Final Technical Report - ACP Fish II - Welcome

"Strengthening Fisheries Management in ACPCountries"

Project Funded by the European Union

“This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union.The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and canin no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.”

“The content of this document does not necessarily reflect the views of the concernedgovernments.”

Final Technical Report

PROJECT TITLETHE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR

AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN GORONGOSA, MOZAMBIQUE

Project ref. N° CU/PE1/MZ/10/008

Region: Africa Country: Mozambique

Date 11 March 29 April 2011

A project implemented by:

Team composition: Gigi NegroniTeam Leader and Author:.Gigi Negroni

THE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT INGORONGOSA, MOZAMBIQUE

Project Funded by the European Union A project implemented by Harewelle International Limited

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Table of contents PageAcknowledgements 3Abbreviations and acronyms 3Executive summary 4Sumario executive 7

Main report1. Background 112. Approach to the assignment 133. Comments on the Terms of Reference 154. Organisation and Methodology 16

4a) Delivery of Terms of Reference4b) Conduct of assignment/details of the assignment

5. Conclusions and recommendations 28

List of TablesTable N.1 Delivery of Terms of Reference 16Table N.2 Mission meetings 26

List of FiguresFigure N.1 Nhataca transect 22Figure N 2 Feeding practices for better control 24

List of AnnexesAnnex 1 Term of Reference 30Annex 2 Itinerary, institutions and individuals consulted 39Annex 3 Interim technical report 42Annex 4 List of reports and documents consulted 55Annex 5 Technical outputs: 57

A Training of trainers concept; 57 B Gorongosa aquaculture baseline; 82 C Introduction to scientific fish feed nutrition detail on Tilapia feed and feeding (Practical applied research proposal for Gorongosa); “Diet Study” 106 D Feed training concept 159.



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AcknowledgementsThe consultant wishes to thank all those who have contributed to the compilation of thisreport and the two training sessions provided in the field in Gorongosa town and four villagesin Gorongosa District (Nhataca, Nharanga, Siquir and Nhambirira). A special thanks to theMaputo staff of IIP and INAQUA and warm regards to José Murama for the Mozambiquetechnical collaboration and the IIP Deputy Director Mrs Pola Santana Afonso. Also thesupport of Pro.Li.De was important for the logistical and organisational support in the twofield phases. A special word of thanks to the ACP Fish II staff in the Mozambique (RFU) andBruxelles (Central office), they contributed, with background information and their timelyadvice to ensure the mission met the required EU standards. Not to forget the Ministry offishery, SDAE, IIP and INAQUA staff, at regional (Beira) and local (Gorongosa) levels:during the field missions they provided their active and enthusiastic collaboration andlogistical support to deliver the ToR and additional requested activities. GorongosaAquaculture Associations actively participated in the training as trainees and generouslyprovided their pond structures for practical field activities and their associates’ collaboration.

Abbreviations and acronymsACP African Caribbean PacificADNAP Administração Nacional das PescasEP Escola das pescasEU European UnionFFP Fundo de Fomento PesqueroICEIDA The Icelandic International Development AgencyIIP Instituto Investigação PesqueroINAQUA Instituto Nacional de AquaculturaIDPPE The National Institute for the Development of Small Scale FisheriesINIP National Institute for Fish InspectionITR Interim Technical ReportPARPA II Plano de Acção para a Redução da Probreza AboslutaPPP Private Public PartnershipPPT Power PointRFU Regional Facilitation UnitSDAE Servicios Distrectuais dos Assuntos EconomicosToR Term of Reference



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Executive summaryThis is the Executive Summary for the mission to provide training to the IIP/IANQUA staffand Gorongosa aquaculture communities that took place between 11 March and 29 April inMozambique. Enthusiastic participation of all IIP/INAQUA members and extension bodieswas observed throughout the mission in: the preparation and execution of the training; thepreparation and discussion of the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline; the feed study; thetraining of trainers and the on-the-job training; and field visits conducted in Gorongosa duringthe training.

The fact that IIP/INAQUA staff and Aquaculture Association and extension personnel stillhad to carry out their daily tasks during the mission was accounted for through workingduring weekends, official holidays and out-of-office hours

In conjunction with the IIP/INAQUA central, Beira and Gorongosa personnel, the Consultantdesigned, organised and implemented the preparation of the material for the training coursesto meet the requested Terms of Reference (See Annex 1 ToRs) and additional needs for theIIP/INAQUA bodies. The training activities were held in Gorongosa town and surroundingvillages (Nhataca, Nharanga, Siquir and Nhambiriri) with the kick off and final workshops atthe IIP main office in Maputo. The training included four activities, related material andoutputs: Training of trainers, Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline, Feed Study, and FeedTraining (See Annex 5 A-B-C-D)

The overall assignment has been divided into distinct consequential parts:

kick off meeting in Maputo,organization of first mission, in Maputo and Beira,Gorongosa training of trainers,first mission results presentation, in Maputo and Beira,Interim technical report (See Annex 3),second mission organization, in Maputo and Beira,Gorongosa feed trainingrestitution of mission results (Beira/Maputo) and final workshop in Maputo,

Additional field visits were concentrated before and during the training

Travel was organized over weekends optimising the mission timetable, owing to the limitedtime available. Some trainees were therefore busy throughout the entire mission. Thecounterpart asked ACP Fish II for an additional training of trainers and final workshop, ACPFish II Bruxelles office agreed the requests and the consultant organized and executed theactivities not originally included in ToR.

The first part of the mission sought to organize the training of trainers (See Annex 5 A). Thefirst field mission main output was the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline (See Annex 5 B),while in the second part, attention was focused on the implementation of the Diet study (SeeAnnex 5 C), which included a main presentation on fish diet, a more detailed



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presentation on O. niloticus feed and feeding and a final section that proposes some basicresearch principles and three practical applied research subjects for IIP in the Gorongosa area.

The study developed in strict collaboration with the counterparts was particularly appreciatedby the scientific IIP personnel; the three proposals were: plankton production; differentsupplemental diet testing; and separated plankton and grow out production. The Diet studywas the scientific basis for the last fish diet training in Gorongosa as requested in the ToR.The client requested an analytical and strong scientific approach as the IIP mission is topromote a major scientific profile. In fact the second part of the mission (Feed trainingconcept, See Annex 5 D) was utilised to practically test and apply the materials, with on-the-job training provided in the field. This part involved the practical application of the Diet studyprepared material, particularly pond fertilization methodology and tilapia feed and feedingpractical techniques, with field visits to three Aquaculture Association sites in Nharanga,Tsikiri and Nhataka.

The Feed training courses (See Annex 5D) were designed specifically to meet therequirements set out in the mission ToR, which can be found in Annex 1. The courses werestructured around the use of PowerPoint, specific papers (Aquaculture Good Practices),presentations (See Annex 5 D) and group participatory work.An important aspect of the training was the promotion of Cooperative Learning, which provedto be very successful (a comprehensive methodology is attached in Annexures 5B & D;Chapters on training activities). The participants were divided into groups and wereencouraged to create, write and present their own training exercises (See Annexures 5 B fordetail) and to receive constructive feedback from the trainers and their peers.

The interactive nature of the training enabled the groups to undertake an in-depth analysis ofthe main sections of the course: Training for trainers focused more on the actual dietformulated in Gorongosa and the last diet training more on practical fertilisation and dietpreparation.

From the visits the recognised type of feed diet and fertilisation actually used in Gorongosaaquaculture sites was investigated and then practically improved on during the second course.The consultant was able to provide additional technical advice on aquaculture site and pondmanagement during the visits. In addition to providing technical support, the consequenttraining field visits also gave the consultant the opportunity to analyse and evaluate the impactof the training with the practical use of the fertilisation and feeding techniques and to proposepositive modifications to the aquaculturists.

In general there was an adequate response, although the consultant remarks that knowledgetransfer must be a continuous process for all IIP/INAQUA personnel, extension workers andstakeholders, following on from the last mission. A final workshop was organised to presentthe training outputs to Maputo IIP/INAQUA personnel and interested stakeholders. Togetherwith the beneficiaries and key stakeholders, the consultant identified activities for possiblefuture collaboration (See Annex 5 C) for applied research purposes.

To help promote stakeholder ownership some training kits were produced and distributed to



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participants as part of the training (See Annex B and D Training activities).

AnalysisThe mission provided some answers to the aim of increasing the productivity for Gorongosadistrict aquaculture which is not only influenced by the low diet quality but also by otherfactors, (7 Aquaculture Associations were involved). In respect of diet, the low proteinquantity and quality in the Tilapia complementary diet is, together with the low control ofplankton management, the main problem in the Tilapia feeding regime. In fact the quantityand quality of Tilapia diet protein is scarce in fundamental amino acid such as lysine andtryptophan.

Other factors analyzed which influence the aquaculture productivity included:

Fingerlings: there is no proper fingerling genetic selection, this limits the productivity,wild fingerlings of other species can be introducedConstruction systems: ponds are constructed without considering the presence ofappropriate land and water (normally a dam with appropriate channel networks whichfeeds by gravity a group of ponds); underground water entering the pond must beavoidedSoil quality: clay soil is best for strong and durable dikes, stony ground must beavoided, the land profile is also an important consideration before starting workSupplemental feeding systems do not consider the weight and the different fish ageclassesPlankton production and management are not appropriately considered.

ConclusionThe mission successfully addressed the requested ToR activities: feed study and training.Additional activities were requested by the beneficiaries and approved by the ACP FISH IIoffice. These were: training of trainers, Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline and a finalworkshop. The Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline permitted the team to assess the aquaculturesystem utilized in the Gorongosa district and understand from a practical viewpoint theaquaculturists’ problems. The IIP/INAQUA staff that was trained can now provide to thestakeholders proper advice that will permit an increased level of economic tilapia production.The final training was organized in the field mainly as on the job training where theIIP/INAQUA/Associations staff worked together on practical aquaculture activities related tofeed and feeding and plankton management.

RecommendationsThe mission recommendations are as follows:

A) To use the trained officers for aquaculture assessment using the proposedmethodology in the priority Mozambican areas that reflect government needs;

B) Across the Mozambican extension service system there is a need to increase thecapacity to asses the production of aquaculture systems in a given area and to



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plan appropriate aquaculture development/production; the IIP/INAQUA staffincluded in the training are now very capable of performing a local aquacultureassessment and their skills must be used to maintain and develop these skillsfurther

C) To implement the three tilapia diet research studies proposed within anappropriate research centre,

D) To repeat the training activities was a regular request from the stakeholdersside; as they are now starting to build some new ponds they really need theextension service activities going forward to avoid mistakes

Sumario Executivo

Este é o Sumario Executivo da missão do Técnico Internacional que proporcionou a formaçãoao pessoal IIP & INAQUA e as comunidades de piscicultores de Gorongosa, que teve lugarentre 11 de Março e 29 de Abril em Moçambique. Ao longo da missão foi observada umaparticipação entusiasta por parte de todos os membros da Equipa Técnica da IIP & INAQUA,assim como de todos os participantes dos órgãos de extensão.Grande entusiasmo também na preparação e na execução da formação, na preparação ediscussão do Estudo de Base sobre a Aquacultura; no estudo de alimentos; na formação deformadores e na capacitação profissional on-the-job. As visitas ao campo realizadas emGorongosa, durante a formação, também resultaram de grande eficácia.

Tendo em conta que o pessoal da Equipa Técnica do IIP & INAQUA assim como os dasAssociações de Piscicultores e o pessoal de extensão tiveram que realizar as suas tarefasdiárias, a missão foi contabilizada também através de trabalho a ser executado nos fins desemana, nos feriados e nas horas de extraordinário.

O Consultor Internacional em conjunto com a Equipa Técnica do IIP & INAQUA a nívelcentral, o pessoal técnico local de Beira e de Gorongosa, conceberam, organizaram eimplementaram a preparação do material para os cursos de formação, em linha com osTermos de Referência solicitado (ver anexo 1 TdR) e das necessidades adicionais ao pedidodos técnicos do IIP & INAQUA.

As acções de formação foram realizadas na Vila Sede de Gorongosa e nas aldeias dos distritos(Nhataca, Nharanga, Siquir e Nhambiriri), tendo o pontapé de saída e a secção de formaçãofinal, nos escritórios do IIP Nacional em Maputo. As formações incluíram quatro (4)actividades principais, materiais relacionados e resultados. (i) Formação de formadores, (ii)Estudo de base para Aquacultura em Gorongosa, (iii)Estudo para Ração e (iv) secção deformação para Alimentação (ver os anexo 5 ABCD)

A assessoria na sua totalidade foi dividida em partes distintas e consequenciais:

• reunião de lançamento em Maputo,• organização da primeira missão, em Maputo e Beira,



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• Formação de formadores em Gorongosa,• apresentação dos resultados da primeira missão em Maputo e na Beira,• relatório técnico intermédio (anexo 3),• Organização da segunda missão, no Maputo e na Beira,• formação sobre a alimentação em Gorongosa• restituição dos resultados da missão (Beira / Maputo) e workshop final, em Maputo,

Outras visitas complementares ao campo, foram concentradas antes e durante a formação.

A viagem para Beira e Gorongosa, foi organizada durante o fim de semana assim paraoptimizar o cronograma da missão, obviando ao pouco tempo disponível. Alguns formandosficaram, portanto, particularmente ocupados durante tudo o período da missão. A contrapartenacional fez pedido ao Projecto ACP II Pesca, de organizar uma formação complementarpara formadores e consequente workshop final. O escritório de Bruxelas do ACP II Pescaaprovou o pedido e o consultor internacional organizou e executou as actividades em origemnão incluídas nos TdR.

A primeira parte da missão procurou organizar a formação dos formadores (ver Anexo 5-A).O resultado principal da primeira missão ao campo foi o Estudo de Base para Aquacultura(ver Anexo 5 B), enquanto na segunda parte, a atenção foi para a execução do estudo da dieta(ver Anexo 5 C), que incluiu a apresentação prioritária da dieta para os peixes, uma maisdetalhada apresentação sobre os alimentos para os Niloticus e a ração alimentar, com umasecção final que propus alguns princípios básicos de pesquisa e três áreas concretas deinvestigação aplicada, para os técnicos do IIP nas áreas da Gorongosa.

O estudo, desenvolvido em estreita colaboração com os seus homólogos e contrapartes, foiparticularmente apreciado para a equipa científica do IIP. As três propostas iniciais foramrespectivamente: (i) produção de plâncton, (ii) diferentes testes diferenciados para a dietaalimentar; e (iii) plâncton separados e produção fora dos tanques.

O estudo da dieta foi a base científica que caracterizou a última formação sobre a dieta paraos peixes em Gorongosa, conforme solicitado nos TdR. O cliente pediu uma forteabordagem analítica e científica sendo a própria missão do IIP de promover um maior perfilcientífico. De facto, a segunda parte da missão (formação sobre a ração, ver Anexo 5 D) foiutilizada para os testes práticos, aplicação dos materiais com o método de formação on-the-job, ministrada directamente no campo.

Nesta parte o pessoal foi directamente envolvido em aplicações práticas do material preparadopara o estudo da dieta, no especifico o método de fertilização dos tanques e alimentação detilápias assim como das técnicas de alimentação prática, seguida das visitas ao campo nos trêslocais das Associações de piscicultores de Nharanga, Tsikiri e Nhataka.

Os cursos de formação para ração (ver anexo 5D) foram desenhados especificamente paraatender os requisitos estabelecidos nos Termos de Referencia da missão, (Anexo 1) Os cursosutilizaram para apresentação o programa PowerPoint, documentos específicos (Boas Práticasde Aquacultura), apresentações (ver anexo 5-D) e grupo de trabalho participativo.

Um aspecto importante da formação, foi a promoção em Aprendizagem Cooperativa, que



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provou ser muito bem sucedida (uma completa metodologia esta patente no Anexo 5B & D;capítulos sobre as actividades de formação). Os participantes foram divididos em grupos eforam incentivados a criar, escrever e apresentar os seus próprio exercícios da formação (VerAnexos 5 B para mais detalhes) recebendo também um construtivo feedback dos próprioformadores e colegas.

O carácter interactivo da formação permitiu aos grupos de realizar uma análise aprofundadadas principais secções do curso: (i) Formação de formadores mais focado na dieta efectivacomo formulado em Gorongosa e (ii) na altura da ultima formação, uma dieta mais prática ea preparação dos fertilizantes.

A partir das visitas foi investigado o tipo da dieta alimentar reconhecida e os fertilizantesrealmente usado em áreas piscícola de Gorongosa e, em seguida, efectivamente melhoradosdurante o segundo curso. O consultor internacional foi capaz de prestar assessoria técnicaadicional nos locais da aquacultura e de gestão dos tanques durante as visitas.

O consultor, além de fornecer apoio técnico, nas visitas de campo e as consequentesformações, também deu a oportunidade de analisar e avaliar o impacto do formação com ouso prático das técnicas de fertilização e alimentação assim como propor modificaçõespositivas para a pratica de piscicultura.

No geral houve uma resposta adequada, embora as observações do consultor que atransferência de conhecimentos tem que ser um processo pontual e contínuo para todo ostécnicos do IIP & INAQUA, os extensionistas e os parceiros interessados, a seguir a últimamissão.

Uma última secção de formação foi organizada para apresentar os resultados da formaçãopara os técnico do IIP & INAQUA em Maputo e os parceiros interessados. Juntamente comos beneficiários e os principais parceiros, o consultor identificou as actividades para umafutura colaboração possível (ver Anexo 5 C) tendo como fim uma investigação aplicada.

Com o fim de promover a responsabilização dos parceiros, alguns kits de formação foramproduzidos e distribuídos aos participantes, como parte integrante da formação (ver anexos Be D e as actividades de formação).

Analise

A missão proporcionou algumas respostas com o objectivo de aumentar a produtividade emaquacultura no distrito de Gorongosa, que não são só influenciados pela insuficientequalidade da dieta, mas também por outros factores, (7 Associações de Piscicultores foramanalisadas). No que respeita à dieta, a baixa quantidade e qualidade de proteínas na dietacomplementar do peixe é, juntamente com o escasso controlo da gestão de plâncton, oprincipal problema no sistema de alimentação de tilápia. Na verdade, a quantidade e aqualidade da proteína da dieta de tilápia é ser escassa em aminoácidos fundamentais, taiscomo lisina e triptofano.

Foram também analisados outros factores que influenciam a produtividade da aquicultura,nomeadamente:



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-Alevinos: não há uma boa selecção genética dos alevinos o que limita a produtividade,alevinos de outras espécies selvagens podem ser introduzidos;

-O Sistemas de Construção: os tanques são construídos sem considerar a uma adequadapresença de terra e de água (normalmente uma barragem com redes de canais apropriados quealimenta um grupo de tanques por gravidade), água subterrânea que entra nos tanques deveser evitada;

-A qualidade do solo: o solo de argila é o melhor para os tanques ser fortes e duradoiros,melhor evitar os solos pedrosos , o perfil da terra è também uma consideração importantesantes de começar o trabalho.

-O sistemas de alimentação suplementar não considera o peso e as diferentes classes e idadede dos peixes.

-A produção de plâncton e a própria gestão, não são devidamente considerados.

Conclusões

A missão teve um êxito muito positivo nas actividades por os ToRs solicitadas: O Estudo paraa Ração e as formações. Actividades adicionais foram solicitados pelos beneficiários eaprovado pela Secretaria do ACP II Pesca. Estes foram: a formação de formadores, o Estudode Base sobre a Aquacultura em Gorongosa e um apropriado workshop final.

O Estudo de Base sobre a Aquacultura em Gorongosa, permitiu a equipa técnica de avaliar osistema de aquacultura utilizado no distrito de Gorongosa e assim entender, a partir de umponto de vista prático, os problemas dos piscicultores. O pessoal técnico e funcionários dosIIP & INAQUA que foram formados, podem agora proporcionar aos parceiros, um adequadoaconselhamento, que poderá permitir um aumento económico assim como de produção ànível da produção da tilápia.

A formação final foi organizado no campo, principalmente como formação on the job, ondeos técnicos do IIP & INAQUA trabalharam em conjunto com as Associações dePiscicultores em actividades práticas de aquacultura relacionadas à ração alimentar e àalimentação e gestão de plâncton.

Recomendações

As recomendações da missão podem ser resumidas nas seguintes:

A) Uso dos técnicos de formação para a avaliação da aquacultura e para a propostametodologia nas áreas prioritárias em Moçambique que reflectem as necessidades dogoverno;

B) No sistema moçambicano de serviços de extensão, há uma grande necessidade deaumentar a capacidade em avaliar a produção no sistemas da aquacultura de uma determinada



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área, e de planear uma adequada produção de aquacultura de desenvolvimento; os técnicosdo IIP & INAQUA envolvidos na formação, a partir de agora são em condições de executaruma avaliação da aquacultura local pertinente e suas próprias habilidades devem ser usadaspara se manter e se desenvolver cada vês mais.

C) Implementar os três estudos de investigação da dieta da tilápia propostos, em conjuntocom um adequado centro de investigação.

D A repetição das actividades dos cursos de formação, foi uma pontual solicitação por partedos parceiros locais (piscicultores); sendo eles já em condições de construir novos tanques,agora realmente precisam das actividades de seguimento dos técnicos de extensão daqui parafrente onde evitar repetir os mesmo erros.

MAIN REPORT

1 BackgroundMozambiques’s marine waters cover an area of about 100,000 km2 with an EEZ of 200nautical miles, while inland waters cover an area of about 13,000 km2. The main fishing areasare the shallow water shrimp fishery in the Sofala Bank and the demersal for line fishery inBeira Bay and Maputo Bay. Inland fisheries include Lake Niassa/Malawi, the manmadeCahora Bassa Lake and numerous rivers. Aquaculture represented just 0.3% of the totalproduction in 2009 and the main commercial shrimp farms are situated in Beira (132 hectarefarm), Quelimane (300 and 150 hectare farms) and Pemba (250 ha farm). The global fishproduction in 2009 was 123,000 tonnes (more than 80% from artisanal fisheries) for a totalapproximate value of US$ 280M (7, 975 M MTN) and the total export value wasapproximately US$ 47M (1, 328 M MTN), mainly from shrimps (77%).

The management authority for the sector is the recently instituted National Administration forFisheries (Administração Nacional das Pescas - ADNAP) The ADNAP central structure iscomposed of the following Departments:

a) “Direcção-Geral”;b) “Serviço de Gestão das Pescarias”;c) “Serviço de Monitorização da Pesca”;d) “Departamento de Administração e Finanças”;e) “Departamento Jurídico”;f) “Departamento de Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação”;g) “Departamento de Planificação”;h) “Repartição de Recursos Humanos”.

In the management of the sector the ADNAP is supported by: the National Institute forFisheries Research (IIP), the National Institute for Fish Inspection (INIP); the NationalInstitute for the Development of Small Scale Fisheries (IDPPE), the National Institute for theDevelopment of Aquaculture (INAQUA), the Fisheries Promotion Fund (FFP) and theFisheries School (EP), which is responsible for the promotion of sectoral development. TheFisheries administration extends to the local level through provincial and district services for



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fisheries management.

The potential for freshwater aquaculture in Mozambique is estimated to be very high, due to anumber of factors; such as the presence of different water bodies countrywide, which areadequate for aquaculture development; the favourable climatic conditions; the unpollutedenvironment; the availability of agriculture by-products and the low population pressure.

It is estimated that there are more than 25,800 hectares of land available for small scalefreshwater aquaculture, and the government is actively promoting fresh water fish farming tocombat rural poverty and enhance food security. Freshwater aquaculture is mainly directed atintegrated systems of fish farming to improve the population’s diet.

There are about 2,750 family consumption-oriented subsistence aquaculture farms, (in theGorongosa survey the avarage pond size was about 100 m2 each) in Mozambique. Freshwateraquaculture is dominated by farming of native cyclids, mainly tilapia (Oreochromismossambicus), normally farmed in small pond cultures. Other popular freshwater farmedspecies include Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus),freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergi) and carp (Cyprinus carpio).

In 2003 the Government developed a national strategy for the sector, which culminated in theapproval of the “2008-2017 Aquaculture Development Strategy in Mozambique”. Accordingto the Ministry of Fisheries, small-scale total aquaculture production is 100 tonnes per yearfor subsistence purposes and the country is still dependent on fish imports to balance theoverall deficit. There are many relevant factors limiting the development of the sustainablefreshwater aquaculture production: lack of technical and practical knowledge; the absence ofhatcheries for fry production; the poor quality of fry and stock of juveniles in rural areas; andthe lack of good quality grow-out feed.

ACP Fish II MissionDuring the first field mission to Gorongosa district, the team was able to visit 4 (Nhataca,Nharanga, Siquir, Nhambirira) of the 7 Aquaculture Associations. The GorongosaAquaculture Baseline Study shows ponds of mainly 100 sq. mt. with some of maximum 250sq. mt. The rate for the number of ponds being created is increasing, and it is evaluated thatmore than 200 are concentrated in Povoado of Nharanga, Tsikiri. In these areas the ponds aredistributed over a wide area of more than 20 Ha (5 Ha for one Local AquacultureAssociation). In Gorongosa District the IIP/INAQUA tecnicians recognized 7 aquacultureassociations as described in detail in Annex 5 B, every Association has its own aquaculturesites closest to their villages.

As agreed in advance, the first field visit was used as an opportunity to run a training oftrainers course for three members of staff from IIP and INAQUA. It is worth noting thoughthat an additional three members joined the field team to also take advantage of theprogramme. The three members were Mr. Abdul Cadre and Mr. Martinho from INAQUA andMrs. Laurinda Antonio from IIP.

The second Gorongosa mission was to organize training for 10 beneficiaries about dietformulation and practical fertilization in the field.



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International cooperationDonor activity includes Norwegian and Iceland cooperation that is currently funding aproject; it also includes components for institutional support for the development ofsustainable aquaculture. ICEIDA's (The Icelandic International Development Agency)support has been aimed, since it started in 1995, at fisheries. In 2009 a trilateral agreementwith the Mozambique authorities was signed for support to the fisheries sector over a periodof five years. The agreement regards fishery activities as: fisheries management, research,capacity building in quality control, aquaculture, as well as assisting small-scale fishers andfishing communities along the Mozambique coast. A Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA2007-2011) with the European Union, which carries a financial contribution of €900,000 peryear for the support of fisheries policy in the country, has been signed.

Mission field working areaIn Gorongosa, aquaculture is developed mainly in a number of areas close to springs andsmall rivers. It is estimated (Gorongosa training of trainers 21 – 25 March See Annex 5 A)that there are an estimated 200 fish ponds currently operational for growing fish in the area,which are run by local farmers and rural communities. Presently, the main farmed species inthe area is tilapia (and some carp) farmed in earthen ponds, (00,1 / 0,03 Ha). Fish are fed onagriculture by-products such as, maize, bean, and sorghum bran, cassava leaves andseasonally available products. There are no hatcheries in the area.

Formulation feed for fish is not currently available in Mozambique, however local farmers areproducing their own feed mix. The stocking density is 2-5 fish/m2,. Annual yields areestimated at 0.5 to 10 tons/year with growing time from three to four months reaching 150 grfish size depending on the feeding regime. Green water techniques are widely applied. Duringthe first phase Training of Trainers and the consequent Gorongosa Aquaculture BaselineStudy the areas visited were located in: Nhiataca, Nhiambirila, Siquiri and Nharanga.

2 Approach to the assignment

Inception phaseThe primary goal of the inception phase was to establish, in consultation with IIP/INAQUAand local stakeholders, a project technical team to design a work plan for the assignment.After the first week of meeting and organization, the practical work was completed in theGorongosa areas to collect fresh information and to validate the existing data. As part of thisprocess the Consultant has collected all the relevant information plus data and scientificdocuments available to correctly identify training and research requirements. A training oftrainers was requested by the beneficiaries to be held during this first phase and agreed by theACP FISH II Bruxelles main office.

The work plan of this first part of the mission was particularly concentrated on theorganisation and timing of field visits and consultative meetings which the consultantundertook in order to gain additional first-hand information on the key issues surroundingaquaculture in Gorongosa. The Training of trainers included field visits used to conduct aGorongosa Aquaculture Baseline that included a Feed Survey to identify:

Where the individual feed resources are geographically located;How many inputs (land, water, manpower, feed, financial resources,...) are available



14

and when;Who is currently using these resources and how;Composition and cost of these resources at source and with transportation;Information concerning the existing animal feed manufacturing sector.

The aim of the first survey was to collect all relevant information and to assist farmers indeveloping their own aquaculture feeding strategies, increase fish production and optimise theutilisation of available agricultural by-products for the local diet (See Gorongosa AquacultureBaseline).

Before going to Gorongosa, the organization of a training of trainers was provided after aformal counterpart request, six IIP and INAQUA officers were trained during this training oftrainers. A complete Training of trainer concept is in Annex 5 B Training of trainers conceptwhere more detail can be found. The document includes all the outputs of the training oftrainers these are: Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline, Feed survey, Fast AquacultureAppraisal, Applied research proposal and other training outputs.

The Inception Phase was completed with the counterpart approval and submission of theInterim Technical Report to ACP Fish II RFU and Bruxelles unit. The IR contains initialfindings resulting from the information gathering as well as the work plan and methodologyfor completing the assignment (See Annex 3). These data are included in the GorongosaAquaculture Baseline that had been already discussed with the local and central stakeholdersin Beira and Maputo respectively.

Implementation PhaseThe second phase of the programme commenced with a series of field visits to relevantstakeholders in the field to further enhance understanding and refine the issues arounddeveloping an efficient, effective and sustainable aquaculture sector in the Gorongosa area.

