohol is not explicable byincreased oxidation nor by delayed absorp-tion. (J. D.)

No. 5

4o. 6

5. November 1937.The Psychodynamics of Chronic Alcoholism. R. P.

Knight. 538.Rosenthal Fibers in Non-Neoplastic Syringomyelia.

A. F. Liber and J. R. Lisa. 549.The Effect of Ergotamine Tartrate in Idiopathic

Epilepsy. A. E. Loscalzo. 559.

5. December 1937.Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia.-A re-

port of a group of cases of migraine inwomen with pain in the maxillary andmandibular divisions. The attacks wereusually related to the menstrual cycle andwere associated with enlargement of theblind spot, diplopia, and cedema of theface. Estrin alleviated the condition.(J. D.)

JOURNAL OF NEUROPATHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY,LENINGRAD

Vol. 7. >Histopathology of Brain in Methyl-Alcohol Poison-

ing. A. J. Geimanovi6 and M. Haet. 3.The Nosological Place of Scapuloperoneal Amyo-

trophy. S. Davidenkov and E. Kulkova. 11.A Rational Classification of the Architectonic

Formations of the Brain Cortex based on theStudy of Ontogenesis. J. N. Filimonov. 21.

The Clinical Picture of Neurobrucellosis. A. V.Triumfov. 28.

Early Headaches in Brain Tumours. M. Neiding.38.

Disturbances of Sensibility in Funicular Myelosis.Z. L. Lourie. 42.

Optico-Encephalomyelitis. D. S. Futer. 50.Post-vaccinal Encephalomyelitis. D. A. Melzer.

60.Sensory Disturbances in Syringomyelia. I. F.

Hvilivizkaia. 69.Clinical Picture and Patho-physiology of Protective

.O. 1 1938.Reflexes of Upper Extremities in Cerebral Affec-tions. S. J. Rotenberg. 79.

Remote Reactions of the Nervous System in Responseto Electric Trauma. L. J. Aleksandrova. 94.

Diffuse Melanoma of Soft Meninges of the Brainand Spinal Cord. J. S. Sergeeva. 102.

Reactions to Histidine in Brain Tumours and theR6le of Histamine in Pathogenesis of Tumours.M. A. Hazanov. 107.

Mortality from Pneumography in Verified BrainTumours. M. D. Ryndin and L. J. Blachman.117.

Imbecility in Schizophrenia. A. A. Cernuha. 125.The Prognostic Value of Acute Outset in Schizo -

phrenia. A. D. Grin. 145.On the So-Called " Psychopathoid " States in Pre-

School Children. V. P. Kudriavzeva. 153.Bourgignon's Ionogalvanization in Atrophy of

Ocular Nerve. V. A. Lukasev. 164.

JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Vol. 1.The Potassium and Water Contents of Cat Nerves

as Affected by Stimulation. W. 0. Fenn. 1.The Effect of Stimulation on the Potassium Content

of Limulus Leg Nerves. A. C. Young. 4.The Non-Centrifugal Degeneration of Severed Peri-

pheral Nerve. 0. Sugar. 7.An Oscillographic Study of the Cerebello-Cerebral

Relationships. A. E. Walker. 16.*Human Brain Potentials during the Onset of Sleep.H. Davies, P. A. Davies, A. L. Loombs, E. N.Harvey, and G. Hobart. 24.

The Behavior of Cats following Bilateral Removalof the Rostral Portion of the Cerebral Hemispheres.H. W. Magoun and S. W. Ranson. 39.

Forced Circling Movements in Monkeys followingLesions of the Frontal Lobe. M. A. Kennard andL. Ectors. 45.

No. 1. January 1938.*The Representation of Respiratory Movements in

the Cerebral Cortex. W. K. Smith. 55.Functional Organization in the Sensory Cortex of

the Monkey (Macacca mulatta). J. G. Dusser deBarenne and W. S. McCulloch. 69.

Human Brain Potentials during SleepOnset.-Electro-encephalographic studieshave been carried out on subjects whilethey were going to sleep. Subjects withgood alpha-wave rhythms showed a de-pression of the alpha waves and the appear-ance of delta waves as they fell asleep.During sleep slow waves predominated.

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The authors point out the necessity to avoidthe taking of action potentials when thesubject is in a drowsy state. (E. A. C.)

Respiratory Movements in Cerebral Cor-tex.-It has been possible to produce altera-tions in the respiratory rhythm by electrical

Vol. 1.*Brain Potentials and Voluntary Muscle Activity inMan. H. H. Jasper and H. L. Andrews. 87.

*Activation of Heat Loss by Local Heating of theBrain. H. W. Magoun, F. Harrison, J. R.Brobeck, and S. W. Ranson. 101.

*Localized Thermal Changes in the Cat's Brain.H. M. Serota and R. W. Gerard. 115.

On an Ipsilateral Motor Effect from Cortical Stimula-tion in the Macaque Monkey. 0. A. M. Wyss.125.

On the Kinetics of Recovery during the RefractoryPeriod in Frog's Nerve. H. A. Blair. 127.

Functional Recovery in Ocular Muscles of a Chim-panzee after Section of Oculomotor Nerve. M. B.Bender and J. F. Fulton. 144.

*Electrical Excitability of the Motor Face Area: aComparative Study in Primates. A. E. Walkerand H. D. Green. 152.

Facilitation of Reflex Action in the Spinal Catfollowing Asphyxia of the Cord from Cyanide andIncreased Intra-Spinal Pressure. E. L. Porter,R. K. Blair, and S. W. Bohmfalk. 166.

The Direct Functional Interrelation of SensoryCortex and Optic Thalamus. J. G. Dusser deBarenne and W. S. McCulloch. 176.

Brain Potentials and Muscle Activity.-Muscle potentials, tremor, and brainpotentials have been recorded simul-taneously. Tremor movements of thefingers in normal subjects were studied;the average frequency of the tremor wasabout 10 per second. Such frequenciescorrespond with the alpha and beta rhythmsof cortical potentials. The authors alsostudied two cases of unilateral paralysis

No. 2

stimulation of the cerebral cortex in cat,dog, and monkey. Both inhibition andacceleration have been obtained. Auto-matic somatic responses have also beenobtained, but these have been excluded ascauses of the alteration in respiratoryrhythm. (E. A. C.)

!. March 1938.agitans. The abnormal tremor of 4 to 5per second in these cases did not appear inthe cortical potential rhythm. (E. A. C.)

Heat Loss by Local Heating of Brain.-In the medial portion of the caudal part ofthe ventral telencephalon of cats areelements which react to local heating. Thisresults in increase in respiratory rate,panting, and occasionally sweating.(E. A. C.)Thermal Changes in Cat's Brain.-From

a study with thermojunctions placed in thecat's brain, it has been found that there isa temperature gradient from the surfaceto the interior. Stimulation of visualfunction caused changes in the visual systemof the brain, and of olfactory functionchanges in the olfactory regions. Theysuggest that the extra heat produced resultsfrom the activity of neurones and theirmetabolic products. (E. A. C.)

Electrical Excitability of Motor FaceArea.-The authors found from their workon the monkey, baboon, and chimpanzeethat movement of the tongue is bilaterallyrepresented in the cerebral cortex and thatmovements of the vocal cords may beobtained from Area 6. (E. A. C.)

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY

No. 1. October 1937.The Discharge of Impulses from Ganglion Cells.

J. C. Eccles. 1.The Energy Liberation at Constant Diastolic Fibre

Length in the Tortoise Heart with ParticularReference to the Effect of the Emptying Pressure.L. F. Moldavsky and M. B. Visscher. 23.

A Simple Direct-Coupled Amplifier for ActionPotentials. A. Forbes and A. M. Grass. 31.

The Sensation of Yellow and Anomalous Tri-chromatism. J. G. Hailwood and H. E. Roaf.36.

The Influence of the Reaction of Blood Plasma on

Oxygen Consumption in Relation to the Law ofIsodynamic Equivalence. F. Kane and J. M.O'Connor. 48.

The Relation between Respiratory Quotient andAlveolar CO2 Tension. 0. Fitzgerald and J. M.O'Connor. 59.

Vol. 91. 1The Effects of Tetra-ethyl-ammonium Iodide on the

Electrical Response and the Accommodation ofNerve. S. L. Cowan and W. G. Walter. 101.

Excitation and Inhibition in the Off-Effect of theRetina. R. Granit and P. 0. Therman. 127.

The Origin and Limits of the Specific Dynamic Action

No. 2

Synchronized Reactions in the Optic Ganglion ofDytiscus. E. D. Adrian. 66.

*The Relation between Plasma and CerebrospinalFluid Calcium. A. T. Cameron and V. H. K.Moorhouse. 90.

Calcium in Plasma and C.S.F.-From aseries of experiments in dogs it was foundthat the ratio of cerebrospinal fluid calciumto serum calcium averaged 50 per cent.They concluded from further experimentswith injection of calcium salts or of para-thormone that the cerebrospinal fluidcalcium represents the diffusible fractionof the plasma calcium. (E. A. C.)

November 1937.of Intravenous Glucose. M. Wierzuchowski.140.

The Relation between the Mechanical and ElectricalActivity of a Molluscan Unstriated Muscle. C. M.Fletcher. 172.

*The Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure of Man in the

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Erect Posture. E. A. Carmichael, J. Doupe, andD. J. Williams. 186.

