Appendix A — 1

Appendix AExcavations of Mound 20 — Burial Cairn

Brian Thom,

U.B.C. Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology

INTRODUCTION:

The burials at the Scowlitz site provide a unique and

interesting opportunity to investigate the practice of mound and

cairn burial in the Coast Salish region of the Northwest Coast.

The site has approximately 42 burial features which are visible

from the surface (see Figure 2). These range from large burial

mounds to small rock cairns. The excavation of Mound 20 was

conducted to determine how the small cairns were constructed and

to obtain datable material to determine their antiquity. This

excavation also provides a valuable basis for further comparison

of the adjacent grave features from the Scowlitz site (ie: Mounds

1 and 23; see Blake et al 1993; Morrison and Myles 1992; Bernick

1994), as well as comparison with the larger burial cairn complex

in the Coast Salish area (ie: Smith and Fowke 1901, Hill—Tout

1895). It is hoped that future comparative research can be drawn

from the excavation described in this report.

Over the weekends of June 19—20, 1993 and April 1—3, 1994,

an archaeological excavation of mound 20 (a burial cairn) at the

Scowlitz site was conducted by myself and a group of student

volunteers. The 1993 fieldwork was funded and staffed by student

volunteers, under the supervision of the author and the direction

of Dr. R.G. Matson. Supplies were provided by the UB.C. 1993

Archaeology Field School. The 1994 fieldwork received some

Appendix A - 2

additional funding from the U.BC. Moyra Irvine Undergraduate

Research Fund, which was awarded to Eric McLay and provided for

film, food and transportation expenses. Supplies were provided

by the U.B.C. Laboratory of Archaeology.

METHODOLOGY:

This particular burial cairn was selected for excavation on

the basis of its visibility on the surface and its close

proximity to the previously excavated mound 23. This cairn

appeared fairly “typical” of the types of small burial cairn

features seen at the Scowlitz site, so it is thought to be

somewhat representative of them. Mound 20 is located a few

meters southeast of Mound 23 (see Figure 2). All depth

measurements were taken from the permanent site datum located

behind mound 23. This datum is 101.50m above sea level. A three

by one meter trench was planned through the approximate centre of

the cairn. This trench was placed perpendicular to the baseline

established during the 1992 field season, the northeast corner

falling 145cm south of stake 2+60, on the baseline. The baseline

runs through the Scowlitz site at 40 degrees West of Magnetic

North.

The excavation was conducted in natural layers, within which

10cm levels were followed. The digging was done by trowel,

screening 100% of the fill in 1/4” mesh. During the last two

days of the 1994 fieldwork, a one by one meter test pit was

appended to the west end of the trench to investigate an unusual

rock feature. It was excavated in natural layers using shovels

Appendix A - 3

and screening only 20% in 1/4” mesh. Throughout the excavations,

each burial cairn rock which was to be disturbed by

archaeological activity was numbered and recorded, so when

backfilling occurred the cairn could be fairly accurately

reconstructed. Plastic lining and backfilling protected the

partially excavated surface through the fall and winter of

1993/1994.

The trenches laid out were labelled M5, N5, 05, and P5.5,

from grid east to west. Such a labelling system was used in case

the excavation was expanded in any other direction from the

original trench. The final unit, P5.5 was off—set one half meter

from the rest of the trench as an exploratory pit to investigate

the rock feature found at the base of unit 05. This feature will

be discussed in the following section.

DEPOSITS AND STRATIGRAPHY:

The burial cairn designated mound 20 is a grave made up of a

pile of rocks, three meters in diameter (see figure A2). From

highest to lowest point at the centre, the cairn deposits extend

down one meter. Along the perimeter of the cairn, the deposits

become more shallow, extending less than 25cm deep at the eastern

edge of unit M5.

