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ooErudddr qrs u sjq.Irrr raEo slll jo srqqBDd I.rou lpldwwMp3t$,[ n ,eqeqql66wt*a, @qEoddo llnq sq, oLI sal'4EqspsEoduo pw.nordp uu Iltuu* rqie+ st Jo 1D@ap a$ q'Eqptuolo, o1locuddo tu.ps .lqow. p@ a4wrd IEurnq':mlor.,,te^es,ro,tcs $oFbqn rn Nauor llaa lsrreoleupw,u.lst 4, \iroq's cr+dsad IEmprw Il{peu smFe s,EE Jo @tco. spdlsaqdrEdse p,prdap Il.uuor ae oqM lauod ,o m{slodx. pse N.uleaAIquq aqr Pw uq?qllmr.P os /G,qtrq pw.rrrrrmJ d? ln?mopuP<Iled ur 'os ',s.3E^ps, ,o suoqeru.$rdar pur suoadaruoJ ,ur.F.M,ur Eu.u.r. Equas.rEnb ac ',lrFDuaS -cpu p.rpuqun pw l,!M,

luasard puE

lsed e!uopoleC /v\oN :ocuPruolpue fiooe^es se oullqou

onrads sjth Ns cal€donn in abour 1340. conrenpor.ry @riv6dibcauy comlrhd wih {E Ewod.d nrle.tim oImoE tomar.otmiat r*h,nainly ettnographi6 wriita by ni$ion,j6 and Fmd.av.l nedi.alor6eE.rd6eL\cmhrry tn@pologisbnmtioqhringuEly,inminlynomative Ems, wnne indtqous ftl hisrories hnd to pmide smiti*rt,chnsiid p€Bp€rriva m a long gmq egnivo.aly vahea or Eje&d pagdworld. AllhGioiie ar pkmt, bxr-d€pedeni.cb ot EimSininS pask. Tneautho,in& reSuage, polius aJd a6rheti6 olexb,N rhus or the very fabncoI',hnhie, ad the pasb rlEy Eprtsr. colmiar &xb o N.w c.ledoniaweE m6dy writren by Fe.ch ns, always ethnoenfic .nd variouslyblhkeEd by gadei, re, Elisious .na .b$ prejudie. Tneir bi.ses wenot jusr peMn l bur sysbmic and di$uEive, emledded in pdidlir tulenaiion l v6i6s of rlE ctuisrj , civilied *nse of misi@, destiny d

p€rimiiy ro'ava36'. Bd idotilied, deipheEd md uiti.auy .mp ed,such prtjudic6 c .i4 rartur th& rl.bar ihe €*rohi oii.at eiploirarion ot

L*eall bb, *lycolmial Epl$tatitu sh tlm hry padi.l, abitaryPPsp.rbse, n sprul a q.[ 6 polhol rem! ( arholrr Vd.r tuiituic\$tled in no!$*emNew c.l.dmia in 1343, ino.e wel. divided, rheEIoEvulneEble md inonseqential chierdom. Tney kde wfih quiieario rciion3oI itutuoblfty ad 6ohli9, and rher min 106l $res ot inturionw@ mle'chi€Is d yMg ..nve s. An ethn%'aphy derived rm suchbxG n v€ry sp€cilic a to ijnq plae and .onbxt, s d€ n6r €tmg6phi6.Like ar ethtusraphere r dis3lie $at spEiti.ily by afierinS a Soenthingidion. ln its IiEt 16 nonths rhe hissionjorh,r nade no mnti6 of fighting.TI'js abene challage )ater conveniion l.olonial wndm lhat ,all the&diverse ribes .re alnost condantry ar wa!, for nutual plnnd€r anddaabbon , rhat ?ea.. iB only a susp€Eion of Egul& ombat d the iietd otbattre', dut lEle xoak we ,nen ot wa above aI ets.,(L@ne iB4ZBz;Rmge, rcn r3,rn 4o.2r . Pftil t 357: .q) r arE!" rh.r rhp ,h,? vituhm! mroEsnsrcdry.ye uM\e.dhdl@orr\iiur.oa,de dEF l},ov.,rrEist.iim of indiShou .diN rd 5elf-pE*nrah63 in $e .on6t ddiashioni.g ol .olonial rex6.:

ftppoenbalrorlignbSm$Bpfl orN.wcrledonid rd pEutrrbtyel)"qrcF uas ev'dm y p'otoi,.a. nu.on"-p--y uiu,.pr,".smrhirS oI . fi) dm in md,s$ou\ po[ti6. ,lkturh3 Fl,b! ety F *edp"aetul penod! rd noE rsr. violenr he\ whr i,shbs did nu|bdtuah. mp.fl mou6d"ob.cmr hlr€pd l]rmgh sllmrv? or evagery,wasolhnromdp€lbS.rroshaDeuEtrFpFqb m!orlncnm.t neyw@ ar$ giv6 bhyp€rbohi uE fi6! ,war,@nrimed i! rh. nieion jomarwas imeuous l@l a.hd8e of sp6 d slingsr66. MoE to6al,mhpo,a t6E dembfd. tumftiv oI'sd':,bes6 n"ic*tur,ort}e flp q r8r'. t,eMen virisE tof rhc ,mc hbet rd ,bcMen hb{_