The Pituitary Gland and the Control of UrinarySecretion. E. C. Dodds, R. L. Noble, and P. C.Williams. 202.

*The Local Action of Eserine on the Central NervousSystem. F. R. Miller. 212.

*The Secretion of Urine in Man during ExperimentalSalt Deficiency. R. A. McCance and E. M.Widdowson. 222.

C.S.F. Pressure of Man in Erect Posture.-A study has been made of the cerebro-spinal fluid pressure in the erect posture ofman. Evidence is produced to show thatin the erect posture fluctuations of cerebro-spinal fluid pressure follow changes inblood pressure. They also draw attentionto the venous pressure in the jugular bulband how the pressure remains unaltered

Vol. 91. TObservations on the Inactivation of Adrenaline byBlood and Tissues in vitro. W. A. Bain, W. E.Gaunt, and S. F. Suffolk. 233.

The Mechanism of Pitch Change in the Voice. R.Curry. 254.

The Effect of Anaerobic Activity and Rest on theEfficiency of Contraction in Isolated Frog Muscle.McK. Cattell and H. Feit. 259.

The Red Cell Count of Macaques in Relation to theMenstrual Cycle. A. N. Guthkelch and S. Zucker-man. 269.

The Acclimitization of Mice to Atmospheres con-taining Low Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide.E. M. Killick. 279.

during respiration or during deep inspira-tion. No evidence is obtained that vaso-constriction of the intracranial vesselsoccurred on electrical stimulation of thestellate ganglia. (E. A. C.)

Action of Eserine on Central NervousSystem.-Application of eserine sulphateto the motor cortex under dial anaesthesiagives rise to tremors, muscular rigidity, andclonus in the contralateral limbs. It issuggested that eserine causes a localfacilitation. (E. A. C.)

Urine Secretion in Salt Deficiency.-Saltdeprivation and marked sweating in manwas accompanied by a rise in blood urea.It is suggested that the salt deficiency led toa diminished glandular filtration. (E. A. C.)

No. 3. December 1937.The " After-Positivity " of Stimulated Nerve and its

Relation to the First Phase of the Recovery HeatProduction. J. L. Parkinson. 293.

The Transmission of Impulses through the InferiorMesenteric Ganglia. D. P. C. Lloyd. 296.

Changes in Creatine, Phosphagen, and Adenylpyro-phosphate in Relation to the Gaseous Metabolismof the Heart. W. Burns and E. W. H. Cruikshank.314.

Movements in Midfcetal Life in the Sheep Embryo.J. Barcroft and D. H. Barron. 329.

The " Pancreotropic " Action of Anterior PituitaryExtracts. K. C. Richardson and F. G. Young.352.

Vol. 91.Effects of Castration and of Sexual Hormones on the

Adrenals of Male Rats. K. Hall and V. Koren-chevsky. 365.

The Response of a Denervated Ganglion to Acetyl-choline. F. T. v. Brucke. 375.

Lipoid Substances of the Ovary during Ova Pro-duction in Rana Pipiens. E. M. Boyd. 394.

Factors affecting the Sodium, Potassium, and TatalBase Content of the Anterior Retractor of theByssus of Mytilus Edulis. I. Singh. 398.

Exclusion of the Liver in the Rabbit. H. P. Hims-worth. 413.

Vol. 92. rResponse of the Cat's Uterus to the Hormones of

the Posterior Lobe. J. M. Robson and H. 0.

Schild. 1.Effect of Drugs on Blood Flow and Activity of the

Uterus. J. M. Robson and H. 0. Schild. 9.Heparin and the Formation of White Thrombi.

C. H. Best, Cowan, Campbell, and D. L. Maclean.20.

A Note on the Effects of Vitamin-A Deficiency inPregnant Rats. W. H. Newton. 32.

Choline Esterase in Voluntary Muscle. A. Marnayand D. Nachmansohn. 37.

On the Behaviour of Glycogen after Diets Rich in

Vol. 92.The Effect of Certain Hormones on the Activity of

the Uterine Muscle of the Mouse. G. H. Belland J. M. Robson. 131.

The Effect of the Placenta on the Body Weight ofthe Mouse. J. B. Brooksby and W. H. Newton.136.

The Influence of Hydrogen-Ion Concentration on the

No. 4. January 1938.Binocular Summation during Dark Adaptation.

R. J. Lithgoe and L. R. Phillips. 427.The Action of Curarine on the Respiratory Mechan-

ism. R. West. 437.The Relation of the Hypophysis to Changes in Sugar

Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity induced byChanges of Diet. H. P. Himsworth and D. B.McN. Scott. 447.

The Action of Tyramine and Adrenaline on theDenarvated Nictitating Membrane. E. Bulbringand J. H. Burn. 459.

The Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor in Serum. V. H.Booth. 474.

No. 1. February 1938.Protein and in Carbohydrate. A. Mirski, I.Rosenbaum, L. Stein, and E. Wertheimer. 48.

The Effect of the Interaction of Ions, Drugs, andElectrical Stimulation as indicated by Contractionof the Anterior Retractor of the Byssus of Mytilusedulis. I. Singh. 62.

The Effect of Anterior Pituitary Extracts on the LiverFat of Various Animals. C. H. Best and J.Campbell. 91.

The Central Depressor Action of Adrenaline and ItsInhibition by Ergotoxine. U. S. v. Euler. 111.

The Effect of Hypophysectomy on the Blood Calciumand Phosphorus of the Rat. A. B. Anderson andE. G. Oastler. 124.

No. 2 March 1938.Surface Tension of Some Colloidal Solutions.P. W. Perryman and C. F. Selous. 151.

*Sensory Fibres in the Spinal Accessory Nerve.F. Echlin and N. Propper. 160.

Observations in Man on a Pulse-Accelerating Reflexfrom the Voluntary Muscles of the Legs. M.Alam and F. H. Smirk. 167.

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The Action of Creatine and Creatinine on theCirculatory System. B. G. Shapiro. 178.

The Action of Young's Glycotropic Factor of theAnterior Pituitary Gland. H. P. Himsworth andD. B. McN. Scott. 183.

*The Effect of Salt Deficiency in Man on the Volumeof the Extracellular Fluids, and on the Compositionof Sweat, Saliva, Gastric Juice, and CerebrospinalFluid. R. A. McCance. 208.

The Carbohydrate Metabolism of the Fretal Dogunder the Influence of Insulin. H. Schlossmann.219.

Sensory Fibres in Spinal Accessory Nerve.-A study was made in cats of the actionpotentials obtained from the spinal acces-

Vol. 92. No. 3.Spectrophotometer Investigation into the Differencesbetween Ftetal and Maternal Htemoglobin inMan. J. Jongbloed. 229.

Isotonic Extension and Shortening of the AnteriorRetractor of the Byssus of Mytilus edulis. I.

Singh. 232.The Effect of Adaptation to Electrical and Chemical

Stimulation of the Excitability of the AnteriorRetractor of the Byssus of Mytilus edulis. I.

Singh. 241.Some Conditions of Faetal Respiration in the Cow.

J. Roos and C. Romijn. 249.The Electrocardiogram of the Guinea-Pig. C. L. G.

Pratt. 268.

sory nerve. The authors concluded thatthey came from stretch receptors in themuscles supplied by the nerve. (E. A. C.)

Salt Deficiency and Extracellular Fluids.-During experimental production of saltdeficiency the C.S.F. was examined in twosubjects. It was found that the sodiumcontent of the C.S.F. had fallen and thatthe concentration of chlorides had fallento about 640 mgm. per cent. However, thechlorides in the plasma had fallen to a lowerlevel. (E. A. C.)

April 1938.Antibodies Organ-Specific against the Anterior Body

of the Pituitary Gland. 0. Kestner. 273.The Interpretation of Potential Changes in the

Spinal Cord. D. H. Barron, B. H. C. Matthews.276.

The Action of Narcotics on Brain Respiration. M.Jowett. 322.

The Buffering of Muscle in Rigor: Protein, Phos-phate, and Carnosine. E. C. Bate Smith. 336.

Blood Histamine and Cardiac Activity. C. F. Code,C. Lovatt Evans, and R. A. Gregory. 344.

The Osmotic Pressure of the Aqueous Humour inthe Normal and Glaucomatous Eye. G. H.Benham, W. S. Duke-Elder, and T. H. Hodgson.355.

JOURNAL FtJR PSYCHIATRIE UND NEUROLOGIE

Vol. 48. Nos. 1 and 2. 1938.Zur Normalanatomie der Substantia nigra. Versuch Comparative Anatomy of the Regio Entorhinalis and

einer architektonischen Glederung. (Cytarchi- Regio Presubicularis. K. Sgogina. 56.tecture of the substantia nigra.) R. Hassler. 1.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS

Vol. 18.The Relation of the Anterior Pituitary to Carbo-

hydrate Metabolism. J. A. Russell. 1.Physiology of Excretion among the Anthropoda.N. S. Royston Maloeuf. 28.

Recent Advances in Knowledge concerning Hearingand Speech. P. M. Tookey Kerridge. 59.

No. 1. January 1938.Arterial and Venous Pressure Factors in Circulatory

Failure. T. R. Harrison. 86.

The Nutritive Significance of the Amino Acids.W. C. Rose. 109.