This resulted in two clear outcomes as requested in the ToR:

A report on identifying needs and initiatives/actions for providing/improving feedfor aquaculture in Gorongosa. See Annex 5 C Feed studyA 3 day training course on aquaculture and practical fish food production (20 –22 April in Gorongosa). See Annex 5 D Feed Training Concept

The research study requested in the ToR is referred to as ‘applied research’, and deals withpractical results. Any applied research study must match stakeholder needs in relation toappropriate aquaculture technology. As part of this it is important to ensure that anyaquaculture technology and research suggested in this report is both easily available tostakeholders and also appropriately matched to their social, ecological, environmental andeconomic conditions. This programme therefore needs to ensure proper engagement withstakeholders to ascertain these factors and identify the best way forward. The consultantpresented different approaches to the ToR, in line with different technological levels locally,to be implemented under the applied research approach:

A1) Tilapia growth with the green water only: different manuring systemA2) Tilapia growing with feed supplementation for a part of the grow-out cycle: different feed



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dietA3) Green water production separated from the growing area

The consultant had a larger number of proposals which could not be considered in theavailable time for the mission and these are annexed in the kick off meeting presentation asfuture proposals for projects in the aquaculture area; only the above 3 will be proposedpractically.

Technical teamThe technical team, under strict guidance of the IIP/INAQUA members, particularly that ofthe Assistant Director Paula Afonso, comprised the following members:

Mr. Jose Murama, Chefe do Departamento de Aquacultura do IIPMr. Abdul Cadri, INAQUA Direção Provincial das Pesca de SofalaMrs. Laurinda, INAQUA Direção Provincial das Pescas de SofalaMr. Martin Padeira, IIP Direção Provincial das Pescas de SofalaMrs. Lucy Aida, Extensionista do Direção Districtal de Agricultua, GorongosaMr. Carlos A. Amadeu , Extensionista da Direção Districtal de Agriculture,GorongosaMr. Gianluigi Negroni, Harewelle International consultant

3 Comments on Terms of Reference

The Terms of Reference (ToR) describes the current situation with regards to aquaculture inMozambique and in particular Gorongosa, providing the main outline for the mission.Following the ToR, the consultant organised a technical team and the first meetings were heldon 14 / 03 in Maputo and 21 / 03 in Beira, in collaboration with the counterparts. In addition,a significant amount of information was provided by the beneficiaries to support thepreparation of the first mission, with additional information being sourced to provide furthercontext in preparation of the next phase of the mission.

Following the successful completion of the first mission to Gorongosa (from 19/03 to 27/03),the results of the mission including the Training of trainers was presented to IIP/INAQUA asthe Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline. Any counterpart comments which helped to refine thebaseline are incorporated in the Inception and Final Report.

A need for training of trainers was suggested by the consultant in discussion with thecounterparts; the ToR modification was requested and approved by the Main ACP Fish IIOffice in Bruxelles. The mission produced ideas for future project proposals and aquaculturedevelopment. The training of trainers permitted passing on to the participants methodologiesthat can be replicated in other similar areas of the country, as requested in the Beira meeting.The methodologies can be utilized to develop a Fast Aquaculture Participatory Appraisalfollowed by a Baseline Aquaculture Study for fish farming that includes a feed survey anddiet formulation appropriate to the local aquaculture needs.

The outputs of the first field operation were presented on 25/03 in Beira and at the 29/03meeting in Maputo to the working group. The second phase which was well prepared,



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described and approved by the counterparts (In Maputo, Beira and Gorongosa) was finallysubmitted to Harewelle colleagues who transmitted the second training mission plan to theACP Fish II staff for their final approval. As specified in the ToR, the second part of themission was developed with a three day training course in Gorongosa for 10 participantscovering feed food production, particularly the following subjects: green water techniques;feed formulation; feed preparation with local available products; and pond management. Thelocal Aquaculture Association members participated enthusiastically in the training increasingthe number of participants for each of the three locations visited.

Finally the consultant prepared, in collaboration with the technical team, the Feed Study (SeeAnnex 5 C Feed study), proposing activities to be carried out around the best techniques onfeed production for the Gorongosa area. The draft of the feed study was presented on 15/04 inBeira and electronically to all the beneficiaries for further comments.

The final training was held on 20-21-22/04 in Gorongosa in the three locations where theAquaculture Associations were available (See Annex 5 A and D). As you can see in theAnnex 5 B there is a detailed study of the 7 Gorongosa Aquaculture Associations performedduring the field visits. The 7 Aquaculture Associations are situated from 10 to 80 Km fromGorongosa town. During the field visits the consultant visited and performed trainingactivities with the following associations: Nhatala, Nharanga, Siquir and Nhambirira

A final workshop, also compromising a final working group meeting, was agreed by the ACPFISH II Bruxelles office to discuss the whole mission output on 27/04.

4 Organisation and Methodology

Table 1 Delivery of Terms of ReferenceTerms of reference(each of the key activities from the ToR)

How these were deliveredthrough the assignment

1 Briefing by the ACP Fish II programmeRFU and IIP/INAQUA

Provided in Maputo with akick off meeting of counterpartpersonnel. The Power Point(PPT) kick off presentation,described the mission in detail,which was then discussedincluding additional needs.

2 In consultation with IIP, establish a projecttechnical team and elaborate a work plan(including the methodology) for theassignment;

IIP provided the names andavailability of a team that wascompetent in fish diet,



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3 Collect relevant information, data andscientific documents available

The team was able to provideall the available literature andinformation on the subject.The consultant coupled thisactivitiy with the previous oneand personally searched theavailable grey and scientificdocumentation to be fullyinformed on the subject.

4 Training of trainers* and organization, incollaboration with the technical team,consultative meetings and field visits torelevant communities in order to gatherrelevant information

The Training of Trainers wasorganized for a restricted coreof IIP/INAQUA staff in shorttime; it was mainly practical,in the field and very effective.The field visit was used tocollect important information.The main output was theGorongosa Aquaculturebaseline that included theGorongosa feed study andsome practical feed andfeeding activities undertakentogether with the AquacultureAssociations

5 Interim technical report The ITR provided all theinformation on the firstmission and the forecastactivities for the remainingphases. It was acceptedwithout modification by thecounterparts.

6 Working group meeting The first mission phase endedwith the first working groupmeeting held by IIP at IIPfacilities in Maputo



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7 Feed study, preparation and discussionsIntroduction to scientific fish feed nutritiondetail on Tilapia feed and feeding (Practicalapplied research proposal for Gorongosa)

The requested feed studysummary was agreed with theIIP/INAQUA scientificcounterparts in Maputo,several discussions were heldwith scientific counterparts.The completed study wassubmitted for further commentby electronic means to all thecounterparts, a presentationwas held also in Beira the finalversion is in Annex 5 C andincludes a first part on fish dietprinciples, a second on Tilapiadiet and final chaptersincluding three appliedresearch proposals.

8 Training on feed and feeding, organize andconduct a training course on fish foodproduction for a selected group of staff ofINAQUA (10 person, 3 days). Theconsultant will be responsible for allorganisational and logistical aspects of thetraining (subcontracting is allowed).

The operational chapters of thefeed study outputs were usedfor the final Gorongosatraining. The training involvedIIP/INAQUA staff, someaquaculture associationmanagers and some interestedaquaculturists in the threetraining areas visited. Themain subject of the trainingwas appropriate fertilisationand supplemental diet forTilapia in the Gorongosacontext. The participants weresatisfied which is possible tosee from the traineesEvaluation sheet in Annex 5 DChapter 1.8

9 Final workshop* The final workshop held at IIPfacilities provided thesummary discussion ofmaterials produced during themission and associated trainingactivities with a particularfocus on the proposed appliedresearch for Gorongosa.



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10 Feed study review The feed study was reviewedseveral times by the team inBeira and Maputo, thecomments helped to refine thestudy to the specific needs.The IIP (being a scientificinstitute) requested a highscientific profile for this as forall mission activities.

*Tasks additionally requested and approved by ACP FISH II Main Bruxelles office

Conduct of assignment/details of the assignmentThe specific conduct of the requested consultancy assignments is detailed in the followingsections:

A) Kick off activitiesThe consultant, in collaboration with the Harewelle main office, prepared a clear kick offmeeting where the purposes of the mission, the beneficiary and consultant duties andactivities were detailed. Some of the mission activities were presented in detail and the rulesand regulations of ACP FISH II were presented. Casually the kick off meeting was held withthe Regional ACP FISH II periodical meeting and the kick off presentation was used to showthe status of implementation of the project by the Mozambican Representative during themeeting. During the meeting it was also requested that a training of trainers be organized tobetter prepare the core IIP/INAQUA staff for the feed and feeding activities. Mr. L. Tarabusi(Regional Manger for Sothern Africa RFU), Mr. G. Miranda (ACP FISH II Team Leader) andMs Falvia Reale (ACP FISH II Project Manager) participated at the meeting together with theDeputy Director IIP, Mrs. P. S. Afonso. This was on 14/03. On 16/03 an additional meetingwas held at INAQUA main Maputo office with the Director Mrs. M.I. Omar to discuss theToR with the institute dedicated to the provision of Mozambique aquaculture extensionservices. Unfortunately they had not yet received the ToR and it was a good occasion topresent, using the kick off presentation, all the future activities including the newly requestedtraining of trainers. It was explained in detail that any research activity cannot be undertakenin such a short time and that only training, studies and future proposals will come from themission outputs.

B) Training of trainersThis additional activity, with the objective to prepare selected staff in pond fertilizationand fish diet formulation, received a positive response from the ACP FISH II Mainoffice and the consultant was able to organize the training at short notice thanks to thecollaboration of IIP/INAQUA Maputo and Beira staff and the Sofala Main office inBeira.The main objectives as reported above were to train selected staff from IIP/INIQUA inthe following activities: local feed formulation/preparation, green water production andevaluation, aquaculture system assessment methodology, fast aquaculture appraisal,training system, feed research planning. The main outcome was that six technicianswere prepared to perform field activities on the above subjects in Gorongosa district orin any other similar areas where needed by the Mozambican authorities; they are also



20

ready to train other colleagues. Moreover, for smooth and effective development of theactivities, Pro.Li.De a local NGO with experience in Mozambique provided traininglogistics and transport. The team, composed of Mr. G. Negroni, Mr. J. Murama andPro.Li.De staff, went to Beira where the Kick off presentation was repeated to theDelegação Provincial das Pescas, the IIP Sofala provincial officer, Mr. Nario Pregemand the Director of Agriculture Mr. Y. Yawadya. This was on the 21/03. The objectivesof the mission and the division of activities between the consultant and the beneficiarywas repeated; the Director requested that one of the additional first mission outputsshould be an assessment aquaculture model that could be repeated in other areas of thecountry. To the three identified trainees an additional three were added by the localauthorities and four Aquaculture Associations were also provided with field training.The training of trainers was conducted from 22/03 to 25/03 in the GorongosaAquaculture Association working areas of: Tsikiri, Nharanga, Nhataka and Nhambirila.Each visit enabled the capturing of data on feed and feeding and the training of trainersin Aquaculture diet assessment. The extremely short time period from official requestto the Main office, to approval, organization and the execution of this activity, meant allhad to move with speed to complete the appropriate logistics. This included all thebeneficiary managers and trainees, without forgetting the consultant and his companystaff. Moreover, the training location was 1.300 km from Maputo and the main activitycentre. In the event all the mission participants did their best to ensure the success ofthis activity as you can see from the Evaluation sheets in Annex 5. The training isdescribed in detail in Annex 5 A.

Pedagogic approach to the trainingAt the request of the beneficiary the training sessions were presented in an interactive andvocational format rather than in a traditional lecture-based one. This was done so that moreemphasis could be placed on the technical and practical issues rather than spending time ontheoretical discussions; something the trainees did not want or have time for. The consultantagreed with this point of view and provides a clear explanation (in this section) around thepedagogic and training approaches used. (Detail in Annex 5 A - Par. 3 Training Concept)

Methodology.Each training session was conducted in a similar way, starting with introductory slides andgroup work. The groups consisted of 2-3 people, the composition of which, with the supportof local staff, had been decided prior to each training session to ensure that each group wouldinclude an experienced member capable of acting as a focal point for the other members.Local Aquaculture Associations were included in the training with a total of 10 trainees.

The sessions all started and concluded with a presentation on the Aquaculture baselinesubjects (or sub-subjects) and a brief question and answer session. Once the introduction wascomplete the participants were divided into their groups and asked to complete a practicalpaper and/or exercises. After each exercise the trainees were encouraged to present their workto the rest of the training group for peer review and evaluation. During this training a dailywrap-up session was held and feedback received on the work done. At the end of the coursetrainees were asked to complete a final evaluation of the training course as provided by theconsultant (See Annex 5 A Par 1.9 Trainees evaluation sheet. The trainees were involved inseveral activities as described in detail in Annex 5 A 9 Par 6 and 7). The field activitiesincluded the preparation of some tables on Gorongosa feed that the consultant produced as



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part of the group work (See Annex 5 B).

Additionally field activities included on the job training in:

- Feed production and managementCollecting ingredients; grinding them to fine particles if necessaryMaking formulaMixing in appropriate doses and adding water (normally 350 ml/Kg) and bindPassing through the manual grinderDrying in solar driesFeed conservation and feeding methods

- Plankton production and management

Water quality management of the “green water” systemIntegrated animal come fish farming system and manuring technologyPhyto and zooplankton concentration appraisalProposal for separated green water production

Moreover every trainee produced some environmental sketch maps for the Aquaculture RapidAppraisal approach.

Cooperative Learning InformationHaving looked at a variety of different options, it was decided that the training sessions wouldincorporate Cooperative Learning techniques, so as to maximise the training benefits andpromote a higher level of participation on the part of the trainees. To get the most out of thetraining the participants needed to be actively engaged in the training; at both inter- and intra-group levels. (See Annex 5 A Par. 1.3). Some detail on the training organisation is provided inAnnex 5 A Par. 1.3 / 1.4 in order to avoid any mis-communication between thebeneficiaries/stakeholders and the consultant.

Finally, the training of trainers provide the IIP/INAQUA institutions and Direção Districtal deAgricultua with a core group of technicians/scientists that are able to perform Aquaculturebaseline assessments, including diet evaluation, in any Mozambique area, as needed. It isimportant that this group of technicians now apply their skill in this aquaculture specialism.

Training KitsThe training kits (in total) were assembled in-country, using locally available materials. Thetraining kit included: bag, box file, pen, pencil, block notes, some white paper, somephotocopied reference and training material on DVD.

The Gorongosa Hotel facility provided an appropriate training space for the entire trainingperiod, with the possibility to use a computer and deal with all of the international expert’srequests. For a list of names of the trainees who received the training kit see Annex 5 AChapter 1.7 - 1.8. All of the subjects highlighted in the ToRs were presented to theparticipants in the training and were reinforced through the exercises. The final on-the-jobtraining phase of the course provided a final chance to go over the course themes. All the



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training of trainers, group outputs and papers, attendance sheets, evaluation sheets, trainingpictures, DVD and any other material regarding the training are with the Harewelle mainoffice for audit purposes.

C) Gorongosa Aquaculture BaselineThe study responded to the beneficiary request for: a clear indication on the actual use of localfeed resources for fish farming purposes; the fish farming diet assessment, the need for futureproposals for applied research and the local possibility for feed and feeding activities. Thestudy was executed through a team approach from the trainees with the consultant providingcoordination. The list of participants in the production of the baseline were:

- Mr José Murama (Chefe técnico aaaucultura IIP-Maputo)- Mr. Martinho Padera (técnico IIP-Sofala)- Mr. Momade Abdulcadre (técnico INAQUA-Sofala)- Mrs. Laurinda. Antonio (técnica INAQUA-Sofala)- Mrs. Aida F. B. Andrade (técnica SDAE-Gorongosa)- Mrs. Carlos A. Amadeu (técnico SDAE-Gorongosa)

And from the Aquaculture Associations

- Jorge Bila (Chefe de producao da Associação de Nhataca)- Disiel Grande (Presidente da Associação de Nhauranga)- António Pereira (Secretario da Associação de Siquir)- Samuel (Vece presidente da Associação de Nhambirira)

This is one of the sketch maps the trainees prepared to understand the area’s topography andprovide fast answers to the local aquaculturists.

Figure N. 1 Nhataca transectFigura 1. Transecto do povoado de Nhataca, associação Agropecuária de NhauroiIlustração das actividades e problemas.

Figura 2. Transecto do povoado de Nhataca, associação Agropecuária de NhauroiIlustração das actividades e problemas.

O diagrama ilustra o povoado de Nhataca asociacao agropecuária de Nhauroie desenvolve a acividadepiscícola com 5 tanque (3 de 100m2 (10x10m) de superfície e um de 375 m (15x25m)2. A escavação dostanques foi feita a mão com ajuda de enxadas, pás e outro material local).

Riacho

Tanque de cultura

(Courtesy Mr. J. Murama, Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline)

A Gorongosa district fast aquaculture appraisal is presented in Annex 5 B. As requested bythe local Beira administration, it includes all the aquaculture statistical detail provided by the



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7 Associations and validated by the local extension service, coordinated by the consultant.The data presented is the summary from old information, newly taken extension service dataand the field trip the team undertook during this mission. The complete study in Portuguese isincluded in Annex 5 B Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline. The study lacks water, soil and feedingredient analysis that could not be done during this phase but must be provided as soon aspossible to complete the study.

D) Feed study The full title is: Introduction to scientific fish feed nutrition detail on Tilapia feed and feeding(Practical applied research proposal for Gorongosa, but we will use the term Feed study inthis report.

The Feed study was included in the ToR requests and it is a pillar of this report as the IIP isthe leading Institution devoted to research in fisheries and aquaculture in Mozambique. Thesummary was discussed with IIP core research staff and executed by the consultant incollaboration with Mr. Jose Murama chief aquaculture IIP scientist. The field data used wasbased on the collaboration by all participants in the first training of trainers.

The study includes an introduction to comment on the main fish nutrition needs (Chapter 1 to4), this is followed by more detailed chapters about the O. Niloticus nutritional requirementsand practical feed and feeding activities. In the latter chapters (5 - 12) several Tilapia feed,feeding and fertilization technologies are analysed from the leading world scientists innutrition and from the consultant’s practical experience. The semi-intensive methods and thefertilization technologies in particular are examined in detail for several practical data points.

Finally, Chapter 14 introduces some basic fish nutrition research principles and the threeproposals for applied research in the Gorongosa area. Conclusion and recommendationchapters provide clear detail on the proposal for feed and feeding in applied research forGorongosa.

The need for an applied research centre that includes demonstration ponds is highlighted inthis last section. Or, if there are logistic problems with this, alternatively a series of pilotfarmer activities, in collaboration with some Aquaculture Association might be an acceptablesubstitution for an aquaculture centre in Gorongosa. Another option maybe a larger provincialaquaculture research centre that could be strategically located close to Beira to avoid costlypersonnel transfer. The complete Feed study is in Annex 5 D. Particular emphasis is placed onthe most technically and economically productive fertilization technology in the GorongosaTilapia farming system.

E) Feed training conceptThe feed training was the last field activity for this mission, the input was carefully preparedby the consultant assisted by Pro.Li.De. The objective of this training as requested in the ToRwas: strengthen the INAQUA capacity to deliver extension services to local communities.The achieved output was a successful training excercise delivered in accordance with theclients’ and stakeholders’ requests.



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The ten participants were:- Mr José Murama (Chefe técnico aqucultura IIP-Maputo)- Mr. Martinho Padera (técnico IIP-Sofala)- Mr. Momade Abdulcadre (técnico INAQUA-Sofala)- Mrs. Laurinda. Antonio (técnica INAQUA-Sofala)- Mrs. Aida F. B. Andrade (técnica SDAE-Gorongosa)- Mrs. Carlos A. Amadeu (técnico SDAE-Gorongosa)

And from the Aquaculture Associations

- Jorge Bila (Chefe de producao da Associação de Nhataca)- Disel Grande (Presidente da Associação de Nhauranga)- António Pereira (Secretario da Associação de Siquir)- Samuel (Vece presidente da Associação de Nhambirira)

The ten trainees (including some additional participants from the local three AquacultureAssociations: Nhataka, Nharanga and Siquir, see later in this chapter) were invited through anofficial letter from the IIP aquaculture department (See Annex 5 D Chapter 1.1 TrainingAgenda). The ten (See Annex 5 D) were present the night before the start at the venue inGorongosa town. The training was held from 20 - 22 of April in Gorongosa town and withfield activities in the District’s villages of Tsikiri, Nhataka and Nharanga at their AquacultureAssociation facilities. It was a great success; also the IIP Deputy Mrs. Pola Santana Afonsoparticipated at the training opening. For the closure the ACP FISH II regional Manager Mr.Leone Tarabusi was also present. The training is described in detail in Annex 5 D. TheTraining concept structure was similar to the previous Training of trainers; the field operationwas more focused on the practical diet/fertilizer preparation and practical management. Thetraining concept is included in Annex 5 D.

During this last training, 5 of the previously trained technicians, (already involved in thetraining of trainers activity. See Annex 5 A from INAQUA and IIP), used their new practicalskills during the field visits. In fact the training included a presentation followed by a transferto field activities as you can see in the Annex 5 D Chapters 5 and 6. The presentationprovided to the trainees covered the following subjects: general introduction to trainingactivities, presentation of tilapia aquaculture, pond construction, green waterproduction/evaluation, fertilization, feed production, feeding system and evaluation.

The pedagogic approach to the training, the Cooperative learning system and the kitpresentation and distribution was very similar to the previous training (See Annex 5 ATraining of trainers). The specific technical subjects touched on, and included in thetheoretical PPT presentation, included the following:

• Fertilization theory• Supplemental feeding theory• Practical activity 1: fertilization: preparation and management• Practical activity 2: feed formulation, ingredient preparation, mixing, pelleting,

drying, feeding• O. Niloticus digestive apparatus description



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• Turbidity measurement• Fertilizer practical distribution• Composting techniques• Food web introduction• Detail on plankton• Manure quality and manuring• Supplemental diet proposal• Practical supplemental feeding

Figure N. 2 Feeding practices for better control

In Annex 5 D Chapter 1.8 you can see the Evaluation sheet summary where the traineesprovide their positive comments and request more training activities for the future. All thetraining group output and papers, attendance sheets, pictures, DVDs and other materials havebeen provided to the Harewelle main office and will form a part of the final audit of activities.For the three field training activities the Association members from Siquir, Nharanga andNhataka participated in the practical activities. A total of 81 trainees were trained by the IIP/INAQUA colleagues already trained in the previous Training of trainers (See Annex 5 A)during the on the job field activities. The 81 local trainees each received a flyer, with asummary of the presentation and some technical questions, which was useful in the trainingand general knowledge exchange. For audit purposes, a complete list of the AquacultureAssociation participants has been provided to Harewelle in a 300 page dossier with all thewritten exercises, signed presence records, original evaluation sheets, training DVD, Powerpoint presentation pictures and videos produced during the trainings activities and othermaterials. The total number of trained personnel was 10 as requested in the ToR. See Annex 5D Training concept. The 81 (Aquaculture Association members) were additional to the 10giving a total of 91 trained individuals.

F) Final workshopThe final workshop was in the IIP main meeting room in Maputo on the 27 of April. Theparticipant lists is in table N. 7. This meeting was authorized after an official request to theACP FISH II Main office in Bruxelles. The workshop objectives were important to describeall the mission activities and the future follow by INAQUA/IIP staff. IIP/INAQUA Maputostaff, ACP Fish II and EU delegation were present and provided their point of view on theactivities of the mission. The prepared and completed Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline



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(Annex 5 B) and Feed study (Annex 5 C) were provided to counterparts explaining thestrategic content and forecasting future actions that could be developed with these scientificbased opportunities. The outputs were of great interest during the workshop and everycounterpart provided his/her contribution: more scientific and research orientated from IIPand more on the extension service side from INAQUA, reflecting their respective workmission and orientation. IIP was more interested in organizing a research centre to apply theproposed studies; whilst INAQUA focused on the organization of more focused andstructured extension service activities in the Gorongosa area. An important point to emergewas the presence of another project in the area. The CARR foundation Gorongosa parkproject a PPP with Mozambique state park services. The CARR foundation is working in thepark buffer zone, including the areas where the mission training was held. The main outputsfrom the meeting were: presentation of the prepared study and the Gorongosa aquaculturebaseline and training, appreciation by the stakeholders and clients of the work done during themission with requests for similar activities in the future.

G) Consultative meetings and other meetings (Beira/ Maputo)The ToR recommended the organization of some “consultative meeting and field visits”. Theconsultant interpreted this call as providing “Working group meetings and field visits” tomonitor the mission’s development and to provide scientific advice and gather relevantinformation for optimising activities. These meetings were coupled with the two field visits tovalidate all the gathered input and information. The first working group meeting was held afterthe first training of trainer field mission on 29/03 to present the training of trainers outcomes(See Annex 5 A) and the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline (See Annex 5 B). The meeting wasalso very useful to forecast and optimise the mission’s upcoming activities. One of thechallenges faced by the mission was the different operational levels for theIIP/INAQUA/SDAE offices: central (Maputo), Provincial (Beira) and local Gorongosa andGorongosa district (Gorongosa is a town and the 7 Aquaculture Associations are scatteredaround Gorongosa town in various villages). Everything was repeated to everyone at thedifferent levels. All were well informed and there were not any communication problems.

To visualize the content of the meetings, the following table will help the reader.Please,consider these activities as being under the “Consultative meetings” aspect of the ToR.

Table N. 2 Mission meetingsN. Date/Location/Aim Main subjects discussed Participants

name*



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1 14/03, IIP meetingroom Maputo, Kickoff meeting IIP

Pro.Li.De activities; Harewelle’sinvolvement and the introductory PPT; IIPand local authorities, how this aquacultureappraisal methodology could become anexample at national level; Internalorganization of ACP Fish II, Harewelle’sresponsibility; list of mission logisticsneeds; field visit logistics; working grouporganization; training of trainer concept(request for 3 key stakeholders participantsfrom IIP/INAQUA); need to requestapproval for any substantial change in theToR from ACP Fish II main office in Brx ;training activities.

Mr. L. Tarabusi,Mr. G. Negroni,Mrs. F. Reale,Mr. G. Miranda,Mrs. PaulaSantana Afonso,Mr. Jose Murama,Mr. R. Lora

2 16/03 INAQUAmeeting roomMaputo, Kick offmeeting INAQUA

Harewelle introductory PPT ; Another shorttraining course was held in Gorongosa inNovember 10/2010 ; need to have a longermission to test the tilapia feed in the fieldpractically; INAQUA requests a proposalfor future study on feed and feeding forGorongosa or similar areas, disseminatingthe strategy to other areas ; extensionservice and financial difficulties; localregional and district government bodiesbeing interested in the aquaculturedevelopment of the area; Mozambiqueextension service system has 800 people inthe field (25% have some courses onaquaculture extension); example for othersimilar activities; mission indicativetimetable and participants; training oftrainers concept presentation;. any changeof ToR must be authorized by ACP Fish IImain office; species and type of fish used inthe Gorongosa area could be investigated

Mrs. Maria IsabelOmar, Mr. G.Negroni, Mr. JoseMurama, Mr.MargaridaBechardas, Mr.Albino Maveto,Mrs. Alda Silva,Mrs. Elvira PeniraVerinda, Mrs.Olimpia Nobreza,Mrs. LilianaFerrao, Mr. JoseCompanhia, Mrs.Fatima CincoReis, Mr. ClaudioOfelio Borga, Mr.Arlindo Marcos,Mr. HenriquesBustani.



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3 21/03 - Beira,DelegacaoProvincial dePesca, Meetingroom, Kick offmeeting Beira

Introductory PPT; IIP requests a proposalfor future study on feed and feeding forGorongosa or similar areas, validity todisseminate the strategy to other areas ;mission is short; future feed applied studymust be done for some cycles of fishgrowing; local regional and districtgovernment bodies are very interested inthe aquaculture development of the area ;which is the best aquaculture system for thearea? Green water; how much is the projectbudget ; how much is the incrementcomparison between the differentaquaculture systems ; future tilapia farmingsystem to be described ; how the ACP FishII fund is managed; aquaculture surveymethodology

Mr. G. Negroni,Mr. Jose Murama,Mr. Joao Jadique,Mr. Omade AbdulCadre, Mr.Sacramento Phiri,Mrs. TaniaCalorina Silva,Mr. BasamoZinir, Mr.Martinho Padeira,Mr. FernandoPinto, Mr. S.Santos, . Mr Nare,Mr. Nairo Pregem

4 29/03, Maputo IIPmeeting room,Working Groupmeeting

Gorongosa field activities presentation;training of trainers presentation; proposalfor future study on feed and feeding forGorongosa or similar areas, validity todisseminate the strategy to other areas;future feed applied study must be done forsome cycles of fish growing; future missionindicative timetable and participants; greenwater confirmed as most appropriatesystem for the area ; presentation of themain strong and weak points for Gorongosaaquaculture; request to separate theconclusion between the next field visit andthe future project

Mr. G. Negroni,Mr. Jose Murama,Mrs PaulaSantana Afonso,Mrs. IsabelSalvaqua, Mrs.Lisette

5 06/04 – MaputoIIP meeting room,Harewellepresentation

Harewelle activities presentation,Gorongosa field activities discussion ;training of trainers discussion; proposal forfuture applied research study on feed andfeeding for Gorongosa; future field trainingmission indicative timetable andparticipants; discussion of the main strongand weak points for Gorongosaaquaculture; future collaborationpossibilities

Mr. G. Negroni,Mr. Jose Murama,Mrs PaulaSantana Afonso,Nick SmartHarewelleRegionalDirector



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6 25/04 – ProvincialFishery delegationmeeting roomBeira, BeiraRestitutionmeeting

Restitution of mission outputs: feed studyPPT presentation and 2 training activities.