fte lar.r weE depicred as 1dible,, ,wrrs or eireminarjon,, lo bleburchery,, tuLnituiing in cmibalisn md widespre.d devadatim (k.onie1a.17&3.4 5rMe6uier r360i,12-4 de Rocha 1362242).-nE tup€ ofbutdurywas.ledly ny?erboli.i coldial rexb nrety ndhoned the a.tu.ImtuEneol n65 kilings, dhe! L\ E rhe mft, hdr{r-bard€ Rqet ro a suGstut.urPn* 6anu. Ma3*e weE burinely avoidall. wlh autim or njght5yawearerorv quished panl, ,Bukhery,, rh6, w6 a cmvenrid,l Eflexor tavarry, Ior EDpem. H4ev€r dubioG th€ im.3e ot bukhery theEwas no doubt.hout the appauing nat€rial inpa.r ot lighbg, charedltmmb ol setlehdts, ruined gaidos dd c(ontrt g6v.s fureed dELndr.pPs evok€d in rh. erly bxh.

Tne slm oteof Elationships in Ns Caledonia in rh. 184& md t8soslo.kdnad.wlylNatwilhrivalry dnudm3ii.v&€sbetu€tr.roskitrpopt. ad neighbous o&n ndins inro b6wls and ,ishb, jnio whichmbideEweEsondimsdra6rh k ro peMat de tnar coEr,bted padollne labnc olElationshipsbehm dill€Ent pla.6. Acorcn ry ol dfiBticiEeunty w.s rhe rtpdted h8h inciden.e ot snat!*are nigrarioc maElahtuoverclBidmblespa.ew hawidevaie!?oIfteges, iffinB,aller MiesJ Later edmoSraphies md oral nnb es insish0y depickdpelslG md 3@ups in New c.ledonia as e@hed in ovtrlappins webs ot4du,nger.tiGhips d krow. iiimai* a@wholeEsies &d brymdlsas&dPjviem1932,1933,Cuidr9sz1 1,1%6).SuchlaE,alriBh€ti€dIordar European segmentaiion ot ih. poliiical l dscape inio dccEreco!p.ra&enrit&s, d msuEd r

'rked po66d rorallimce Lmation ovE

wid. eas, h borh indtmous md colonbl onis6.virtudly segrhinS Mel aim did o! did nor do whe (iEhrins was

dmed by n6t Euope cometalo$ a5 conrempriblq dGgunins o.aoolGh. fun cmvmtio. ol exeava8ant vedrl a$e$im dd bEvadq.ohbined wfth tacrkal pElemes lor avoiding opm .dtreration wfth astus opponmt md arh.kin3 individualr by skauh, Gually k ptcasualri.sln, bui s€med ro Eusp@ ar ore bonbsiie hyp&ritical, cowardly db€srial. Ih. hutilirio4 ditrmt€mmt md earhS of dr .orp*s ot tarhI@ in dE afbma& or b.dle dd L\e biuphmi dnphy or 6ny pticsgm€dmp€alrblytu)adbarb ic.nprihral.rcdb[mmdinvmtidor app&piare spmb md dos atunrion to ohen-indisp.cabl€ elen{bin any indiSenous nil ary ent.rp'jse-wer€ derided as a ,c'owd orapesbtioupr{ti€, (Lahbed1900:130).

Tne rone or nhsifiary descriprions Biltared berween a disisiveimpresim th* paniohr liShb were liniEd md not enrirEly Eiout mdmapp,ned s4. of rhe.uularive delatin, him and mrrainty whlchcult d 6on sumt viol6.e.I read rhisambivrl@ 6 a hxruat inprinroL d,vrhn ir mdigpioue r.shhg. er dldrinB Fp.aredh ron rjrnrs orinsutts inaicted by individuats and abaring with rhe rempoiary rc-

I

Erabtishnmr or.qnival6G, by roreor diplofa.y.Ilr suha nilibry *rth3peticul.r dashes wft usually liniled in ialc dur.rim md lo$ oa humliiq vi.rory Med d 6ms ed mar Sains dd L\e va,quished nm,xysurire<t to lBhr mothtr dry but siryl€ clsh6 w€re als episode in m-Soingdch g*b€&d individuals md gonps md nightb. mh€dded hddurjnSparb6of dhity dalli e,ol6crissr@inBwholeE3ic.