The profile shown in Figure A3 clearly shows the various

natural layers and the extent of the rocks which make up the bulk

of the cairn. The strata which the cairn is built on contains

much cultural material — right from the surface to the bottom of

this excavation. These cultural deposits (layers A through D)

Appendix A - 4

Figure Al. lJnexcavated Surface of cairn, crew Discusses Excavation Strategy.

are not directly associated with the cairn construction, with the

possible exception of layer C. The only cultural layer

associated with the cairn is E, seen at the bottom centre of the

profile. This is the burial pit which was dug in to the

underlying stratum to hold the tightly flexed body of the

deceased individual.

The rocks for this burial are large angular boulders of

locally available igneous bedrock. The boulders range in size

from small angular cobbles to very large and heavy boulders.

They were found piled up in a dish-shaped formation coming up

from the burial pit. The largest two rocks sit on top of the

burial pit in Unit N5 (see figure A4).

Layer A was a dark brown humic soil (1OYR2/1) of fairly

loosely packed silty sand. It ranged from 10cm to 15cm thick and

contained a great deal of fire—cracked rock, flecks of charcoal,

Appendix A - 5

PlanView of Mound 20 Surfaceandsub-surfaceboulders

Note: Sub-surfacebouldersareindicatedwithbrokenline.

Figure A2. Plan of cairn Stones and Excavation Units.

and root material.

Layer B was a fairly thick (up to 30 cm) mottled layer

largely of compact, gravelly dark brown loam. The Munsell colour

ranged from 1OYR2/1 for the majority of the matrix to 2.5Y4/4 in

/o 10cm

Unit M5

Appendix A - 6

Figure A4. Plan View of Unit N5, Burial Pit.

the yellowish brown silty patches. Some orange stains containing

flecks of charcoal also appeared throughout. Fire—cracked rock

was fairly abundant but there were fewer than in Layer A.

Layer C was a thin (2 to 5cm thick) layer of bright orange

brown (5YR5/8) soil, obviously burnt. Flecks of fried bone and

charcoal was seen throughout and a fair amount of very

fragmentary faunal material was collected in the screens. At the

bottom of this layer was a thin veneer of very black charcoal—

laden soil, especially prevalent in unit ps.s. very little fire—

cracked rock was recovered in this matrix.

It is interesting to note how layer C sloped down along the

same line as the burial pit, rather than on a relatively level

PlanView ofUnit N5

at 180cm DBD

Legend:

0 10cmI—i

~ rock

/

Appendix A - 7

Figure A3. South Wall Profile of Mound 20.

surface like the other layers. I believe it is possible that

this layer was associated with some kind of ritual burning after

the digging of the grave pit, but before the placement of the

large cairn boulders, as this layer also undercut every cairn

stone. I believe it would be interesting and useful to submit a

charcoal sample from this layer for radio—carbon dating, as it

might date the construction of the burial cairn. It would also

be interesting to more closely examine the faunal material

recovered from this layer. This would provide insight into some

of the details of this “ritual burning”. I suspect that it might

be similar in detail to the burnings which are held in StO:lö

communities in ethnographic and contemporary times (see Duff 1952

and Thom n.d.), where a special fire is prepared for the dead,

and food and other goods are burnt, sending them from the world

of the living to the world of the dead. Members of the Stó:lö

Depth BelowMound 23

Datum

13 cat

Unit ~\15 Unit N5

greasy black,

monledsilty clay

Unit 05

South Wall Profile!~lound20

Legend

0

~ orangesilty sandyello~vsilt

surface

~ rock

Appendix A - 8

community conducted burnings for the archaeologists at the

Scowlitz site upon completion of each field season.

Layer D was found only in Units 05 and P5.5. This layer was

associated with the rock feature (to be discussed below). It was

about 10cm to 12cm thick, very dark brown (1OYR2/1), loosely

packed, greasy, organic silty sand. A large amount of f ire—

cracked rock was found in this layer, but less gravel and pebbles

than the above B. Interpretation of the rock feature will be

discussed below.

Layer E was the loosely paked, moist, dark reddish brown

(1OYR2/2 to 5YR2/2) clayie loam. This is a cultural layer

created by the excavation of the burial pit (see figure A4). It

is at maximum depth 15cm thick and about 45cm in diameter. Layer

E was excavated into the south wall of Unit N5, undercutting 26cm

of Unit N4.