IIP/ INAQUABeira staff, Mr. G.Negroni, Mr. JoseMurama, Mr.Joao Jadique, Mr.Omade AbdulCadre, Mr.Sacramento Phiri,Mrs. TaniaCalorina Silva,Mr. BasamoZinir, Mr.Martinho Padeira,Mr. FernandoPinto, Mr. S.Santos, . Mr Nare,Mr. Nairo Pregem

7 27/04 – MaputoIIP meeting roomFinal workshop

Restitution of mission outputs: feed studyPPT presentation and 2 training activities,working group final comments,IIP/INAQUA future follow up aquacultureprogram after this mission, IIP/INAQUAcollaboration, plankton production,construction and management of anaquaculture research station, supplementaldiet for Gorongosa aquaculture, CDEpossible financing possibility,

IIP / INAQUAMaputo staff Mr.Jose Murama,Mrs PaulaSantana Afonso,Mrs. IsabelSalvaqua, Mrs.Lisette and Mr.Leone Tarabusi,Graca Massicane,Gaime Siquela,Silvia Abdule,Tania Pereira,ImeldaFernandez, RonalAlvan, IsabelChauca, S.Fernando, IsacAbdel Chirenza,Elizete A.Cunguara, LaraM. De Buto.

*All participants name and institution affiliations are outlined in Annex 2

5 Conclusions and recommendationsThe conclusions of this mission consider the activities requested in the ToR and the othersrequested by the clients after the kick off meeting. All were approved by the ACP Fish IIoffice in Bruxelles.

A) TRAINING OF TRAINERSThe training of trainers permitted the consultant and the trainees to prepare a group of



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technicians for future activities who then performed these activities in the second trainingwith successful results. The training concept methodology system already prepared from othertraining performances permitted a smooth development of the activities including a clear andpositive monitoring of the training performances as you can see in Annexe 5 A (Trainingevaluation).This first preparatory visit ensured the consultant knew the Gorongosa districtaquaculture context very well.

B) GORONGOSA AQUACULTURE BASELINEThe Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline was successfully concluded and is a good example ofcooperative learning training activities. It is a prime example of aquaculture assessmentperformed with fast aquaculture rural appraisals that permits the local technicians toundertake rapid assessments to better understand the aquaculture situation in specific areas.The main output of the Training of Trainers was a field study that is the answer to thebeneficiary request to capture and define an aquaculture assessment methodology, (SeeAnnex 5 B).

C) FEED STUDYThis provides an introduction to scientific fish feed nutrition detail on Tilapia feed andfeeding (Practical applied research proposal for Gorongosa). The study, with a scientificcontent, was the result of high level collaboration between the consultant and IIP and containsall the requested research proposals that can be implemented in the near future. The fishnutrition and Tilapia requirements provide the basis for the development of three futureproposed studies on fertilization, supplemental feeding and separate plankton production.Some diets were proposed. (See Annex 5 )

D) FINAL WORKSHOPThe final workshop was the last activity of the mission and all the Maputo stakeholders werepresent to provide their comments and advice. The consultant presented all the differentactivities that had been completed: Training of trainers, Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline,feed study and the last training session. The impacts were considered positive with thebeneficiaries asking for some more mission time in the near future.

Recommendations

A). TRAINING OF TRAINERS CONCEPTTrainers are now ready to perform aquaculture assessments using the Aquaculture baselinestudy methodology for specific areas of Mozambique and it is recommended to utilize them insuch field activities as quickly as possible. It is also recommended to use them to train groupsof technicians in Aquaculture Baseline Assessment. Periodical refresher activities are alsorecommended for this group of technicians.

B) GORONGOSA AQUACULTURE BASELINE STUDYIt is recommended, that water, soil, fertilizers and feed ingredients must be accuratelyanalysed to add more scientific information to the study. It is recommended that morepractical application of the methodology is necessary in order to demonstrate its usefulnessand potential to the beneficiaries in the aquaculture field. It is recommended that a well-organised advertising campaign must be undertaken to disseminate the new methodology inthe country to both the private and public sectors. Periodical reviews are recommended. Use



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of software technologies such as remote sensing and GIS are recommended as are tools suchas Google earth.

C) FEED STUDYThe implementation of the final applied research proposals need an aquaculture centre to beestablished with trained technicians devoted full time to the research activities. The proposedfield test activities could now be implemented to test the recommended tilapia diets.

D) FEED TRAINING CONCEPTThe beneficiaries recommended a repeat of the experience and to add more on drier practicalactivities. More training must be organized in this concept with other districts in order todeepen understanding and knowledge transfer.



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ANNEXURES

Annex 1 Terms of reference

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1. Beneficiary countryThe direct beneficiary country for the implementation of this contract is Mozambique.

1.2. Contracting AuthorityACP FISH II Coordination Unit36/21 Av. de Tervuren5th FloorBrussels 1040Tel: +32 (0)2.7390060Fax: +32(0)2.7390068

1.3. Relevant country backgroundThe Republic of Mozambique extends for 2,700 km along the east coast of Africa, borderingTanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Swaziland. It has a population of21,350,000 and a surface area of 799,380 km2, with a GDP per capita of US $364. More than70 % of population resides in rural areas, below the poverty line, practicing subsistenceagriculture. Globally, it is classed as having ‘low’ human development, ranking 172/182 inthe UNHD Report (2009). The annual GDP growth rate is of 7% (2007). The countries mainindustries are the processing of natural resources: prawns and fish; timber, sugar and copra;cashew nuts. A poor level of social services (health and education) is widespread, particularlyin rural areas.

In the last decade the government of Mozambique has embarked on a decentralizationprocess, involving the transfers of responsibilities in the key sectors to the district authorities,and providing for a participated planning exercise able to include interests and needs of thelocal communities. The process also involves the creation of a District Fund (Orcamanetopara Inciativas de Investimento Local –OIIL) in order to support local economic initiativesand trigger bottom-up development process .

The country Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2006-2009 (Plano de Acçãopara a Redução da Probreza Abosluta – PARPA II) aimed at reducing the incidence ofpoverty to 40% by 2015 with emphasis on consumption, and of non-monetary povertyfocusing on the components of education, health/nutrition, and property. The plan is currentlyunder evaluation and revision.

1.4. Current state of affairs in the relevant sectorThe country’s marine waters cover an area of about 100,000 km2 with an EEZ of 200 nauticalmiles, while inland waters cover an area of about 13,000 km2. The main fishing areas area theshallow water shrimp fishery in the Sofala Bank and demersals for line fishery in Beira Bay



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and Maputo Bay. Inland fisheries include Lake Niassa/Malawi, the manmade Cahora BassaLake and a great number of rivers. Aquaculture represented just 0.3% of the total productionin 2009 and the main commercial shrimp farms are situated in Beira (132 hectare farm),Quelimane (300 and 150 hectare farms) and Pemba (250 ha farm). The global fish productionin 2009 was 123,000 tonnes (more than 80% form artisanal fisheries) for a total approximatevalue of US$ 280M (7, 975 M MTN) and the total export value was approximately US$ 47M(1, 328 M MTN), mainly from shrimps (77%). In 2006, the contribution of fisheries to GDPwas estimated to be about 4 %. More than 140,000 people are directly employed in thefisheries sector (2008), accounting for approximately 0.8% of the active population, mostly inthe artisanal sector and the livelihood of 500,000 people is directly dependant on fishingactivities.

The management authority for the sector is the National Administration for Fisheries(Administração Nacional das Pescas - ADNAP) recently instituted. In the management of thesector the ADNAP is supported by the National Institute for Fisheries Research (IIP) and theNational Institute for Fish Inspection (INIP); the National Institute for the Development ofSmall Scale Fisheries (IDPPE), the National Institute for the Development of Aquaculture(INAQUA), the Fisheries Promotion Fund (FFP) and the Fisheries School (EP) areresponsible for the promotion of sectoral development. The Fisheries administration extendsto local level through provincial and district services for fisheries administration.

The more relevant framework instruments in the sector are the Fisheries Master Plan,Strategic Plan for the Artisanal Fisheries, Strategy for the Development of Aquaculture,Fisheries Research Development Strategy, MCS Policy and the Implementation Strategy, andthe National Plan to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The main legalinstruments are the following: a) the Fishery Act of 1990 (under revision); b) the regulationfor Aquaculture, 2001; c) the regulation on Fish Inspection and Quality Control of 2001(under revision); d) the regulation for Maritime Fisheries, 2003; e) the regulation for InlandFisheries, 2008; f) the resolution approving MCS policy and its implementation, 2008, g) theresolution approving the National Plan for prevent and combat IUU fishing, 2009.

The potential for freshwater aquaculture in Mozambique is estimated to be very high, due tomany factors such as the presence of different water bodies countrywide; the abundance ofnative species adequate for aquaculture development; the favourable climatic conditions; theunpolluted environment; and the low population pressure. It is estimated that there are morethan 25,800 hectares of land available for small scale freshwater aquaculture, and thegovernment is actively promoting fresh water fish farming to combat rural poverty andenhance food security. Freshwater aquaculture is mainly directed at integrated systems of fishfarming to improve population diet. There are about 2, 750 family consumption-orientedsubsistence farms of about 100 m2 each for. Freshwater aquaculture is dominated by farmingof native cyclids, mainly tilapia, normally farmed in small pond culture. Other popular speciesfarmed include Nile Tilapia( Oreochromis niloticus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus),freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenberggii) and carps (Cyprinus carpio).

In 2003 the Government developed a national strategy for the sector, which culminated in theapproval of the “2008-2017 Aquaculture Development Strategy in Mozambique” proposed bythe Fisheries Ministry in 2007. Nevertheless, the sector is still underdeveloped, with justsome 2,000 hectares exploited and a limited production. According to the Ministry ofFisheries, small-scale total aquaculture production is 100 tonnes per year for subsistence



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purposes and the country is still dependent on fish imports to balance the overall deficit offish products. The most relevant factors limiting the development of the sustainablefreshwater aquaculture production are the lack of technical and practical knowledge; theabsence of hatcheries for fry production; the poor quality of fry and stock of juveniles in ruralareas; and the lack of good quality grow-out feed.

1.5. Related programmes and other donor activities:The Norwegian and Iceland cooperation are currently funding a project providing technicalassistance, training and financial support for strengthening both fisheries institutional andmanagement capacity and promoting the development of the production of fisheries producefor consumption. The programme, ending in 2013, includes also components for institutionalsupport for the development of sustainable aquaculture.

Furthermore Mozambique has signed a Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA) with theEuropean Union, covering the period 2007-2011, which carries a financial contribution of€900,000 per year for the support of fisheries policy in the country.

2. OBJECTIVE, PURPOSE & EXPECTED RESULTS

2.1. Overall objectiveThe overall objective of the project of which this contract will be a part is as follows:To contribute to the sustainable and equitable management of fisheries in ACP regions, thusleading to poverty alleviation and improving food security.

2.2. PurposeThe purposes of this contract are:

To support the IIP in its research for the development of most efficient, effective andsustainable aquaculture in the area of Gorongosa;

To strengthen the INAQUA capacity to deliver extension services to localcommunities.

2.3. Results to be achieved by the ConsultantThe Consultant will achieve the following results:

• A study identifying needs and initiatives/actions to providing/improving feed foraquaculture development in Gorongosa completed;

• A selected group of staff of INAQUA trained in fish food production.

3. ASSUMPTIONS & RISKS

3.1. Assumptions underlying the project interventionThe need for supporting the elaboration of such a study has been identified as priorityfollowing consultation with Fisheries Administration (FA) designated Focal Point (FP) andrepresentatives of the IIP. The need has been furthermore confirmed and endorsed by FA atACP FISH II Workshop for Presentation and Discussion of the Action Plan for SouthernAfrica held in Maputo the 31st of August - 1st of September 2010. The assumption is that thebeneficiary state and stakeholders are well aware of the intervention and prepared to allocate



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official hours to its implementation.

Since ACP FISH II is a demand-driven Programme, it is expected that counterpart institutionstake all the necessary measures to ensure the fulfilment of their obligations andresponsibilities as set forth under this project. Failure to meet that requirement is likely toresult in the project not achieving the expected results.

3.2. RisksRisks for implementation of this contract are minimised, since the intervention has beenindentified in cooperation with the FA and endorsed by them. However a sudden change inthe political will of the FA and/or Government might negatively affect the assignmentimplementation. To prevent such a risk the participatory planning approach adopted in thedevelopment of this intervention will continue throughout the implementation of theassignment, to ensure the full ownership by local stakeholders and the development ofactivities and methodology that are consistent with the FAs approaches.

4. SCOPE OF THE WORK

4.1. GeneralProject description

Gorongosa district is located in the central part of the country in the province of Sofala and ithas a total area of 6,722 km2 with an estimated population of 97,221. Aquaculture isdeveloped mainly in the southern bound of the district due to the extensive presence of riverssuch as Nhamissogora, Muera, Murrombodzi Nhandjudji and Pungue. There are about 600tanks for growing fish in the area, run by local farmers and rural communities. Presently, themain farmed species in the area is tilapia in a mixed –sex culture. It is normally farmed inearthen ponds, ranging in size from small backyard pond (200-400m) to larger ponds (1.5 ha).Fish are fed on agriculture by-products such as rice, maize, millet and sorghum bran andcassava leaves. Sometimes fry are often collected from the wild or from other farm’s pond.Formulation feed for fish is not available in the country. The stocking density is 2-5 fish/m2.For these reasons the fish grows to a maximum of 150g over a period of six months and yieldsare low, estimated at 0.8 tons/year. Harvesting time is from six months to a year, dependingon the feeding regime. To face this problems the IIP is planning to carry out research relatedto the choice of best techniques for fish feed production in rural communities in Gorongosa.The assignment will involve the delivery of technical assistance to IIP to carry out such aresearch and the organization and conduction of a training module on fish feed production fora selected group of staff of INAQUA.

Geographical area to be covered

Country covered by the present contract is Mozambique. The specific area to be coveredwithin the study will be the Gorongosa District, in the central region of the country.

Target groups

Target groups of the present contract are the IPP research staffs and INAQUA staff which



36

will be strengthen in its research capacity and technical knowledge, as well as the localcommunities practicing aquaculture in the Gorongosa District benefiting from the improvedtechnology and services expected to be brought about by the study.

4.2. Specific activitiesThe Consultant will complete the following tasks:

1. Briefing by the RFU and the FA2. In consultation with IIP, establish a project technical team and elaborate a work plan

(including the methodology) for the assignment;3. Collect all relevant information, data and scientific documents available;4. Organize in collaboration with the technical team consultative meetings and field

visits to relevant communities in order to gather relevant information5. Prepare, in collaboration with the technical team the first draft of the study to be

discussed with IIP/INAQUA, proposing for the kind of activities to be carried out forthe best techniques on feed production

6. Review the study as to include new findings/recommendations of the discussion withIIP

7. Organize and conduct a training course on fish food production for selected group ofstaff of INAQUA (10 person, 3 days). The consultant will be responsible for allorganisational and logistical aspects of the training (subcontracting is allowed).

In addition to the reporting requirements mentioned in section 7.1 of these terms of reference,the Consultant is required to prepare the following technical reports in English:

i. An Interim Technical Report (ITR). This report will present the findings andconclusions of the assessment phase, along with the methodology and the work plan tobe used in the conduction of the assignment. It will be a short document, notexceeding 12 pages in length, to be submitted to the RFU/CU and FA within 10 daysof arriving of the expert in the country;

ii. The Final Technical Report (FTR), taking into account changes and comments fromthe RFU, CU and the FA to be submitted within one month of the Consultant leavingthe country. A draft FTR will be submitted before the Consultant leaves the countryon conclusion of his mission. Comments on the draft FTR may be made by the RFU,CU and the FA within 14 days. If required, a second draft FTR will be submitted.

4.3. Project management

Responsible body

The Co-ordination Unit of the ACP Fish II Programme, on behalf of the ACP Secretariat isresponsible for managing the implementation of this contract.

Management structure

The ACP Fish II Programme is implemented through the Co-ordination Unit (CU) in Brusselsand 6 Regional Facilitation Units (RFUs) across the ACP States. The RFU in Maputo,Mozambique, covering ACP Member states in Southern Africa, will closely support



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implementation of this intervention and will monitor the execution of this contract pursuant tothese terms of reference. All contractual communications should be addressed in original tothe CU and copied to the RFU. Day-to-day supervision will be carried out by the RFU. Forthe purposes of this contract, the ACP Fish II Programme Coordinator will act as the ProjectManager.

Facilities to be provided by the Contracting Authority and/or other parties

Not applicable.

5. LOGISTICS AND TIMING

5.1. LocationThe activities of the assignment will be carried out in Mozambique. The Consultant will bebased in Maputo with field visits to Gorongosa District, to be carried out according toapproved work plan. The training will held either in Gorongosa or Maputo, the final venuewill be agreed with IIP/INAQUA.

5.2. Commencement date & Period of implementationThe intended commencement date is 30 January 2011 and the period of implementation of thecontract will be three months from this date. Please refer to Articles 4 and 5 of the SpecialConditions for the actual commencement date and period of implementation.6. REQUIREMENTS

6.1. PersonnelKey experts

All experts who have a crucial role in implementing the contract are referred to as keyexperts. The profiles of the key experts for this contract are as follows:Key expert 1: Inland Fisheries Scientist/BiologistQualifications and skills

Academic qualification (e.g. MSc or PhD) or the equivalent in a relevant subject area(e.g. Biology, Marine Science, Natural Resources Management)

The expert should have a high level of proficiency in written and spoken English.

Working knowledge of Portuguese

General professional experience

Minimum 8 years of experience in fish farming and fresh water fisheries scientificresearch

Excellent communication, report-writing and project management skills



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Specific professional experience

Minimum 5 years of experience in research in the field of fish farming and inlandfisheries resources feeding

Previous experience in training on fish food production (minimum over 3assignments)

Previous experience in the region would be an advantage

There will be a maximum of 3 missions outside of the normal place of posting requiringovernights for this expert.

There will be in-country field visits not requiring overnights for this expert.

Indicative number of working days by expert and task.

Indicative task KeyExpert 1

Preparatory work 3Assessment and information analysis 5Stakeholders visits and field work 14Study preparation 10Training preparation and conduction 5Briefing, debriefing and FTRpreparation

3

Total working days per KE 40

Other experts

No other experts will be recruited under this contract.Support staff & backstopping

Backstopping and support staff costs must be included in the fee rates of the experts.

6.2. Office accommodationOffice accommodation of a reasonable standard and of approximately 10 square metres foreach expert working on the contract is to be provided by the Beneficiary country, through theFA.

6.3. Facilities to be provided by the Consultant



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The Consultant shall ensure that experts are adequately supported and equipped. In particularit shall ensure that there is sufficient administrative, secretarial and interpreting provision toenable experts to concentrate on their primary responsibilities. It must also transfer funds asnecessary to support its activities under the contract and to ensure that its employees are paidregularly and in a timely fashion.If the Consultant is a consortium, the arrangements should allow for the maximum flexibilityin project implementation. Arrangements offering each consortium member a fixedpercentage of the work to be undertaken under the contract should be avoided.

6.4. EquipmentNo equipment is to be purchased on behalf of the Contracting Authority / beneficiary countryas part of this service contract or transferred to the Contracting Authority / beneficiarycountry at the end of this contract. Any equipment related to this contract which is to beacquired by the beneficiary country must be purchased by means of a separate supply tenderprocedure.

6.5. Incidental expenditureThe Provision for incidental expenditure covers the ancillary and exceptional eligibleexpenditure incurred under this contract. It cannot be used for costs which should be coveredby the Consultant as part of its fee rates, as defined above. Its use is governed by theprovisions in the General Conditions and the notes in Annex V of the contract. It covers:

Travel costs and subsistence allowances for missions, outside the normal place of posting, to beundertaken as part of this contract. If applicable, indicate if the provision includes costs forenvironmental measures, for example C02 offsetting.

The cost of organisation the field visits and travel of the experts (car rental), and of the travel,accommodation, daily allowance, and training venue for the participants.

The Provision for incidental expenditure for this contract is EUR 17,396. This amount mustbe included without modification in the Budget breakdown.Any subsistence allowances to be paid for missions undertaken as part of this contract mustnot exceed the per diem rates published on the Web site:http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/procedures/index_en.htm at the start of each such mission.

6.6. Expenditure verificationThe Provision for expenditure verification relates to the fees of the auditor who has beencharged with the expenditure verification of this contract in order to proceed with the paymentof further pre-financing instalments if any and/or interim payments if any.The Provision for expenditure verification for this contract is EUR 1,300. This amount mustbe included without modification in the Budget breakdown.

7. REPORTS

7.1. Reporting requirementsPlease refer to Article 26 of the General Conditions. There must be a final report, a finalinvoice and the financial report accompanied by an expenditure verification report at the endof the period of implementation of the tasks. The draft final report must be submitted at leastone month before the end of the period of implementation of the tasks. Note that these interim

http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/procedures/index_en.htm



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and final reports are additional to any required in Section 4 of these Terms of Reference.Each report shall consist of a narrative section and a financial section. The financial sectionmust contain details of the time inputs of the experts, of the incidental expenditure and of theprovision for expenditure verification.

7.2. Submission & approval of progress reportsThree copies of the progress reports referred to above must be submitted to the ProjectManager identified in the contract. The progress reports must be written in English. TheProject Manager is responsible for approving the progress reports.

8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

8.1. Definition of indicatorsThe results to be achieved by the consultant are included in section 2.3. Progress to achievingthese results will be measured through the following indicators:

1. Quality of expert fielded and speed of mobilisation to the relevant country willindicate a positive start to the assignment;

2. Identification of issues and problems as recorded in the Interim Technical Report;

3. Number of field visits carried out;

4. Level of attendance at the stakeholder training;

5. Number and nature of comments received on the Draft Final Report; and

6. Respect of project milestones time schedule and reports time delivery.

The Consultant may suggest additional monitoring tools for the contract duration

8.2. Special requirementsNot applicable.



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Annex 2 Itinerary, institutions and individuals consulted

Location and date Address Name and Title Phone, E-mailMaputo, 14/03 IIP, Av. Mao 386,

MaputoMr. Juse Murama, IIP Chef research

aquaculturist828902884, [email protected]

Maputo, 14/03 « Mrs. Paula S. Afonso, IIP DeputyDir.

823091540, 21-490307,[email protected]

Maputo, 14/03 “ Mr. L. Tarabusi, RFU 824024972“ “ Mrs. F. Reale, BRX ACP officer“ “ Mr. G. Miranda, ACP fish II,

T.LeaderMaputo, 14-03 “ Mr. R. Lora, Pro.Li.De Director

827566657, [email protected], 14-03 Mr. H. Bustani, IIP7Aq

Maputo INAQUe, 16-03 INAQUA Mrs. Maria I. Omar, DirectorINAQUA

823061996, 21-302877,[email protected]

« INAQUA Mr. M. Bechar 21-302877, 358000« INAQUA Mr. Albino Maveto “« INAQUA Mrs. Alda Silva “« INAQUA Mrs. Elvira P. Verinda “« INAQUA Mrs. Olimpia Nobreza «« INAQUA Mrs. Liliana Ferrao “« INAQUA Mr. Jose Companhia “« INAQUA Mrs. Fatima C. Reis “« INAQUA Mr. Claudio O. Borg “« INAQUA Mr. Arlindo Marcos “

Beira, 21-03 Mr. Joao Jadique« INAQUA Mr. M. Abdul Cadre 822479150« Mr. Sacramento Phiri« Mrs. Tania C. Silva,« Mr. Basamo Zinir« Mr. Fernando Pinto« Mr. S. Santos« Mr Nare« IIP Mr. Nairo Pregem,IIP Sofala

Director826019870, [email protected]

Maputo,29-03 IIP Mrs. Isabel SalvaquaIIP Mrs. Lisette

Gorongosa trainings IIP Martinho Padera 824716344,[email protected]

“ INAQUA Laurinda Antonio B., 822659726,[email protected]

“ SDAI Aida Bela Flores 823902642“ SDAI Carlos A. Amadeo 828342948“ AQ Associaton George Bila“ AQ Association Antonio Pereira“ AQ Diesel“ AQ Samuel

Gorongosa N. Park 17/04 CARR proejct Mateus Matemba 824380030, [email protected]“ “ training Niel Dampier 828624975“ “ veterinary Carlos Ajques“ “hydrobiologist Franzisca 823034553, [email protected]

Maputo, 27/04 Workshop EU delegation Imelda Fernandes 823169570“ WWF Lara Muaves de Buto 824838380, 84300239“ IDPPE Elizete A. Ceinguge 822974380, [email protected]“ INAQUA Isac A. Cluerenza 828516880“ DPP Graca Massicane 824812070“ IIP Isabel Chauca 824753950

mailto:[email protected]











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Annex II Consultant itinerary and timetableDay\Month Activities

07/03/2011 Home work08/03 Home work11/03 Travel Bologna Lisbona12/03 Travel Lisbona Maputo13/03 -14/03 Kick off meeting with IIP counterparts15/03 Kick off meeting with INAQUA16/03 Organization first misison17/03 Technical detail to organize the Gorongosa mission, contracting Pro.Li.De. For logistic18/03 Financial organization for the Gorongosa first mission19/03 Travel to Beira20/03 Travel to Beira21/03 Meetings: IIP, Fishery delegation; training of trainers22/03 Travel Beira Gorongosa, meetings, training of trainers, first visit23/03 Training of trainers, second visits24/03 Training of trainers, third visit25/03 Training of trainers closure, afternoon travel26/03 Meeting IIP and fishery delagation Maputo27/03 Travel Beira Maputo28/03 Reporting and technical, data validation, technical counterpart mission restitution29/03 Working group meeting, ToR discussion, Gorongosa mission presentation30/03 Reporting31/03 Organization next training course in Gorongosa01/04 Reporting and diet study organization02/04 Reporting03/04 -04/04 Diet study05/04 Visit Harewelle regional officer N. Smart, logistic and financial orgnaization06/04 Meeting with IIP Deputy for organizational porpoises07/04 Reporting and technical diet study organization08/04 Organization Gorongosa training and Beira mission09/04 -10/04 Travel Maputo Beira11/04 Meeting with INAQUA and IIP representative for training logistic12/04 Preparation of diet study in collaboration with INAQUA / IIP staff13/04 Meeting with Director of Sofala Fishery department for diet study presentation14/04 Discussion and finalization of diet study with IIP / INAQUA staff15/04 Travel to Gorongosa16/04 Visit Tsikiri, Nharanga and Nhataka for Aquaculture Association training17/04 Training organization meeting with CARR project and Gorongosa feed mill18/04 Gorongosa training organization, contact local SDAE19/04 Arrival of participants in Gorongosa (evening), registration20/04 Gorongosa training: official opening, theory, field visit: diet preparation21/04 Gorongosa training theory, field visit and on the job training: pond fertilization22/04 Gorongosa training last visit and cloture, participants return home23/04 Reporting24/04 CARR project visit and travel to Beira25/04 Beira activities restitution to stakeholders and beneficiaries26/04 Travel Beira Maputo27/04 Final workshop and working group wrap up meeting with mission restitution to IIP / INAQUA

and other stakeholders28/04 Reporting29/04 Reporting



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30/04 Reporting01/05 Reporting02/05 Reporting03/05 Travel Maputo Lisbona04/05 Travel Lisbona Bologna

More detailed timetable on Training and WorkshopDate Field Activity Workshop/meeting Site of field activity

Gorongosa Training of trainers21/03 X Beira22/03 X Gorongosa23/03 X Gorongosa24/03 X Gorongosa25/03 X Gorongosa/Beira

Gorongosa Training20/04 X Gorongosa21/04 X Gorongosa22/04 X Gorongosa

Final workshop27/04 X Maputo



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Annex 3 Interim Technical Report

Interim Technical Report

THE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTUREDEVELOPMENT IN GORONGOSA, MOZAMBIQUE

Mr. Gianluigi Negroni International sustainable aquaculture consultant

March 2011



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Summary

1. Short Background

2. Comments on Terms of Reference

3. Approach to the assignment (methodology)

4. Set up and members of the Technical Team

5. Proposed work plan

6. Results of initial document review, consultations and TNA

7. Key issues to be addressed / solved

8. Financial statement

9. Recommendations

10. Proposals for possible future activities and applied research

Annexes:

Annex I Training of trainers topicsAnnex II Training topicsAnnex III Feed studyAnnex IV Training of trainer conceptAnnex V Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline

Note:The Interim Technical Report is generally prepared shortly after arrival in the country by theConsultant. The objective is to set the scene for the future implementation of the assignmentand ensure that at an early stage any potential problems or misunderstandings are identified.Also it is at this stage that any major changes in conditions that have occurred since the ToRswere prepared need to be acknowledged and incorporated into planning. The InterimTechnical Report will demonstrate that implementation is on track at this early stage and alsowill ensure that inputs can be made and support provided at certain points in implementation– e.g. to plan monitoring missions by the RFU and CU. The ITR is often prepared after theInception Phase or after the Assessment phase (depending on the terminology in the ToR).

Short Background Current state of affairs in the relevant sectorThe Mozambiques’s marine waters cover an area of about 100,000 km2 with an EEZ of 200nautical miles, while inland waters cover an area of about 13,000 km2. The main fishing areasare the shallow water shrimp fishery in the Sofala Bank and demersal for line fishery in Beira



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Bay and Maputo Bay. Inland fisheries include Lake Niassa/Malawi, the manmade CahoraBassa Lake and numerous rivers. Aquaculture represented just 0.3% of the total production in2009 and the main commercial shrimp farms are situated in Beira (132 hectare farm),Quelimane (300 and 150 hectare farms) and Pemba (250 ha farm). The global fish productionin 2009 was 123,000 tonnes (more than 80% form artisanal fisheries) for a total approximatevalue of US$ 280M (7, 975 M MTN) and the total export value was approximately US$ 47M(1, 328 M MTN), mainly from shrimps (77%).