It wis evidently a prinp .xiom in New CaldoniF.s everywher inMel@sia thatnrintm or nlabveequivalffi and pEsrte d@&dedEv63eforiBulb dinjur)4'vm8€me'rnd'vindidivms,we€ulmrr€lm in colonial kft. R.r,ted pturciplq equally abhoftn o Empeanchristi.c,weEthatkinspeoph,trisds dani6mishtlEheldEspoNihlelor tne 16@ o, individuars, {d $at roolity w6 Elaiive b plarionship.!r]e* Primiples hrd *vel pnSharic oDllarie: that m lmnspeibg dderencel€$ en€my was &e b.d posible vi.ri4 ihar vi.rory wa3 norei6p. mr $ rhe @in,hich it was hieved, rhatdeain or hjury !om€sell ed me! kn6folk md ftim& wep b be avoidd i od.r b prdEtsoup hregriy dd pcrenr hiSSering a cycte ot vaB@ dd coub.vm3tr.e. Thu ambush, rpri* raid and d€tu6d of sadens, hes,buildiqs aa qes xeE hvonred, brau$ leasr risl, rruq tus edd€cptid weE hon@Ed; rhe v€t wert alwaF nlns.bte d 6wdyindividual enenies/ especially wonen and childEn, were lair gane;wi&dhwal w6 a FreRd.teGcivehod. againsi. sturye 6sit nr, whileav u6 of F&ar &d ptac o, EruSe wae atsays kept ops in .se of ardlopsbaideswe€peb ly fairly liFd@ aE Is suh.msts inolmial &iE+ire rtEy pEsuppo*d the @Nlrtm olbo& p6rri6,.qunyuJide.r ot s@ej rhe raciic, moEover wa. rdty used by xtrak agairetEuop€ r fradve fiEpffd behg shit it wa,

In sbne3i. r€!m, rtneleded 6e uEualty ssitiv.oiodBr obeds,'ro mgaSe in equal comb.t wilh e ared enmyi ss pgarded by Mdmjffi$ m ertr...For them honour depends qclEively m sn(4, d bherityahi.h .osts fie i5 idioq, md which B w.e, , dis3rae,. wdioK hid smBrher r,h dBplay rrrm wfth pride fo, dEyevide..€d.ll@ine$ in dodgingblows, while dRrh in batrl. was a blor m a p€rso.t sdory (de Rala.1362:206-7i Vigo6 1350:133, 251)-such values were wid€ly rportedd$wheF in Gmia.Ii 50l]my ways indis@ vrlu6 in Elarie ro fishringloolljteamil i@E€oIEumpe,thoughFEnchcoroni.lptadic€wa3roprcve .t r€ar 6 qpedimt ad ruin]e$, dd moE eld06,

Few.mtenpoEy anrrs.Edfted 0E d€tib€rare ex€dse o, psr.inr inin.ligmtus fishung in New c,r.ddii, pEsunabty beau* it was it oddewiln rtF double €d3€ oI dE paaitjnS rop. ot savrgery: ubiirtled violwm.t ohgi.g mwardi.e. Wnere rsraint was inptied in $e re\tg, I wssubsned .s a bru&h rns h$€Ed by f€ar yd Met msi& rbB cleelydid *€r b lini rlPduarimand d6dine$ olrheir.6nict' as dE@iotul

a{q q 6upd pw s,^nsrm s,muoe o q r pae B@q3s u rllllj*Jo .maxa an plll F ins mr@)ua lnqoJ lo srlodr u qurq pal;IE

FNalI|sasmfllqruoq@dlun orsiRpapp{mos:qluqEr'IJG!6u,3.,t!u.r$orw lo s)q qenoqr 1E-{[:9660 uorsr@ Jo Gs{srpdol pino ?apB a cq r ltrDu ror r larcse lEruotorJo l@p@ u.qll uta pmorod .lI1 qr@q1p.trE! r.qpq&asrcE^.t-lo qas rnoq rsq@ll4r tu@8rpE 3teu nr{ ro s,^n}dsd FnrEd rX pd@F rad,{r,.qr doq nx4 eqd so'{ln? I"rmrD to rmapmB Nrldu:rIq paphodro IR@p d.d !os^ uro Xu u swr4ul:\r :FrDudEa.h suorpor.'p ,qt srx,r lcruoto) pIP * ta^lrirEu ]{u udJ !.llfrpapn XlIPlln^ r cuopaF) NN r BqNig roqe {or rs!, r u,qfi

',eq3v raue ple rq ot .^!6u 3qa.Im) p papl^orlmFsqnsro spEu.p a,9 pE,6IP EPEp N8u uau IIv ]lNrun ,fursJ lt3'{llEs dar quapsa ,o uostndx, p.!saqdrorffi6m:,q:ard.lm.Fyssnsurpq@nq9FqrF,fu oBb

aasdnN,ap,{ qB.otrlsq a,rltqEEro<t otru niqr b prqsrnbEra'l| ro uq .']1 pe.uoqFe pw s4l"nsr ro, u@lsduor rd ar@{FparEotau'5DaabJ.:,.rD^o apsu ft ruou s@Ed ru$ddoaI r.,.J.!p,a'll p.Plslns rkl@rro sw]sd p3 4uoansvDphtdpw@!qcpoB3w nal] a$-Fnp 4 srffia8p an 8u^"ar,,{IDd ftE{ E ro eqd9@r {xa,rFs rrErod@r lq p.prc^e lrrcllEor sza uouqerjloJ .(r,{dv,9t3r ,Iuq{0€ lurl9}r.srdns q pEr.d,qSnou ru sri, &Ed q.6 pw