Vol. 18. No. 2. April 1938.Sympatbetic Vasodilator Fibres. J. H. Burn. 137. Arterio-Venous Anastomoses. E. R. Clark. 229.The Sites of Formation of Estrogenic Substances in Undernutrition and Carbohydrate Metabolism.

the Animal Body. G. W. Corner. 154. W. H. Carmberat248sAutoclysis and Atrophy. H. C. Bradley. 173. W. H. Chambers. 248.

The Causes and Mechanism of Thrombosis. M. Present Status of the Ergot Question. E. E. NelsonSilberberg. 197. and H. 0. Calvery. 297.

PSYCHIATRIC QUARTERLY

Vol. 12. No. 1.*Some Observations in the Treatment of DementiaPrmcox with Hypoglycemia. M. Schatner andF. J. O'Neill. 5.

A Study of the Impairment of " Abstract Behavior "

in Schizophrenic Patients. M. Bolles and K.Goldstein. 42.

January 1938.*The Clinical Effect of Benzedrine Sulphate in Mental

Patients with Retarded Activity. L. F. Woolley.66.

*Serology in General Paresis. J. L. Blalock andL. E. Hinsie. 84.

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Intraventricular Meningiomas. A. Ferraro and J.Siris. 1 7.

The R6le of Physical Therapy in the Treatment ofNervous and Mental Diseases. R. Kovacs. 123.

Psychiatric Aspect of Head Injuries. I. N. Wolfson.137.

Technical Approaches used in the Study and Treat-ment of Emotional Problems in Children. J. L.Despert. 176.

Treatment of Dementia Praecox withHypoglycaemia.-Seventy-five cases weretreated with hypoglycxemia. The treat-ment in 56 of these cases has been com-pleted, and the remainder are still undertreatment. The authors emphasize thefollowing points. The marked variationin the amount of insulin required to pro-duce coma, the danger of aspiration pneu-monia, and the substantial gain in weightin the patients regardless of the degree ofmental improvement shown. Of the 56completed cases 57 per cent. (=32) showeda definite benefit from the treatment. Theauthors give no information or tables thatcould assist in assessing the relation of theefficacy of their treatment to the durationof the illness.

Clinical Effects of Benzedrine Sulphate.-A total of 70 cases was collected * 44 werediagnosed as schizophrenic; 21 as manicdepressive; 25 as psychoneurotic. Nopatients over 50 or with high blood pressurewere included in this group. These caseswere treated with benzedrine sulphate overa period of some 6-9 months. It could bedemonstrated that about 25 per cent. of theretarded patients in all the diagnostic groupscould be improved by administration of thedrug. About 25 per cent. of the retardedpatients in all diagnostic groups were mademuch worse by its influence. Approxi-mately 50 per cent. appeared to be un-affected. The response to benzedrine couldnot be predicted from the clinical examina-tion of the patients nor from the applicationof pharmaco-diagnostic tests. In generalthose patients who showed evidence offear and anxiety or agitation were eithernot materially affected by benzedrinesulphate or made worse. Patients whoreacted favourably to the treatment showedalmost immediate improvement on theadministration of 10-mg. doses over aperiod of from one to three days.

Serology in General Paresis.-The data

Vol. 12.Review of the Research Efforts of the New York

State Psychiatric Institution and Hospital duringthe Year 1937. N. D. C. Lewis. 217.

*Aspects of the Electroencephalogram in Epilepsyand Feeblemindedness. W. E. Rahm and A. C.Williams. 230.

Is the Paroled Patient a Menace to the Community ?H. M. Pollock. 236.

*The Use of Methylene Blue in the Treatment ofCatatonic Dementia Prnecox Patients. W. J.Allexsaht. 245.

Concerning Hallucinations of Smell. G. M. David-son. 253.

Psychological Elements in Continuous Bath Therapy.C. N. Allen. 271.

Sudden " Exhaustive" Death in Excited Patients.N. R. Shulack. 282.

JO URNALS 283

presented in this paper cover all theavailable serological information on patientstreated at the New York State PsychiatricInstitute and Hospital from 1932-1935inclusive. During this period there wereover 300 patients under treatment. Thecases analysed were treated by malaria,tryparsamide, and electropyrexia. Duringthe early months of tryparsamide therapythe blood Wassermann became negativein a far greater proportion than it did inthose patients treated by other methods.At the end of three months 40 per cent. ofpatients treated by tryparsamide had anegative blood W.R., whereas the per-centage was 16 1 with malaria, 9 4 withelectropyrexia and chemotherapy, and 6 4with electropyrexia alone. At the end ofsix months, tryparsamide therapy stillmaintained its lead. At the end of threeyears the percentage of negative W.R. inthe blood group treated by electropyrexiaand tryparsamide alone was 40-0 per cent.,and 29 5 per cent. with malaria therapy,18 7 per cent. under electropyrexia alone,and 16-2 per cent. under tryparsamidealone. At the end of seven years the per-centage of negative blood W.R. from themalarial group was 68-4 whilst it was58 3 in those treated with tryparsamidealone. No single method of treatmentgave such good results as a combination offever and chemotherapy. The spinal fluidW.R. was at the end of the first yearnegative in 28 9 per cent. of patients treatedby electropyrexia and tryparsamide. Fortryparsamide alone the figure was 25 5 percent., electropyrexia alone 15 6 per cent.,and malaria alone 5 2 per cent. At theend of three years the percentages were42-1 per cent., 27 8 per cent., 18 7 per cent.,and 40 5 per cent. respectively. After aperiod of seven years the percentage of thenegative spinal fluid W.R. was essentiallythe same; namely, 85 7 per cent., and90 per cent. under malarial treatment aloneand tryparsamide treatment alone. Theauthors agree with the majority of in-vestigators in pointing out that serologicalimprovement is in general independent ofthe clinical condition of the patient, butadd that a persistently positive serologicalensemble is usually associated with anunfavourable clinical condition.

No. 2. April 1938.Pathological Changes in the Brain in Cases of Experi-

mental Phosphorus Intoxication. A. Ferraro,G. A. Jervis, and W. H. English. 294.

A Study of the Problem of Suicide. B. Pollack.306.

Folie a Deux. J. A. Brussel. 331.Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna. 0. C. Perkins and

A. M. Biglan. 341.Psychotherapy in Neurotic Patients with Somatic

Disease. E. Davidoff. 351.Schizophrenia in Children. J. L. Despert. 366.*The Epileptic Seizure in the Hypoglycemic Treat-ment of Schizophrenia. D. Ruslander. 372.

The Startle Pattern in Epileptic Patients. W. A.Hunt, H. Strauss, and C. Landis. 375.


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Electroencephalogram in Epilepsy.-Re-cords were obtained from 35 unselectedfeeble-minded patients with a mental agerange from less than one year to 9-8 years,and for 48 unselected epileptic patients.After elimination of records where move-ments predominated, the final groupsconsidered numbered 27 feeble-minded and35 epileptic patients. The distribution ofalpha wave activity was plotted for eachgroup. In studying the alpha wave con-tent of the records the " per cent. timealpha" was used as a measure. This wasdetermined by dividing the time taken upby alpha activity by the total time ofrecording and multiplying this result by100. In the feeble-minded group a nega-tive correlation (-0 54-009) was ob-tained between the percentage time alphaof the electroencephalogram and thechronological age. In the epileptic groupno correlation (-004--0-10) was obtainedbetween the per cent. time alpha of theelectroencephalogram and the chronologicalage.

Methylene Blue in Treatment of Cata-tonic Dementia Priecox.-Five cases ofdementia prtecox with catatonia weretreated with intravenous injections of

zinc-free methylene blue. A 1 per cent.methylene blue solution was made up indouble distilled water and autoclaved at15 lb. No harmful effects were noted fromthe injection of 50 c.c. of the solution whichwas given slowly taking about 5 minutesto complete the injection. Only a singleinjection was given to each case. Theaccounts of the results of this treatment donot afford convincing evidence of anytherapeutic action.

Hypoglycaemic Treatment of Schizo-phrenia.-In a series of 67 cases treated atthe Buffalo State Hospital from 8th March,1937 to 6th February, 1938, 18 cases wereobserved to have experienced typicalepileptic seizures from 1-9 times duringthe treatment ; they constitute 27 per cent.of the entire group. Twelve patientsappeared to have been benefited by suchseizures and were able to return to theirhomes, where they continue to make goodprogress. In three cases improvement wasnoted immediately following occurrence ofa seizure. The authors consider that theoccurrence of epileptic seizures is not onlywithout danger to the patient but in someinstances a decisive factor in bringing aboutimprovement.

REVUE NEUROLOGIQUE

Vol. 68. 1Contribution A I'ltude des Troubles Sensitifs

Hysteriques et le R6le des Reflexes Conditionnelsdans la Physio-Pathologie de l'Hysterie. (Con-tribution to the study of hysterical disturbances ofsensation.) G. Marinesco. 585.

Vol. 68. r*Les Hematomes de la Dure-Mere, Diagnostic,

Pathogenie, Traitement. (ttude Portant sur 34Cas Verifies.) (Hematoma of the dura mater-diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment. A study of34 verified cases.) G. de Morsier. 665.Hematomas of the Dura Mater.-An

Vol. 68. 1*Pinealome avec Metastases Multiples. (Dis-

semination par le Liquide Cephalo-Rachidien.)(Multiple Metastases in Pinealoma. Dissemina-tion of the Cerebrospinal Fluid.) C. Alajouanine,C. Hornet, and R. Thurel. 793.