The management authority for the sector is the recently instituted National Administration forFisheries (Administração Nacional das Pescas - ADNAP) The ADNAP central structure iscomposed of the following Departments: National fishery administration, National fisheryeconomy, Human resources, Fishery inspection, International cooperation, Finance andadministration, Ministry cabinet and General inspection.

In the management of the sector the ADNAP is supported by: the National Institute forFisheries Research (IIP), the National Institute for Fish Inspection (INIP); the NationalInstitute for the Development of Small Scale Fisheries (IDPPE), the National Institute for theDevelopment of Aquaculture (INAQUA), the Fisheries Promotion Fund (FFP) and theFisheries School (EP), which is responsible for the promotion of sectoral development. TheFisheries administration extends to the local level through provincial and district services forfisheries management.

The potential for freshwater aquaculture in Mozambique is estimated to be very high, due to anumber of factors; such as the presence of different water bodies countrywide, adequate foraquaculture development; the favourable climatic conditions; the unpolluted environment; theavailability of agriculture by-products and the low population pressure.

It is estimated that there are more than 25,800 hectares of land available for small scalefreshwater aquaculture, and the government is actively promoting fresh water fish farming tocombat rural poverty and enhance food security. Freshwater aquaculture is mainly directed atintegrated systems of fish farming to improve population diet.

There are about 2,750 family consumption-oriented subsistence farms of about 100 m2 each(Gorongosa survey). Freshwater aquaculture is dominated by farming of native cyclids,mainly tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), normally farmed in small pond cultures. Otherpopular freshwater farmed species include Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Africancatfish (Clarias gariepinus), freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergi) and carps(Cyprinus carpio).

In 2003 the Government developed a national strategy for the sector, which culminated in theapproval of the “2008-2017 Aquaculture Development Strategy in Mozambique”. Accordingto the Ministry of Fisheries, small-scale total aquaculture production is 100 tonnes per yearfor subsistence purposes and the country is still dependent on fish imports to balance theoverall deficit. There are many relevant factors limiting the development of the sustainablefreshwater aquaculture production: between them there are lack of technical and practicalknowledge; the absence of hatcheries for fry production; the poor quality of fry and stock ofjuveniles in rural areas; and the lack of good quality grow-out feed.

During the first filed mission to Gorongosa, the team was able to visit 4 of the 7 Aquaculture



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Associations. The Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Study show ponds of mainly 100 squaremeter with some of maximum 250 sq. mt. The rate at which the number of ponds are beingcreated is increasing, and it is forecasted that more than 700 will be mainly concentrated inPovoado of Nhoranga. In this area the ponds are widely distributed in a wide area of morethan 20 Ha (5 Ha for one Local Aquaculture Association).

As agreed in advance, the first field visit was used as an opportunity to run a training oftrainers course for three members of staff from ADNAP. It is worth noting though that anadditional three members joined the field team to also take advantage of the programme.

International cooperationDonors activity includes the Norwegian and Iceland cooperation that are currently funding aproject; it includes also components for institutional support for the development ofsustainable aquaculture. A Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA) with the European Union,which provides a financial contribution of €900,000 per year for the support of fisheriespolicy in the country, has been signed.

Mission field working areaIn Gorongosa, aquaculture is developed mainly in a number of areas close to spring and smallrivers. It is estimated (Gorongosa last training of trainers 21 – 25 March) that there are around1000 tanks currently operational for growing fish in the area, which are run by local farmersand rural communities. Presently, the main farmed species in the area is tilapia (and somecarp) farmed in earthen ponds, (00,1 / 0,03 Ha). Fish are fed on agriculture by-products suchas maize, bean and sorghum bran, cassava leaves and seasonally available products. There areno hatcheries in the area.

Formulation feed for fish is not currently available in Mozambique, however local farmers areproducing their own feed mix. The stocking density is 2-5 fish/m2, which can be difficult tocontrol. Annual yields are estimated at 0.5 to 10 tons/year with growing time from threemonths to four reaching 150 gr fish size depending on the feeding regime. Green watertechniques are widely applied. During the first phase for the Training of Trainers andconsequent Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Study the areas visited were located in:Nhiataca, Nhiambirila, Siquiri and Nhauranga.

2. Comments on Terms of ReferenceThe Terms of Reference (ToR) describe the current situation with regards to aquaculture inMozambique and in particular Gorongosa, providing the main outline of the mission.Following the ToR, the consultant has organised a technical team and the first meeting washeld on 14 / 03 in Maputo and on 21 / 03 in Beira in collaboration with the counterparts. Inaddition, a significant amount of information was provided by the Client to support thepreparation of the first mission, with additional information being sourced to provide furthercontext in preparation of the next mission phase. Following the successful completion ofthe first mission to Gorongosa (from 19 to 27/03), it is intended the results of the mission arepresented to IIP/INAQUA as the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline. Any comment will beincorporated in the Final Report

A need for training of trainers was suggested by the consultant with the collaboration of thecounterparts; the ToR modification was requested and approved by the Main ACP Fish II



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Office in Bruxelles. The mission will produce ideas for future project proposals andaquaculture development. The developed methodology can be replicated in other similar areasof the country where it will be needed to develop a Fast Aquaculture Participatory Appraisalfollowing a Baseline Aquaculture Study for fish farming.

Particularly the consultant will:

Prepare, in collaboration with the technical team the first draft of the study tobe discussed with IIP/INAQUA, proposing for the kind of activities to becarried out for the best techniques on feed productionReview the study as to include new findings/recommendations from thediscussion with IIPOrganize and conduct a training course on fish food production for selectedgroup of staff from INAQUA

3. Approach to the assignment (methodology)

Inception phaseThe primary goal of the inception phase is to establish, in consultation with IIP/INAQUA andlocal stakeholders, a project technical team to design a work plan for the assignment. Afterthe first week of meeting and organization, the practical work was done in Gorongosa areas tocollect fresh information and to validate existing information. As part of this process theConsultant will also collect all relevant information, data and scientific documents availableto correctly identify training and research requirements.

The work plan of this first part of the mission has particularly concentrated on theorganisation and timing of field visits and consultative meetings which will be undertaken inorder to gain additional first-hand information on the key issues surrounding aquaculture inGorongosa. The field visits were used to conduct a Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline thatincluded a Feed Survey to identify:

Where the individual resources are geographically located;How much inputs (land, manpower, feed, financial resources,...) are available andwhen;Who is currently using these resource and how;Composition and cost of this resource at source and with transportation;Information concerning the existing animal feed manufacturing sector.

The aim of this first survey is to collect all relevant information and to assist farmers indeveloping their own aquaculture feeding strategies, increase fish production and optimise theutilisation of available agricultural by-products.

Before going to Gorongosa, the organization of a training of trainers was provided after aformal counterpart request, six IIP and INAQUA officers were trained during a training oftrainers. A complete Training of trainer concept is in Annex IV with detail of the firsttraining. The document includes all the outputs of the training of trainers: GorongosaAquaculture Baseline, feed survey, Fast Aquaculture Appraisal, applied research proposaland other outputs.



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The Inception Phase will be completed with submission of the Interim Technical Reportaround 10 working days after the Consultant arrived in-country. As stated in the ToRs, thisReport will contain initial findings and conclusions resulting from the information gatheringas well as the work plan and methodology for completing the assignment. These data areincluded in the Gorongosa Aquaculture baseline that will be discussed in the next days withthe stakeholders in Maputo.

Implementation PhaseThe second phase of this programme will commence with a series of field visits to relevantstakeholders in the field to further enhance understanding and refine the issues arounddeveloping an efficient, effective and sustainable aquaculture sector in the area of Gorongosa.This will result in two clear outcomes:

A report on identifying needs and initiatives/actions for providing/improving feed foraquaculture in Gorongosa; (draft already included in the Gorongosa AquacultureBaseline)A 3 day training course on aquaculture and practical fish food production (it will beheld during the second phase)

The research study requested in the ToR will be referred to as ‘applied research’, which dealswith practical results. Any applied research study must match stakeholder needs in relation toappropriate aquaculture technology. As part of this it is important to recognise that anyaquaculture technology and research suggested must be both easily available to stakeholdersand also match their social, ecological, environmental and economic conditions. Thisprogramme therefore needs to ensure proper engagement with stakeholders to ascertain thesefactors and identify the best way forward. The consultant has already presented differentapproaches to the ToR according with the different technological level to be implemented:

A1) Low input Proposal (diet preparation, plankton production and other)A2) Higher input proposal (feed mill feasibility study)A3) Proposal for research facility (tanks for feed experiment)A4) Proposal for experimental solar aquaculture

The large number of proposals amply overcrowds the available time of the mission and willbe annexed, if needed, as future proposals for projecst in the aquaculture area; only a few ofthese will be proposed practically. Some of them were already proposed during the firstmission with a good response. In the final report a list of proposals appropriate to Gorongosaarea will be presented in a standardized format.

3. Set up and members of the Technical TeamThe technical team, with the strict collaboration of the IIP member particularly the help of theAdjoint Director Paula Afonso are already organized with the following members:

Mr. Jose Murama, Chef Departemento do Aquacultura de IIPMr. Abdul Cadri, Direcao Provincial das pescas de SofalaMr. Martin Padeira, Direcao Provincial das pescas de SofalaMrs. Lucy Aida, Extensionista de ministerio do Direcao Districtal de AgricultureMr. Carlos A. Amedeo , Extensionista de ministerio de Direcao Districtal de



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AgricultureMr. Gianluigi Negroni, Harewelle International consultantMr. Roberto Lora, ProLiDe NGO

Moreover, a working team organized by IIP will meet ASAP to comment on the output fromthe result of the first field mission (Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline).

4. Proposed work plan (including travel plan of experts)The plan will be proposed to the RFU, Harewelle Int., INAQUA/IIP soon after the consultantis back in Maputo after the first field mission

N Activity Time1 International travel Bologna – Maputo 11-12/032 Maputo Kick off (RFU), 1st mission organization, ToR change 13-18/033 1st field Gorongosa visit, Inception report writing, field activities, training of

trainers, feed survey, Aquaculture fast rural Appraisal, next trainingorganisation

19/27-03

4 Maputo Working group discussion, Inception report presentation including theGorongosa aquaculture study baseline, organization second field mission fortraining

28/03 –03/04

5 2nd visit, programme writing, training organization 07/20046 2nd visit Training execution, on the job training (RFU) 20/22 – 047 Final report writing and Maputo final output presentation (RFU) 25/29 -048 International travel Maputo – Bologna 29/30 - 04

During this first part of the mission, it is important to highlight the excellent support providedto ensure, despite the short time available, all the stakeholders (IIP, INAQUA local offices),RFU, ACP Fish II office and the consultant, were able adapt the ToR and successfullyorganize and execute the training of trainers. The provision of logistical support provided bythe sub-contractor (ProLiDe) was strategically important during this first part of the mission.All the above provided their enthusiastic participation that permitted a high quality trainingof trainers and Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline document production.

6. Results of initial document review, consultations and TNA etc

A) The consultant received documentation completely covering the Mozambiqueaquaculture legislation to regulate the national aquaculture business. For otheravailable aquaculture documentation the Mozambican authorities promised to collectthem for the consultant’s investigation. The most relevant documentation receivedare: Plano Director das Pescas 2010 – 2019, Master plan 1994, Proposed policies forDevelopment of Aquaculture in Mozambique, the General regulation on Aquaculture,and Institutional Capacity Development for Sustainable Aquaculture in Mozambique

B) Some meetings were held with all the counterparts to present the project with adetailed PPT that was also presented to the regional meeting that was organized inparallel with the consultant’s mission. The counterparts asked several questions andall were properly answered.



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The meetings in Maputo was organized for the IIP and INAQUA main functionaries(Mrs. Paula Afonso and Mrs. Maria Isabel Omar and their staff), whilst meanwhile inBeira there was a general meeting with the regional delegation of the Fishery Ministry,IIP and INAQUA before the Gorongosa field mission, the second Beira meetingprovided the data restitution mission; it was organized and successfully doneproviding a detailed presentation of the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline freshlywritten by the technical team. The acceptance of the study was high from the Beiraauthorities. In Gorongosa an introductory meeting was undertaken with Mr. IgnazioTatu Xavdaga Director SDAI (Servicio Districtais de Activitade Economica) andrelated staff and the technical team. In the field the local aquaculture associationsshowed their activities and discussed with the team some of the technical details. Afinal Gorongosa meeting was held with the local Direcao Districtal de Agriculturebefore leaving to introduce the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline.

The mission team Training Need Assessment was clear after all the presentation,meetings and field visits that clearly presented the real situation for GorongosaAquaculture. The TNA results show the subjects for the future training in GorongosaSee Annex II

C) The training of trainers provides the technical team the capability to develop a similarRapid Aquaculture Appraisal and related Baseline Study in other areas (as requestedin the beneficiaries meeting). Detail on the subjects involved in the training of traineris in Annex I Following the first field visit some subjects were prepared for thetraining see Annex II.

D) The mission team Training Need Assessment was well defined after the first mission,meetings and field visits clearly presented the real situation of GorongosaAquaculture. The TNA results show the subjects for the future training in GorongosaSee Annex II. The Training Need Assessment was evaluated by the Technical Teammembers and discussed several times. The list of needs for the Association ofAquaculturist was also discussed with the stakeholders.

7. Key issues to be addressed/solved

A) After the first meeting with the counterpart it was clear that a training of trainers wasnecessary during the first mission in Gorongosa area. This was very useful to providemore organization and preparation for the final training. In fact the training of trainershighlighted several problems addressed and resolved for later. Three personsparticipated full time on the training of trainers: Mr. Jose Murama, Mr. Martin Padeiraand Mr. Abdul Cara they will be utilized during the final training activity. Anotherthree attendees (trainers that participated at the last moment) were added in Gorongosaas local participants: Mr. Angelo Amadeo, Mrs. Aida Flores Bela Andrade, Mrs.Laurinda Antonio. Four local Aquaculture Association members also participated asbeneficiaries of the training of trainers. For the next training the newly trained trainersmust be included in the training team.

B) The training of trainers prepared new trainers for the next training and additionallyprepared six persons to perform the same Aquaculture Baseline Study in other regions



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that need to develop aquaculture activities.

C) Pro.Li.De logistics permitted a smooth development of the activities and allowed theconsultant to perform several additional technical activities in the short available time;ensuring best use of resources.

D) The strong and timely support of: ACP FISH II team, Harewelle main offices, thebeneficiaries and stakeholders allowed the completion of several tasks to successfullyperform the mission and complete the training of trainers (6 officers successfullytrained) and the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline with detail.

E) The Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline shows all the aspect of the actual situationparticularly in relation to the feed and feeding situation and the possibility ofpreparing applied research in the area. The team will prepare a detailed programmebased on the collected data, three lines of research will be proposed for future studies:local feed in different %, optimization of phytoplankton production, and separatedphytoplankton production

F) The future training will be based on the local feed production and green water system

G) If possible analysis of e available fish feed component in Gorongosa will be done inlocal laboratories

8. Financial statement

A local NGO Pro.Li.De was used under the incidental expenditure budget for thefollowing tasks:

Transport to Gorongosa and local transport (9 days);Training of trainer logistics (8 + 4 + 4 days for three trainers);Collaboration and data gathering in the feed study survey;Collaboration and data gathering in the Fast Aquaculture Appraisal;Feed diet test and pilot with farmer organisations;

The total Pro.Li.De invoiced amount was 4.500 Euro.

9. RecommendationsThe first field mission was crucial in assessing the current aquaculture situation inGorongosa and ensuring the second mission will be focused on specific trainingactivities and the final mission outputs restitution, which will designed to clearlypresent to all counterparts and stakeholders the recommendations for future activitiesrelated to feed applied research and extension services for aquaculture in theGorongosa area.

It is important to include the six trained new trainers in the future training that will bedone during the second Gorongosa Mission. As a result, the client must clearlyidentify the numbers of trainers, delegates and staff who will attend future activities(Max 10 participants). This will ensure appropriate training materials are prepared.



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This second field mission is forecast to commence on 07/03 and be completed by the24/03 as indicated in the timetable, and will take place over 18 days. It is envisagedthat the precise timing and numbers will be discussed during the working groupmeeting.

Considering the enthusiastic support of the counterparts that permitted the smoothdevelopment of the operation for the organization and logistics, the recommendationsfor the second mission leg include:

Use maximum available training time for on the job training for feed diet and greenwater (plankton) management ;Continue to utilise Pro.Li.De as a sub-contractor to provide local support in relation tomedia, training kit preparation, training logistics, pond preparation for on the jobtraining, piloting with farmer organizations in collaboration with local authorities andbeneficiaries; transport will be provided by IIP/INAQUA for the involvement of thesix (3) trained trainers in the second trainingPreparation and execution of a communications plan as detailed in the Trainingconcept (See Chapter 4 Training of trainer concept) to increase aquaculture awarenesslocally and nationally to highlight the ACP FISH II role and the counterpart roles.

After the stakeholders meeting and proposals validation, some recommendations from thefirst Gorongosa field mission could be included in the final report outputs, after IIP/INAQUAdiscussions and eventual approvals they are resumed in the following lines:

- this report proposes the activities that will be realized during the mission span, present andutilize the best fish feed techniques production and the green water system;- study to identify the research to improve the diets and green water system, study andapplied research in three types of diets enhancing local products (mixing and hydrolysis offeed);- applied research on the ideal fertilizer for fish ponds in the presence of fish;- applied research on plankton production and its use with dry and fresh diet, and the practicaldevelopment of diet prepared with locally available products

Some subjects for future training were confirmed by the Gorongosa Baseline Study andevaluation of training needs assessment for the next training session, these are:

• Feed and feeding management system appropriate for Gorongosa• Production of improved fish diet with local components• Production of green water• Management of the green water• Prospecting and basic management of tanks

The training session will be organized for 10 participants as per the ToR

10 Proposals for possible future activities and applied research .These proposals will be attached to the final report, if approved, they will not be appliedduring this mission. The first group of proposals, more oriented towards the applied research



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activities produced during the mission can be summarized in the following lines:

a) The organization of a small research centre for aquaculture feed, managed locally in theGorongosa area;b) Creation of a pilot applied research project in an Association (7)c) Research on green water management in Tilapia (Carp) farming systemd) Research on three different improved diets typology made with available local componente) Research on green water production and use of fresh and concentred plankton in Tilapiafeed and feeding

The second group of proposals more oriented towards the extension service structure are:a) Organization of some training sessions (15-20 days) for extension personnelb) Production of a manual for freshwater fish including sheet production and management ofponds for fish farmers;c) The organization of some instruments for the construction of tanks (microcredit for paleand hand barrow);d) Technical Kit for aquaculture: two levels (one for extension and one for Associations)e) Plan for extensionf) Communication (including statistic software package) for extensionists and fish farmers atlocal levels to disseminate aquaculture of Tilapia in Gorongosa

Finally a road map must be produced for the central and local administration to developaquaculture in the Gorongosa area and for similar areas according to national policy.

Additionally a plan must be approved to use the six trained on the Aquaculture Baseline withdetail on feed in similar tasks in the country to permit them to show their capabilities servingthe national governmental needs and requests.

Finally a national proposal for the Gorongosa aquaculture development study will bepresented to the stakeholders for future missions, this can be also used at national level forsimilar areas.

Main future training subjects for the next training mission confirmed by the Training NeedsAssessment included in the Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline:

Feed ratio production with local by productFeeding systemsWater and green water management systemBasic pond prospection, construction and managementBasic pond management

The above training subjects will be validated during the next stakeholders meeting.

Annexes:Annex I Training of trainers topics 1st Gorongosa mission, already performed training of trainer: main subject

Feed and feeding techniques,



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Phyto and zooplankton production and managementFeed surveyGorongosa Aqauculture Baseline Study, Gorongosa Aquaculture Rapid Appraisal (4sites)

Annex II Training topicsTraining to be organized during 2nd Gorongosa mission, to be performed after approval of theworking group:

Pond managementFeed and feedingPhyto and zooplankton productionGreen water management

Annex III Feed study (The study is ongoing after the counterpart approval) Introduction to scientific fish feed nutrition, detail on Tilapia feed and feedingPractical applied researches proposal for Gorongosa areaForewordIntroductionFish nutritional requirementIngredientFeed preparation and feedingFeed and geneticsTilapia natural food and feeding habitsTilapia fertilizers and fertilizationTilapia supplemental feeds and feedingTilapia feed formulation and preparation/productionTilapia formulated feedFeeding schedulesFeeding methods/ methods of feed presentationNutritional deficienciesShort description of Gorongosa aquaculture situationApplied research proposals

A Green waterB Green water and supplemented local feedC Separated green water production

ConclusionRecommendationAnnex

Annex IV Training of trainers concept (already executed in Gorongosa)Summary1 - Training 1.1 Introduction to Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline training of trainer concept

1.2 Training Agenda1.3 Training concept methodology1.4 Training operation guidelines



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1.5 Strategy definition for Training1.6 Certificate1.7 Training performance1.8 Training attendance and kit sheet1.9 Trainees course evaluation sheet

2 – Material3 – Outputs4 - Communication plan for project diffusion & awareness5 – Training summary table6 – Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Study A) Feed study B) Aquaculture rapid appraisal8 – On the job training

A) Feed production and management B) Phyto Zooplankton production and management

AnnexV Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline (one of the outputs of the first Gorongosamission)SumarioIntrodução1 Objectivo2 Metodologia3 Diagnóstico Participativo Rápido para Aquacultura em Gorongosa4 Pesquisa sobre a ração5 Primeira proposta de ração para alimentação da Tilapia6 Gestão da água verde (Fito zooplâncton)7 Proposta para futuras atividades da missão8 Propostas para realização futura das actividades e projecto-piloto.9 Conclusão10 RecomendaçãoBibliografiaAnexo I Descrição da situação actual da Aquacultura em GorongosaAnexo II Pesquisa sobre raçãoAnexo III Diagnostico Rápido para Aquacultura.



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Annex 4 List of reports and documents consultedPlano Director das Pescas 2010 – 2019,Aquaculture Master plan 1994,Estrategia para o desenvolvemento da aquacultura em Moçambique 2008 - 2017Proposed policies for Development of Aquaculture in Mozambique,The General regulation on Aquaculture, Ministry of fishery department ofAquacultureInstitutional Capacity Development for Sustainable Aquaculture in Mozambique2007 – 2019 Aquaculture master plan2010, Melhoramento de doetas artificiais de peixe para potenciar a pisciculturs depequena escala, IIPManual de piscicultura, Ministerio de Pesca 2004Inventory of Fishery and aquaculture in Mozambique, 2007 Ferdinando RibeiroFishery and aquaculture in Mozambique FAO 2005FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview Mozambique, 2003Institutional Capacity Development for Sustainable Aquaculture in Mozambique 2008/ 2012France pump money into Mozambique, FFI – July 2009Estatuto Organico do Ministerio das Pescas 2010Identification manual for microalgae used in aquaculture Florida aqua farms 2005Plankton culture manual, Florida aqua farms, 2003Atlas de Mozambique, Instituto Nacional de desenvolvimento de educaçãoImpact of aquaculture in rural management of temperate regions, Aquauclture Europe1990, EASSee Annex 5 C Diet study- Bibliography for a complete list of the appropriatetechnicalbibliography



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Annex 5 Technical outputs

Annex 5 A

Training of Trainers Concept

I - Assignment:

Gorongosa Feed Assessment and Aquaculture Baseline

THE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTUREDEVELOPMENT IN GORONGOSA

ACP Fish II

G. NegroniMarch 2011



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Summary

1 - Training

1.1 Introduction to Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline training of trainer concept1.2 Training Agenda1.3 Training concept methodology1.4 Training operation guidelines1.5 Strategy definition for Training1.6 Certificate1.7 Training performance1.8 Training attendance and kit sheet1.9 Trainees course evaluation sheet

2 – Material - Summary3 – Outputs4 - Communication plan for project diffusion & awareness5 – Training summary table6 – Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Study field sheet A) Feed study B) Aquaculture rapid appraisal8 – On the job training

A) Feed production and management B) Phyto Zooplankton production and management

1 Training1.1 Introduction to Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline training of trainers concept

To be mailed separately in advance to the participantsSubject: 1) Training of trainer, 2) Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline concept

The event has the aim to introduce the participants to the Gorongosa training of trainers:A) Presentation of the project and participants, working methodologyB) Participants theoretical and field work

C) Applied research pilot projects discussionThe course output will be divided in different sections:

I) Theoretical and preparation section for training of trainer: training concept, on the jobtraining and future training course on tilapia feed and feeding.II) ACP Fish II and Gorongosa mission presentation and workIII) Gorongosa Aquaculture baseline study Aquaculture Practical field feed and feeding job Rapid aquaculture appraisal and survey of Gorongosa area Feed surveyIV) Pilot aqua culturistV) Tilapia feed and feedingVI) Proposal for future feed and feeding applied research Gorongosa activitiesAll the above subjects requested will be included in the training of trainers. The package is



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well organized as a kit including some material that is distributed. The meeting participantswill appropriately use the material and the knowledge of the course for their practical futuredaily work; the aim of the meeting is to be as practical as possible to enable the participants toprepare a detailed Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline including a job description/scheduling forpractical tilapia feed and feeding. The organization hopes to have a successful feedback fromall the participants.

The participants will be aquaculture specialists, additional locals from aquaculture groups andother officers/stakeholder as appropriate. Tentatively it is possible to have the following stepsin this course: material organization and preparation, tilapia farming and managementintroduction, aquaculture feed survey, theoretical presentation, objectives discussion, pilotproject discussion/preparation, aquaculture baseline assessment definition (fast aquacultureappraisal), aquaculture pilot project presentation and final meeting.

The training is tailored for a common ownership of the output due to the high level ofpreparation of the participants. Every participant and/or group of participants will producesome Aquaculture Gorongosa Baseline concept material based on the tilapia farming concept.

Tutor Mr. G. Negroni



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1.2 Training agenda

Training presentation, methodology, activitieselaboration

In the framework of ACP Fish II Programme

General informationPlace: GorongosaTime: From: 21/03 To: 25/03Tutor: Mr. Gianluigi NegroniLogistic: Pro. Li. De, Progresso Libertade DesenvolvementoObjective: Gorongosa training of trainer presentation, feed and feeding

field work, green water production and management,Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline, aquaculture feed test, feedsurvey, rapid aquaculture appraisal, applied research for feed

projects proposalsContent: Gorongosa tilapia feed and feeding concept

Agenda

Provisional agenda (subject to revision)Date/place Time Activity Who

09:00 – 09:05 Project welcome All09:15 – 09:30 Self-introductions of beneficiaries Beneficiaries09:30 – 10:30 ACP Fish II project organization G. Negroni10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break All10:45 – 12:30 Gorongosa mission methodology presentation G. Negroni12:30 – 13:30 Lunch All13:30 – 14:00 Transfer to main meeting room and project logistic organization R. Lora14:00 – 14:30 Gorongosa mission methodology presentation (IIP and INAQUA) G. Negroni14:30 – 15:00 Discussion All15:00 – 15:15 Coffee break All

21/03 –Beira

15:15 – 17:00 Detailed work plan for the training week G. Negroni

09:00 – 09:30 Project welcome to local District Authorities (Ignazio Tatu XavdagaDirector SDAI Servicio Districtais de Activitade Economica) G. Negroni

09:30 – 10:30 Self-introductions of beneficiaries All10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break. All

10:45 – 12:30 ACP Fish II project organization, National organization, Regionalorganization and local. G. Negroni

12:30 – 13:30 Lunch All

13:30 – 13:45

Practical organization and Gorongosa mission methodologypresentation: feed survey, RAA, RPAA, on the job training: feed andphyto-zooplankton production, Aquaculture baseline survey (localAuthority, Aquaculture Association)

G. Negroni

13:45 – 15:00 1st Aquaculturist group field visit and data record, pondconstruction/management, green water management All

15:00 – 15:15 Continuation 1st Aquaculturist group field visit and feed data record All

22/03 –Gorongosaand fieldvisit

15:15 – 17:00 Discussion of the day and data validation All



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09:00 – 09:15 2nd Aquaculture group field visit and data feed record, pondconstruction and management All

09:15 – 10:00 Tilapia feed production and water fertilization techniques All10:00 – 10:30 Discussion All10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break All10:45 – 11:30 Group feed data record All11:30 – 12:30 Discussion and day data validation All12:30 – 13:30 Lunch All13:30 – 15:00 Gorongosa feed and Aquaculture Baseline and data validation All15:00 – 15:15 Coffee break All


15:15 – 17:00 Discussion of the day, feed data validation, feed diet formulation All09:00 – 09:15 3th Aquaculturist group field visit and feed data record All09:15 – 10:00 Tilapia feed preparation and fertilization techniques All10:00 – 10:30 Discussion on green water technologies All10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break All10:45 – 11:30 4th Aquaculturist group field visit and feed data record All11:30 – 12:30 Discussion, focus on tilapia feed and feeding and feed formulaiton All12:30 – 13:30 Lunch All13:30 – 15:00 Gorongosa aquaculture baseline study and feed working groups All15:00 – 15:15 Coffee break All


15:15 – 17:00 Discussion and finalization of the feed diet and baseline by group All09:00 – 09:15 Emphasis on future applied research feed project proposals All09:15 – 10:00 Working group works presentation All10:00 – 10:30 Feed and baseline study presentation and discussion 1st group Groups10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break All10:45 – 11:30 Feed and baseline study presentation and discussion 2nd group Group

11:30 – 12:30 Feed and feeding final outcome: need and proposals for appliedresearch for formulation with local feed component All

12:30 – 13:30 Local Authority Gorongosa studies presentation All and localadministration

13:30 – 14:00 Gorongosa Baseline study finalization / future training organisation All /Association

14:00-15.00 Transfer to Beira All

25/04 –Gorongosa– Beira

15:15 – 17:00 Gorongosa feed and baseline study presentation to Beira ProvincialFishery Director All

19 - 21 Training closing ceremony and certificate distribution All

Training participantsCategories Time/

DayParticipants N. Activities

IIP 9 1 Training of trainer participationsINAQUA 8 2 Training of trainer participationsPrivate sector (Local Association) 4 4 SurveySDAE 6 2 Training of trainers participationExternal resources (ProLiDe) 9 1 LogisticsField trip 30 10 Survey in 4 sites in Gorongosa, data collection



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Total participants 64 20

Distribution of Material

During the courses all trainees, who participated in the course received a training package\Kitcomposed of: document bag with logo, clip board, box file, pen, block notes, some whitepaper, some photo copy, media material (pen drive or CD with information material onproject and mission activities).