Within layer E, a thin red ochre stain which covered the

northwest quarter of the pit, occurred at 185cm DBD. Directly

below this seven deciduous teeth were found. These will be

discussed further below. A charcoal sample was obtained from

this area, which might also be useful for dating the age of the

pit. It is unclear, however, if this charcoal is intrusive from

the midden deposits surrounding the cairn, or if it represents

some burning at the time of burial. The entire matrix of E was

collected and brought to U.B.C. for 1/8” water screening.

Although no more teeth were found, very small fragments of

decayed bone (some fish, bird and mammal) and some more small

Appendix A - 9

samples of charcoal were obtained.

The excavation concluded in each unit when Layer F was

reached. Layer F is a moist, moderately compact, heavily mottled

layer of greasy black (10YR4/4), heavily organically—stained loam

with flecks of charcoal, mottles of olive—brown silty clay, and

patches of ashy, orange silty clay (7.5YR6/8). This moderately~

compact layer is relatively level in relation to the surface of

the surrounding terrace and likely represents some kind of

occupation surface. The rock feature in units 05 and P5.5 sits

on top of this layer and the burial pit extends from its surface

down 1Scm. Where some of this matrix was excavated in units MS

and N5, high densities of fire-cracked rock, charcoal flecks,

calcined bone and broken artifacts suggest further midden

deposits, which extend down to an unknown depth.

On the basis of the soil colour, texture and content, it

appears that layers A, B, D and F represent older midden matrix

into which the burial cairn was placed. As discussed, layers C

and E are cultural layers formed during the creation of the

grave.

ARTIFACTS:

The artifact assemblage from mound 20 excavations is made up

entirely of midden fill. It is probable that the construction of

the burial cairn disturbed some of the midden deposits. However,

the context of the artifacts would not have been profoundly

changed. A possible exception is the a single ground stone disk

bead (see figure AS, top right) which was found during fine water

Appendix A - 10

screening of the burial pit fill. It is very likely a grave

good. This discussion then, will consider the artifacts as all

being part of the same midden component, with the exception of

the single ground stone disk bead.

The artifacts were Ground & Pecked Stone n % Layer

Abrasivestonefragment 4 8.3 B, B/Fclassified based on a Groundslateknifefragment 3 6.3 A,D

Groundslateknife 3 6.3 A, B, Dloose form and function Groovedslate 1 2.1 B

Groovedpebble 1 2.1 Btypology, following Ht 1 2.1 D

Pendant 1 2.1 Bthat used by MitchellBead 1 2.1 E

(1971), Matson (1976), Celt 1 2.1 FGroundstonepoint fragment 3 6.3 A, B

Matson et al (1991), Sub-total 19 39.8

and Pratt (1992). UnshapedChippedStone

Core 2 4.2 BGround and Pecked Retouchedflake 4 8.3 B, D

Utilized flake 5 10.4 BStone:

Quartzcore 7 14.6 A, B, B/F

Figures AS and A6 Retouchedquartzflake 1 2.1 AObsidianflake 1 2.1 B

illustrate the Sub-total 20 41.7

artifacts categorized ShapedChippedStoneObsidianmicroblade 1 2.1 D

as part of the ground Quartzcrystal microlith 4 8.3 B, D, F

Pebbletools 2 4.2 A, Dand pecked stone Biface 1 2.1 B

Pojectilepoint 1 2.1 Dindustry. The total SubtOta1 9 18.8

number of pecked andTotal 48 100

ground artifacts is 19Table Al. Artifact Table.

which is about 40% of

the artifact assemblage. Ground slate knives and knife fragments

(figure AS, top) are clearly the most common artifact in this

industry. This suggests the importance of fish processing at

Appendix A - 11

this site. The four small abrasive stone fragments (Figure AS,

bottom) are also associated with the ground slate knife industry.

A thin fragment of ground slate which has a distinct groove

bisecting it on both sites was also found. The groove may have

been a point where it was intended to be broken before it was

discarded or lost to the midden.