*Sur une Forme A evolution Phasique de la Leuco-encephalose Perivasculaire Confluente chez lemacacus Rhesus. (Type Cerebral Repondant Ala Myelose Funiculaire du Singe.) (Leuco-encephalitis in monkeys.) H. J. Scherer. 807.

Multiple Metastases in Pinealoma.-A

Vol. 69. 1Sur l'Idiotie Amaurotique Juvenile (Type Spielmeyer-

Vogt). Contribution A l'Etude de sa SemiologieExtrapyramidale, de la Repartition et de la

No. 4. October 1937.ttude Experimentale des Mouvements Involontaires.(Experimental study of involuntary movements.)N. Zand. 601.

Hemihyperpathie du Gout. (Hemihypertrophy oftaste.) I. Silberpfennig and H. Urban. 613.

No. 5. November 1937.extensive survey of the literature on sub-dural hematoma with a report of 34 verifiedcases. The author favours the view thatthe hematoma develops in the layers of thedura. (E. A. C.)

No. 6

No. 1

i. December 1937.report ofa case ofpinealoma with secondarydeposits in the lateral and third ventriclesand meninges of the spinal cord. (E. A. C.)

Perivascular Leuco-encephalitis in aMonkey.-The author describes a case ofperivascular leuco-encephalitis in a monkey.Unfortunately the spinal cord was notexamined. During life the monkey showedno symptoms. (E. A. C.)

January 1938.Cytologie de ses Lesions. (Juvenile amauroticidiocy (Spielmeyer-Vogt type). M. Dide andL. van Bogaert. 1.

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Vol. 69. DSyndromes Cephalgique et Psycho6vrotique avec

Calcifications de la Faux du Cerveau. (Cerebral

Vol. 69.*]Etude Anatomo-Clinique sur une Lesion Anciennedu Noyau Rouge. (Anatomo-clinical study of anold lesion of the red nucleus.) G. Guillain, I.Bertrand, and J. Guillain. 233.

Technique de Mise en ]Evidence des Gaines deMyeline des Fibres Nerveuses sur Coupes Histo-logiques a la Paraffine. (Myelinated fibres.Histological sections in paraffin.) Y. Poursines.248.

Vol. 69. 1Les Meningites S&reuses. (Serous meningitis.) M.

Molhant. 329.Nouvelle Observation Anatomo-Clinique de Sclerose

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

February 1938.symptoms associated with calcification of the falx.)J. A. Chavany and J. Brunhes. 113.

March 1938.Lesion of Red Nucleus.-A case is de-

scribed in which an old lesion of part ofthe red nucleus was found. The degenera-tions found elsewhere, such as in the olive,are discussed in relation to the lesion in thered nucleus. (E. A. C.)

April 1938.en Plaques Aigue. (A new observation on dis-seminated sclerosis.) Riser and Geraud. 248.

RIVISTA DI NEUROLOGIA, NAPOLIVol. 10.

*Sulla Neuromielite Ottica. (On neuromyelitis ofthe optic nerve.) M. Gozzano. 529.

*Comportamento della Fibra Nervosa di FronteAll'Azione della Corrente Galvanica e dellaCorrente Faradica (Behaviours of nerve fibresexposed to the action of galvanic and faradiccurrents.) G. Oggioni. 574.

*Contributo allo Studio Istologico dei GangliSpinali. (Contribution to the histological studyof the spinal ganglia.) V. della Pietro. 588.

Neuromyelitis of the Optic Nerve.-Astudy of a case which forms the basis of adiscussion of the true nature of opticneuromyelitis. The author thinks that inview of the clinical and histopathologicalcharacteristics the condition ought to beregarded as quite distinct from all othernon-suppurative affections of the neuraxiswhether diffuse or disseminated. On theclinical side it is characterized by thecoexistence of a syndrome of transversemyelitis and optic neuritis and on theanatomical side by the absence of a neuro-

Vol. 11. r*Recherches Anatomo-Cliniques sur les Polyradiculo-Nevrites et leurs Rapports avec les Poly-Nevro-Radiculo-Myelites. (Anatomico-clinical investiga-tion of the forms of polyradiculo-neuritis and theircorrespondence with forms of polyradiculo-myelitis.) G. Marinesco. 1.

*L'Azione Combinata dell'Armina e della Bulbo-capnina sui Gatti. (The combined action ofarmine and bulbo-capnine in cats.) P. Penta andA. Aveta. 31.

*Sulla Riattivazione della R. di Wassermann nelLiquido Cefalo-Rachidiano. (The reactivation ofthe Wassermann reaction in the cerebrospinalfluid.) V. Della Pietra. 55.

*Equivalenti Psichici Atipici in Seguito a TraumaCranico. (Atypical psychic equivalents followingcranial trauma.) G. Gluck. 71.

Polyradiculo-Neuritis and Polyradiculo-Myelitis.-The syndrome of Guillain andBarre- Polyradiculo-neuritis - first de-scribed in 1916, has been confirmed bymany observers, and it has been suggestedthat the same condition may affect thespinal cord and more rarely the bulb andU

No. 6. December 1937.glial repair reaction and by the practicallyconstant tendency to necrosis. (R. G. G.)

Nerve Fibres exposed to Galvanic andFaradic Currents.-Using the method ofDonaggi's the effects of currents of variedduration on nerve fibres were observed.Minute modifications were shown con-sisting to begin with of increased absorptionof stain by the fine structure of the myelinein electrolysed nerves. With more intenseapplication of current the axis and myelineshow a homogeneous mass of stain with atype ofprimary initial degeneration. Thereis a correspondence between the reversiblealterations in function induced by thecurrents and the colour changes observed.(R. G. G.)

Spinal Ganglia.-The structure andappearance ofthe various cells are describedand the identity of the pericellular elementsand oligodendroglia demonstrated.(R. G. G.)

No. 1. February 1938.the brain. The forms which show excessof albumin in the C.S.F. but not increasein cells show two clinical forms, the curablesyndrome of Guillain and Barre and thefatal form which is just like the first, butaffecting as it does the respiratory nerveshas a fatal issue. The post-mortem findingsof two cases are described, which differedinasmuch as in one nerve roots and fibresonly were affected while in the other bothwhite and grey matter of the cord showedmarked inflammatory changes. It wouldseem that these conditions are both due toan ultra virus different from the neuro-trophic virus of poliomyelitis rabes, etc.,which produces inflammatory reactionswhich may be reversible. (R. G. G.)

Action of Armine and Bulbocapnine inCats.-It is evident that distinct pheno-mena are observable; the abolition of

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catatonia and the suppression of thecerebellar function is characteristic of theaction of armine and correspondingly onsetof catatonia and the lessening of thedefect of cerebellar function is producedby bulbocapnine. These phenomena, whileshowing a pharmacological antagonismbetween the two drugs, do not mean thatthere is a cerebellar factor in catatonia,but show the wide field of action of thesetwo alkaloids throughout the neuraxis.(R. G. G.)

Reactivation of Wassermann Reaction inC.S.F.-Experiments on the provocativeeffect on the Wassermann reaction in the

cerebrospinal fluid by the injection of 5 percent. pheno-sulphothalein do not hold anyhope that this procedure is likely to be ofpractical clinical use. (R. G. G.)

Atypical Psychic Equivalents followingCranial Trauma.-Apparently psychic effectof post-traumatic epilepsy do not resemblethe psychic manifestations of idiopathicepilepsy, but rather the general psychicsequels of cerebral trauma not associatedwith epilepsy. In the case recorded by theauthor, which is exceptional to judge by theliterature, the traumatic ietiological factorcan be deduced from the clinical nature ofthe psychic epilepsy. (R. G. G.)

RIVISTA DI PATALOGIA NERVOSA E MENTALE

Vol. 50.*Sul Morbo di Marchiafava (Degenerazione Primi-

tiva Sistematizzata delle Vie Commessurali dell'-Encefalo). (On Marchiafava's disease (primarysystematized degeneration of the commissuraltracts of the brain).) G. Fittipaldi. 427.

*Contributo allo Studio della Patogenesi dellaMiastenia. (Contribution to the study of thepathogenesis of myasthenia.) C. Trabucchi. 470.

*Parallelismi Umorali tra Epilessia e Stati Allergici.(The parallel condition of the body fluids in epilepsyand allergic states.) S. Segre. 504.

*Studio Anatomo-Patologico di un Caso di MalattiaEpato-Lenticolare di Wilson. (An anatomico-pathological study of a case of Wilson's disease.)G. Vidari. 520.

*Le Alterazioni del Reticulo Neurofibrillare Endo-cellulare nella Fatica Sperimentale. (The altera-tion in the endocellular neurofibrillary network inexperimental fatigue.) G. Oggioni. 548.

*Sindrome Onirica da Malaria (Contributo Clinicocon Analisi del Delirio Onirico.) (Hallucinatorysyndrome in malaria.) G. de Gregorio. 557.