Group Participants N. Distributed training package1 1 12 1 13 1 1

Total 3 3

1.3 Training concept methodology

Mr. G. Negroni 03/2011

IntroductionThis proposal is to detail the knowledge transfer concept and practical activities that will beapplied during the work. The same methods could be used for futuremeetings/trainings/workshops on the same subjects. The methodology will be used for futuresimilar works and survey. The training subdivided the participants in different groups, for adeeper control and efficiency of the knowledge transfer. The division in groups produces aclear “Knowledge exchange multiplier effect” the participants need to discuss several timestheir ideas. There is a clear benefit that greatly helps in the understanding of all the “darkpoints” of the meeting. The low number of participants can be solved by increasing thenumber of participants with available CaspEco staff or other invited stakeholders.SupervisorAfter the meeting material is prepared and validated by the staff (in collaboration with thebeneficiary/participants); the material is presented during the pilot test. It is agreed that theparticipants will be supplied with a kit including comprehensive media material.Pedagogic approach to the trainingThe meeting/training is not a front lesson but technical and practical to avoid long theoreticalperiods in the class. The trainees do not have the the time for this. The Advisor agrees withthis point of view and provides in this paper clear explanations about the pedagogic approach.After the presentation and related questions, practicals will be provided to the group, they willperform the practical with the advisor’s and translator’s (if needed) help. After finishing theexercises the group will present the work to the other groups and discuss the outcomes. Afinal participant evaluation of all the meeting performances will be done.The trainees will have to be involved in the following activities:

Official registrationPersonal presentationPresentation of the training objectivesPresentation of the training methodologyPresentation of the training and country in PPT (some sessions)Question and answer on the above



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Division in groups (1st step)Inter group interaction (2nd step)Intra group presentation and discussion (3 rd step)On the job training, field work (if available)Final project developmentReview of all produced materialTrainer group/personal evaluationTrainees course evaluationCertificate release

Cooperative Learning informationThis type of learning is the scientific name of the description provided in this paper. Thetrainees need to be seriously involved in the learning process cooperating actively inter groupand intra groupsCooperative Learning is a relationship in a group of students that requires positiveinterdependence (a sense of sink or swim together), individual accountability (each of us has tocontribute and learn), interpersonal skills (communication, trust, leadership, decision making,and conflict resolution), face to face interaction, and processing (reflecting on how well the teamis functioning and how to function even better).

Hundreds of research studies demonstrate that cooperative efforts result in higher individualachievement than does competitive or individualistic efforts. Educators use cooperativelearning throughout North America, Europe, and many other parts of the world. Thiscombination of theory, research, and practice makes cooperative learning one of the mostdistinguished of all instructional practices.

How trainees perceive each other and interact with one another is a neglected aspect ofinstruction. Much training time is devoted to helping teachers arrange appropriate interactionsbetween trainees and materials (i.e., textbooks, curriculum programs) and some time is spenton not only how teachers should interact with students, but how students should interact withone another, which is relatively ignored. It should not be. How teachers structure student-student interaction patterns has a lot to say about how well trainees learn, how they feel aboutschool and the teacher, how they feel about each other, and how much self-esteem they have.

There are three basic ways trainees can interact with each other as they learn. They cancompete to see who is "best," they can work individualistically toward a goal without payingattention to other students, or they can work cooperatively with a vested interest in eachother's learning as well as their own. Of the three interaction patterns, competition is presentlythe most dominant. Research indicates that a vast majority of students in the United Statesview school as a competitive enterprise where one tries to do better than other students. Thiscompetitive expectation is already widespread when students enter school and grows strongeras they progress through school (Johnson & R. Johnson, 1991). Cooperation among students-who celebrate each other’s successes, encourage each other to do homework, and learn towork together regardless of ethnic backgrounds or whether they are male or female, bright orstruggling, disabled or not, is still rare.

In a cooperative learning situation, a student needs to be concerned with how he or she spells



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and how well the other students in his or her group spell. This cooperative umbrella can alsobe extended over the entire class if bonus points are awarded to each student when the classcan spell more words than a reasonable, but demanding, criteria set by the teacher.

The Cooperative learning and individual learning situation can be compared to the onewe will have in our course where several groups of people are divided to enhance thelearning process on our training subjects. The “swim or sink together” concept is veryrealistic with the fish quality subject. All group components must have a good learningscore, the judgment is on the group score not on the individual component performance

There is a difference between simply having students work in a group and structuring groupsof students to work cooperatively. A group of students sitting at the same table doing theirown work, but free to talk with each other as they work, is not structured to be a cooperativegroup, as there is no positive interdependence. Perhaps it could be called individualisticlearning with talking. For this to be a cooperative learning situation, there needs to be anaccepted common goal on which the group is rewarded for its efforts. If a group of studentshas been assigned to do a report, but only one student does all the work and the others goalong for a free ride, it is not a cooperative group. A cooperative group has a sense ofindividual accountability that means that all students need to know the material or spell wellfor the whole group to be successful. Putting students into groups does not necessarily gain acooperative relationship; it has to be structured and managed by the teacher or professor.

ELEMENTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNINGIt is only under certain conditions that cooperative efforts may be expected to be moreproductive than competitive and individualistic efforts. Those conditions are:

1. Clearly perceived positive interdependence2. Considerable promotive (face-to-face) interaction3. Clearly perceived individual accountability and personal responsibility to achieve the

group’s goals4. Frequent use of the relevant interpersonal and small-group skills5. Frequent and regular group processing of current functioning to improve the group’s

future effectiveness

All healthy cooperative relationships have these five basic elements present. This is true ofpeer tutoring, partner learning, peer mediation, adult work groups, families, and othercooperative relationships. This conceptual "yardstick" should define any cooperativerelationship.

Positive InterdependenceThe first requirement for an effectively structured cooperative lesson is that students believethat they "sink or swim together." Within cooperative learning situations, students have tworesponsibilities: 1) learn the assigned material, and 2) ensure that all members of the grouplearn the assigned material. The technical term for that dual responsibility is positiveinterdependence. Positive interdependence exists when students perceive that they are linkedwith group mates in such a way that they cannot succeed unless their group mates do (andvice versa) and/or that they must coordinate their efforts with the efforts of their group matesto complete a task. Positive interdependence promotes a situation in which students: 1) see



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that their work benefits group mates and their group mates' work benefits them, and 2) worktogether in small groups to maximize the learning of all members by sharing their resources toprovide mutual support and encouragement and to celebrate their joint success. When positiveinterdependence is clearly understood, it establishes that:

1. Each group member's efforts are required and indispensable for group success (i.e., therecan be no "free-riders").

2. Each group member has a unique contribution to make to the joint effort because of hisor her resources and/or role and task responsibilities

Three are the main steps in our programmed Cooperative Learning Approach

First Step Cooperative learning group formationThe large group of persons will be split in some sub groups to work with the cooperativelearning process and to have a more refined control of the learning process by the FAGtraining team.

Second step Cooperative learning mergingThe second step in the methodology is the confrontation between two groups, this means thegroup outputs and the discussion of the results between them.

This step could be described as:

Third step Cooperative learning socialization In this step the 5 or more merged groups will expose their work to produce the final work

1.4 Training operation guidelinesThe main idea is to provide the participants with an agreed method(s) of working and tocollaborate with them to develop the requested output Meeting protocol through a step by stepapproach:

Planner decision on subject(s)Commitment of the participants/beneficiaries/local authoritiesLogistic organisation in collaboration with the missionOperative training, practical workMonitoring, certification of outputsTrainees commentsAfter meeting feed backIn country work

1.5 Strategy Definition for training Output

Possible collaboration and integration of every group component has an important role in themeeting activities (including post-meeting) because the prepared material and planning willbe used for a long time after the end of the meeting. The training UNIT is composed of threemain figures in the meeting arena:



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N Position Task Description Time1 Core staff (IIP,

INIQUA, localbeneficiaries andauthorities)

Organize every meeting activity, logistic role, chose theappropriate person and the period. Drive all operations,collect the feedback and have a roster with theperformances of the participants.

Full time

2 Focal point (missionconsultant)

This is an important resource person because he will bethe focal point of the activities. His main role is theproposal/acceptance of a common methodology toreach the requested objective. He will drive the fieldoperation from far away. His role is not to do but todrive the participants to discuss ToR and pilot projectoutput.

Full time

3 Participants (.......) These are already selected by the project and will be thereal actors of the meeting. They must be committed for“their meeting” and will be ready to transmit themeeting outputs to other stakeholders on the specificmatters of the meeting. They are the field operative staffto transform in reality of the planned activities; theyneed to feel the ownership of the project in theircountries. They will work alone in a distant locationwith little/intermittent presence of the other staff. Theyare the main actor

Part time

THE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN GORONGOSA, MOZAMBIQUE


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1.6 Participation Certificate

Participation Certificate to: STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT INGORONGOSA

Name …………………….________________________has participate to the Training of trainers for Tilapia feed and feeding concept forACP Fish II projectfrom ______/____/2011 to ______/____/2011. Gorongosa

Tutor IIP Mr. Gianluigi Negroni Mrs. Paula Afonso

_______________________ ___________________________ Consultant Deputy Director

P



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1.7 Table for training grading for group / personnel performanceN Group/Title/Content Component trainees Theor

yPractica

lOverall

performanceGood point Weak point

1 Gorongosa Aquaculture BaselineJose Murama Chief Aquaculture OK OK Very good Good will, reporting skill,

Organiser.Field experience

Martinho Padeira Technician, Beira OK OK OK Good will, good report skill Luck f.experience

Laurinda Antonio Technician, Beira OK OK + Ok + Good will, fast knowledgetransfer

Luck f.experience

Aida Bela Flores Extensionist,Nhauronga

OK OK OK Good will Need aq.Training

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK OK OK Good will Need aq. training

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians, Sofala OK OK OK + Good will, statistic concept Luck f.experience

2 Feed surveyJose Murama Chief Aquaculture OK OK OK + Knowledge of feed availability -Martinho Padeira Technician, Beira OK OK OK “ -Laurinda Technician, Beira OK OK OK “ -Aida Bela Flores Extensionist,

NhaurongaOK OK OK “ -

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK OK OK “ -

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians, Sofala OK OK OK “ -

3 Fast Participatory Aquaculture AppraisalJose Murama Chief Aquaculture OK OK Very good Experience in FPPA -



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N Group/Title/Content Component trainees Theory

Practical

Overallperformance

Good point Weak point

Martinho Padeira Technician, Beira OK OK OK + GPS knowledge -Laurinda Antonio Technician, Beira OK OK OK - -

Aida Bela Flores Extensionist,Nhauronga

OK OK OK Knowledge of area -

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK OK OK Knowledge of area More practices

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians, Sofala OK OK OK Knowledge of area -

4 Pilot researchproposal

Chief Aquaculture OK OK OK -

Jose Murama Technician, Beira OK OK OK Clear knowledge -Martinho Padeira Technician, Beira OK OK OK “ -Laurinda Antonio Extensionist,

NhaurongaOK OK OK “ -

Aida Bela Flores Extensionist, Tsikiri OK OK OK “ -Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Technicians, Sofala OK OK OK “ -

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Chief Aquaculture OK OK OK “ -

1.8 Training Attendance and Kit SheetMEETING TITLE: Training of trainer - Place: Gorongosa

N Name Position Org. Background Tel E-mail N. ofpresence

/ day*

Kitdist

.1 Jose Murama Chief Aquaculture IIP Aquaculture 828902884 [email protected] 9 X




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N Name Position Org. Background Tel E-mail N. ofpresence

/ day*

Kitdist

.MSC

2 Martinho Padera Technician, Beira IIP Bsc 824716344 [email protected]

4 X

3 Laurinda Antonio B. Technician, Beira INAQUA

Bsc 822659726 [email protected]

4 -

4 Aida Bela Flores Extensionist,Nhauronga

SDAI Bsc 823902642 3 -

5 Carlos A. Amadeo Extensionist, Tsikiri SDAI Bsc 828342948 3 -6 Mohamud Abdul Cadre Technicians, Sofala DPP Bsc 822479150 abdulcadremomade@yahoo.

com.br4 X

7 George Bila Presidente AQ Practical, field 3 -8 Antonio Pereira Vice Director AQ Practical, field 1 -9 Diesel Director AQ Practical, field 1 -10

Samuel Director AQ Practical, field 1 -

Training attendance sheetN Name Date AM Signature PM Signature

1 Jose Murama2 Martinho Padera3 Laurinda Antonio B.4 Aida Bela Flores5 Carlos A. Amadeo6 Mohamud Abdul





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N Name Date AM Signature PM Signature

Cadre7 George Bila8 Antonio Pereira9 Diesel

10 Samuel

Travel allowance sheetN Name Place TO Place Signature

1 Jose Murama



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1.9 Trainees course evaluation sheetActivity 1 Training of trainers

training Event - Evaluation Feedback FormPage 1

This form should be filled in by participants in each meeting activity, and returned to the coursecoordinator.

Please give your honest opinions. We will use the feedback tactfully and constructively to help improvethe course for future participants

Course detailsCourse title/ Subject Gorongosa training of trainers for aquacultureDate From 22 to 25 of March 2011Coordinator Mr. G. NegroniLocation Gorongosa, Sofala Province

Participants commentsWhat were your objectives for attendingthe training? Survey and data collection for Gor. Aquaculture, detail on

feed and feeding and improved aquaculture system

Were your objectives met? Yes (6) No 0If No, please state why not.

Were there any subjects whichyou considered unnecessary? Yes No (6)If YES, which?

Were there other subjects youwould have liked to see included? Yes (2) No (4)If YES, which? Fingerling quality and selection (2 answers)

Were there subjects you would have liked to spend more time on? Yes (3) No (3)

If YES, which?Pond design, practical feed production, control of watertable

What did you enjoy most about thetraining?

Communication between the training group andAquaculturist, water management, good organization,group work, good logistic, practical fish food production,pond construction



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What was the least enjoyable aspect?Low number of involved Aquaculturist, low number ofcomments

How could the meeting and teaching beimproved?

More time between advertising and training execution (4),more field work (2), anticipated course details.

Would you recommend the meeting toothers? Yes (6)

Whose decision was it that you attendthis meeting?

IIP (2), SDAE (3),INAQUA (1)

Please answer the questions on page 2Gorongosa training of trainers

Module 1 – page 2Training Event - Evaluation Feedback Form

Course ObjectivesHow well were the objectives met? Very well Mostly Partly Only a bit Not at all N/a

1 Presentation 2 12 Methodology 2 13 ToR 1 14 Pilot project5 Field visit other ……………….. 3Additional comments on course

objectives

How would you rate the presenter in terms of the following criteria?Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor N/a

Overall knowledge of subject 4 2Ability to explain individual topics 6



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Material presented at an appropriate pace 5 1

Help in resolving problems 3 2Attitude and effectiveness 4 2Encouragment and motivation 6Flexibility and approchability 6Presenter's interaction with you 5

Additional comments on presenter- The tutor is very good and dynamic

to solve aquaculture problems

- Rapid presentation, more time (2)and slower speaking

- Need feed subsidy for SDAEtechnicians (2)

- The tutor is very communicative andapproach in deep the requestedquestions on aquaculture, especiallyfor the fish diet

How would you rate the following aspects of the courseorganisation?

Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor N/aCourse joining instructions/

preparation 1 4Activity room 1 1Accommodation 1 1 1Meals 1 1 1Refreshments 1 2 1Toilet facilities 2 1Other (specify)

Additional comments on organisation- Pay technical staff- Some allowance next time



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- Different payment treatmentbetween the trainers

- Training information providedat last minute

Overall assessment Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor N/aOverall quality of training content 4 1O. quality of knowledge exchange 3 2Meeting objectives defined and

achieved 3 2Meeting organisation and structure 3 2Integration of theory and practice 3 1 1Meeting material and resource 3 3

Any other comments you would like tomake

- Need of water quality instrument- The logistic was not good as it did not consult the local director- More space of time between the information and training for a better meeting organization

with local authorities and Aquaculturist

Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire.3 – Picture and training material contentSome media material will be distributed to the participants for referencing and study materialTable: List of file and folder included in the distributed DVDName DescriptionDVDs and key cardSimple method foraquaculture

Manuals from FAO training series

FAO fishery technical papers Version 2 – 2005FAO publication and report Version 1 Inland fishery and aquaculture - 2004FAO aquaculture publication List of aquaculture publication 1999 – 2008FilesTilapia feed and feeding Tilapia culture description in semi-integrated aquaculture systemFAO Expert Workshop 2006 Use of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture

developmentCage fish farming system BOMOSA integrated farming in reservoirs, ponds in Eastern

AfricaFeeding behavior of Nile Experiment on feeds made of locally agriculture by-products



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tilapia (Kenya)Other materialFeed formulator Basic software for aquaculture feed description and content

4 – Output:

A) Training of trainer: aquaculture for Gorongosa

B) Specific studies: Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Assessment

SummaryIntroductionParticipatory Fast Aquaculture AppraisalFeed surveyPilot farmers organizationMethodology for tilapia feed and feeding adapted to Gorongosa, feed productionGreen water managementProject proposal, practical applied researchConclusionBibliographyAnnex

5 - Communication plan for pilot project diffusionThe consultant strongly recommended preparing and applying one Communication Plan forthe Gorongosa Training of trainers outputs. This is recommended to better plan the operationin the field. The participants must be fully communicating to all their country stakeholders themission with a detailed plan to be disseminated.Send the right message - to the right people - at the right timeFrom: G. Negroni Visibility guidelines, ICRMP 2010If you manage the meeting outputs to be diffused the activities will be developed in a smotherway, you need to communicate clearly with your project stakeholders (especially the ones in thespawning areas). Otherwise your staff will lack clear direction, team morale will be low and yourproject may not deliver to schedule and exceed its budget.

Once you have taken the requested 10 steps, it is up to you to get your Communications Planapproved by your manager and then execute it to deliver communications efficiently across yourproject.

CREATE A COMMUNICATIONS PLAN



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This is the template snapshot of the 10 steps you need to take, as outlined in the template.

Step 1: Situation AnalysisThe first step to take when creating a Communications Plan is to perform a Situation Analysis.This is a fancy term for researching your existing communications environment.

Review the performance of all communications within your project and identify the Strengths,Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Then identify any lessons learned from pastcommunications exercises, so that the same mistakes made in the past are not repeated here.

Step 2: Communications ObjectivesGreat. So you know what your communications strengths are and where you need to improve.You are now ready to set out your communications objectives.

List the top three objectives that you want to achieve from your project communications. Forinstance, you might want to inform stakeholders of the project progress, boost management buy-in or improve your team productivity.

Step 3: Communications GuidelinesThen set out your communications guidelines for controlling communications within yourproject. For example, you may decide that:

All messages will be distributed through pre-defined channelsAll critical communications will be pre-approved by managementAll communications will be tailored, based on stakeholder needs

Step 4: Target AudienceNow define exactly who it is that your team will formally communicate with. Remember, formalcommunications are a method for controlling the messages sent out by your team. They promotea single consistent view of your project to a specified audience so that "everyone has the sameversion of the truth".

Step 5: Stakeholder NeedsEach target audience group will have their own needs. These stakeholders will requireinformation that is specific to their role in the project. For instance, a Project Sponsor will needto be informed of high priority risks and issues, whereas a Quality Reviewer might need to benotified of the current status of project deliverables.

Step 6: Key MessagesThen list the key messages that need to be sent to each Stakeholder. Key messages may include



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project status, project issues, project risks, project deliverables or project resources. The nextstep is to define how you will deliver each message to them, through a delivery channel.

Step 7: Delivery ChannelsThere are a wide variety of ways in which you can deliver your key messages to stakeholders(e.g. emails, newsletters, meetings, conferences, radio, TV, newspaper). For each stakeholder,identify the channel that you will use to deliver your key messages.

Step 8: Communications ScheduleNow you are ready to create the schedule of communications events, activities and actions thatare required to deliver the right messages to the right people at the right time throughout theproject. Create a detailed schedule of events and for each item listed, specify the timeframes forcompletion and any dependencies on other events in the schedule.

Step 9: Communications EventsFor each event listed in your schedule, describe it in depth. Make sure that you define thepurpose of the event, how it will take place and when it should occur.

Step 10: Communications MatrixAnd finally, once you have listed the events and described them in detail, you need to identifywho will manage them and who will review their effectiveness. Create a Communications Matrixwhich lists for each event who is accountable for the event, who will take part and who willreview its success.

Once you have taken these 10 steps, it is up to you to get your Communications Plan approvedby your manager and then execute it to deliver communications efficiently across your project.

6 – Training of trainer table summaryItem

Training Data specification Description

A Title of training course or subject of training Training of trainers, feed survey, participatory fastaquaculture appraisal, Gorongosa AquacultureBaseline, feed formulation, feed management.

B Location (City, Town, etc) Gorongosa and close aquaculture sitesC Dates (Start and finish) From 21 - 03 to 25 – 03 - 2011D Number of days delivered in Gorongosa 4 +1 BeiraE Total N. of participants for Training of

trainers6 + 4 local Aquaculture Association

F Total N. of participants X days in Training(D X E)

30 + 4 Aquaculture Association

G Total N. of women participants 2



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H Total N. of women participants X day (G XE)

10

6 – Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Study field sheetBrief data collection according with the trainers outputs sheet

A) Feed survey

Date Name of interviewed person: 4 Aquaculture Association responsibleName of the writer: 6 trainersPosition: aquaculture governmental officers (IIP / INAQUA)Location: Nhiataca, Nhiambirila, Siquiri, Nhaurunga (Gorongosa Distric)Feed table

Feed and fertilizerdescription

CostKg/Mtc

Availability periodfrom/to

Total yearly quantity Kg

Maize bran 3 – 5 All year around As usedCassava leaves - “ “Beans 35 / 40 “ “Cauli flower leave 35 “ “Insects - “ “Animal manure (c,p,g,ca.,...) 15 “ “Fruits - “ “Slaughter offal (blood) “ “Bone meal “ “Ash - “ “Peanuts “ “Green salad “ “ Manioc flower “ “

The above feed and fertilizer are produced by the Aquaculturist themselves, they do not buy anyof them, the costing is done as comparative use.



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B) Participatory Rapid Aquaculture Appraisal

1) Make the sketch map (transect or aerial view) with all possible data available and available infrastructure2) Time use and manpower of the Aquaculturist (one week to prepare 100 sq mt tank), equipment availability,3) Aquaculture group stratification (single tank for family 100 m2 and school pond 300 m2)4) Participatory aquaculture analysis of target group5) Water source description (Analysis: Ph, Temp, O2, ...), soil analysis (texture, chemical, profile), topographic and satelliteapproach6) Put data reported in the map on the table

N Name(s) ofAss, location

SurfaceM2, shape,deep m

YearlyproductionKg, cycleN.

Fertilization: man.p, c, g, ca

Feedavailability(year around)

Fishvaluemct.

Fingerlingorigin

Waterquality,colour

Workconstruction, soiltype

Observation

1 Agropequaria deTsikiri, Tsikiri

100, square, 1m

20 X 3 22 Kg tinper month(ca,g, c)

Maiz bran, beans,cassava leaves, coliflower, green salad),3 Kg per day mixpaste

In group,40/30

Autoproduced

Dark Manual, pale,hose and handbarrow, soilred type, clay

No disease,

wild fish

presence

2 A. Nhauroi,Nhataka

100 , square, 1m

35 X 3 5 Kg Xweek g

Mais bran, fruit,beans, green salad,cassava leaves

50 Autoproduced

Manual: “,red soil, clayand mixedclay

3 A. Nhauronga,Nhauronga

100 40 X 3 22 Kg tin formonthc,g,ca

Maize brain,coliflower and salad

60/30,auto.

autoproduced

8,5 Ph Manual: “ redsoil clay, 50cm gravel,spring

4 A. Nhiambiriri,Nhambiriri

100 20 X 3, 5 kg forweek g.

Maize brain,coliflower, greensalad, beans

60, oauto.

Autoproduced

Clear, waterrunning

Manual: “,red soil clay



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7 – On the job trainingA) Feed production and managementBuy available components and grind them if necessary: Make formula: Mix in appropriate dosesand:Pass in the grinderDry in solar driesFeed conservation and methods

B) Phyto and Zooplankton production and management

Water quality management of “green water” system

Integrated animal cum fish farming system and manuring technologyPhyto and zooplankton concentration appraisalProposal for separated green water production



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Annex 5 B Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline

Estudo de Base sobre a Aquacultura em Gorongosa(Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline Study)

Executado por uma equipa técnica do Programa ACP Fish IIem colaboração com IIP / INAQUA de Moçambique

Gorongosa25 de Março 2011



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Tilapia mosambica em Gorongosa

Composição da Equipa Técnica

Gianluigi Negroni................................Consultor Internacional (Harewelle International LtdJosé Murama ................................................................................................ TécnicoIIP-MaputoMartinho Padera............................................................................................ Técnico IIP-SofalaMomade Abdulcadre........................................................................... Técnico INAQUA-SofalaLaurinda. Antonio............................................................................... Técnico INAQUA-SofalaAida F. B. Andrade.............................................................................Técnica SDAE-GorongosaCarlos A. Amadeu ..............................................................................Técnico SDAE-GorongosaRoberto Lora.............................................................................................Pro.Li.De. (Ops &Log)

Fizeram parte activa da equipa os seguintes membros da comunidade de Piscicultores do distritode Gorongosa.

Jorge Bila...........................................................Chefe de produção da Associação de NhatacaDiziel Grande...............................................................Presidente da Associação de NhaurangaAntónio Pereira.....................................................................Secretario da Associação de SiquirSamuel.................................................................Vice presidente da Associação de Nhambirira



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SUMÁRIO

Introdução

1. Objectivo

2. Metodologia

3. Diagnóstico Participativo Rápido para Aquacultura em Gorongosa

4. Pesquisa sobre a ração

5. Primeira proposta de ração para alimentação da Tilapia

6. Gestão da água verde (Fito zooplâncton)

7. Proposta para futuras actividades da missão

8. Propostas para realização futura das actividades e projecto-piloto (7)

9. Conclusões

10. Recomendações



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Bibliografia

Anexo I Descrição da situação actual da Aquacultura em GorongosaAnexo II Pesquisa sobre raçãoAnexo III Diagnostico Rápido para Aquacultura.

Introdução

No âmbito do projecto África Caraiba Pacífico (ACP Fish II), em curso de realização pelaHarevelle Internacional Ltd., um grupo de 4 técnicos nacionais acompanhados por um consultorinternacional experiente em matéria de piscicultura e assistido por um técnico logístico local,deslocou-se ao distrito de Gorongosa no dia 22 de corrente mês.

Em Gorongosa, ao grupo juntaram-se mais 2 técnicos distritais para efectuar uma visita deverificação na comunidade de Nhataca onde se localizam 36 tanques piscícolas da AssociaçãoAgropecuária de Nhauroi (situados no paralelo 18 36‘ de latitude Sul e 34 06‘ de longitude ecom uma elevação média de 533 m).

No dia seguinte e em continuação da missão, o grupo visitou outros tanques piscícolas situadosna zona de Nhambiriri, pertencentes a Associação Agropecuária do mesmo nome localizados noparalelo 18 24’ de latitude Sul e 33 59’ de longitude e com uma elevação média de 500m.Neste local verificou-se a existência de 56 tanques não povoados e apenas 7 tanques povoados.

No terceiro dia a equipa deslocou-se as zona de Siquiri e Nhauranga, situadas entre 18 40‘ de

latitude Sul e 34 09‘ de longitude e com uma elevação média de 336 m.Dada a situação geográfica do distrito o clima é modificado pela altitude, com nível freático dosolo muito alto e um sistema de enchimento dos tanques predominantemente por via subterrâneae poucos por acção gravidade.

Cumpre-nos salientar que o grupo dos técnicos em missão teve como principais objectivo,desenvolver um estudo de base da aquacultura em Gorongosa.

O diagnóstico rápido participativo sobre Aquacultura foi incluído no estudo de base deAquacultura em Gorongosa que está por sua vez foi adaptado segundo as características do PaisO mesmo poderá ser utilizado em futuras pesquisas no pais assim como alem fronteiras.



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1 Objectivos1.1 Objectivo geral

O objectivo geral da missão é uma contribuição pontual para uma gestão sustentável e equitativada aquacultura na Região de Gorongosa, assim como aliviar as populações da pobreza absolutae contribuir na melhoria da segurança alimentar.