The three

ground stone points

(Figure AS) are all

fragmentary, two of

them broken near the

top end and the

third sheared off

along the long flat

axis. These

probably acted as

armaments for

composite harpoons

used in fishing and

hunting sea mammals.

Sea mammals such as seals are often found today at the confluence

of the Harrison and Fraser Rivers.

The fragmentary pendant (Figure AS) is made of a lustrous

lignite and is rough and unworked on one side and moderately well

ground on the other. On the rough side is a conically drilled

perforation. This piece was probably rejected because of a

0 1 2 3cm

Figure A5. Ground and Pecked Stone. Top Row:grooved pebble, hammerstorte, pendant, bead. BottomRow: celt, 3 ground stone point fragments.

Appendix A - 12

broken edge along the perforated side of the pendant.

The

hammerstone

is made of a

naturally

spool—like

quartzite

(Figure AS)

and has

pecking on

the rounded

top edge.Figure A6. Ground Stone. Top: 7 ground slate knives andfragments. Bottom: 4 abrasive stone fragments. This stone

was obviously selected for its comfort as a hammerstone.

The grooved pebble (Figure AS, top left) is a common river

pebble of quartzite that has a shallow groove pecked around it’s

perimeter. It may have been used as some kind of weight, but the

groove appears to be too shallow to have been an effective

fishing weight.

The celt (Figure AS, bottom left) is a small, well—worked

piece of deep green nephrite with its tip broken off. The base

is still well defined.

Chipped Stone Tools:

The unshaped and shaped chipped stone tools are illustrated

in figures A7 and A8, respectively. Chipped stone tools make up

the other 60% of the artifact assemblage, numbering 29 in all.

Appendix A - 13

Of these the quartz crystal industry (cores and microliths —

Figure A8) is by far the most prolific, totalling 23% of the

entire artifact assemblage. This agrees with the other

excavations at the Scowlitz site, notably the 1993 Magnetic

trench excavations where they were one of the two most important

tool classes along with ground slate knives. The quartz crystal

microliths were an effective tool for mass cutting of fish, and

have been recorded in the Coast Salish area since Locarno Beach

times 3S00—2400 BP (Matson 1992).

The two basalt cores (Figure A7) are small pieces, each with

only a few flakes removed. The five utilized flakes and two of

the retouched flakes are also of basalt, and were obviously

expedient tools. The other retouched flakes are slightly larger,

one of andesite that has been heavily bashed, and the other of

chalcedony, which is finely serrated along the longest margin.

The two pebble tools shown in Figure A9 are medium sized,

bifacially flaked basalt pebbles. Both look heavily battered.

Two obsidian artifacts were recovered (Figure A9), one

unmodified flake and another microblade proximal fragment. The

obsidian flake is a very dark obsidian with fine brown

discolourations, while the microblade fragment is a more smokey—

grey colour.

The “bif ace” (Figure A9) found is an unusual triangular

object, bifacially worked on a very thin basalt flake. The edges

are fine and have been pressure—flaked for finishing.

Finally, the projectile point found was worked on a very

Appendix A - 14

Figure A7. Chipped Stone. Top Left: 2 cores. Top Right: 4 retouched flakes.Bottom Left: Uniface. Bottom Right: 6 utilized flakes.

thin flake and has a few long, bifacial thinning flakes taken off

both sides. It is slightly Contracting at the base and appears

to have been made fairly expediently.

Examining Table Al, it is apparent that the few artifacts

that were recovered from mound 20 are very similar in style and

relative abundance to those found during the 1993 U.B.C.

Archaeology Field school excavations in the Magnetic trench (see

Matson, this report). Ground slate and quartz tools were

abundant in both mound 20 and Magnetic Trench excavations. A

tenuous suggestion that the date for the midden fill into which

the burial cairn intruded, would be similar to the 2460±90 BP can

be made. However, this is not supported by any other hard

evidence, (ie: radiocarbon) and by no means suggests a date for

the actual construction of the cairn itself.

Appendix A - 15

V

0 t 2 3cm‘~ •~ H

Figure A8. Chipped Stone. Clockwise from top left: 7 quartz cores; 5 quartzmicroliths, obsidian microblade and flake, bif ace, proj. point, 2 pebble tools.