5c 9S3r r rsM llp 3t w ro rccsnp arll prqDxap ,GEu.6,r .@ :p.^n'Fqs,q6sn ua @n Sq,nrDSRat pr quu:BE9E&lnrqeJ.m@alqmo^E pkld?u,eusp,6qso,(I3U q3nulr1!ql@ rol toq pr.pw aqor p.q sod:a rr,i pw solnM )uqaqr ftqr eqr t@td^ sl XrrEEoud,a $oDr rlatn tnonqou ssd atrrq Io rE.q aqr r lr rr ,sourr{pw souErJGt D, s.trE^au3 ,noqrEq rqtu sueje.u?Fw qrnoqr

.gtur lProoto) ltpurgfr,(I.ou u anpc ?ar.gnoE:,ilq1{ad qr Imr SurqSg

'rt 1rE:rfl lo.uEtn.qr nqp r Jq|EI 11920661),xFrro.lo uolcr$pr. aqr n! rlnadzr.ql XrrEnp! puE uoqduslp stru pelq ,Inrxo&nd pe t?@qu, !E rph wcmlaw ro a3!u slcwpur,E 16 'lr^quud a$ Jo .sn.l.p r.tlPuoncr, :o ruluor sr p.uqdpuoJlFeux rp,{M 4uNapun lou op r ,,6uar. FuonEqE,penu lnxm{nllo Pu.Dl s s IIs{s &, aE, ? rwFu n|a3:^6 @^sr,$omD, alr Jomuauasrdd u!.doha u +Ers lrqqsho Irllnb 1lloq qlu.ppo te n'uaqr p:ntld qrqh ar,{on Fou.rod pw Ilq)c a$ rsu.p pw almuor FIod.p 'IAaFcs soDBIpr 8lr{.UZtO06r Fqel),s@ -a, e pmH,e!q sljl dors q AmDp.tI EqLl,l|',!p6ptu &u *.-q.quor r.W,lrql p4d aldasouqFlrcuorsu auo,prsp.raour)s rorrlu.uuor,rsuorsscd5,p .rod

errEme rtion+v a€haral' bo lore rhe hrds ol i.kmisat 46,espeially'chieG', inorder bbringadd lonGtilib6vhen liPn mdNd..

Whie $e need ro reskain violeme was p.agnatically .mpellinS,Edraint in a.tioN, ihough.ot in rnetoric, also )ook lik . widespEadolbnl pELEre. I read ii as a corplah ol a comitunt to eiptriiydd €+ivalence which petu ded elrndships oI.ll lindt nisdl, neutal6d !.friendly. FEdichbly, giv6 oEir disrare Io. mcr thinF pagaohissionilaes lmded b Edu.. tcipto.ity ro n%ative nmile*atimsvenSeme ad c@dl)Hr kae . Iu.honal rehnonship be&een rhe

obligation ro rhaE and aU $€y $hoced in locat p.eti.es Che wrokl'snaring is ml, a tutoi whi.n cmPeb rh.n, beaus. they lerr w.r orv63€ .q tneydidnothaE$atlof€, mecould only.mPethhtodo8s, whi.h wraryl€ over tlEir pey' (DoEe 13a3-s3: ls M..d r8a6).

Andher missiomry adopta a 6di.ally fudionarii line drawing explicii6u.1 linls bdweo tolmuisn (th. oblieation to shd),'inpEv jd.re','Iasa ,'rmine'md'rhe* nudeFs wais which ihey h.v€ h order lo dtea.n oinel o&€uer 13sa:62j1

NDff md v.ru6 reb6r.mideGdnot as @PulsoryP.lnrmlord66butas pdol naibls epenoie otaltemnve etat€gies In rri4 w.lu.tionmd in&rpd$o. which olha nate avaiLbl€ b rhM who meive sdtugdiik tnd. In rhis soe, eipdity ed .qlivalde weE .ot bindhsobl&ati s nnpced hy aftburos abrbd foru, sucn * toci*/ or tsbn',bnt gmEl disposftiN, for Gthdi. a u.I as ichnenrrl l€ens. Inftldion b Ithtin& rog.ht dld Posinve di,rleTim oI EciPn.iry weEinrimrely Elahd. v€nssrc w6 ore mmitust.rim oI a pr4naric mdemotion.l prrtia,jry d e+ival@.; n was alm6r always m el€nmt, iI notrhe domi.mt nohve. in pimdld6Shts rd 6pRi.ny in L\en Ept€tim insequene oI Elaled .laehes. E{alation ol ext€rnal .onai.b wa ofiendelib€r.rely pronoted rhDugh nobilisaiion or Hipro.iries. 'chiefs

ti.ipati.B var3€ffie woutd .thpr ro divide Espdsibility mmgj $en6wn afi€s u neuh.I* mei: oppom6'by diskibutinS Pds ol a ded6oytbody:sh inA a hlJnm coip* nedt ro'dbre, by rhat vdy I&t,rh€ quarrel o, rhe d6ol 6d a$um m obligarion b neF net ultinahvensse (de Reh6 1362:206).