1.2 Finalidades

Os objectivos específicos deste estudo são:

o Apoiar o IPP na sua investigação para um desenvolvimento mais eficiente, efectivo esustentável da aquacultura na zona de Gorongosa;

o Reforçar a capacidade do INAQUA para prestar serviços de divulgação junto dascomunidades locais.

o Trabalhar juntos com comunidade locas, Associações de aquacultores.

2 Metodologia

A equipa de trabalho baseou-se nos seguinte processo metodológico:

• Realizar um estudo que identifique as necessidades e iniciativas e/ou acções para fornecere/ou melhorar as rações alimentares para o desenvolvimento da aquacultura emGorongosa;

• Formação de um grupo seleccionado de funcionários do IIP/INAQUA na produção derações alimentares para os peixes.

No especifico a equipa desenvolveu as seguintes actividades:

Efectuar um estudo rápido de levantamento da piscicultura (RAA) no distrito deGorongosa, como pólo de desenvolvimento;

Avaliar a qualidade e disponibilidade de comida para os peixes nas áreas visitadas;

Formar os formadores em matéria de piscicultura para assegurar assistência técnica aospiscicultores do distrito de Gorongosa;

Avaliar as condições potenciais hidrogeologicas das áreas de piscicultura no distrito;

Efectuar uma experiência prática usando uma pequena máquina para moer carne(misturar ração para o peixe);



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Organização de uma metodologia prática para investigação em aquacultura (GorongosaAquaculture Baseline) através dos dados levantado na pesquisa.

3 Diagnóstico rápido participativo para Aquacultura em Gorongosa.

Os camponeses, assim como os técnicos, envolvidos no planeamento do desenvolvimento dotrabalho, incluindo aquacultura, requerem um grande leque de informação.

O Diagnóstico Rápido Participativo (Aquaculture Rapid Appraisal) e o PARA (ParticipatoryAquauculture Rapid Appraisal - Diagnostico Participativo Rápido para Aquacultura) foramdesenvolvidos inicialmente como instrumento para apoiar as trabalhadores e os técnicos nacolheita de informação especificas, mais pontuais, eficiente, e fiáveis.O que caracteriza o tipo de informação necessária, são as actividades idealizadas e planificadaspor parte dos técnicos da aquacultura.

Neste especifico, se está-se a planificar um projecto-piloto de pequena escala para demonstraruma técnica particular de aquacultura o tipo de informação requerida será diferente do quenormalmente seria necessária para organizar um programa maior para criar de raízes uma“farma” de piscicultora em grande escala a nível regional.Recolher as informações necessárias pode ser feito de maneira rápida utilizando o método doDiagnostico Participativo Rápido para Aquacultura.

As questões básicas que os aquacultores tradicionalmente põem, são pergunta sobre ainformação que eles necessitam e que em muitos casos tendem a serem as mesmas. Assim veja-mos:

Qual tipo de informação está disponível?O que nos não sabemos acerca da área onde está sendo organizado um programa depiscicultura e onde o grupo alvo está sendo formado?Qual o caminho a seguir para saber o que eu não sei?Quanto isso vai me custar?Quanto tempo isso levara?A tal informação e fiável?

O Diagnóstico Rápido Participativa para Aquacultura levado a cabo, consistiu na formaçãoparticipava dos aquacultores em Gorongosa. Para o efeito da colheita de informações valiosas,foi realizado um mapa da área, preenchidas tabelas especificas (1,2,3,4), assim como tabelas paradiferentes áreas com características similares.



89

Ao longo do diagnóstico em referência, foram feitos transectos sobre os principais elementosencontrados a volta das áreas, tais como problemas relacionados com as técnicas de construçãodos tanques ( relação do talude sobre a profundidade do tanque). No fim de cada investigação osdados eram rapidamente passados no formulário elaborado para o efeito, para os tanques arelação talude / profundidade do tanque. No fim de cada investigação os dados eram rapidamentepassados num formulário elaborado para o efeito.



O diagrama ilustra o povoado de Nhataca asociacao agropecuária de Nhauroie desenvolve a acividadepiscícola com 5 tanque (3 de 100m2 (10x10m) de superfície e um de 375 m (15x25m)2. A escavação dostanques foi feita a mão com ajuda de enxadas, pás e outro material local).

Riacho

Tanque de cultura

Figura 2. Transectos da associação piscícola no povoado de Nhariroze,



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Barragem -Nhariroze

Caixa de derivação de água

Tubo subterrâneo

Hidratante

Caixa de derivação de agua

A barragem de Nhambirira foi construída em 1974. Um dos grandes constrangimentosencontrado naquela associação, e o facto dos tanques se encontrarem dispersos e nãorecebem maneio adequado para a criação de peixe por parte dos piscicultores.

Figura 3. Transectos da Associação Piscícola no povoado de Nhariroze,-Gorongosa



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Figura 4. Transectos da associação piscícola no povoado Nhauranga-Gorongosa

Os dados evidenciados no esquema serão importados na tabela em Anexo II



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O aspecto social da investigação define-se de particular importância sendo um trabalhorealizado com a participação dos piscicultores locais e a validação dos dados foi feita emconjunto.

Terminado o trabalho de levantamento dos dados constatou-se que algumas das causas do lentocrescimento do peixe nos tanques de aquacultura foram principalmente*:

Falta de selecção genéticaPresença de espécie invasivasExcesso de comida de baixa qualidadeFraco nível de proteína na raçãoFalta de monitoria de nutrientes nos tanquesEntrada e saída continua de águaMá concepção de tanque

*Ver Anexo I-II

4 Pesquisa sobre a ração

O estudo sobre a ração foi realizado em quatros povoados, nomeadamente Nhauiroi, Nhataca,Tsiquire e Nhauranga.

A metodologia utilizada para obter a informação sobre os cereais e outros alimentos potenciaisdisponíveis localmente, foi a elaboração de um formulário contendo os principais itensnecessários para uma mistura de ração alimentar para o peixe (Tilapia), tendo em conta osseguintes aspectos:

custo dos ingredientes por quilo,a sua disponibilidade a nível local ea estimativa da produção anual.

Os principais ingredientes que foram recolhido no estudo formam:

milhofolha de mandiocafolha de repolhofrutasinsectosprodutos de animais domésticos



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esterco de animais (galinha, porco, boi cabritos e outros).

Em todos os lugares onde foi realizada a pesquisa, foi verificado, na sua maioria dos casos, umaboa disponibilidade de milho, mapira, folha de mandioca, folhas de hortícolas (repolho), feijões

Para a alimentação do peixe os piscicultores usam normalmente, farelo de milho e parafertilização dos tanques aplicam estrumes de cabritos, galinha e estrumes suíno, que são osprincipais recursos disponíveis nos povoados proporcionados.

Falando dos custos, estes não apresentam grandes variações significativas. O preço do milhovaria entre 3-5 MTN/ kg.O custo da moagem do milho, normalmente è quantificado em 10MTN/Galão (1 galão equivalea 5 kg).

Os dados evidenciados no esquema a seguir, serão importados para a tabela em Anexo III.

5 Primeira proposta de ração para alimentação da Tilapia

A proposta baseia-se na componente da disponibilidade dos alimentos a nível local.A ração proposta pelo consultor, com características de uma maior eficiência pode ser compostapelos seguintes componentes:

INGREDIENTES Peso KgMilho (7.5% CP)

7Mapira (10%9 CP) 5Sangre secado (batch) 7Amendoim(limestone) 3Farinha deossos 4Folha demandioca 5

Como è evidente, a ração adaptada e aconselhada para área de Gorongosa (produção possível deração) è realizada com componentes locais e se pode produzir localmente nas sede dasassociações.

6. Gestão da água verde (Fito zooplankton)



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O maneio da Água Verde é considerado de interesse vital para a produção da Tilapia emGorongosa.

Constata-se que o género Tilapia tem a possibilidade de se alimentar de fito e zooplâncton.Fito e zooplâncton são produzidos através da fertilização dos tanques de forma adequada.Os Aquacultores de Gorongosa não utilizam o sistema de gestão das "água verde" e portantoalguns precisam de instrução na utilização do Disco de Secchi , assim como compor as dosesdos diferentes tipos de dejectos de animais disponíveis em suas machambas.

O sistema de água verde pode proporcionar uma produção muito mais eficaz, se for bem gerida.É reconhecido que a Tilápia pode recolher o fito e zooplâncton, graças às suas branchiospine naguelra.

7. Proposta para futuras actividades da missão

O primeiro relatório provisório sugere as actividades a serem realizadas na presente missão parausar as melhores técnicas de produção de rações e água verde:

Um estudo que identifique as pesquisas para melhorar as rações e sistema de agua verde: - criação e pesquisa aplicada em três tipos de rações melhoradas com produtos locais (hidróliseda ração);

- pesquisa aplicada sobre a adubação ideal de tanques de peixes com a presença de peixes;- pesquisa aplicada na produção de plâncton e sua aplicação em alimentos secos e frescos

Actividade prática de desenvolvimento com base numa dieta com produtos disponíveislocalmente.

Apresenta-se aqui alguns materiais para formação futura que foram confirmados pelo Estudo deBase de Gorongosa e para avaliação de necessidade de formação a serem entreguem na próximasessão de formação:

Maneio de sistema de alimentaçãoProdução de alimento melhorado com produtos locaisProdução de água verteGestão do sistema de água verdeProspecção e gestão básica sobre tanques

Prefigura-se a presença de 10 participantes

8. Propostas para realização futura das actividades e projecto-piloto.



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A proposta para uma produção melhorada de ração alimentar para a Tilatia, pode ser resumidanas seguintes linhas:Uma primeira fase, a pesquisa da ração para a criação de peixes:

a) A organização dum pequeno centro de pesquisa de ração de aquacultura, a ser geridolocalmente nas áreas de Gorongosa;

b) Criação de projecto de pesquisa piloto de ração em cada Associação (7);c) Pesquisa sobre a produção de água verde em farmas de Tilapia (Carpa);d) Pesquisa sobre três diferente tipologia de ração melhorada com produtos locais;e) Pesquisa sobre a produção de água verte sem peixes e utilizo de concentrado de fito -

zooplankton

A segunda fase será ligada directamente com as estruturas de extensão:

a) Organização de sessões de formação (20 dias) para extencionistas;b) Realização e Produção de manuais para piscicultura de água doce, incluindo fichas de

produção e gestão de ração para aquacultores;c) Organização de alguns instrumentos para a construção de tanques (micro crédito);d) Kit para aquacultura a dois níveis, um para extencionistas e outro para Associações;e) Plano para extencionistas;f) Pacote informativo de comunicação e software para aquacultores a nível local para

difusão de aquacultura de Tilapia em Gorongosa .

Em último realização e produção de mapas de trabalho (Roadmap) para duas linhas dedesenvolvimento da piscicultura em Gorongosa e áreas afins, a serem divididos por pesquisaaplicada e por extensão.

8.1 Levantamento rápido

É necessário lembrar-se que ao longo desta exploração rápida foram recolhidas amostrasrepresentativas da água e do solo em cada local visitado e também amostras de alimentosdisponíveis localmente (milho, sorgo, feijão, soja) para uma análise mais aprofundada.

Os perfis foram feitos para interpretar a estratigrafia e pedologia das terras onde há tanque deaquacultura.

Normalmente, a equipe tem um kit com equipamentos para análise de água e de solo no campoassim como recipientes para transporte de amostras.



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O consultor por eu lado, trouxe algumas amostras de tilápia para controlar formas diferentes dedoenças, que, à primeira vista parecem não estar presentes em amostras recolhidas.

9. Conclusões.

A visita feita durante 3 dias nas Associações de piscicultores nas comunidades de Nhataca,Nhambirira, Siquiri e Nhauranga, tinha como o objectivo principal contribuir paradesenvolvimento sustentável da actividade piscícola em Gorogosa.A metodologia usada foi a de Estudo de Base sobre Aquacultura em Gorongosa ( GorongosaAquacultura Baseline) que pode ser adaptado em outras áreas de Moçambique.

O Diagnóstico Rápido Participativo Para Aquacultura em Gorongosa, foi feito na base decolheita de informações com os membros das associações de piscicultores de cada comunidade.A pesquisa sobre a ração da Tilapia e respectiva proposta de ração, feita através de entrevistasaos membros das associações de piscicultores sobre os diferentes tipos de ração e a periodicidadeem que a ração è subministrada aos peixes nos tanques.Constatou-se que os aquacultores na maioria dos casos não têm conhecimento suficiente sobre asquantidades e periodicidade da ração e do sistema de fertilização de tanques, assim como degestão de água verde.Para o efeito foi feita uma observação a olho nu, mergulhando o braço nas agias turvas, paraverificar a transparência da água (com ou sem excesso de fito zooplâncton).

Proposta para actividade em Aquacultura em Gorogosa.

A realização de formações periódicas ao nível das associações;Criação de um centro de aquacultura piloto;Aquicultores pilotos;Kit de análise para fazer um levantamento rápido.

Os principais problemas encontrado durante o presente estudo rápido em Gorongosaforam:

Qualidade genética dos alevinos e peixes invasoras nos tanques e densidade depovoamento;Inadequado conhecimento sobre maneio de ração e maneio de água verde/fertilização dostanques;Falta de micro crédito para a compra de instrumentos para aquacultura para multiplicaçãode tanques;Falta de concepção e conhecimento de projecto de aquacultura:



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Conhecimento do uso de sistema de abastecimento de águaConstrução de tanques, Barragem canais, taludes

10 Recomendações

Na luz desta primeira missão as principais recomendações podem ser resumidas como sesegue:

Elaboração de um estudo para o desenvolvimento de pesquisa aplicada que serábaseado em três linhas experimentais:

preparação e testes práticos de três rações derivadas de produtos locais,a optimização do sistema de água verde e, finalmente,a produção de plâncton em tanques isolados com seu uso frescas ouconcentrada

Organização e realização de uma formação que irá oferecer a melhor tecnologiaapropriadapara a alimentação dos peixes na área da Gorongosa para 10 pessoas.

As principais recomendações para o desenvolvimento futuro podem ser resumidas em:

Mapeamento das vias de acesso aos Aquacultores em Gorongosa.Preparação de uma lista detalhada das actividades a nível local, provincial, nacional.Organização das formações periódicas para os extencionistas (IIP / INAQUA).Participação das associações de piscicultores e aquacultores pilotos nos processos de

tomada de decisões.Plano anual de trabalho para os extensionistas envolvidas em programa de Aquacultura.Utilização desta metodologia para as outras áreas do Pais envolvidas em Programa de

Aquacultura na formação dos técnicos.



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Bibliografia

Bibliografia local

Mr. A. Cadre, Mrs L. António; DPPA – IIP, Relatório de monitoria em Gorongosa 2011.

Mr. A. Cadre, Mr. J. Murama; DPPA IIP Relatório de capacitação de piscicultores na elaboraçãode ração 2010.

Mr. A. Cadre, Mrs L. António; DPPA – IIP Relatório de assistência técnica em Gorongosa 2010.

Mr. A. Cadre, Mrs L. António DPPA; – IIP Relatório de identificação de piscicultores e tanquesnovos 2009

Bibliografia Técnica

JAUNCEY, K. and ROSS, B. (1982): A guide to tilapia feeds and feeding. Institute ofAquaculture. University of Stirling, Scotland. U.K.

LIENER, I. E. (1980): Introduction. In: Toxic constituents of plant foodstuffs (ed. I. E. Liener),pp. 1-6. Academic Press, New York, USA.

LITI, D., KEROGO, L., MUNGUTI, J. and CHHORN, L. (2005): Growth and economicperformance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed on two formulated diets and twolocally available feeds in fertilized ponds. Aquacult. Res., 336, 746-752.

LITI, D. M., MUGO, R. M., MUNGUTI, J. M and WAIDBACHER, H. (2006): Growth andeconomic performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed on three brans (maize,wheat and rice) in fertilized ponds. Aquacult. Nutr. 12, 239-245.

TACON, A. G. J., JAUNCEY, K., FALAYE, A., PANTHA, M., MCGOWEN, andSTAFFORD, E. (1984): The use of meat and bone meal, hydrolysed feather meal and soyabeanmeal in practical fry and fingerling diets for Oreochromis niloticus. In: Proceedings of the FirstInternational Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, (eds Fishelson, L. & Yaron, Z.) Tel AvivUniversity Press, Israel. Pp. 356-365.

VEVERICA, K. L., GICHURI, W. and BOWMAN, J. (1998): Relative contribution ofsupplemental feed and inorganic fertilizers in semi-intensive Tilapia production. In: (edsMcElwee, K., Burke, D. and Egna H.) Sixteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics inAquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. pp. 43-45.



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Anexo I Descrição da situação actual da Aquacultura em Gorongosa

Sitio/Nome H/Mulher

N. tanque Sup M2 Produc Kg Abastec Agua Qualidade Ph

Nhataka 10/10 36 4.750 800 Subterrânea 8.5C. Nhamadzi(A)

50/5 7 * 700 350 Gravidade -

Canda Nha. (B) 15/3 26 4.100 144 Gravidade -Tsiquiri 15/7 20 2.000 800 Gravidade -Nhandemba 10/2 4 400 100 Subterrânea 8.5Nhauranga 19/7 144 14.400 6.000 Gravidade 8.5Nhadjudje 15/2 13 1.300 Gravidade Na*56 InoperacionaisAlimentação Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca e repolho.Fertilização: estrume de boi, cabrito e galinha

1) Local NhatakaLocalização geográfica: Latitude 18o 36 21,6-Sul Longitude: 34o 06 16,2- Este

Nome: Associação Agropecuária de NhairoiHomens – 10Mulheres – 10Total --------20Numero de tanques –36Superfície – 4750 m2

Sistema de abastecimento de água: subterrâneaQualidade de água: pH 8,5 boaModo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: não se faz mediçãoOrigem dos alevinos: localDisponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca,repolho,Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabritoPredadores: sapos, cobrasFrequência de fornecimento de alimentos: uma vez por dia



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Quantidade de alimento fornecido: uma lata de 10 KgSexagem; Não existeClassificação dos alevinos: não existe

Situação social

Tem 1 associação dividida em dois gruposTempo de dedicação de piscicultura: 1 horaMistura de alimento para ração: só fornecem farelo

Produção

Tanque de 100 m2: produz 35KgProdução de 2010: 800 Kg*

Custo de peixe: 50 mt/KgDestino de peixe: consumo e mercado localNúmero de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais 1 vez por semana Técnicos da Beira 1 vez por mês

2) Canda-Nhamadzi ALocalização geográfica: latitude 18o 24’ 25’’-Sul Longitude: 34o 58’ 50’’ Este

Nome: Associação Agropecuária de NhambiriraHomens – 50Mulheres – 5Total --------55Numero de tanques –7 operacionais e 56 inoperacionaisSuperfície – 700 m2 operacionais e 5600 m2

Sistema de abastecimento de água: gravidadeQualidade de água: não se colheu os parâmetrosModo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: Não se mediuOrigem dos alevinos: localDisponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca,repolho,Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabritoPredadores: sapos, cobrasFrequência de fornecimento de alimentos: uma vez por diaQuantidade de alimento fornecido: 2 Kg/dia



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Sexagem; não se faz mediçãoClassificação dos alevinos: não existe

Situação social

Tem 1 associação com tanques individuaisTempo de dedicação de piscicultura: 1 horaMistura de alimento para ração: só fornecem farelo

Produção

Tanque de 100 m2: produz 40 Kg em 4 mesesProdução de 2010: 350 Kg*

Custo de peixe: auto consumoNúmero de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais- 1 vez por semana Técnicos da Beira- 1 vez por mês

3) Canda-Nhamadzi B

Nome: Associação Agropecuária de NhariroseHomens – 15Mulheres – 3Total --------18Numero de tanques –26Superfície – 4100 m2

Sistema de abastecimento de agua: gravidadeQualidade de água: não se mediuModo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: não se faz mediçãoOrigem dos alevinos: localDisponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca,repolho,Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabritoPredadores: sapos, cobrasFrequência de fornecimento de alimentos: uma vez por diaQuantidade de alimento fornecido: não fornecemSexagem; Não existeClassificação dos alevinos: não existem

Situação social



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Tem 1 associação com tanques individuaisTempo de dedicação de piscicultura: 1 hora

Produção

Tanque de 100 m2: produz 50 KgProdução de 2010: 144 Kg*

Custo de peixe: 50 mt/KgDestino de peixe: consumo e mercado localNúmero de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais- 1 vez por semana Técnicos da Beira- 1 vez por mês

4) Tsiquiri

Nome: Associação Agropecuária de TsiquiriHomens – 15Mulheres – 7Total -------22Número de tanques – 20 operacionais e 2 inoperacionaisSuperfície media dos tanques– 2000 m2 operacionaisSistema de abastecimento de agua: gravidadeQualidade de água: boa PH 8.5Modo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: 1m2 para 1 alevinoOrigem dos alevinos: localDisponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca,repolho e couve.Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabrito e de galinha.Predadores: sapos, cobras ratos e aves.Frequência de fornecimento de alimentos: 3 vezes por diaQuantidade de alimento fornecido: 5 Kg para 5 tanques.Sexagem; Não existeClassificação dos alevinos: não existe

Situação social

Tem 1 associação com tanques individuaisTempo de dedicação de piscicultura: 1 horaMistura de alimento para ração: Fornecem farelo de milho, e mapira.

Produção



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Tanque de 100 m2: produz 40 Kg em 3 a 4 meses.Produção de 2010: 800 Kg*

Custo de peixe: 40.00mts por kg.Número de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais - 1 vez por semana Técnicos da Beira- 1 vez por mês

5) Nhandemba

Nome: Associação Agropecuária de NhandembaHomens – 10Mulheres – 2Total --------12Número de tanques – 4Superfície média dos tanques – 100 m2

Sistema de abastecimento de agua: subterrâneaQualidade de água: boa pH 8.5Modo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: não se faz mediçãoOrigem dos alevinos: local.Disponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca erepolho.Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabrito e galinhaPredadores: sapos, cobras e aves.Frequência de fornecimento de alimentos: duas vezes por dia, de manha e a tarde.Quantidade de alimento fornecido: Fornecem 1Kg por cada tanque.Sexagem; Não existeClassificação dos alevinos: não existe

Situação social


Produção


Custo de peixe: auto consumoDestino de peixe: consumo e mercado localNúmero de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais- 1 vez por semana



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Técnicos da Beira- 1 vez por mês

6) Nhauranga

Nome: Associação Agropecuária de NhaurangaHomens – 19Mulheres – 7Total --------26Número de tanques – 144Superfície média dos tanques – 100 m2

Sistema de abastecimento de água: gravidadeQualidade de água: boa PH 8.5Modo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: não se faz mediçãoOrigem dos alevinos: local.Disponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca erepolho.Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabrito e galinhaPredadores: sapos, cobras e aves.Frequência de fornecimento de alimentos: duas vezes por dia, de manha e a tarde.Quantidade de alimento fornecido: Fornecem 15kg por cada tanque.Sexagem; Não existeClassificação dos alevinos: não existe

Situação social


Produção


Custo de peixe: 60 mt/KgDestino de peixe: consumo e mercado local Número de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais- 1 vez por semana Técnicos da Beira- 1 vez por mês

7) Nhadjudje



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Nome: Associação Agropecuária de NhadjudjeHomens – 15Mulheres – 2Total --------17Número de tanques – 13Superfície média dos tanques – 100 m2

Sistema de abastecimento de água: gravidadeQualidade de água: não se colheu os parâmetrosModo de construção de tanques: enxadas, picaretas e pásDensidade: não se faz mediçãoOrigem dos alevinos: local.Disponibilidade de alimento: Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca erepolho.Disponibilidade de estrume: estrume de boi, cabrito e galinhaPredadores: sapos, cobras e aves.Frequência de fornecimento de alimentos: duas vezes por dia, de manha e a tarde.Quantidade de alimento fornecido: Fornecem 1kg por cada tanque.Sexagem; Não existeClassificação dos alevinos: não existe

Situação social


Produção


Custo de peixe: 40 mt/KgDestino de peixe: consumo e mercado localNúmero de visitas pelos técnicos: técnicos locais 1 vez por semana Técnicos da Beira- 1 vez por mês



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Anexo II PESQUISA SOBRE RAÇÃO

Data 23-24-25/02-2011Nome da pessoa entrevistada: Nome do entrevistador: Equipa de levantamento rápido

Posição: responsável da Associação dos AquacultoresLocal:Tábua de Ração

Ração e adubos Descrição CustosKg/MTN

Disponibilidade período de /para Produção total anual estimada(Kg)

Milho 3 - 5 Tudo ano SuficienteFolha de mandioca “ “Folha de repolho 35 “ “Insectos “ “Frutas “ “Produtos Animais (c,p,s,...) 15 “ “Estrume de g, p, c, v( “ “

Feijão 35 - 40 “ “Sangues de animais abatidos “ “Farinha de ossos “ “Cinza “ “Amendoim “ “Verduras “ “

“

Todos os alimentos e fertilizantes disponíveis existem nas áreas de aquacultura e não sãocomprados, o custo é feito como uso comparativo.



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Anexo III Diagnostico Rápido para Aquacultura.A) Esboço de um mapa da área do estudo (vertical ou vista aérea), anexar todos os dados disponíveis e infra-estrutura, possibilidade de utilizar

Google Earth e GPSB) Tempo gasto em mão de obra, equipamento disponível, construção de 100 m2 tanque em una semanaC) Estratificação dos Grupos de Aquacultores (tanque de 100 M2 para família, 300 m2 comunitário)D) Análise Participativa da Aquacultura em relação aos grupos focaisE) Qualidade da Água (pH, Temp, O2 e da Terra (Textura, química, perfil pedologico), Topografia e abordagem via satéliteF) Inserir os dados recolhidos no mapas no esquema a seguir

N Nome(s) /dosgrupos deaquacultores ,locais

Superfíciem2 , Tipo deTanque,profundidades m

ProduçãoEstimadapor ano emKg e porciclo N.

Fertilizantes: N, P,K,Estrume/Esterco g,c, p, v

Disponibilidadeda ração (aolongo do ano

Valordomercado doPeixe

Origemdosalevinos

Qualidade(O2, Ph, T,no2,....) ecor daágua

Tipo de construção ede solo (textura,NPK, outros)

1 Agropecuária deTsikiri, Tsikiri

100/m2 20 X 3 22 Kg/mes(ca,g, c)

Farelo de milho ,feijão, folhas demandioca, covesalada), 3 Kg/dia,pasta mista

Ingroup,40/30

Autoproduzidos

Agualimpa, aguacorrente,outrotanqueescuro

Manual, pá, enxadaAndarilho, solovermelho argila, pedra

2 B. Nhauroi,Nhataka

100/me 35 X 3 5 Kg/semana

Farelo de milho,frutas, feijão,verduras folhas demandioca

50 Autoproduto

- Manual, solovermelho, argila

3 B. Nhauronga,Nhauronga

100 40 X 3 22 Kg/mesc,g,ca

farelo de milho,cove verdura

60/30,auto.

Autoproduzido

8,5 Ph Manual: solo argilavermelho, 50 cmdepois pedraspequena, aguasubterrâneas

4 B. Nhiambiriri,Nhambiriri

100 20 X 3, 5kg/semana.

Farelo de milho ,repolho, alface,feijão

60, oauto.

Autoproduzidos

limpa,corrente

Manual: solovermelho argiloso



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Annex 5 C Feed study

Training on improvement of feeding rations for aquaculture development in Gorongosa,Mozambique, ACP FISH II

Introduction to scientific fish feed nutrition, detail on Tilapia feed and feeding

Practical applied researches proposals for Gorongosa area

Mr. G. Negroni and Mr. J. Murama

April 2011



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Summary

Foreword 117Introduction 1181 Fish nutritional requirement 1192 Ingredients 1223 Feed preparation and feeding 1234 Feed and genetics 1285 Tilapia natural food and feeding habits 1306 Tilapia nutritional requirements 1327 Tilapia fertilizers and fertilization 1378 Tilapia supplemental feeds and feeding 1429 Tilapia feed formulation and preparation/production 14410 Tilapia feed ingredients 14511 Feeding schedules 14812 Feeding methods/methods of feed presentation 15013 Nutritional deficiencie s 15114 Short description of Gorongosa aquaculture situation 15315Applied research proposals 154

A Green waterB Green water and supplemented local feedC Separated green water production

16 Conclusions 16217 Recommendations 162

References 163

Annex I Some indication on plankton and invertebrate nutritive value 168



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AcronymsACP African Carribbean PacificADB Asian Development BankCP Charoen Pokphand groupDE Digestible EnergyDO Demand of OxygenME Metabolisable EnergyEAA Essential Amino AcidEFA Essential Fatty AcidFCR Feed Conversion RationGIFT Geentically Improved TilapiaGE Gross EnergyHUFA Higly Unsaturated Fatty AcidIIP Instituto Investigação PesqueraPUFA Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidSCP Single Cell ProteinToR Term of ReferenceTSP Triple Super Phosphate



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Mature O. Niloticus brood stock

ForewordTilapia is the common name for a vast number of freshwater fishes of the family Cichlid. This isone of the largest families of fish, containing more then 1 800 members, some of them in use inaquaculture. Members of the family range from very small ornamental species used in theaquarium industry to large food-size species used in the fish-farming industry. Tilapia cultureand production, mainly of food fish, has been well documented over the years and appears inancient documents, is drawn on old cave walls, and is part of the Biblical story. The cichlids,tilapias included, are distributed around the world on both sides of the equator. However, ourinterest is in the species originating from Africa and the Middle East. In both more recent historyand in Biblical days, tilapia is mentioned as the “fish of the miracles” or the “fish for thepeople”. Simultaneously and independently, the culture of tilapia as a common and basic foodstaple has been developed in various parts of the world. Compared to other cultured species,tilapia culture and consumption are the most widely spread worldwide. Tilapia is produced andconsumed in over 100 countries and is a staple food for very poor people around the world;however, nowadays, it has also become a staple cuisine in the most expensive restaurants inluxury markets.