FEATURES:

Mound 20 contained two distinct features within the cairn

itself, an unusual rock feature, and a burial pit. I have

treated the orange burning layer (layer C) in the matrix section,

although it too might be considered a cultural feature.

Rock Feature:

In unit OS, “rock feature” was uncovered at about 150cm to

160cm DBD. The rocks are similar to the angular boulders of

locally available intrusive igneous bedrock that made up the

cairn. Stratagraphically, however, they appear to be distinct

from the cairn. The rocks are found 20cm to 25cm below the

bottom layer of boulders which make up the burial cairn, and

about Scm to 10cm below layer C, the orange burnt layer which

4 • /-~

( c.I’

Appendix A - 16

underlies all the stones in the body of the cairn. Figure A9

shows the rock feature fully exposed in relation to the burial

cairn and pit. The orange burnt layer can be faintly made out to

the right of the scale. Figure A3 shows this more clearly, with

the boulder in the lower right corner of the profile being one of

the rock feature stones.

These stones sit on the same floor (layer F) as the surface

of the burial pit. As the stones were being uncovered, it was

suspected that they might form some kind of perimeter or ring

around the cairn, much in the same fashion as the concentric

stone rings found in mound 1 at Scowlitz (Morrison and Myles

1992) and as described by Hill—Tout from Hatzic (Hill—Tout 1895).

A test pit (unit P5.5) was put in one—half meter to the north of

unit OS to see if the rock feature did in fact extend in a ring

0~ - - - —

4—

Figure A9. South Profile of Mound 20. Note Rock feature on right and burial pitin centre.

Appendix A - 17

Figure AlO. Plan of rock feature. Note letters indicate layers D and F.

around the base of the cairn. The results of this test pit,

shown in Figure AlO were inconclusive. The rocks are surrounded

by the dark, greasy loamy layer D and sit directly on the hard

packed, mottled silty sand, layer F. The rock feature does not

extend further into unit P5.5.

The possibility remains that this feature is some how

connected with the floor of the cairn burial. It may also be

Appendix A - 18

independent of the burial cairn. Only further excavation over a

wider area around this rock feature will reveal its true nature.

Burial Pit:

The final feature to be described here is the burial pit.

This pit was found under the two largest boulders uncovered in

the very centre of the cairn, at the surface of Layer F. The

matrix of the pit, described earlier as layer E, was more dark

and loosely packed than the above and surrounding matrix. The

extent of the burial pit can be seen clearly in Figures A3, A4

and A9. The pit was about 50cm wide from east to west, about

65cm long from north to south (extending 24cm into the

unexcavated unit N4), and about lScm deep.

$~, 0 1cmHuman remains were not expected in

the acidic soil which makes up the

Scowlitz site, but at about l8Scm DBD,

seven deciduous teeth and some fragments

were found (see figures All and A12).

Only the enamel of the teeth remained,

Figure All, child’s Teeth, all the dentition having decayed. Mr.Top View.

Christopher Chung of the U.B.C. Faculty of Dentistry provided an

identification of these teeth. Referring to figures All and A12,

the following identification is provided in a clockwise order,

beginning at the top left of the photograph:

o 3 unidentifiable tooth fragments

o upper left primary lateral incisor

0 upper left primary canine

Appendix A - 19

0 upper left primary first molar

0 lower left primary second molar

o lower left primary first molar

O lower right primary first molar

0 lower left primary second molar

Due to the complete lack of any permanent first molars (which

arrive at about 6 years), the lack of central incisors (which

exfoliate at 5—6 years), and the presence of the lateral incisors

(which exfoliate at 7 years), Mr. Chung interpreted the child as

having been just under 6 years old.0 1cm

The teeth were all found in a 10cm è4.. ~

area in the southwest corner of the pit. -

This would have made the orientation of the

child southwest—northeast, headed away from

the shore of the Harrison River. In the

same area and depth (l8Scm DBD) a very thin

stain of “chili powder red” stained soil

was found. This is likely the remains of Figure A12. child’sTeeth, bottom view.

ochre which would have covered part of the

body. A single possible grave good, a ground stone disk bead

(Figure AS), was found in the screened matrix of the burial pit.