Marchiafava's Disease.-Forty years agoMarchiafava and Bignami drew attentionto a degeneration of the corpus callosumin alcoholics. Since then 46 cases havebeen described and two further cases arehere presented. The author concludes thatthis disease represents a well-definedanatomical picture consisting of a sym-metrical demyelinization with a selectivelocalization in the commissural fibres.Alcoholism is very frequent in patients withthe disease, while other agencies, such asmalaria, lead poisoning, or diabetes, arecorrespondingly rare. It would appeartherefore that alcohol is an importantoetiological factor, but the true pathologyof the disease is quite obscure. (R. G. G.)Pathogenesis ofMyasthenia.-The author,

in order to establish whether in myastheniathere is a disturbance of the chemicaltransmission of the neuromuscular impulseallied to the formation of acetylcholine, hassubjected a severe case of the disease to avariety of tests, with the following results.The quantity of cholinesterase containedin the blood and in the serum was notincreased to any greater degree than in thenormal subjects. No disturbances in thevegetative sphere could be discovered, but

Part 3. November 1937.the innervation of the smooth muscle wasnot quite normal, as there was a constantlowering of the tone of the stomach wall.Prostigmine in therapeutic doses was foundto modify the reaction of the stomach walland to restore the tone to normal.(R. G. G.)Body Fluids in Epilepsy and Allergic

States.-Modifications of body fluidsobserved in cases of allergic states, particu-larly a tendency to increase of fluid in thetissues, increased volume of the red bloodcorpuscles, and toxicity of the blood serum,were investigated in persons suffering fromidiopathic epilepsy. These changes showeda certain variation but were speciallymarked at the time of attacks, especiallyif these were frequent. Next the effect ofmagnesium sulphate was tried in view of thebeneficial effects of its administration inallergic states in general. In vitro it seemedto have a marked effect in reducing thetoxicity of the serum, and administeredintravenously up to 25 per cent. of mag-nesium sulphate caused some improvementin the equilibrium of the body fluids anda sensible reduction in the frequency andintensity of the attacks. (R. G. G.)

Wilson's Disease.-This was a man of50 who showed cirrhosis of the liver withlarge nodules, splenomegaly without as-cites or jaundice, and almost completedestruction of the putamen, and in addition-a new observation-a complete destruc-tion of the corpus Luysei. Microscopicallythere appeared a marked proliferation offibrous glia in the putamen, though theywere scarce in the other affected nucleus.Also the presence in various parts of thebrain, but especially in the putamen andcorpus Luysei, of large collections of glialcells. (R. G. G.)

Alteration in Endocellular NeurofibrillaryNetwork in Experimental Fatigue.-Acharacteristic appearance was seen when

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stained by Donaggio's method of agglutini-zation which varied in different parts, theanterior horn cells seeming to be particu-larly resistant. (R. G. G.)

Hallucinatory Syndrome in Malaria.-Acase is described and discussed and the

Vol. 51.*Contributo alla Conoscenza dell' Epilessia Speri-mentale Riflessa per Stimoli Luminosi. (A con-tribution to the knowledge of experimental reflexepilepsy induced by luminous stimuli.) E.Fulchignoni. 1.

*Due Casi di Cisticercosi Cerebrale Diagnosticatiin Vita. (Two cases of cerebral cystocercosisdiagnosed during life.) G. Canziani and ANobile. 55.

*Sull'Uso della Cebtrifugazione nella Reazione delBenzoini Colloidale. (On the use of the centrifugein the carrying out ofthe colloidal benzoin reaction.)R. Bozzi. 85.

*Sindrome di Poliomielite Anteriore Acuta nellaSifilide Midollare. (Syndrome of acute anteriorpoliomyelitis in medullary syphilis.) E. Fenga.92.

*Sul Tipo " Macrobioticus Multiparus " del TremoreEssenziale. (On the type of hereditary tremordescribed as Macrobioticus multiparus.) G.Pintus. 114.

*Rilievi Sopra un Nuovo Metodo per lo Studio dellaRete Vasale del Sistema Nervosa in CondizioniNormali e Patologiche. (Observations on a newmethod for the study of the vascular network inthe nervous systemii in normal and pathologicalstates.) C. Fazio. 125.

*1 Meningiomi della Fossa Cranica Anteriore ed iLoro Rapporti con la Linea Mediana. Con-tributo alla Precisazione del Valore Diagnosticodei Sintomi di Lateralita. (The meningiomata ofthe anterior cranial fossa and their correspondencewith the median line. A contribution to the studyas to how far the determination of the side of thelesion is of precise diagnostic value.) P. Ottonello.137.

Experimental Reflex Epilepsy.-Theauthor has investigated by means of variousexperimental methods the limits of analogybetween the phenomena of epilepsy inducedby means of the application of strychnineto the occipital area (studied by Clementi)and that of the so-called reflex epilepsyinduced by afferent excitement by meansof luminous stimuli (studied by Amantea),and comes to the conclusion that whateveranalogy there may be really only consistsin the occurrence of the epileptic attack.

In both cases the attack results from aspread of impulse through the sensori-motor paths which are normally concernedwith the epileptic attack, and that thiswould not take place were it not for somefacilitation of the paths in both cases.(R. G. G.)

Cerebral Cystocercus diagnosed duringLife.-The authors, after a discussion ofthe principal findings in respect of cerebralcystocerci referred to in the literature, laystress on certain controversial points.They describe two cases in which thediagnosis was made during life by thediscovery of a marked eosinophilia in thecerebrospinal fluid. They insist that if adiagnosis is to be made with any confidencethe percentage of granular eosinophilsshould not be less than 1 per cent. The

relationship of the hallucinations andconfusion. The author thinks that thepsychoses of malaria are due to bothmechanical and toxic factors (the presenceof parasites and the poison of the plas-modia). (R. G. G.)

No. 1. January 1938.value of this is great, but is perhaps some-what lessened by the fact that rarelycerebral cystocercus may be met withwithout changes in the fluid, while veryexceptionally eosinophilia may be met within the cerebrospinal fluid in cases ofcerebral syphilis. (R. G. G.)The Centrifuge in Colloidal Benzoin

Reaction.-The author shows that by usingthe centrifuge the time taken by the test isreduced from hours to minutes and showsby means of tables both of normal cere-brospinal fluids and of pathological fluidshow closely the centrifuge method corre-sponds to the old method of precipitation.(R. G. G.)

Poliomyelitis in Medullary Syphilis.-Acase of poliomyelitis is described withpeculiar findings in the cerebrospinal fluidand the author after discussing certainsimilar cases from the literature gives hisreasons for supposing that the patient underdiscussion was suffering from a syphiliticform of acute anterior poliomyelitis.(R. G. G.)

Hereditary Tremor.-In 1925 Minordescribed 44 families suffering fromhereditary tremor with remarkable long-evity, and remarked that such familieswere notably prolific. From his statisticalstudies, however, the author concludes thatthe affected families are not more prolificthan the average of the population and thatthe expectation of life is rather less than theaverage. (R. G. G.)

Vascular Network in the Nervous System.-Pickworth's method here described isbased on the benzidine test for blood inurine, and this is applied to sections of theorgan to be examined. While not nearlyso complete as the method of injecting thevessels with coloured material, it is so quickand simple that it may often be of greatadvantage when no great detail is desired.(R. G. G.)Meningiomata of the Anterior Cranial

Fossa.-These tumours are of specialimportance since they lie outside thecerebral tissues, exerting their effects bypressure and being essentially amenable tosurgical interference. The occurrence of abilateral malignant olfactory meningiomawhich clinically appeared to be situated inthe left half of the anterior cranial fossagives the author an opportunity to discusssome aspects of the diagnostic problem.The author stresses the importance of

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tremor, of alterations in the fundus, of theradiographical findings, and above all ofthe most careful study of the encephalo-grams in relation to the anatomical landmarks in the individual case, since en-

cephalograms may on account of accidentalcircumstances be very difficult to interpret.

In the case of the meningiomata of theanterior fossa it may be very difficult todetermine whether the tumour is strictlyunilateral or whether it may be implantedon the middle line, and this should bekept in mind in determining the techniqueof surgical approach. (R. G. G.)

SCHWEIZER ARCHIV FUR NEUROLOGIE UND PSYCHIATRIE

Vol. 39. (Supplement.) 1937.*Die Therapie der Schizophrenie. Insulinschock, on the subject are represented, with detailed

Cardiazol, Dauerschlaf. (The therapy schizo- accounts. Apart from this, the physio-phrenia. Insulin shock, cardiazol, narcosis

therapy.) 238 pp. 'logical, experimental, neurological, andneuropathological aspects of the problem

Therapy of Schizophrenia.-For anyone are dealt with in many papers. Detailswho is interested in the subject the report cannot be abstracted here, the generalof this international meeting is indispens- impression obtained of the therapeuticalable. A great number of hospitals in results of the insulin and cardiazol therapyvarious countries which gained experience is an optimistic one.

Vol. 40.Psychiatrische Untersuchungen ujber die Folgen der

operativen Sterilisierung der Frau durch partielleTubenresektion. (Psychiatric investigations intothe results of sterilization of women by partialresection of the tubes.) H. Binder. 1.

*Ober das Adie'sche Syndrome. (Adie's syndrome.)M. Dressler and H. Wagner. 50.

Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen uber diebasale optische Wurzel, die Commissura transversaGudden and uiber eine Verbindung der Netzhautmit dem vegetativen Gebiet im Hypothalamusdurch eine " dorsale hypothalamische Wurzel "

des Nervus opticus bei Amnioten. (Comparativeanatomy of the basal optic root, the transversecommissure of Gudden, and a connection betweenthe retina and the hypothalamic nuclei ("dorsalhypothalamic root ") in amniotes.) E. Frey. 69.