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IntroductionThis paper is to satisfy the ToR requirements to support the IIP in its research for thedevelopment of most efficient, effective and sustainable aquaculture in the area of Gorongosa.The ToR also requested some more detail as follows: to prepare a study identifying needs andinitiatives/actions to providing/improving feed for aquaculture development in Gorongosa.

To develop the above requests, it is necessary to understand some of the basic principles of fishnutrition and connected research system organization. Moreover it is necessary to provideinformation for efficient, effective and sustainable aquaculture in Gorongosa and particularly forfeed and feeding applied research.

The study it is divided in three main sections:a general introduction on fish feed nutrition,a specific section on Tilapia feed and feedingand a final section providing indications on three possible applied research areas to bedeveloped in Gorongosa.

The applied research are fitted for the need of the Aquaculturist in the Gorongosa areaand try to satisfy the need of the local stakeholders represented by 7 aquacultureassociations; it is important to be considered that there are not any research facilities inGorongosa and the area has some logistic problems. Consideration of having someresearch facilities in a better organized area could be discussed. This study wasperformed after the first field visit in the Gorongosa area that provided first hand fieldinformation with the “Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline”.

Aquaculture feed systemEven in aquaculture systems where the cultured species derive all their nutrition from naturalfood, an understanding of nutritional requirements and how various supplementary feedstuffs(ingredients) might be utilised, can help improve the productivity of the system. For intensivesystems, where animals rely totally on feed inputs, it is essential that feeds are formulated tomeet but not exceed the target species energy and nutritional requirements. As many aquaculturefarmers in Africa also farm other livestock (e.g. chickens and pigs), it is worth brieflyconsidering the major differences between feeds for terrestrial and aquatic species. The majordifference is that aquatic animals have much lower requirements for energy than terrestrialanimals; because they are cold-blooded and live in an aquatic environment, their energy needsfor thermoregulation and locomotion are much lower. There are two obvious implications ofthis: firstly, aquaculture diets are usually higher in protein; and secondly, the food conversionefficiency for aquaculture species is usually much better (i.e. the food conversion ratio (FCR) islower). Some omnivorous and filter feeding species have some capabilities to utilize alternativeprotein sources as there islways competition for protein in nature; in the next chapters we willanalyse and take advantage of these characteristics for sustainable aquaculture.

1 Fish nutritional requirements



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Published values for aquatic animal’s protein requirements range from about 20–60%. Why isthis such a big range? The overall protein contents of the tissues of different aquaculture speciesare actually remarkably similar at 60–70% of dry weight (Anon. 1992) and 16–18% of wetweight. The large difference reflects differences in the ability of different species to utilise non-protein sources, lipid and carbohydrate, for energy. This is called ‘protein-sparing’. Forherbivorous and omnivorous species, dietary protein contents are much lower than forcarnivorous species because the animals can use carbohydrate (and sometime cellulose) forenergy. Although not a nutrient per se, dietary energy is just as important in fish nutrition as innutrition for other species. The focus of this paper is on tropical, freshwater species such asTilapia.

Regardless of whether fish feed predominantly on natural food (including phytoplankton, macroalgae, zooplankton, meio fauna , benthos and other pond organisms, including other fish) or onsupplementary or complete feeds, they require energy and the same suite of nutrients. Researchon nutrition of carps, tilapias and catfish is carried out in Europe and America in addition to Asia(Allan et al. 2000). The most expensive nutrient to supply is usually protein. Carnivorous speciestend to have a higher protein requirement than omnivores or herbivores, and are more expensiveto feed. Earlier life stages such as fry and fingerlings also require relatively more protein thanjuveniles and immature adults. Published requirements for protein and essential amino acids forseveral species are already well known. Fish do not require protein as such, but rather a wellbalanced mix of essential and non-essential amino acids.

One of the nutritional features that separate herbivorous and omnivorous fish from carnivorousfish is the ability to utilise carbohydrates, especially starch, for energy. Most of the carps,tilapias and many of the catfish are able to efficiently utilise carbohydrates, a feature that isclosely linked with their success in traditional and extensive and semi-intensive aquaculturewhere fish are fed on natural food items, or low-cost, available ingredients that typically containa high content of carbohydrates.

In addition to its role as an energy source, starch also plays a very important role in pelletmanufacture. It is very difficult to process pelleted diets without some carbohydrate (starch), andthe matrix formed by starch is responsible for most of the binding properties of manufacturedpellets. The role of starch in extruded diets is especially critical and largely responsible forbuoyancy control. Lipids or fats are required nutrients for fish and supply energy and essentialfatty acids. They can also be an important consideration in the manufacture of pellets, especiallywhere extrusion technology is used.

Although lipid has a protein-sparing effect for tilapia, contents above 12% depressed growth(reported in Shiau (2002) some authors put at 4% the tilapia requirement, this may be a futureresearch area for tilapia nutrition (Shiau 2002). Practical diets for channel catfish typicallycontain 5–6% lipid, with about 3–5% coming from dietary ingredients and the rest sprayed ontopellets after manufacture, to control dust (Robinson and Li 2002). Channel catfish seem torequire n-3 fatty acids (1–2% of diet) but not n-6 fatty acids (Robinson and Li 2002).



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Fish also require vitamins and minerals. In extensive and semi-intensive culture, theserequirements are met through natural food and, in general, supplementary diets require lessattention to specific requirements for vitamins and minerals.

Table N. 1. Dietary protein requirement of carps, tilapias and catfish %Specie Protein diet requirements Size

Carp speciesCyprinus carpio 30–38 Fingerling/juvenilesCtenopharyngodon idella 28–35 FingerlingHypophthalmichthys molitrix 37–42 Fry/fingerlingAristichthys nobilis 30 FryCatla catla 35–47 FryTilapias speciesOreochromis niloticus 45 Fry

30–36 Fingerlings28–35 Juveniles

Oreochromis mossambicus 50 Fry30–40 Fingerlings29–35 Juveniles

CatfishClarias garinepinus 35Source. from information summarised by Jantrarotai (1996), Takeuchi et al. (2002), Murthy(2002), Shiau (2002) and Paripatananont (2002).

Table N.2 Quantitative essential amino acid requirements (per cent of dietary protein)Nutritional requirements of carps, Labeo, catfish and tilapia niloticaAmino acid Cyprinus carpio Catla catla Labeo rohita O. Niloticus Ictalurus puntatusArginine 4,2 4,8 5,8 4,2 4,3Histidine 2,1 2,5 2,3 1,7 1,5Isoleucine 2,3 2,4 3,0 3,1 2,6Leucine 3,4 3,7 4,6 3,4 3,5Lysine 5,7 6,2 5,6 5,1 5,1Methionine 3,1 3,6 2,9 2,7 2,3Phenylalanine 6,5 3,7 4,0 3,8 5,0Threonine 3,9 5,0 4,3 3,8 2,0Tryptophan 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,0 0,5Valine 3,6 3,6 3,8 2,8 3,0Source: Summarized information by NCR (1993), Jantoratoi (1996), Murthy (2002) and Shiau(2002)

Table N.3 Recommended dietary nutrient levels for omnivorous fish species %Nutrient level Fish size class

Fry Fingerlings Juvenile Grower Brood fishCrude lipid, % minimum 8 7 7 6 5Fish: plant lipid 1:1 1:1 1:1 1;1 1:1Crude protein, % minim. 42 39 37 35 37

Amino acids, % minimumLysine 2.48 2.31 2.19 2.07 2.19Methionine 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.67 0.71



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Cystine 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.26Carboydrate, % max 30 35 40 40 40

Major mineralsCalcium, % max 2.5 2.5 2 2 2Available P, % max 1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8Magnesium, % Min 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07Data from Tacon (1990)

Table N. 4 Vitamin requirements of carps, tilapias and Asian catfish (mg or IU/kg)Vitamin Cyprinus carpio Orechromis niloticus Clarias batracus

Vitamin A (IU) 4,000 . 20.000Vitamin D3 Not requiredVitamin E 100-300 50-100Vitamin K Not requiredThiamine Required Not requiredRiblofavin 4-10 RequiredPyridoxine 5.4 RequiredPantothenate 30-50 RequiredNicotinic acid 28 RequiredBiotin 1Folic acid Not required RequiredCynocobalamin Not required Not requiredInositol 440Choline 4000Ascorbic acid Not required 1,250 RequiredInformation summarized by Tacon 1990

Table N. 5 Mineral requirements, carps and tilapiaMineral Carps Tilapias

Calcium 0,028% 0,65%Phosphorus 0,6 – 0,7 % 0,5-0,9 %Magnesium 0,04 – 0,05 % 0,06-0,08%Zinc 15-30 mg/Kg 10 mg/KgCopper 3 mg/Kg 3-4 mg/KgManganese 12-13 mg/Kg 12 mg/KgInformation summarized by Tacon (1990) and Jantrartoi (1996)

2 IngredientsProtein, carbohydrate and lipid all supply energy fish need for maintenance and growth. Energyis released by the oxidation of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. However, as there aremajor differences between how well different species of fish digest the energy from differentingredients, as well as major differences between ingredients, it is very important to understandthe bioavailability of energy from different feed ingredients before formulating diets.Comprehensive descriptions of the pathways of energy flow in fish can be found in NRC (1993)



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and Tacon (1990).

The major losses from ingested energy occur in faeces (excretory loss). The remainder is calleddigestible energy. From digestible energy, losses occur in gill and urine excretions (theremainder is metabolisable energy). From metabolisable energy, losses occur in energy neededfor waste formation and digestion and adsorption (the remainder is net energy). From net energy,any energy not used for maintenance (basal metabolism, voluntary activity and any thermalregulation), becomes recovered energy and is that energy contained in the fish carcass (NRC1993).

In contrast to warm-blooded terrestrial animals, fish are cold blooded, and once excretory lossesof energy are accounted for, the other losses are minimal, and differences between differentingredients and fish species relatively minor. For this reason, determination of digestible energyis usually the focus of ingredient evaluation in fish nutrition. When evaluating the potential forany ingredient to be used in fish feeds the following factors need to be considered:

1. The nutrient composition of the ingredient. In general, the higher the protein content themore valuable the ingredient (provided there is no contamination or anti-nutritionalfactors present). A summary of some of the key nutrients for some of these ingredientsare available (e.g. Hertrampf and Pascual 2000; Anon. 1992). Consistency ofcomposition is very important as well. Many animal waste products, like slaughterhousewastes, can vary widely in composition and this can present considerable difficulties todiet formulators.

2. Availability and price. Clearly, ingredients that are easily available and relatively cheapare preferable.

3. Presence and concentration of anti-nutrients. Anti-nutrients are usually found in plantingredients and can cause serious problems, ranging from reduced feed intake, foodefficiency and growth, as well as pancreatic hypertrophy, hypoglycaemia, liver damageand other pathologies (De Silva and Anderson 1995). Fortunately, most anti-nutrients areheat labile and are easily deactivated by cooking. Some of the major anti-nutrients aredescribed in Table 12.

4. Presence of contamination (e.g. from pesticides, hydrocarbons from fuel or oil or toxinsfrom fungal contamination [a common problem with peanut meal]) (Table 12).

5. Digestibility and how well energy and nutrients are utilised.

Effects on attractiveness and palatability of feeds are important, in general, aquatic products likefish meals, and animal meals, tend to make feeds more attractive (i.e. bring animals to the feeds)and palatable (i.e. make fish want to keep eating the feeds). It is well know that there are some“undetected growth factors” in some ingredients as for example the fish meal that provides asuperior performance to fish feed. In other chapters vitamins and minerals will be mentioned,including their inter and intra relations. Their activities can greatly influence the dietperformance.



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3 Feed preparation and feeding

Different aquaculture intensity system

Types of feed preparation are also (see Figure 2) related to the aquaculture intensity:

1. Extensive – no inputs of fertiliser or feeds, animals are totally dependent onnatural food

2. Semi-intensive – fertilisers and/or feeds are added to enhance and complementnatural food respectively

3.Intensive – animals are totally dependent on nutritionally complete diets.

Figure 1 Aquaculture system, schematic representation of the range of aquaculturepractices in relation to inputs.



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Source: Modified from De Silva (1993)

Practices that involved flooding fields with water containing larval or juvenile fish, or netting offsections of natural waterways, and then harvesting fish some time later, are examples ofextensive aquaculture. Adding nutrients is usually done to increase productivity, and over 70%of the total production of finfish in Asia was semi intensive (Tacon et al. 1995).

The simplest method is to add fertilisers. Tacon (1990), Lin et al. (1997), Knud-Hansen (1998)and Edwards et al. (2000) discuss how and when to fertilise ponds. The basic goal of fertilisationis to increase the amount of natural food available for fish. Either organic fertilisers (manures),inorganic fertilisers (sometimes called chemical fertilisers [e.g. urea, superphosphate]) or acombination of both are used. The basic nutrients added are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) andcarbon (C). Other nutrients may also be required to stimulate phytoplankton growth, includingpotassium (K), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and chloride (Cl), depending on thenutrient status of pond soil and water (Lin et al. 1997).

Considerations in choosing the type of fertiliser include availability and cost, fertility of waterand soil, and type, availability and value of the fish to be farmed. For detailed accounts of whenliming is required (how much and what types to add see Boyd 1990, Tacon 1990 or Lin et al.1997). Many inorganic fertilisers, particularly P, have low solubility in water. Meanwhilenitrogen is more soluble. The undissolved portion ends up in the sediment and can be releasedover time or remain bound to sediments. The amount of nutrients in some types of fertilisers ispresented in Table 6 (after Lin et al. 1997).

On some farms, manure could be in short supply and often used on other crops. The relativebenefits of using manure in fish ponds compared with the benefits of using the manure on cornor other crops needs to be considered in the context of whole-farm income and profit. For semi-intensive farming systems where supplementary feed is added, farmers may just add feedstowards the end of the culture cycle as natural food resources become overgrazed, or combinefertiliser and feed inputs throughout the culture cycle. Edwards et al. (2000) emphasised thatsupplementary feeds should complement the limiting nutrients in natural foods. They presented



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unpublished data demonstrating the sequential improvements to tilapia production when fish inponds received fertiliser only, fertiliser plus an energy supplement, fertiliser plus an energy and aprotein supplement, fertiliser plus an energy, protein and a P supplement, and fertiliser plus anenergy, protein, P and vitamin supplement. The relative merits of different approaches will bedetermined by the type of species (or mix of species) being farmed and the availability and costof fertilisers and supplementary feed ingredient and feeds.

TableN. 6 Total amount of nutrients in different types of fertilisers %Fertiliser Nutrient content

Nitrogen PhosphorusUrea 45 0Ammonium nitrate 35 0Superphosphate 0 10Triple superphosphate 0 22Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 18 24Cattle faeces 1.9 0.6Cattle urine 9.7 0.1Pig faeces 2.8 1.4Pig urine 13.2 0.02Buffalo faeces 1.2 0.6Buffalo urine 2.1 0.01Human faeces 3.8 1.9Human urine 17.1 1.6Percentage of dry weight for inorganic fertiliser and faeces, urine as liquid

Fish size at harvest in ponds where only fertilisers have been used is often smaller than in pondswhere supplementary feeds or complete diets have been used. Presumably, this is because largerfish have difficulty obtaining sufficient nutrition from plankton and other natural food items(Edwards et al. 200 0). In general, fish productivity is greatest when they are fed nutritionallycomplete diets. However, although excellent diets are widely available, their price is oftenprohibitive. Farmers have the option of using complete diets for part of the culture cycle only(e.g. just after stocking or in the month before harvest) or blending the complete diet with otherfeed ingredient(s) (e.g. rice bran or diets for othe animals like pigs or poultry).

Preparing feed

There are many methods of preparing feeds, ranging from none (unprocessed feed ingredients)to factory-based, sophisticated manufacture of extruded pellets. Supplementary feeds may justbe single ingredients, e.g. rice bran, or quite sophisticated blends of several ingredients.Complete diets are also sometimes used as supplementary feeds and fed in addition to otheringredients or only at certain stages of the culture cycle. Some species are not very efficient atconsuming feed ingredients delivered as powder and feed delivered in this form may simply actas an expensive fertiliser. To increase the feed digestibility it is recommended to grind theingredients to a little size as possible to increase the ingredient surface area for better gastricenzyme activity. Moulding the feed into moist balls usually improves the feeding efficiency.



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Another common practice is to process feed ingredient(s) through manual or motorised mincersthat force the mixture through a die to give long strands of feed. These strands may then be sun-dried and broken up and delivered to fish. Artisanal feed production can have severaladvantages but the diet formula must be balanced to obtain good growing result, size ofingredient particles must be little for a better binding action and to permit the mincer to preparea good work. Where several ingredients are used, they should be thoroughly mixed beforebeing put through the mincer. The process of mixing and mincing can increase the feedefficiency by ensuring that individual food particles are of a suitable size for effective intake anddigestion, and that all ingredients are well distributed within the mixture. Mincer internalpressure also helps with better starch digestibility.

Cooking feedFeed ingredients and mixtures are often cooked before being fed to fish. Cooking has severalpotential benefits. Firstly, it is very effective at destroying bacteria that may be contaminatingthe feed or ingredients. It also helps preserve the feed if it is to be stored. Cooking also helps toincrease the digestibility of carbohydrate rich ingredients (e.g. broken rice, rice bran and cornbran) by gelatinising the starch. Finally, because of the gelatinisation of starch, cooking can helpto bind the feed together. Other options for delivering feeds include feeding trays or hangingbags.

Feeding practicesThese have the added advantage of helping farmers to monitor feed consumption. The optimumnumber and position of feeding trays or bags will depend on fish species and pond size anddynamics. In general, feeding trays or bags should be positioned in areas where water quality isbest and more trays or bags are better than fewer trays or bags. If feeds are to be broadcast, it isbest to spread them over as large an area as possible and to avoid the possibility of uneaten feedsbuilding up and decomposing on the pond bottom. Feeding rates and timing of delivery are veryspecies dependent. Commercial feed producers present a number of feeding schedules fordifferent species, but natural conditions greatly influence the fish feed behaviour intake. Evenwhere ingredients are unprocessed, the storage of feeds can be a critical issue.

Feed conservationFeeds or ingredients that are stored incorrectly can become mouldy, fats in the feeds can becomerancid and unpalatable (or even toxic) and any heat-labile vitamins can be damaged ordestroyed. It is preferable to store feeds or ingredients for as short a time as possible. The mostimportant considerations when storing feeds are temperature and moisture (humidity). Feed inbags should always be kept on pallets off the floor and not in contact with walls or the ceiling.Feed sheds should be well ventilated and every effort should be made to make them verminproof. Care should be taken not to store feed or ingredients in plastic bags as these canexacerbate problems with condensation. Insects can also cause considerable damage to feeds andingredients and should be excluded. Mouldy feeds and ingredients should not be fed. Mouldgrowth can reduce the nutritional value of feeds and ingredients (through enzymatic destructionof lipids, amino acids and vitamins), negatively affect flavour and appearance and, for somemoulds, produce metabolites (called mycotoxins) that can be very toxic to fish.



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Diet formulationDiet formulation it is not an easy process for all animal species as one ingredient is not enoughto satisfy the diet requirements. The requirements of many cultured fish and crustacean areknown and it is available in literature and in some chapters of this paper. The formulation is aprocess where the appropriate feed ingredients are selected and blended to produce a diet withthe required amounts of the requested nutrients. The most correct diet is the one that: selectsvarious ingredients in correct amounts; has balanced nutritional value; is in mixable/pelletablesystem; is palatable; and is easy to store and use.The basic information required for feed formulation are:

Nutrient requirements of the species cultivated;The feeding habit of the species ;Ability of the culture organism to utilize nutrients from various ingredients as well the´prepared diet;o Nutrient composition of the ingrediento Digestibility (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) of the ingrediento Dietary interaction: vitamin-vitamin, mineral-vitamin, micronutrient–diet

composition interaction.Flavour qualityLocal availability, cost of the ingredients;Expected feed consumptionFeed additives neededType of feed processed desired

Many factors need to be considered in fish feed formulation, principally both nutrition andfeeding cost must be taken into account. Feed cost is the highest cost for intensive and some timesemi-intensive aquaculture operational costs. Supplying adequate nutrition for aquaculturespecies involves the formulation of diets containing 40 essential nutrients and the propermanagement of a multitude of factors relating to the diet quality and intake. In essence,bioavailability of nutrient, diet acceptability (palatability), feed technology, storage methods andchemical contamination can have profound effects on the quality of the diet and the performanceof the cultured organism. In intensive systems the diet will provide all the nutrient (and energy)growing factors meanwhile in the semi-intensive system only a supplemental nutrition will berequired.

Some strategic points for an appropriate formulation must be considered:Feed formulation must be economic (at least cost)Linear programming is used but needs to consider the nutritional experiencesConsider seasonal changes in ingredient availability and qualityProtein must be of good quality, palatable, of good and balanced amino acidcomposition, easily digestibleEnergy intake is highly influenced by the protein, vitamin and mineral diet availabilityGood and well preserved ingredients provide high quality food



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The nutritional consideration that should be taken into account in a diet formulation is the energycontent and the digestible/metabolisable energy to nutrient ratios, particularly the protein toenergy ratio. These are followed by the calculation of the protein content and the amino acidsbalances, selecting lipid type, and level to satisfy essential fatty acid and energy requirementsand augmentation of vitamins and minerals. Simple algebraic calculations can support theformulation of simple feed diet without considering the protein amino acids and fatty acidsimbalances, more sophisticated linear programming software are available. Or the use of asimple excel sheet.

Feeding strategyThe most-effective feeding strategy will not only depend on the species being cultured but alsoon the cost and availability of nutritional inputs (fertilisers, supplementary feed ingredients andfeeds and complete diets) and on the market price of the species cultured. Understanding the beststrategy or mix of strategies for different species, farming systems and in different regions is animportant priority to optimise production. Of equal importance is the need to develop effectivemethods to empower farmers, especially low-income farmers, to be able to make these decisionsfor them. Feeding strategy is influenced by economics, local conditions and technology,normally extension services help in optimizing the above. For Tilapia farming it is recommendedusing fertilisation for green water production, particularly for remote and rural areas with lowcapital availability.

4 Feed and geneticsThe genetic selection of a domesticated species is important and greatly influences the feedutilization as for other animal species. Particularly, several organisations have investedsubstantial resources in the genetic improvement of Nile tilapia. The Genetically ImprovedFarmed Tilapia (GIFT) strain developed by the WorldFish Centre as well as other strains (GETEXCEL, GenoMar ASA and GenoMar Supreme Tilapia) have a significantly better growthperformance than “unaltered” strains (Asian Development Bank, 2005). Selected Tilpaia strainshave a better Feed Conversion Factor than others permitting a feed conversion optimization andreducing feed costs.

Figure 2 Grow of tilapia fry under different feeding frequencies using 43%proteina(hormone sex reversal) From Sanches and Hayashi (2001)



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Source: Sanches and Hayashi (2001), More often feeding provide better results

In the last decades some strains of Orechromis niloticus were selected with good results to avoidthe sex growing pattern differentiation of the Tilapine species, they are already commercialisedin the industry.

Figure 3 Sex differentiation in Tilapia nilotica



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5 Tilapia natural food and feeding habitsEarly juveniles and young fish are omnivorous, feeding mainly on zooplankton and zoo benthosbut also ingest detritus and feed on aufwuchs and phytoplankton. At around 6 cm total lengththe species becomes almost entirely herbivorous feeding mainly on phytoplankton, using themucus trap mechanism and its pharyngeal teeth (Moriarty and Moriarty, 1973). The pH of thestomach varies with the degree of fullness and when full can be as low as 1.4, such that lyses ofblue-green and green algae and diatoms is facilitated (Moriarty, 1973). Enzymatic digestionoccurs in the intestine where pH increases progressively from 5.5 at the exit of the stomach to 8near the anus.

Nile tilapia exhibits a diel feeding pattern. Ingestion occurs during the day and digestion occursmainly at night (Trewavas, 1983). The digestive tract of Nile tilapia is at least six times the totallength of the fish, providing abundant surface area for digestion and absorption of nutrients fromits mainly plant-based food sources (Figure 2) (Opuszynski and Shireman, 1995). Ontogeneticdietary shifts for different size classes of Nile tilapia are presented in Table 7.

TableN. 7 Ontogenetic dietary shift (% of total food intake by volume) of differentstages/classes of Nile Tilapia. O. NiloticusFood type Fry Fingerling Juvenile/adult Juvenile/Adult Adult Adult Any

size 1-55 cm

AlgaePhytoplankton

78 80 37 22 10 63-51

Detritus 22 20 74 23Invertebrateszooplankton

<1 <1 0,4 -10,2

Fish 1 0,6 –10,7

Macrophytes 73 2 77 1,3 –



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20,4Data source: 1Abdel-Tawwab and El-Marakby (2004), 2Talde et al. (2004), 3Weliange andAmarasinghe (2003),4Getachew and Fernando (1989),5Petr (1967), 6Njiru et al. (2004);http://www.aquaculture.org.gy/Tilap Seed Production

Approximate indicative weight in gr of different size classes of Nile tilapia:Fry 0.2 – 1Fingerlings 1 – 10Juveniles 10 - 25Adults > 25

Figure 4 Nile Tilapia digestive apparatus, note the little stomach and the long intestine

Stomach with pH <2 and anal openingThe digestive tract of Nile tilapia has thin walls and is very long (6 x body length) for efficientabsorption of nutrients (courtesy of Wing-Keong Ng).

6 Tilapia nutritional requirementsOne of the essential points to calculate a balanced diet is to know the fish nutritionalrequirements. It is a scientific job and the author reports some information, but do not consider

http://www.aquaculture.org.gy/Tilap



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that all the requirements are well know, more scientific work it is needed. Most of the valueswere determined under controlled laboratory conditions and may not be directly applicable in acommercial set-up. Even though information on the exact quantitative nutrient requirements forother life stages of tilapia is lacking, it can be expected that early juvenile fish (0.02-10.0 g)would require a diet higher in protein, lipids, vitamins and minerals and lower in carbohydrates.Sub-adult fish (10-25 g) require more energy from lipids and carbohydrates for metabolism anda lower proportion of protein for growth. Adult fish (>25.0 g) would require even less dietaryprotein for growth and can utilize even higher levels of carbohydrates as a source of energy.Comprehensive reviews of tilapia nutrition are available in various publications including that byJauncey (2000), Shiau (2002), El-Sayed (2006) and Lim and Webster (2006).

Nile tilapia requires the same ten essential amino acids as other fin fishes. Protein requirementsfor optimum growth are dependent on dietary protein quality/source, fish size or age and theenergy contents of the diets and have been reported to vary from as high as 45-50% for firstfeeding larvae, 35-40% for fry and fingerlings (0.02-10 g), 30-35% for juveniles (10.0-25.0 g) to28-30% for on-growing (>25.0 g) (Table 2). The best protein digestibility occurs at 25°C(Stickney, 1997) and the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio was estimated in the region of110 to 120 mg per kcal digestible energy respectively for fry and fingerling. Tilapia brood fishrequire about 40-45% protein for optimum reproduction, spawning efficiency and for larvalgrowth and survival.

The lipid nutrition of farmed tilapia has been reviewed by Ng and Chong (2004). The minimumrequirement of dietary lipids in tilapia diets is 5% but improved growth and protein utilizationefficiency has been reported for diets with 10-15% lipids (Table 2/3). Both n-3 and n-6polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been shown to be essential for maximal growth ofhybrid tilapia (O. niloticus x O. aureus). For Nile tilapia the quantitative requirement for n-6PUFA is around 0.5-1.0% (Table 2). Unlike marine fish species, tilapia appear not to have arequirement for n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) such as EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA(22:6n-3) and its n-3 fatty acid requirement can be met with linolenic acid (18:3n-3).

The studies and the practical experience has provided the commercial feed industry somereliable diet as the one shown in Table 8 from the CP group, one of the world’s leading fish andshrimp feeding groups.