Ii.dl,dblim{itnEuop€@,(,n }pEdi.raHyEh€aEedindia{lxpanms ol fultn$, bur, lile M&n dd oth€r hlande6, they als. adophdwh.toecolodalobsaercarH ti$lrarconp*itic of s)sh' (& Ro.has1362:207-q: adapr€d, tusfomed indtqo$ methods, md imovadore,Th@wa m8oiry pFieM.e in olt€re 60r lie ed arbnsh of ishbd,pFfmbly uwary individnars md smn Bmpsi a Elusal to l6nt an€d,alrn t@p-e m opm bahl. u,'lN wirh rulled advdb3p in .urpli\c ornmbss; a hctiql E[tu again* F4h oll]lN on hr@'lEt by sp.a,

sli.SshotaJd,wh6 aitablq gushor tron havy cove, or skimishhg onrh. fl.nlc md d rh. Ea) a &ndqcy ro prefaplun ler b kiliry.xcpr in 0rheat ol m8€i The sbleere tlur onliEiry emued lbh sucn rac6c sw thelruridFd roch Bpmd hrfi opvGr"tun. J . muiry of hghrins ,[ rmrdili,. b veLnBie lrrdrssob p{Dh h eF,l-oonm pd, b hshr s irh.o' p&.lle. ro h@ped. G ch, ishds or when lneu en mpr .s or hIlEtsveE {gag€d-u.h actios povo*e L\e mri.olonial rrpe ot,ollb@tion,,

Kaffrhced *rious pnblem ag.in* \elt-almd tmps hot.ling a $uddefm,\ e pGrm dnd ph.613 Sood liE dsplinp. Thausnour rhe msoineolmial pedod K&ak hlve nevd p.s*sed adinsr, usualy had Ehriwlituw€frdire lipalm, dd urir l@r]y mainly Ftied on dub-cph.ed bid" lerhd ,@laHnd m.trn35:nd sp.rF. Dc!p,€ rdBmous .LiI.id:.cuns hirh ihae wepoir. rhey d"F madcqude r orEnle a34mndisciplined R oi 6ErIm. wihdrawal mined ttE lavoo&d indigmusdel{siv€ h.tic rt w6 €fre.tive wha pem ent onquest of krftory wasnot m isrE as in nost leal con ids and tuth isolared Fench puitiveex?editim. wtunapediiiore we lollowed by expopriario orK:jErmdp€mal6tinstallaiim of erled udernilibry pokim, withdBw.t 6dedro p,efl. Iiv6 but sidsly di5rupr livelihood.

r(,n r dnptayed epte Qp y tor 6n.edins longreo plans tor wainvslvina substmrial coaliiions norably in rhe lenErhy diplonaticSbmdwo lorrheabct whichlauncheddr dcolo.ial*aEof 1373 79.N@E elBs, nct rMl,rack on Empe-s,li*e $o* o. orher Isr des,uer eudde., &rivertd in heat, md fairly shon.liv€d, pemably udnd.d@ v€n8eaa had ben hks, inm€dsuffeEd.118smeourdbes:idorh yG.l.kdrm.heipeditions,{henbsntical dilliduies imped cmrainb al%ous ro rho* under whi.nwmioFgadeB always labouftd. x,ek mjshr hav€ erpebd rrre Fntunro rd wfth sinilar .iEunspstim, Ghint md numfty duri.3 $e thcmjor

^ine6rh entury .oloniar was, lt 5, rhey uould be disinsi.redlFErhmfibrykaaeE,givmm6 Ed tine olsupply ind suricimr pltiticalwiu in P,c, feE cdbiauy dd pFfe$imally,H6ed to.L€ary, dawmur@paisru cmdded to rhe bitusd.Irw6app,tilg.timba*d m rurhl€sslyhiermhi..l cle and ncial vahesr 6n . Eaditu$ ro expto rhe r6@tdis.iplined subserviu.e ro 'Rom nilnary ideB, ot ,nnqu€ io.ing.b.dire' md 'slf ,!tu8.iion, (KRsd 116:64) d on a amiar oi lhehlllru equivarm ot,elrmi6,,Bpeialy wh€n rhEy w@ dem€d,eva8B,.

ald m4ins New caledonia in 13s3, rh. Ftuh never doubbd rh€irosn.dbaliy in Ne caledmi afiaiE, ro tieexret rhar Kaul violemo{ all kjndswa usualy c.hgoris.d in orricial rhdori.6,Evolr'r,eb.llion,asairE %jtinEte *v€eign an*-d9,.s inde€d jt rs in colonial logic--nurdur ism eide for hidorims bihinkjngly ro reituaibe nre bbeL rslmdendorbtle$ intrachd in ways which did not necseity involve ihe rench,

and rhey .lwrrs brdght lo.al politi.al agada bo clashB s h Euopeas.TteFmcnmbe Rn s mly se dm6t{lb.jr oIEn a signiricmr onFh rhe lErable, .m&sed politie oI New cal6d6ir b 1330. oily alki rhewaBoI1373 79 6nld the FErh inpo* FmaEnr aumtrfty on s$shntiarea olrh. oldy butdd alo 1330 FEnch mhol wapathy in rhe norrh,dd mained $ inro the eatetn mtfli LiIe @st.olonial eupatim,thar ol Nes caledmia by Frarc was eeti., at rime EgIBiE, md Iahoie oneoE, lene$y rd dpdsive rha its initiabG had mricipared.