Der Liquor cerebrospinalis bei Syphilis. (Thecerebrospinal fluid in syphilis.) V. Kafka. 127.

*Uber das Koma und Reflexanomalien bei der In-sulinschocktherapie der Schizophrenie. (Comaand abnormal reflexes during shock therapy inschizophrenia.) W. Liepmann. 133.

*Uber die Schizophrenie im Kindesalter. (Schizo-phrenia in childhood.) J. Lutz. 141.

Syndrome parietal avec mouvements forces com-plexes et hallucinations visuelles. (Parietal syn-

drome with forced complex movements and visualhallucinations.) G. de Morsier and R. Broccard.164.

Versuch einer Abgrenzung und Bestimmung desInstinktbegriffes. (The definition of " instinct.")M. Nachmansohn. 173.

*Beitrage zur Wirkung der Krampftherapie derSchizophrenie. (The effect of epileptic seizureson schizophrenia.) J. Nyiro. 180.

*Uber das Verhalten der Bauchdecken- und Crema-sterreflexe bei abdominalen Narben. (The ab-dominal and cremasteric reflexes in patients withabdominal scars.) A. Pronin. 197.

*Cber zwei Falle von Wilson'sche Krankheit beieinem Geschwisterpaar. (Two cases of Wilson'sdisease affecting sister and brother.) H. Schwyn.221.

Adie's Syndrome.-The disease is not a

pathological entity, but a syndrome whichmay be produced by various infectious andtoxic causes. Syphilis may also be thecause, but very rarely. The differencebetween the pupillary disturbance in Adie'ssyndrome and that of other conditions(specially Argyll-Robertson's symptom) ispointed out in extenso. (K. S.)

No. 1. 1937.Coma and Abnormal Reflexes in Schizo-

phrenia.-The beginning of the coma isindicated by the loss of corneal reflexesand light reflexes. During the shock, inthe precomatose and comatose stages,about half of the patients showed brisktendon reflexes and pyramidal symptoms.Mendel-Bechterew's and Rossolimo's phe-nomena, however, were never observed.During the stage of restlessness the graspreflex could be observed. (K. S.)

Schizophrenia during Childhood.-Con-tinuation and conclusion of a previouslyabstracted paper. The conclusions are

drawn from the histories of 20 psychiatricchildren (16 boys and 4 girls). In 10children the psychosis started before, in10 cases after the age of 6. In all casesit started before the age of 10 years. Thesymptomatology is essentially the same asin schizophrenia of adults. Hallucinationswere only observed in patients older than6 years. Katatonic symptoms are rare.Differential diagnosis and prognosis arediscussed. Insulin therapy is recom-mended with certain limitations. Occupa-tional therapy is also recommended.(K. S.)

Epileptic Seizures and Schizophrenia.-11 7 per cent. of the patients of the hospital(taken from a material of 1,000 cases)could take up work spontaneously, withoutinsulin or cardiazol treatment. From 24patients treated with cardiazol 12 could goback to their professional work again.(K. S.)Abdominal and Cremasteric Reflexes.-

138 patients were examined. During an

initial phase (1-3 weeks) after an abdominaloperation the abdominal reflexes wereusually entirely absent. In cases of old

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scars they may be absent or diminishedlocally (e.g. the right inferior reflex afterappendectomy); a complete absence ofthe abdominal reflexes, however, was neverfound in such a case. (K. S.)

Two Cases of Wilson's Disease.-The

clinical and anatomical study of both cases

shows a similarity in symptoms and course.In both cases mental and emotionalsymptoms dominated at the beginning, sothat psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria andschizophrenia were first made. Bothdeveloped later a syndrome of Parkinson-ism, similar to post-encephalitic states.(K. S.)

ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE NEUROLOGIE UNDPSYCHIATRIE

Vol. 160. Parts 1 a

*Uber erbliche Zwischenhirnsyndrome und ihreentwicklungs-physiologischen Grundlagen (Darge-stellt am Modell des Bardet-Biedlschen Syndroms).(Hereditary between-brain syndromes and theirdevelopmental physiological background exempli-fied by the Bardet-Bield syndrome.) F. Panse. I.

*Die Sippschaft der Mongoloiden Idiotie (Kinship inmongolian idiocy). H. Schroder. 73.

*Uber die Endangiitis obliterans (v. Winiwarter-Buergersche Krankheit) unter besonderer Beruck-sichtigung der Hirnveranderungen. (Endangiitisobliterans (v. Winiwarter-Buerger disease) with aconsideration of the brain changes.) E. Straussler,R. Friedmann, and J. Scheinker. 153.

Zur Frage der Korperbaubestimmung bei Geistes-kranken. (Bodily types in the mentally ill.)Dim. T. Dimitrijevic. 179.

Psychiatrische Bestandesaufnahme im Gebiet einesmedizinisch-anthropologischen Zensus in derNahe von Rosenheim. (The occurrence of psy-chiatric disorders, as found in a medical anthropo-logical census in the neighbourhood of Rosenheim.)C. Brugger. 189.

*Wernickesche Krankheit bei chronischer Gastritis.Ein Beitrag zu den Beziehungen zwischen Magenund Gehirn. (Wernicke's disease in chronicgastritis: a study of the relations between stomachand brain.) K. Neuburger. 208.

Multiple Sklerose und Erbanlage. (The hereditarybasis of multiple sclerosis.) F. Curtius and H.Speer. 226.

Das vegetative Nervensystem im Verlaufe derSchizophrenie. (Dynamismus der vegetativenStorungen.) (The vegetative system in the courseof schizophrenia and the dynamics of the vegetativedisturbances.) E. V. Maslow. 246.

Zur Pathologie der optischen Agnosien mit ver-

haltnismassig geringer Lesestorung. (The patho-logy of optic agnosia with slight disturbance ofreading.) 0. Potzl. 255.

Hereditary Between-Brain Syndromes.-A study of two families showing in onethree children with the syndrome betterknown as the Laurence-Moon-Biedl syn-drome and in the other one example of thesyndrome with one mongol. A full analysisof previously reported cases is given. Thehereditary syndrome with polymorphousmanifestations may be regarded as due to afixed gene combination. The physiologyof development is under the control of an"organization " centre in the diencephalon(or the precursor of such a centre). Theconstitutional type is fixed at an earlystage. Similarly, the constitutional typeof such conditions as tuberous sclerosis,von Recklinghausen disease, and mon-golian idiocy are fixed by a hereditarydiencephalic disturbance of development.(G. M. G.)

[nd 2. October 1937.Kinship in Mongolian Idiocy.-Various

views of the xtiology of mongolian idiocyare discussed, such as the exhaustiontheory, age of mother, smallness of amnioticsac, and changes in the uterine mucosafrom the use of chemical birth controlmethods. The author has tabulated thekindred of 50 mongols in an attempt tofind a hereditary factor. He finds a certaindegree of evidence in favour of a recessivehereditary factor from the relative pre-ponderance of minor physical abnormalitiesand feeblemindedness in the familiesstudied. (G. M. G.)

Endarteritis Obliterans.-A study of thecerebral lesions in a man showing thecharacteristic changes of endarteritis ob-literans in cerebral and somatic arteries.His mother had a similar condition verifiedat autopsy. The brain findings consistlargely of scattered scars, often radial, inthe distribution of the smallest vessels inthe cortex and white matter. The vesselsshow an obliterating endarteritis with noevidence of inflammatory reaction. Thepathology of the syndrome is discussed withespecial reference to inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. The question oftemporary obliteration by spasm is con-sidered in view of the variability andtemporary nature of many of the symptoms.(G. M. G.)

Wernicke's Disease in Chronic Gastritis.-Two cases of chronic gastritis with nohistory of alcoholism are reported. Inboth multiple punctate hxemorrhages withareas of encephalitis were found, especiallyin the mamillary body, posterior colliculus,and medial geniculate. Lesions were alsofound in the thalamus, olives, and dentatenucleus. The lesions are compared withthose found in alcoholic and in carcino-genic Wernicke's disease. Various -etio-logical theories are discussed, bacterialtoxin, achylia (the condition is not oftenfound in pernicious anxemia), endogenousautointoxication involving the brain, thequestion of liver function, and vitamindeficiency. The author considers that inhis cases the condition arose acutely shortlybefore death. (G. M. G.)

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Vol. 160. Pa

Qber ein subependymares, multiples, malignesGlioblastom. (A subependymal, multiple malig-nant glioblastoma.) F. Kino. 297.

*Die umschriebene Atrophie der Basalganglien.(Circumscribed atrophy of the basal ganglia.) F.Bonfiglio. 306.

Qber intravenose PH-messungen in experimentellemepileptischem Anfall (durch Cardiazol). (In-travenous PH measurement in experimental(cardiazol) epileptic fits.) H. Selbach. 334.

Die serologische Tuberkulosediagnostik in Neuro-logie und Psychiatrie. (Serological diagnosis oftubercle in neurology and psychiatry.) K. F.Scheid. 346.

*Die Neurosecretion des Sympathicus. (Neuro-secretion in the sympathetic system.) R. Gaupp.357.

*Zur Frage der pathologischen Anatomie derSchizophrenie. (The pathological anatomy inschizophrenia.) G. Peters. 361.