A charcoal sample (lab number N5—P—1) was taken from this

matrix directly above the thin red ochre stain. If submitted,

this sample may provide a reasonable date for the burial.

SUMMARY& CONCLUSIONS:

Returning to the specific question addressed by this

Appendix A — 20

excavation, this report has described in some detail a burial

cairn from the Coast Salish area of the Northwest Coast. The

second research question, providing a date for this type of

burial is left yet unaddressed. As no carbon dates were assayed,

only a speculation at an absolute date can be made.

As I discussed previously, the cairn is certainly more

recent than the midden fill that surrounds it. Based on the

similarity of artifacts from the midden surrounding the cairn and

from the Magnetic Trench excavated by the U.B.C. 1993

Archaeological Field school, the midden date is likely around

2S00 B.P. (see Matson, this report). Given the context of this

cairn burial of the Scowlitz site where two other burials have

been excavated and dated, I would suggest that the date for the

cairn is closer to that of the burial mounds than the midden

deposits. Blake, Coupland and Thom (19923:9) report dates from

mound 23 (which is only a few meters from mound 20) as being

1130±80 B.P. and 1190±70 B.P. Dates from the burial pit in mound

1, situated several hundred meters further south from mound 20,

were 1370±60 B.P. and 1410±80 B.P. All of these dates lie on the

cusp of the two established cultural sequences in the Coast

(Marpole and Gulf of Georgia culture types) and in the Canyon

(Skamel and Canyon culture types) (ibid:7). Many other burial

cairns which have been excavated in the Coast Salish region of

the Northwest Coast also date to this time period (ie: Arcas

Appendix A - 21

1991; Haggarty and Hall 1981; Mitchell 1971; Monks 1977)’. Only

dating some of the charcoal or fragmentary bone recovered from

the burial pit will provide a more accurate answer to this

question.

In a larger anthropological sense, this burial has some

interesting implications. As Binford originally pointed out

Binford 1971:21) child burials which are as elaborate as adult

burials are often found in societies which have ranked or

ascribed status. Children could not have achieved much personal

status in their short lives to have received elaborate treatment

in a society were there is no rank to be passed along family

lines. Ranked or ascribed status is often used as a marker of a

so—called complex society. This idea has been preliminarily

tested in the Coast Salish area of the Northwest Coast by Burley

and KnUsel (1989) and Hill (1992), both of whom conclude that by

late Marpole and early Gulf of Georgia times on the Coast, this

complex, ranked society has existed.

Although not all of the problems address at the outset of

this excavation have been solved, this report has provided a

solid basis from which to draw from and expand our understanding

of prehistoric Coast Salish burial practices. I hope the

excavation of this cairn will in future be considered in the

context with other burials at the Scowlitz site and with those

from the entire Coast Salish region.

A more detailed comparison of these burial practices is being made inmy Masters Thesis, which is at this time unfinished.

Appendix A - 22

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

I would first like to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude

to the members of the Scowlitz Band and the Stó:lö Tribal Council

who made this group of archaeologists so welcome in their

community. I believe all who participated in this project left

it with some of the deep felt respect for the ancestors as these

people have shown us. I would also like to thank Chief Clarence

Pennier for having continued interest in the Scowlitz

Archaeological Project and for awarding us a Stó:lö Heritage

Permit.

I thank Dr. R.G. Matson, whose guidance and advise as

director of the Scowlitz 1993/4 archaeological project, smoothed

out some of the difficulties encountered along the way. Drs

Michael Blake and Gary Coupland have also been instrumental is

building enthusiasm and interest in the investigation of mortuary

remains at this site.

The Provincial Archaeology Branch should be thanked for

their permit and for extending it under unusual circumstances for

the completion of the excavations in 1994.