lndiSmo6allie*peenssdgDupschmsinga.tivealti cewi$lneFEcn *ert nmedcalt u<l shhgically a icrl in w€ry olmi.l wal Ih.irnotivesdobrEmdwepnod btveied, bur pobably016 Med nmbindigm s pol i.al smideBtio'ro ttu ous or civili.atioo, dut is b F,eh soveEjSniy', .s ih€ coloni*spublidy ptrlroed (1, Morir. ,la L NolrU.'cradr 6 Sepremh.r 1a63).The label tolLloara', tnplyins 'cHpa.iion with m€ eay, js h.ldlyaPr Io .ud .uhnos 3Eups, since '$e eneny' was always .Dnutualand dShr a w.u b. ind*6a3 a3 foEisn.

The Sddauy nesarive tme oI e.rly Empem deriptioc ot hdigoousIiShrhg was *hed in mo* rcmsb ol tien mlituy a.ti6 in colmialconidts. Tn. ubiquitous olonial tupe oI ue nindle$, davo, svaS€ hod€eb 6 retui d4ial ol indtemus aS€try.Mpomded bJ, shaky (fearful?)nilibry ditlrEiic lrlErio. ol r .otrepr oI a3etuy G6G'rdr'as d.ar€gicptudme, on d€ pEhie rhat hunm choie md actim alwars sb anmhSlmdt oldotid d EM4 raL\er dE tn i pnori pol,aisation,wh.iheron senelar.@ephal o!culMvtri.l somds A4ajorcorchnrm.8en y and m hpotutcdditimot prudenc wa the @k dnuedc.linfaidityofKaa*w noB b Fmch tmp6 md th€ir alliE in ncr colonialen.lMls By this padin& t..es ol Kanar hctics edillmr€d in colooialbra be.p?ak iwo si.les oI a single, pragnatic.oin, apprcpriate roouEtmb44 ouBumed, (pr.bably tri3nl6€d!) pd,rime wados: betidh rh. psycholoSic.l valne or shorl, sharp *ptosioro oI extm€ viot6.e,.@pted wim a Eadims ro eredse Edcinr. Ttr kiuirys whi.h i.ni'kdevery mitr olonial .dflict, mhbly in 1373, w@ pmbably inidded to b€deisivq nd pElimimr, to drawn-or cmpaiSN for whi.h (d.t w@logisticany r{quipp.d,In odtire md erh6 rtE indigom bdial EpetuiEw6 nor e*edly ditremr duri.8 rlp mlonial era rrh wn* il s@ bohave ben eadna but rheir dmNhed &nb ity md adapbbiliy arsuethat Mel 6im wee mi lo.k€d into olbrau), peordaimd paltetur tieyeaSEly$u8hrf@,b.rdleddlm*p€rdy dhadesimiticmtdecsiveractical imoEri@ bo a.comodab lrEn us in fodihed pcftimj in 1373$ey did $.n br* ro disrupr Fmch 6@uni6tions by mdi.g relqraph

'rhough ultjmr€ly x.Dk 16r.Ery mloniat wd, n G cbr, evd tFmcalmialcampatnEp. s,in rh.yweuuanynotdrlat€dnilidily,butchoe orw€E lored ioreSonak whm ine @b of cmtinud fighbg bEmeudephbig a subsLtd.. e.0ony odd not sEhh almd nobjlis.iionrd€fnkly. ap..i,rrv n rhe ke or r rthnve ,hr%y d ahhd. l. \tujlEidu6 or (6ak adioG inply .hat rhey romed potitj.al mrryrdm andsaw .o vntue in lighting ro the bnk end agaitur dauntina odds. yetintin,htu oI rhe etretivod ot KarEr nilibry a.rid p€(olar.d .olonidhb, a{ tp n6r rsii md dememing. Ii showed in tne bnsrh of timedd mour ol F6ch erlon ffiary beior Ka.* d{ided rhat mdurm.eoI in€quftie and opprssio. was te$ deshctive ot trlen ini€cns lhmviolen e, in rhe arauoNes tor Europe.re d $e incdcl$iva€ss olParti.ulartupaiaa; in rh.3ae.Iy heavf FEn hFlitu 6 ali.i suppo(in tt'e aEnr b which Merreie roRed rhe Fmch bo ado?r dEn me&ods.An AEkalid iodmari.r (mnenred r t373 rhar rhb w o, FpF$ion dthe carEqus had b h. nade d l, c,r"{"s...Ifte FErhl appRiakd &G 60

villaSes and h66, da aE destution o, cE(Eur ftes md v*dation,

RuEwed (ek f8htur3 a8airer Fm.n @bniausm in 1934 {t whih rwa a pdph€ial spahbr (Ddgl,s 1935Fmd 193€ w.s mtiFly nodecbui modemi9 hid abmrio.s of otddpdte6 Tadielty, Kana} aSain wheGpossible avoided open confroniarion wnh opponenb who had anov€rwhehina nonopoly ol for.e; rhey cmphasised .egorialion andwithdiawa! asb*h d surPris w@ ften ch6m oilmiv€ nods whd