Erbbiologische Untersuchungen an Kindern vonEpileptikern. (Investigation of the heredity ofchildren of epileptics.) G. Franke. 381.

Spasmus und Rigor. Eine vergleichende physio-logische Studie. (Spasm and rigor, a comparativephysiological study.) H. Altenburger. 402.

Qber ein parietales Storungssyndrom. (A parietal-disorder syndrome.) R. Klein. 417.

Verfall der Gesittung bei Hirngeschwulsten. (De-terioration of morals in brain tumours.) M. deCrinis. 426.

Eine neue Modifikation der Herstellung der beiLiquoruntersuchungen verwendeten Goldsollosung.(A new modification of the preparation of the goldsol solution used in C.S.F. investigations.) L. v.Unghvary. 441.

*Todesfall infolge Insulinshockbehandlung beieinem Schizophrenen. (Klinische und patho-logisch-anatomische Beschreibung.) (Death frominsulin shock treatment of schizophrenia, a clinicaland pathological-anatomical study.) R. Leppienand G. Peters. 444.

Circumscribed Atrophy of the BasalGanglia.-This reports the case of a manwith a long illness beginning at 35 withexcitement and megalomania. After 4years this changed to mental dullness withpalilalia and palikinesia and a temporarydumb period and later dysgraphia.Physical deterioration preceded death.There were never any motor or extra-pyramidal symptoms or aphasia. Autopsyrevealed a general atrophy of both hemi-spheres with gross atrophy of the head ofthe caudate nucleus. There was paren-

Vol. 160. PartsDer erbliche Muskelschwund. Genealogische Unter-

suchungen bei neurospinaler Muskelatrophie.(Hereditary muscular atrophy, genealogical re-search in neurospinal muscular atrophy.) H.Boeters. 455.

Der Aufbau des Gedachtnisses und das Problem derErinnerungslucken. (The building up of memoryand the problem of failure of memory.) E.Roenau. 51 1.

Studien uber den Vitamin C-Gehalt im Liquorcerebrospinalis. III Mitteilung. Untersuchungenuber den Vitamin C-Gehalt im Liquor bei Hunger-versuchen. (Studies in the Vitamin C contentof C.S.F. Part III. Investigation of the Vitamin Ccontent of the C.S.F. in hunger experiments.)M. Kasahara, T. Kasahara, and M. Horie. 528.

*Zur Symptomatologie und Diagnose der Hirn-cysticerkose. (The symptomatology and diagnosisof cerebral cysticercosis.) J. Rothfeld. 530.

*Das Synapsenproblem im Sympathicus. (Versucheiner morphologisch-physiologischen Betrachtung.)(The problem of the synapse in the sympatheticsystem (a morphological and physiological con-sideration).) E. Herzog and B. Gunther. 550.

rt 3. November 1937.chymal degeneration of the head of thecaudate and the anterior part of theputamen and pallidum, with destructionof the large cells. There was subependymalgliosis in the caudate nucleus. The authordiscusses other basal ganglion syndromesand the relationship with Pick's disease ofthis case, but considers that it does not fallinto any of these categories. (G. M. G.)

Neurosecretion in the Sympathetic System.-The authors find in some cells of thesuperior cervical ganglion in man colloiddroplets similar to those described in thehypothalamic nuclei. This is consideredto be evidence of secretory activity in thesympathetic nerve cells. (G. M. G.)

Pathological Anatomy of Schizophrenia.-Various areas of the cortex in 14 cases ofschizophrenia and in eight hanged people(of normal mentality) were studied by theNissi technique. In both groups scatteredareas of cell outfall and cell alteration with-out glial reaction were found. The authordiscusses points of technique which accountfor these appearances, and considers thatthe cell alterations are agonal and havenothing to do with the pathology ofschizophrenia. (G. M. G.)Death from Insulin Shock Treatment of

Schizophrenia.-A young schizophrenic wastreated with seven injections of insulin.He developed unilateral convulsive move-ments, then clonic spasms, stupor, and a riseof temperature, dying four days later. Thebrain showed much congestion with someextravasation. There were perivascularglial masses in the white matter, especiallyoccipital, also in the medulla. In thecortex was diffuse ganglion cell change,especially of the large cells and to a lessdegree in the striate, dentate, and olive.There was change in Sommer's sector andin some Purkinje cells. The lesions areconsidered to be toxic in nature. (G. M. G.)

4 and 5. January 1938.Ein Beitrag zur Huntingtonschen Erkrankung. (A

study of Huntington's disease.) H. C. Hempel.563.

Untersuchungen zur Beleuchtung der Intoxikations-theorie bei der Dementia Praecox mit besondererBerucksichtigung der Versuche mit Totaltrans-fusionen. (Researches towards the elucidationof the intoxication theory of dementia precox,with special reference to experiments in wholeblood transfusion.) P. J. Reiter. 598.

*Genetisch verschiedene Gruppen entwicklungs-gestorter Gehirne. (A generic grouping of mal-formed brains.) H. Jacob. 615.

*Beitrag zur Krampfbehandlung der Schizophrenie.(A contribution on the convulsive treatment ofschizophrenia.) R. Stahli and 0. Briner. 649.

Ober Beeinflussungswahn und Charakter. (Delu-sions of " influence " and character.) L. Sachs.680.

Das Korperbauspektrum. (The " spectrum " ofbodily build.) W. Plattner. 703.

Untersuchungen uber den Fett- und Lipoidabbau inanamischen Nekroseherden bei einem Spatfall vonamaurotischer Idiotie. (Investigation of the fat

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and lipoid in anemic necrotic areas in a case oflate anaurotic idiocy.) G. Friedrich. 713.

Basedowsche Krankheit und Handschrift. (Hand-writing in Grave's disease.) H. Unger. 728.

*Zur Insulinshockbehandlung der Schizophrenie.(Insulin shock treatment of schizophrenia.) P.Plattner and E. Frolicher. 735.

Die Psychopathologie des Cervantes. Ein Versuchihrer Darstellung auf kulturgeschichtlicher Grund-lage. (The psychopathology of Cervantes: a

study of his works on the basis of a story of aculture.) W. Leschmann. 767.

Zur Dynamik der Wahnideen. (Auf Grund von

Beobachtungen in Faillen von " schizophrenen"Psychosen bei postencephalitischem Parkinsonis-mus.) (The dynamics of delusional ideas (Ob-servations on cases of " schizophrenic" psychosesin postencephalitic Parkinsonism).) A. Erb.793.

Kurze methodologische Bemerkung zu meinenArbeiten uber die genetische Bedingtheit derHomosexualitat. (Short methodological remarkson my work on the genetic theory ofhomosexuality.)T. Lang. 804.

Tertiar-syphilitische Veranderungen bei Neurolues.(Tertiary syphilitic lesions in neurosyphilis.) F.Knigge. 810.

Brain Cysticercosis.-Four cases are

described. In one cysticercus was diag-nosed from membrane found in the C.S.F.,the symptoms were meningitic. In onemigraine symptoms were found to be dueto cysticercus in the choroid plexus andconsequent hydrocephalus. In the thirdsymptoms were of a cerebellar tumour. Inthe fourth epilepsy occurred in a patientknown to have had a tape worm. Thepresence of eosinophil cells in the C.S.F.is discussed as a diagnostic point in theabsence of skin or muscle cysticercosis.The value of the precipitation test ofTrawinski in the blood is discussed.(G. M. G.)The Synapse in the Sympathetic System.

-Staining of a sympathetic ganglion witha silver impregnation method shows thatthe neurones are individual, there is nofibrillary continuity or syncytium. Thepassage of impulses is complicated and notexplained by one mode of action. Thereis a biological oscillation, in the first placeelectrical, then associated with chemicaland colloidal changes. (G. M. G.)

Vol. 161. Parts 1

Bericht uber die dritte Jahresversammlung derGesellschaft deutscher Neurologen und Psychiaterin Munchen vom 20-22 Sept. 1937. (Report ofthe third annual meeting of the Society of GermanNeurologists and Psychiatrists, Munich, 20th-22ndSeptember, 1937.)

This volume contains the papers read atthis meeting. Most of them are reviewsof the subject and not suitable for ab-stracting, or short papers abstracts inthemselves.Klinik der Hirngeschwulste. (Clinical aspects of

brain tumours.) H. Pette. 10.Ober Hirngeschwulste. (Brain tumours.) 0. Gagel.

69.

Uber Hirngeschwiulste. (Brain tumours.) W. Ton-nis. 114.

Cerebrale Zirkulationsstorungen bei Hirnge-schwulsten. (Disturbances of cerebral circulationby brain tumours.) G. Bodechtel and G. Doring.166.

Generic Grouping of Brain Maldevelop-ments.-The author groups certain develop-mental abnormalities of the brain accordingto the time of development when suchabnormalities arose: (I) a general arrestof neuronal migration causing sym-metrical heterotopias; (2) circumscribedmigration arrest causing scattered hetero-topias: these occur at a very early stage;(3) micropolygyria and pachygyria (casesof verrucose polygyria described in detail).This is an arrest of development of thefibre system, as distinct from glial, second-ary, or pathological microgyria or " ule-gyria." (G. M. G.)