The 1993 field crew consisted of Alison Belly, Jeff

Brantingham, Doug Brown, vicki Feddema, Peter Gron, Joyce

Johnson, Terry Johnson, John Maxwell, Sandra Morrison, Heather

Pratt, Angela Rivers, and David Schnider. The 1994 field crew

were Doug Brown, Vicki Feddema, John Maxwell, Sandra Morrison,

Heather Myles, Lynn vanderwekken, and Sue Woods. Ani Hospyan

assisted in rendering some figures and with much of the lab work.

Appendix A - 23

Thank you all for your free help.

Finally, I would like to thank Lynn vanderwekken and Deborah

Tuyttens for editing this manuscript. I take full responsibility

for any mis—information or errors which remain herein.

Appendix A - 24

Bibliography

Arcas Consultants Ltd.1991 Archaeological Investigations at Tsawwassen, B.C.

Volume I and III. Report on file, Ministry Library,Ministry of Tourism and Ministry Responsible forCulture, Victoria.

Bernick, Katherine1994 Waterlogged Deposits at the Scowlitz Site. Final

Report of 1992—1993 Archaeological Investigations.B.C. Archaeology Branch, Victoria.

Blake, Michael, Gary Coupland and Brian Thom1993 Dating the Scowlitz Site. The Midden. 2S(1):7—9.

Burley, David and Christopher KnUsel1989 Burial patterns and archaeological interpretation:

problems in the recognition of ranked society in theCoast Salish Region. Papers of the Circum—PacificPrehistory Conference, Seattle.

Duff, Wilson19S2 The Upper Stab Indians of the Fraser Valley, British

Columbia. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoir 1.British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria.

Hall, Roberta and James Haggarty1981 Human Skeletal Remains and Associated Cultural Material

from the Hill site, DfRu 4, Saltspring Island, BritishColumbia. In: Contributions to Physical Anthropology1978-1980, edited by Jerome Cybulski. Mercury SeriesPaper No. 106, Archaeological Survey of Canada,National Museum of Man, Ottawa.

Hill, Warren1992 Analytical Approaches to Identifying Social Complexity

from Northwest Coast Burials, unpublished ms. U.B.C.Laboratory of Archaeology.

Hill—Tout, Charles1895 Later Prehistoric Man in British Columbia. Proceedings

and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada.Second Series, volume 1. pp. 108—122.

Matson, R.G.1976 The Glenrose Cannery Site. Mercury Series Paper, No

S2, Edited by R.G. Matson. Archaeological Survey ofCanada, National Museum of Man, Ottawa.

Appendix A - 25

Matson, R.G.1992 The Evolution of the Northwest Coast Subsistence. Pp.

367— 428 Research in Economic Anthropology Sup. 6,Long—Term Subsistence Change in Prehistoric NorthAmerica, ed. by D. Croes, R. Hawkins, and B. L. Isaac.JAI Press Inc., Greenwhich, Conn.

Matson, R.G., Heather Pratt, Lisa Rankin, et al.1991 1989 and 1990 Crescent Beach Excavations: Final

Report. Report on File, Ministry Library, Ministry ofTourism and Ministry Responsible for Culture, Victoria.

Mitchell, Donald1971 The Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia area, a Natural

Region and its Culture Types. Syesis. Volume 4, Supp.1. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria.

Monks, Gregory1977 An Examination of Relationships Between Artifact

Classes and Food Resource Remains at Deep Bay, DiSe 6.PhD Dissertation. Department of Anthropology andSociology, University of British Columbia.

Morrison, Sandra and Heather Myles1992 The Sacred Mounds of Scowlitz. The Midden. 24(4):2-4.

Pratt, Heather1992 The Charles Culture of the Gulf of Georgia: A Re-

Evaluation of the Culture and its Three Sub-Phases.M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology and Sociology,University of British Columbia.

Smith, Harlan I. and Gerald Fowke1901 Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. Memoir of

the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. II - PartII. Ed. By F. Boas. New York.

Thom, Briann.d. Stó:lö Ethnographic Field Notes, 1993—1994. m.s.

U.B.C. Department of Anthropology and Sociology.