oidable. TIEy pEleftd conprni* tomdiyrdd and enploy€d seledivo conrolled, intemly psy.nobgic.lviolen.e, olEn verbd r.thtr $m phy3ic.l dd ained ar property rad?r rhpe$65. At tines $is wa $ @vi..in8, co,nir.inS mturdred turp.6(md Polymsi4 seotyFs o, Mel Eimsavagerysbpmvoredhmer€spons lrm fi€n oppondB rlE murder afr€r arnnsh or ten Kdak hysdrs i. 1%4 (@chdb in rhis volme), rhe shoorha or rhe KrDl lead€rElDiMftho&adhtd€puryby6libdEpshote$h196s,ddtrE omingof. Kmak-held c.v€ in owaa by fri-terorisr lorc6 in 1933, at a @d ol 19K a* md rwo rm.h liv6 olr erh r.sion dE xanak independmmovemenr(raNxs-( .ksGi.lisrNatio.atLibrEtion Frmosubsqnmnydisplayed awe$m Esbainr md di*iptine indE trcotuhm p6v@tim

Es*nti.li* evaluation of'narional chaact€r, is righdy an{hem inpo,hloni.l4tudi.5,blr 6mcrp..ph'"mb.u.. ubmqbp,eiol.hiioricary md exnbndal, $ar Melmsi4 h New caledonia m usuallynoqbfge,,pcasrcn.h dfl diha66.1vvDlentin&pF$insdseibut quick io setmgotiarim md Gtmhon of equivara€ in iB atEmaL!

'fteirindtmuspolih.alid@lodesp.oned,indeddm ded,dhn6oI vioten@ rowards'dnerrm'-'shd36/en6iet+h e su.h vatu€sweE expHs€d i. rhe dbavaSmt drab d hr?erbole o, oEn pouhcal$ebric. Y€r i. .dim a Eid, oI pra8mti. .osirteratiorinlomed bywidety .nd@d .Isposiiim fo. Eiprccil,, equivalse 6.t Eshintknd€d d hd b.dtain vjol6.e md o.oumgecdaiictHlurion by othdn@, erept in ine ie.t oI actuil ,ightfg. someL\ing of this Pddoncalamkm of rddr dd dn.iPline w.s mcbd P66ally by M{h.m in1934: his widely?ublid€a isaS!, sashinS.b.ndbox w h d e, apPaned

Euepems, but dJs ncr pssionaE oI Kaak leari.s ws aL. quih oldly.lini.al about t E polii.al €f6@.y olsynbotic violem, as weU 6 ftffihblyGtained in hjs own n nary P6cti...

Again md again dring the col$i.l p.nod in Neu caledoni., rhe cct ornilibry $lurioG dEided ind+mo6 people b ny 3@te3i6 dher t'& oPen

violere. s. rm, dE *illinss dd tiffis ol rhe 1930e .6vi...d tn€ ncri.nnenrlar lead€E ol rhe FLNKS io es.n€w did cmfonbtio with the

ovmhelning Fnncn miibry pl*ne. ]]Ey opd itrred b mbr inroueBy patuship with rhe Fm.t siah dlulEurpedpowernbrE,vftn updinhrsely-lftali&d ainol obhiniry su6.ieni lcal politi.al nu$le,nd ntupolitm 3uh€idi.s bo 'dvee

tn€ e.monk inr€E{s of rhe Kanalp€.ple eh€ad or rhe polifttl. What has h.pPemd in Nfl Caledonja h the19€0srd 199os.fi6ts io 0E h'de+a.y otbin.ry ricolonial nod€ts ofindiSmo6 fiShrinS d olded ldim. such nod€ls c* violene mdnon yiolence ar polar opposires-ae in etce.5/restainl, r€sistance/collahoErim{d privil+€ violmt eistu in .oldial Mtelh ar nopmraSsus d mdtic. \4olm mdnm-viol€lEem@ iptly idatiftds eiterahd, mb*lor hE.iwimd, pardy intahmge.bh motils in roaragemy and cotonial *penene. MaSic lor insrre, mut ofh have bmdQloy€dbdic.llybyK al againsr EuEpeanr though its tdhal ba6 mpedi.t'bly spae. In .nltuml inht mSic cm be a very violent weaponhdeed,bur a 6utn. rduhim mtiolmialim is likely ro deploe or elid€ it,s imriuEt ?rimitile , despai,ing, d $e v.ry s€m oI activisr. suchlhings ppay r8obu, Rative Efl*iw rFrhinkjng.

I The.ub.rd!e or rhE dipe' 6 ibnd3ed rtr ( h,pb. Thre ol m) bo.*Ard<" th. cmt LrDtl?. tautntyr tn tlrtot! and o-thnplw. HtNNdAadakPublishes,1993.Much Edodmairchativ.tut rrlhash€a 4i5ed & weu s detailed d@dbnon.