Convulsion Therapy of Schizophrenia.-The author gives detailed analysis of 112cases treated by cardiazol. All types andduration of case were treated. Duringthe course of treatment there were severalsubluxations, two fractured scapulx, severalcases with considerable rise of blood pres-sure, and two cardiac arrhythmias. Twocases died, one from embolus from a

thrombosed pelvic vein and the other frombilateral hypernephroma. The best re-

missions occurred in the group of acutehyperkinetic catatonic cases and in thegroup of late presenile cases. The numbersin each group were rather small forstatistics. (G. M. G.)

Insulin Shock Treatment of Schizophrenia.-The author gives details of the methodand results of treatment in 67 cases. Theresults were not as good as those of theVienna clinic. Of 16 recent cases therewere 10 good remissions; of nine up to1 E years only one remission ; of 15 oldbut relapsing type, 5 remissions and of27 old chronic type no remissions. Thoseof a psychogenic type gave better resultsthan those of a manic-depressive type. Thecases giving the best results were under twomonths' duration. Those with good re-

missions had 3 2 per cent. of the comas and1-6 per cent. of the insulin convulsions, muchfewer than the failures had. (G. M. G.)

and 2. March 1938.Operative Erfahrungen bei Hirntumoren. (Opera-

tive experiences in brain tumours.) F.-W. Kroll.188.

These are the main reviews on brain tumourfrom various aspects. Gagel gives a reviewon the pathology of tumours ; Tonnis givesa surgical viewpoint on diagnosis, localiza-tion, treatment, and prognosis. There areseveral short papers dealing with otheraspects of the subject.

Epilepsie Klinischer Teil. (Epilepsy, clinical aspect.)K. Pohlisch. 267.

Epilepsie, Vererbung und Konstitution. (Epilepsy,heredity and constitution.) K. Conrad. 280.

Epilepsie Anatomischer Teil. (Epilepsy, anatomicalaspect.) A. v. Braunmuhl. 292.

Epilepsie, Pathogenese und Therapie. (Epilepsy,pathogenesis and treatment.) K. H. Stauder.321.

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These papers give general reviews on thesubject of epilepsy without adding toknowledge.

*Gehirnbefunde bei Christian-Schiullerscher Krank-heit und allgemeinen Cholesterinosen. (Brainfindings in Christian-Schuller disease and general-ized cholesterinosis.) J. Hallervorden. 384.

Das Experiment in der Psychotherapie. (Experi-ment in Psychotherapie. W. Enke. 444.

Das Experiment in der Berufsberatung. (Experi-ment in vocational guidance.) 0. Graf. 458.

Brain Findings in Christian-SchullerDisease.-This is a review of publishedcases of the disorder which had changes inthe central nervous system. The lesionsgenerally consist of a patchy, ill-defineddemyelinization with preservation of axis

cylinders and some gliosis rather like dis-seminated sclerosis. There were granularcells containing greenish pigment withthionin, a brownish-yellow with fat stain,and giving the iron reaction. In some casesthere appear to be well defined firm areaswith collagen and glial fibres containingfoam cells staining strongly with Sudan.Inside these areas vessels are few, but theperiphery is rich in vessels. It appearsthat in some cases there are more or lessobvious brain changes with lipoid granulo-mata in the organs, while in others there areobvious diffuse lipoid changes in the brain.The condition is primarily one of lipoiddefect with differences in quantity andlocalization. (G. M. G.)

ZENTRALBLATT FUR NEUROCHIRURGIEVol. 3.

*Zur Operation der Meningiome der Siebbeinplatte.(An operation for meningioma of the ethmoidalregion.) W. Tonnis. l.

*Uber die Behandlung des metastatischen Gehirn-tumoren. (The treatment of secondary tumoursof the brain.) J. H. Zaaijer. 7.

*Untersuchungen und Beobachtungen uber dieEnstehung vorubergender postoperativer Herd-stmptome und postoperativer Liquorveranderungen.(Investigations and observations on transient post-operative focal symptoms and post-operativechanges in cerebrospinal fluid.) P. Rottgen' H.Selbach, F. G. v. Stockert, and W. Tonnis. 12.

Meningioma of the Ethmoidal Region.Tonnis describes an operation for removalof the meningiomas of the olfactory groove,which avoids resection of one or the otherof the frontal lobes. A transverse incisionis made and after the skin flap has beenturned down forwards, the frontal bone isremoved widely in one piece, to be replacedat the end of the operation as a free graft.The dura is divided transversely low downthe superior longitudinal sinus having beenfirst secured. The frontal lobes are nowseparated and gently elevated, when thetumour comes into view. The loweranterior, attachment of the falx is of coursecut through. The tumour is now dealtwith in the usual way. Tbnnis has success-fully removed three olfactory groovetumours in this way. He mentions thatOlivecrona has also removed three menin-giomas by this route. (Julian Taylor wasprobably the first to use this method.)(G. J.)

Secondary Tumours of the Brain.-Zaaijer reports 37 cases with metastatictumours operated upon in the Viennaclinic of Schonbauer during the last eightyears. In 25 cases the tumour was solitary.

Vol. 3. rDiskordantes Auftreten von Hirntumoren bei

erbgleichen Zwilligen. (The occurrence of cere-

bral tumours in one of identical twins.) 0.

Petersen and H. Geyer. 53.

No. 1. 1938.In 27 cases radical methods were employed ;

in the others decompressions only. Onlysix patients lived longer than one year ingood physical condition. In three caseswhere there was metastasis from an un-discovered primary the patients lived 33,51, and 76 months after removal of thesecondary tumour. Zaaijer believes thatradical operation is better than decom-pression, and should be carried out if themetastasis is known to be solitary. (G. J.)

Transient Post-operative Focal Symptomsand Changes in C.S.F.-This is an im-portant co-ordinated piece of work on theeffects of operation for tumour removal onthe patient. The authors report aphasicdisturbances after left-sided hemispheraloperatlions, regardless of the site of thetumour. They ascribe the effects tocerebral cedema, at its height on the thirdor fourth post-operative day. The dis-turbance coresponds with the Gerstmanntype (finger agnosia, right-left disorienta-tion, arithmetical failures, aphasia). Sen-sory aphasia was found only as a directresult of tumour pressure and in no othercases. The psychic disturbances are notproduced by the direct trauma of opera-tions; they vary from delirium to severedisturbances of consciousness and areattributable to arachnoiditis, cerebral swel-ling, and cedema. On the biochemicalside there seems to be a slight drop in theC.S.F. alkali reserve, amounting to 20 vols.per cent., and at the same time an increasein protein content. The mastix curveindicates an irritative meningitis as beingpresent. (G. J.)

No. 2. 1938.*Weitere Mitteilungen uber Klinik und Histologie

des Kongenitalen arterio-venosen Aneurysmas desGehirns. (Further contributions on the sympto-matology and histology of the congenital arterio-venous aneurysm of the brain.) W. Sorgo. 64.

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Venoses Angiomder Dura. (Venous angioma of thedura of the brain.) P. Rottgen. 87.

*Subarachnoidalcysten des Gehirns. (Subarach-noid cysts of the brain.) M. Zehnder. 100.

Extracerebrale Arachnoidalcyste der linken Gross-hirnhemisphare. (Extracerebral arachnoidal cystoftheleftcerebralhemisphere.) G.Okonek. 112

UJber die Hirnschwellung bei Grosshirn geschwulsten.(Cerebral cedema in brain tumours.) G. Haussler.119.

Fedor Krause und Neurochirurgie. (Fedor Krauseand neurosurgery.) C. M. Behrand. 122.

Die Vasomotorik der Gehirndurchblutung. (Thevasomotor mechanism of the cerebral circulation.)D. Schneider. 127.

Congenital Arterio-venous Aneurysm oftheBrain.-Sorgo reports nine cases fromTonnis' clinic of congenital arterio-venousaneurysms, of which two were cured bytying the afferent vessel and two by totalextirpation. In the other cases the carotidartery was tied. The important cases inthis series are the two in which the tumourwas excised. Both were young soldiers.In the first case the patient fell doing amarch and lost consciousness for ten days.On recovering he exhibited weakness of theleft arm and leg. A few months later hebegan to have epileptic attacks in the leftarm and leg. It was thought that he hadan aneurysm and arteriography was carriedout. This showed an arterio-venousaneurysm in the right pre-motor area, highup. This angeioma was removed atoperation. In the second case papillcedemawas present. Cistern puncture was done

with recovery of red cerebrospinal fluid.Air was injected and a large air-filled cystwas discovered in the right occipital lobe.Arteriography demonstrated an aneurysm,the size of a cherry, in the same situation.At operation the meninges were infiltratedwith blood and on opening the cyst theaneurysm was found and removed. Onlyone case is fully described in which thecontributary vessels were closed with silverclips after opening up the fissure of Sylviusand tracing the vessels to the tumour. Thefistulous point was afterwards found. Thefurrow between the second and third frontalconvolutions was also opened. When thevessel within was clipped the pulsationstopped. This was a left-sided operationand aphasia followed but did not persist.(G. J.)

Subarachnoid Cysts of the Brain.-Zehn-der describes eight cases of subarachnoidalcysts (two inter-hemispheral, three of thefissure of Sylvius and three in the cisternacerebello-medullaris). Their nature is notvery clear, but some at least seem to becongenital. Zehnder suggests that somemay result from cerebral edema producingadhesions in the subarachnoidal space.These cases are important because althoughothers have met with them and scme havebeen described, more information is re-quired concerning them. (G. J.)

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EPITOME OF CURRENT JOURNALS - Journal of Neurology