2 New caledonia ed s nsrby'dep€nden ies'-notably tie LoyaltyIslandFhav€ ben Fsli.oLni6 sine 1a3. FIm rhe 13,5& to L\e r90sihe v6t bult of land on rhe eh isl&d (J" C,ord. Terz) was aliemred

fommd'sena6m*$on,lherw,stu <dr M€ranAjd depopulah4 ed iJld,sso6 Fdh keF tudrc hadequh Flm s. Dsrly teahd on m4roat .;d5. Thcp h.ElroG dd;tm*d. nludns,\Rmapr{s u-rktu:bo doto::"11:.j_.jT,r..!d:.+",-* mriblru ddrreq or;;;;

1 H6rofti,rr,t,pph ih?Erm l\srr pdm.ub ) r. opponns o.fi€rlfu,dy rope.ph fisrrins pJmtd b t]r. r_E ch. &d jn;cr.b

me{.-urrs y,umd!ed xmal, i[v.and ,neuht m naln€r Bm.ric ndrmuGDre reft. sr.. Ehonal d Eoupalt.sir<6 w; )hinus.iE'",:iffi f : ;#"H#:t *.}*}.,,.Ttri#,:.i#cp,k \ Gononsitu,n EurcptuJAoluh6 dirmmroiLs onk DtrF or tu mtouFlnak ir has h?r .pprcpn;red ud Ahhari!€dq qE uoeppno4r pr LL b dmoh +rEd FtunJ po..o, i. jeFts,4b3!: Lfo od F ned DrEmt . rtoG\ rn ileB c:,re,lodd n, h"Anw6 dk&ed by pch&paooe.d\bL in rhe toso! m ravon orM,w'hd.Erebdre.otmulpsl.k n.l.dG nor mDty, J]*difl ,*.",#L-n:x"#IHilHxliti,fJ* fl ,,;"il*j*:"'

1 'N" F shoromr flm ous psolrh" Lt d b \ sir Ins dLpr r harea denoM.um alo3o6 b srruss.(rEmre r347:322j

Arhivio dei Padri Mxisri (Apt {), stion oceann, Nov. catedoni4 none.B.r. A.ed tuvi.r.I{. rc82. b, tn2nn"d. t.dti, e.ta9n9rdstet

d { ,apbdhfub d Ntutdb akdonn t-zm ap louhczie t Sq6rqu?

-.|c33D.|1El(xd6\lhFn.mliG(lpole4qrduou'dunruraE rNouveue<a16domJ., L.HonD. 23 263-3s. .

Doujn: u.. ra46] h!m.. ,t Defld.r rs4_r m Ap-it 1s!, v5 rcpyA(hres de rArnevEhe Nonaouti.al nnder New c.]€donia 19s!,,

- toos A.6J,tcMt Dtbdr pun4uhstqornbfi@b9|.Ha$dAcademic Punkh.E, ahshdm

cui:r. r rs<i Le, modrr "" d. roBeFdrn dudi {e d r..yiFrer cau?r trPndrntu d. k.ntal..

J. 1%1s'tu&? d' h,n|rfi" a M.rn ,, /tr.!d. rnsitur d]rrDo.os,e

-i,1e46, Mliaqi d, nuqE d Na@rcGdroi4 MN.e de rHohq

Kegi,l.,te/6rkF@4Brt$z,b thmcap.,Lddd,Kuurt, 8,, 1990. lllelamia w.dare: a th6reti.al hisbry,, o@ri., 60250

I4tat, P, r9O Ir379-{01. Mtu.rr4r^rilidsdaNro{ri4idnns, Nouv€UeInP.i'Mi€non 6e,Nom4a.

Iamtq E, 1a47. No6e sur la Nouv€U€<.t&lonie, l€s mffi er l€s Egesd. * h.bihb', /,E str r-s daknitles,3. t&i,2:A1l-69.

Mmtu,ier,x., 1360. Norizrisbt4,.,,n'nopafi iqw a phq ti4@ sw la N otelle

P6n rd.L.u57llssrl MdnoiedeM.ledocuP6n,uiru3impritujp,ldc L mrilr', DmnaF Er,frlF a lo \rordrr,.Oradorie Impnmene

d. RdlE. v. 1362. t N@[..GLrdnra *,h'btub pinudtN,M.@d&,nft. Ferdin d s.tuu, Pafu.

Ro$erra P" $46 .19.1o6a1,7 Sephember 13,16.30 tuobr 13,9,IS copy,&.hiva ri. l,athNadf , Nolsc,

rl'':fu. r., 1336lc.lftl. c,f rrD.&,nna anr:na'6otyrsmttqzwh r,,. u/6 P4ol4 c.s*ll, Lddm

verF€t c, 1454. H6rof r'. h PnnEt Mi"sian c,tnoti4p ", v:e,tut drMrlr,&e P r:b.u. crul)lm.

\isoB, P, rsso Priv.r iuhal ol a fou mnrht fti6e rh6u*h 3de ol the'serh s€as Islmds,, ad Neq zrala.d h H.M,s. firv.m.h,, rs mpylftmryoIrheAmll drff6bi.mdM@u&auc*tard