Table N. 8 Commercial least-cost formulation for tilapia feeds in %Nutrient Limit Pre starter Starter Grower FinisherProtein Min 40 30 25 20Lipid Min 4 4 4 4Lysine Min 2.04 1.53 1.28 1.02Total P Max 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5Fibre Max 4 4 4 8Fish meal Min 15 12 10 8Source: Chawalit et al. 2003 (CP group)



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The major nutrient requirements of cultured tilapia are reasonably well established and aresummarized in the following Tables

Table N. 9 Tilapia protein requirement in freshwaterLife stage Weight (g) Requirement (%)First feeding larvae 45 – 50Fry 0.02 – 1 40Fingerlings 1 - 10 35 -40Juveniles 10 - 25 30 - 35

25-200 30-32Adults>200 28-30

Broodstock 40-45

Table N. 10 Protein requirements of Tilapia at different salinities

Table N. 11 Essential Amino Acid requirement (EAA) for Tilapia% of protein % of diet

Arginine 4.20 1.18Histidine 1.72 0.48Isoleucine 3.11 0.87Leucine 3.39 0.95Lysine 5.12 1.43Methionine 2.68b 0.75Phenylalanine 3.75c 1.05Threonine 3.75 1.05Tryptophan 1.00 0.28Valine 1.00 0.78b In the presence of Cystine at 0.54% of dietary protein. Total sulphur amino acid (Methionine plusCystine requirements is 3.21% of the proteinc in the presence of tyrosine at 1.79% . Total aromatic acid (phenylalanine plus tyrosine requirement is5.54 % of the protein

Table N. 12 Crude lipid, essential fatty acid (EFA) and energyCrude lip %, min 10-15

Essential fatty acids18: 2n-6 0.5 – 1 d20:4n-6 1 d18:3n-320:5n-322-6n-3

Species Salinity (ppt) P. requirements (%)0 30.45 30.410 28.0

O. niloticus0.024

15 28.0O. Niloticus X O.Aureus

2.88 32-34 24.0



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Carbohydrate % max e 40Crude fibre % max 8-10

110 fProtein to energy ration (mg/Kcal)120 g

d 1 % 20:4n-6 or 0.5–1% 18:2n-6e Dietary utilization of carbohydrate appear to decrease with decrease in fish sizef mg protein for kcal of gross energy (GE)g mg protein for Kcal of digestible energy (DE)

Data source Shiau (2002), Fitzsimmons (2005), El-saye (2006), Lim and Webster (2006)

TableN. 13 Summary of dietary nutrient (minerals and vitamins) requirement of Niletilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (% of dry feed except otherwise mentioned)

MineralsMacroelements %Calcium, max 0.7a

Phosphorus, min 0.8-1.0Magnesium, min 0.06 -

0.08Potassium 0.21-0.33b

Microelements, min mg/kg drydietIron 60SulphurChlorineCopper 2-3Manganese 12Zinc 30-79CobaltSelenium 0.4Iodine 1MolybdeniumChromium 139.6 bFluorineVitamins, min IU/Kg dry dietVit A (Retinol) 5,000Vit D (Cholecalciferol) 375 bVitamins , min mg/Kg dry dietVitamin E ( - tocopherol) 50-100 cVitamin K 4.4Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 4Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 5-6 dVitamin B3 (Niacin/nicotinic acid) 26 – 121 bVitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) 10 aVitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 1.7 – 9.5 eVitamin B9 (Folic acid) 0.5Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Not requiredCholine 1.000 bInositol 400 bVitamin B7 (Biotin) 0.06 cVitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 420

Minerals macro elements %



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a Based on data from O. aureus;b Based on data from hybrid tilapia (O. niloticus X O. aureus).c Based on diets with 5% lipid. Vitamin E requirement increases to 500 mg/kg dry diet at 10-15% dietary lipid levelD Based on data from hybrid tilapia (O. mossambicus X O. niloticus) and O. aureuse Based on data from hybrid tilapia (O. niloticus X O. aureus) at dietary protein level of 28%,requirement 15-16.5 mg/kg diet at 36% protein diet

Data source: Shiau (2002), Fitzsimmons (2005), El-Sayed (2006), Lim and Webster (2006)

The exact carbohydrate requirements of tilapia species are not known. Carbohydrates areincluded in tilapia feeds to provide a cheap source of energy and for improving pellet bindingproperties. Tilapia can efficiently utilize as much as 35-40% of digestible carbohydrate.Carbohydrate utilization by tilapia is affected by a number of factors, including carbohydratesource, other dietary ingredients, fish species and size and feeding frequency (El-Sayed, 2006).Complex carbohydrates such as starches are better utilized than disaccharides andmonosaccharides by tilapias. Hybrid tilapia (O. niloticus x O. aureus) showed the carbohydrate(44%) digestibility in the following progression:

starch > maltose > sucrose > lactose > glucose

(Stickney, 1997).

Carbohydrate utilization by tilapia species have been reviewed by Shiau (1997). Nile tilapia arecapable of utilizing high levels of various carbohydrates of between 30 to 70% of the diet. It hasalso been demonstrated that larger hybrid tilapia (O. niloticus x O. aureus) utilizedcarbohydrates better than smaller sized fish. Stickney (2006) reported that the inclusion ofsoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the form of cellulose in the diet of Nile tilapiaincreased the organic loading of the culture system, while insoluble NSP (guar gum) placed lessorganic load on the system by increasing nutrient digestibility and improving faeces recovery.

Vitamin supplementation is not necessary for tilapia in semi-intensive farming systems, whilevitamins are generally necessary for optimum growth and health of tilapia in intensive culturesystems where limited natural foods are available. Several vitamin requirements of tilapia areknown to be affected by other dietary factors and these must be taken into consideration in dietformulations. For example, the vitamin E requirement is influenced by dietary lipid level withNile tilapia requiring 50-100 mg/kg when fed diets with 5% lipid and increased to 500 mg/kgdiet for diets with 10-15% lipid (Table 3). Apart from dietary lipid level, the unsaturation indexof the dietary oil will also affect the amount of vitamin E required.

The presence of other antioxidants in the diet, such as vitamin C, has been reported to sparevitamin E in diets for hybrid tilapia. Choline can be spared to some extent by betaine. Carotenecan be bio-converted to vitamin A with a conversion ratio of about 19:1 (Hu et al., 2006).Pyridoxine requirement level has been shown to vary with the level of protein in the diet: 1.7-9.5



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and 15-16.5 mg/kg diet for fish fed 28 and 36% protein diets, respectively for hybrid tilapia. Thesource of dietary carbohydrates influences niacin requirement for hybrid tilapia which wasreported to be 121 mg/kg for dextrin-based diets and 26 mg/kg for fish fed glucose-based diets.Vitamin requirement values are also dependent on the stability and bioavailability of the vitamincompound that was used. For example, the phosphate forms of ascorbic acid are more availablethan the sulphate forms.

There is little information on the mineral requirements of tilapia. Like other aquatic animals,tilapias are able to absorb minerals from the culture water which makes the quantitativedetermination of these elements difficult to carry out. For example, when Nile tilapia reared infertilized ponds were fed with diets either containing complete mineral mixes or one deficient inCa, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn or I and it was found that only the addition of phosphoroussignificantly affected weight gain, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (Stickney,1997). Despite its ability to absorb minerals from the culture water and the presence of mineralsin feed ingredients, tilapia feeds should contain supplemental mineral premixes. This is to ensurethat sufficient levels are available to protect against mineral deficiencies caused by reducedbioavailability such as when plant phosphorus sources are used in tilapia feeds. Like vitamins,the amount of minerals to be added in the diet will also depend on the source of the element. Forexample, Shiau and Su (2003) reported that ferric citrate is only half as effective compared toferrous sulphate in meeting the iron requirement of tilapia.

PhytaseMany of the plant-based feed ingredients have high phytic acid content which appears to bindmetal ions such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron rendering themunavailable. The ability of phytic acid to bind metal ions is lost when the phosphate groups arehydrolyzed through the action of enzyme phytase. Although phytase activity has been shown tobe present in ruminants, animals with a simple stomach such as fish lack this enzyme in theirgastrointestinal tracts and hence cannot utilize the phytate bound phosphorus or other metal ions.Therefore, feeds are often supplemented with phosphorus in the form of mono or di-calciumphosphate. Phosphorus and calcium requirements are interdependent. Addition of microbialphytase in the diet of Nile tilapia significantly improved the growth of fish (Portz et al., 2003;Furuya et al., 2003). Variations in the quantitative values reported in literature can also beexpected due to differences in dietary ingredients used.

7 Fertilizers and fertilizationIn general, tilapias can efficiently utilize natural food and yields of 2,000 kg per hectare can besustained in well-fertilized ponds without any supplemental feed. This feeding strategy dependson the application of inorganic and/or organic fertilizers to stimulate the production of live foodorganisms and plants in the culture system and is typical of extensive and semi-intensive tilapiafarming systems. In the case of Nile tilapia culture, the production of phytoplankton should bethe primary target (see Section A above).

The success of a pond fertilization strategy depends on the initial drying, tilling and liming of thepond substratum (Figure 8). The drying out period to allow for adequate mud mineralization isusually between 5 to 10 days. After drying, the pond bottom should be limed to reduce acidity/to



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increase pH and to ensure that the culture water has a pH of about 7-8. This will allow the tilapiaculture ponds to respond optimally to fertilization. The total alkalinity of the water should beabove 20 mg/l. A suggested liming rate for ponds based on pH and soil texture is given in Table4.Table N. 14

Fertilization programInorganic fertilizers Organic fertilizers

Pond dryingRemoval of excessive mud and silt

LimingTilling

Partial filling ManuringFertilizing

Progressive fillingStocking

Pond fertilization strategies are locality dependent. Many factors determine the success of afertilization regimen. The most important of these are soil type, water quality, species culturedand the type, application method and rate of fertilizers used and all must be carefully considered.Despite the lack of a standardized protocol of pond fertilization, the effectiveness of anyprogram can be easily monitored by measuring the turbidity of the pond water by means of aSecchi disk, on the assumption that the main source of turbidity within the pond comes fromphytoplankton population. It has been recommended that a Secchi disk visibility of about 30 cmis optimal to achieve and maintain proper fertilization. The elemental composition of the majororganic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers used in aquaculture is summarized in the followingTables. To have some practical points to evaluate the animal manure production

Table N. 14.1 Animal production and pond manuringSpecie Production Kg/dry

manure organicmatter / 100 Kg liveweight of animals

Advice on % ofmanuring (dry basis)on fish standing stock

Max animal numberover 1 Ha of pond

Cows / cattle ½ to 1 3 - 4 80 – 150Sheep ½ to 1 3 -4 350 - 500Pig 1 to 1 ½ 3 -4 70Duck 1 to2 ½ 2 ½ (2 - 4) 1200 – 1500Chick 1 to2 ½ 2 (2 – 3) 800 - 1000Source: G. Schroeder and Negroni unpublished practical trial

Some practical recommendations for pond manuring:Recommended manuring: max 75 to 100Kg dry matter per day per Ha standing stockbiomassManure stockage to greatly decrease the mineral content



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The best manure composition is 20:1:0,2 N-P-K that is similar to the duck and chickenfresh manure, C must be availableLook in the early morning, if fish are gulping the water surface, this means low oxygen,stop manuring and add some freshwaterAnimals can be held over the pond as the fresh manure has the best composition, and lessmanpower is utilized for collectionUtilize 8000 / 20000 / Ha fish stocking density according to the desired size of the finalproductMain species profiting from the manuring are: Tilapia, carps and milkfish speciesDrain, disinfect and dry the pond before stocking and fertilize before re-stocking25.000 to 35.000 kg of standing stock /Ha can stay in a well fertilized pond, if we needmore fish we need to supplement with a diet the additional fish weight30 Kg day/Ha fish weight can be produced in an appropriate fertilized (manured) andmanaged pondIf ponds develop a deep olive-green or brown-green colour it is OK on the contrary addmore manure or chemical fertilizerManuring must be often and uniformly distributed in the pond to provide good planktondevelopment, plankton must be nourished constantly

Table N. 15 List of commonly used organic manure used for tilapia culture and their N:Pratio and NPK content

Type of fertilizers N:P ratio and Ca and NPK content (%)N:P Ratio Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K)

Faeces / DungBuffalo 2.24 1.23 0.55 0.69

Cattle 3.41 1.91 0.56 1.40Sheep 2.37 1.87 0.79 0.92

Pig 2.06 2.80 1.36 1.18Poultry manure 1.99 3.77 1.89 1.76

Duck manure 1.90 2.15 1.13 1.15Urine

Buffalo 205 2.05 0.01 3.78Cattle 194.80 9.74 0.05 7.78Sheep 99 9.9 0.10 12.31

Pig 8.70 10.88 1.25 17.86



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MealsBlood meal 16.85 11.12 0.66 -Bone meal 0.31 3.36 10.81 -

Plant materialWheat straw 4,45 0,49 0,11 1,06Maize straw 5,80 0,58 0,10 1,38

Soybean stalk - 1,30Cotton stalk and leave 5,87 0,88 0,15 1,85

Cottonseed meal 7,83 7,05 0,90 1,16Groundnut straw - 0,59 - -

Bean straw 4,91 1,57 0,32 1,34Coffee pulp 14,92 1,79 0,12 1,80

Sugarcane trash 8,75 0,35 0,04 1.50Grass 13,67 0,41 0,03 0,26

Oil palm pressured fibre 12,40 1,24 0,10 0,36Molasses 0,39 2,09 5,30 1,99

Aquatic plant and algaeWater Hyacinth 5.51 2.04 0.37 3.40

Azolla sp 18.40 3.68 0.20 0.15Lemna sp 16.55 3.31 0.20 0.69

Ceratophylum 7.02 3.30 0.47 5.90Hydrilla sp 9.64 2.70 0.28 2.90

Data source Tacon 1987 b

Table N. 16 . List of commonly used organic/ inorganic fertilizers, their rate, frequency used for tilapia cultureCountry Fish size Stocking density (N. Ha) Fertilizers Rate (Kg/Ha/Year) Frequency App. MethodPanama On growing Dried pig manure 24.800

Dried poultrymanure

18.200

Dried cattle/goatmanure

36.500

Rwanda Spawners Animal manure 7.800-13.000Fingerlings 50.000 Animal manure 13.000Fingerlings 20.000 Dried poultry 14.000

Thailand Growout 10.000 Liquid cesspoolslurry (DM)

27.600-45.400 7/week

Kenya 5.000-20.000 Fresh cowmanure

78.000 – 235.000 1/week Crib

Semi-dry mixtureof goat, sheep,poultry, rabbitdroppings

1.456-5.929 1/week Broadcastedor crib

Fresh pig manure 39.000 1/week Broadcastedor crib

Fresh rumen 26.000-41.600 1/week Broadcasting



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contentsRwanda Fingerlings Single

superphosphateUrea

480120 -

Zambia Growout Doublesuperphosphate

672

Ivorycoast

Growout Triplesuperphosphate

720 2/month Suspendedbasket

Thailand Fingerling 17.600 Dried poultrymanure

3.900 1/week

Urea 3.068 1/week Dissolved w.Triplesuperphosphate

1.300 1/week Sackingovernight

Data source: Tacon (1987b); Tacon (1991); Broussard et al. (1983); Knud-Hansen et al.(1991)

The first limiting nutrients affecting phytoplankton productivity in ponds are phosphate (P) andnitrogen (N). Inorganic fertilizers are commercially available and are generally based primarilyon one major element and the correct combination of fertilizers is needed to optimally stimulateplankton productivity. As a general rule, three to five times less P than N should be added toculture ponds. Organic fertilizers or manure include all plant and animal materials and theirfertilizer value is dependent primarily upon its carbon (C), N, P and potassium (K) content.Common organic fertilizers used in aquaculture are poultry, cow and pig dung but cottonseedmeal, rice straw and other agricultural waste products can also be used.Inorganic fertilizers are usually applied on a weekly or bi-weekly basis. Raising the frequencywill lower the risk of sudden phytoplankton blooms, leading to low DO levels. Fertilizers shouldbe applied to supply 0.5 – 1 mg/l of nitrogen1 and 0.1 – 0.5 mg/l of phosphate. Newlyconstructed ponds require higher initial fertilization rates. Organic fertilizers have to be appliedas often as possible and almost daily. In Israel, manure (as dry organic matter) is applied daily at2-4% of the fish biomass. A few parameters have to be carefully monitored and fertilizationshould be immediately stopped if dissolved oxygen falls below 4.0 mg/l, pH above 9.0, or watertransparency below 25 cm. A number of country-specific fertilization guides for tilapia pondculture are summarized in Tables 17-18.

Table N. 17 Suggested guideline for liming of pond based on Ph and texture of pond soilLime requirements (Kg/Ha of CaCO3)Ph of pond soilHeavy loams or clays Sandy loam Sand

4 14,320 7,160 4,4754 – 4,5 10,740 5,370 4,4754,6-5,0 8,950 4,475 3,580

5,1 – 5,5 5,370 3,580 1,7905,6 – 6,0 3,580 1,790 8956,1 – 6,5 1,790 1,790 0

Data source: Tacon (1988)

The fertilization regime used will, among others, depend on the management system (extensiveversus semi-intensive), stocking density (no./ha)/biomass of fish (kg/ha) and type of fertilizers



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used (organic, inorganic or combination). Site specific factors other than nutrient input thataffects primary productivity (e.g., weather) makes it difficult to provide a general pondfertilization guide for tilapia farming. Therefore, the information provided in Table 16/17 isintended purely as a general guideline.

In Thailand, chicken manure applied weekly at 200-250 kg dry weight/ha together with urea andtriple super phosphate (TSP) at 28 kg N and 7 kg P/ha/week, respectively, produced a net harvestof 3.4-4.5 tonnes/ha in 150 days at a stocking density of 3 fish/m2 or an extrapolated net annualyield of 8-11 tonnes/ha. (http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oreochromis_niloticus).

In Honduras where there is sufficient dissolved phosphorus in the culture water, weeklyapplications of chicken manure at 750 kg dry matter/ha and urea at 14.1 kg N/ha yielded 3.7tonnes of tilapia/ha when stocked at 2 fish/m2. Grow-out tilapia ponds in Indonesia are fertilizedwith urea, TSP, and manure at 2.5 g/m2/week, 1.25 g/m2/week and 250 kg/month, respectively,together with a feeding regime of commercial tilapia feeds (Nur, 2007 see next table 18).

Table N. 18 Summary of fertilization practices for Nile tilapia in three different countriesCountry Stocking

densityChicken manure Urea1 TSP2

Thailand 3 fish/m2 200-250 kg3/ha/week 28.0 kg N/ha/week 7.0 kg P/ha/weekHonduras 2 fish/m2 750 kg3/ha/week 14.1 kg N/ha/week *Indonesia*** 4-8 fish/m2 250 kg/ha/month 2.5 kg/ha/week 1.25 kg/ha/weekSource: Nur 2007

One of the interesting ways to improve pond productivity is to practice polyculture with commoncarp or shrimp. While feeding, common carp stir up the substratum and this releases nutrientsinto the water column and therefore enhances primary production. In extensive farming systemsin Africa and Asia, bamboo poles or tree branches are planted within the ponds to increasenatural productivity. These substrates increase the surface area for enhanced periphytonproduction (see Figure 5), which is grazed by the fish. More recently, synthetic substrates(Aquamats) for bacteria and algae have been used in tilapia and shrimp culture systems.

Although tilapia is a hardy fish and can tolerate extremes in most water quality variables, theyshould not be exposed to low dissolved oxygen for longer periods as it negatively affects theirmetabolism resulting in reduced growth (Stickney, 1996). Tilapia cannot tolerate watertemperatures below 12°C (Tom Hecht, Pers. comm.). Pond culture of Nile tilapia with shrimp,leads to improved feed utilization efficiency, reducing shrimp pathologies, reducedenvironmental pollution and improved production (Yi et al., 2003 and Negroni 2011unpublished data).Figure 5 Poles in the pond to increase natural periphyton production

http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oreochromis_niloticus).



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8 Supplemental feeds and feedingSupplemental feeding compensates for natural food nutrient deficiencies in fertilized ponds andis the usual feeding method for semi-intensive tilapia culture systems. A comprehensive reviewof supplemental feeding practices and of various supplementary feeds is provided by Tacon(1988) and De Silva (1995). The use of supplemental feeds leads to significant increases intilapia yield in comparison to fertilized ponds alone. However, farmers must be aware of thecomplex interactions between the natural food supply and supplemental feeds and thoseincorrect feeding strategies that can lead to financial loss. Supplemental feeding should becarried out properly coupled with a good understanding of the nutrient content of the variousfeed ingredients (Table 19). Supplementary feeds can be made up of single ingredients orcombinations of ingredients either simply mixed together or powdered and compounded intomoist dough before feeding.

The most common feedstuffs are agricultural by-products such as rice bran, broken rice andmaize with occasional use of grass and leaves. Dry ingredients are normally ground before beingdispersed throughout the pond. However, many raw ingredients of plant origin are inappropriatefor tilapia fry, but can be used for fingerling and larger fish. It should be mentioned thatcommercially formulated pellets can also be considered as supplementary feed when used incombination with a pond fertilization regime, or used in combination with cheap feedingredients. Some farmers often use formulated feed as a single feed source for a particular lifestage

Table N. 19 List of most commonly used supplemental feed ingredient in Tilapia culture,nutrient contents are given in % on feed basisFeedingredient

Nutrient composition EstimatedFCR

Moisture Crude protein Crude lipid Ash Gross energy (Kj/g)Feeds of animal originBlood meal 10.4 81.5 2 20 1.5 – 1.7



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Chironomidis, fr. 84 9 14 7 7.5 2.3 – 4.4Daphnidis, fresh 89 3 – 7.5 1.2 – 2.5 4 – 6.4Earthworm 81.1 10.6 2 3 3.1 8-10Fishmeal 7-9 57 - 72 4 - 9 10 - 26 16 - 20 1.5 - 3Trash fish 52 - 83 11 - 26 1 - 36 1 – 2 4 – 9Meat meal 6.9 53 31 16.8 2Silkworm pupae,fresh

74.9 13.7 8 1.2 6.9 3-5

Snail meat, fresh 78 12 1 4 4 22Feeds of plant originBanana leaves 75 2.4 1 4.7 25Cassava leaves 74 7.7 1 2 4.9 10-20Corn 12.2 9.6 4 2 16.3 4.6Cottonseed cake 7.8 – 10.7 22-41 8.3 17 - 18 3Soybean 9 24-38 10 7 18-21 3-5Water hyacinth 91.5 0.2 1.3 1 1.4 50Wheat bran 12 14.7 4 5.5 16 6. - 7

Data source: Tacon (1987, 1988)

There are no generalized feeding tables for the use of supplementary feeds in Nile tilapiafarming although feed manufactures often provide recommended feeding rates for their feeds.However, there are some general rules. The population of natural food organisms in the culturesystem gradually decreases as the standing crop increases such that the amount of supplementaryfeeds should be gradually increased as the fish grow. Feeding rates should be assessed accordingto the natural productivity of the ponds and the fertilization program. Thus, if transparencydecreases, feeding rates should be reduced. Conversely, if transparency increases, feeding ratesand/or nutrient quality (such as protein content) should be increased. Optimal feeding rates andfrequency of feeding are site specific and also depends on the various types of supplementaryfeed items used. In a detailed profitability analyses of various inputs for pond culture of Niletilapia in Thailand, Yi and Lin (2000) reported that fertilizing ponds with urea and TSP at 28 kgN and 7 kg P/ha/week, respectively, and supplementing with pelleted feed at 50% satiation levelstarting only when the fish reaches 100 g size, yielded the best economic returns. Orachunwonget al. (2001) reported that red hybrid tilapia in floating cages fed a 25% protein diet three to fourtimes a day resulted in better growth and feed conversion ratios than when fed twice a day.

9 Tilapia feed formulation and preparation/productionLive foodFirst feeding Nile tilapia juveniles that do not have access to live food display morphologicalanomalies in their digestive system that reduces their ability to digest, absorb and assimilatenutrients efficiently, resulting in low weight gain that may persist through adulthood (Bishop andWatts, 1998). The use of live food can therefore reduce the time required to completeorganogenesis and the early completion of a functional digestive system thereby maximizing thegrowth potential of the tilapia fry.

The practise of rearing juveniles in smaller ponds or in hapas prior to ongrowing is universal.Natural productivity in nursing ponds or hapas provides the necessary live food for the growth oftilapia. Organic and/or inorganic fertilizers can be used to stimulate the production ofphytoplankton which is the main live food consumed by tilapia during these early stages.



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Therefore, no specialized separate live food production facilities are needed in the culture oftilapia although there are reports that many tilapia farmers produce zooplankton such as Daphniaand Moina and use them as supplementary feed for fry and fingerlings for increased production.Also separated plankton production is under several applied research approaches with interestingresults.FAO-FIRA Species Profile for Aquaculture Feed and Nutrient Resources InformationSystem: 2011 10

Formulated feedsHigh quality formulated feeds are used to achieve high yields and large sized fish (600-900 g)within a short period of time. The maximum size at harvest of Nile tilapia reared in ponds thatare only fertilized is generally less than 250 g after 5 months of on growing. Under semi-intensive farming systems, most tilapia farmers in Asia fertilize their ponds and use formulatedfeeds. However, in intensive pond and tank culture systems or in cages, tilapia farmers mainlydepend on commercial pelleted feeds. The nutrient inputs used and the yield and weight oftilapia at harvest in several Asian countries are summarized by Dey (2001). In terms of pondyields, Dey (2001) reported that overall, the average yield of pond farming in Taiwan, Provinceof China is very high (12 to 17 tonnes/ha) while ponds in Bangladesh, China, the Philippines,Thailand and Viet Nam produce around 1.7, 6.6., 3.0, 6.3 and 3.0 tonnes/ha, respectively.

Tacon, Hasan and Subasinghe (2006) conservatively estimated that the global production ofindustrially manufactured aquafeeds in 2003 was about 19.5 million tonnes with projections of27.7 million tonnes by the year 2010. Tilapia feeds accounted for about 8.1% of global aquafeedproduction in 2003. Commercial tilapia feeds are mainly dry sinking pellets and extrudedfloating pellets. Production estimates for farm-made tilapia feeds are not available as these areusually site specific and dependent on locally available feed ingredients. In countries such as thePhilippines, on-farm feeds are not very popular as tilapia farmers find it more convenient topurchase formulated feeds from feed companies. A brief summary of the advantages anddisadvantages of various feed types is provided in Table 9.

The main issue in formulating feed is to meet the protein and essential amino acids (EAAs)requirements of the species. Fishmeal is generally the preferred protein source because of thehigh quality of the protein and its EAA profile. However, fishmeal is generally expensive and isnot always available. Nile tilapia can be fed with a high percentage of plant proteins. It iseconomically judicious to replace fishmeal with alternative protein sources including animal by-products, oilseed meal and cakes, legumes and cereal by-products and aquatic plants. Most ofthese ingredients are deficient in some EAA and hence require supplementation or becompensated with other feedstuffs.

Although most of the oilseed cakes/by-products are generally deficient in lysine and methionine,blending of different oilseed cakes often provides balanced amino acid profile. However theycontain many anti-nutritional factors (such as gossypol, glucosinolates, saponins, trypsininhibitors etc.) which limit their use in compound feeds or require removal/inactivation throughspecific processing (such as heating, cooking etc). There are also several non-conventionalprotein sources that may be suitable for O. niloticus such as silkworm pupae, snails, earthworms,spirulina, corn and wheat gluten, almond cake, sesame cake, brewery waste, etc.



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10 Tilapia feed ingredientsFeed ingredients of plant and animal origin used in the formulation of tilapia feeds, with theirgeneral nutritional values, Tilapia nutritional requirements and other relevant information areprovided in Tables 10-11-12-20. The maximum inclusion level of each feedstuff that can be usedin tilapia feeds is dependent on several factors such as the level of dietary protein, how thefeedstuff was processed, life stage of the fish, economics, availability, etc.

Some practical application for their maximum dietary inclusion based on the data obtained fromtilapia and other herbivorous fishes are already included in several practical diets. However, itshould be noted that these are only suggestions and with research data coming from more recentfeeding trials and the advancement of processing techniques, many of these recommendationswould need to be revised in future. Better processing techniques of feedstuffs such as soybeanmeal and poultry by-product meal can now be included at much higher levels in tilapia feedsthan previously recommended. A review of various alternative dietary protein sources forfarmed tilapia and its replacement potential for fishmeal in tilapia diets is provided by El-Sayed(2006). A summary of the tested and recommended levels of different protein sources for Niletilapia compiled by El-Sayed (2006) is listed in Table 20

Table N. 20 Recommended levels of different alternative protein sources tested for NileTilapia under laboratory conditions. Level tested is a replacement of conventional proteinsources as fishmeal or soybean mealProtein source Level tested % Recommended level % Fish weight gr

Animal originShrimp meal 100 100 20Shrimp head waste 0-60 60 1.4Meat and bone meal + Met 40-50 50 11 mgMeat and bone meal 100 100 20Blood meal 100 <100 20Hydrolysed feather meal 0-100 66 0.01Chicken offal sludge 0-20 20 10.8

Oilseed mealsSoybean meal + Met 75 75 0.8Soybean protein concentrate 0-100 100 3.2Cotton seed meal + Lys 100 100 3.2Palm kernel cake 0-100 60 2.5Macadamia press cake 0-100 50 7.5 – 12

Terrestrial leaf and grain proteinCassava leaf meal 20-100 <100 14-15Jackbean meal 20-30 20-30 7.6Cowpea leaf protein concentrate 0-50 20-30 0.16Maize gluten + soybean meal 100 100 30

Aquatic plantsAzolla (A. Pinnata) 8-42 42 0,011Azolla (A. Pinnata) 0-100 25 4 to 40Water net (Hydrodiyion sp) 0-100 20 1Eleocharis Ochrostachyus 20-40 20-30 7Curly pondeweed (Potamogeton sp) 25-50 25 14.5Duckweed (Lemna) 0-50 50 14.5Duckweed (Spirodela) 0-100 30 13.9



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Data source El-sayed 2007

Table N. 21 Type of formulated feed used for Tilapia culture with advantage anddisadvantage and type of processingType of feed Advantages Disadvantage Moisture max % Processing

techniquesFarm made feedsDry

Moist

No energyrequirement(pellets may bemade by hand witha meat mincer andthen sun dried);vitamins preserved.Feeds available onsite. Easy to make.Utilize local wasteproducts. Dry feedlast longer thanmoist feeds.

Starches notcooked and not welldigestible; lowwater stability(additional bindermay berequired);shorterstorage period; lowFCRs; large surfacerequired for drying.Moist feed cannotbe stored and needto be usedimmediately.

Dry pellet 10% andmoist diet 30%

Wet doughextruded through ameat mincer andsun dried

Hand made dough

Industry manufactured pelletSinking

Starches partiallycooked; gooddigestibility andwater stability(gelatinizationimproved by priorsteam treatment).Cheaper thanfloating pellets andso lower capitalcosts.

Dry ingredientsrequired; vitaminspartially lost.Generally lower FCRthan floating pellet.Fish feeding can notbe observed.

10% Compressed pellet

Steam treatedcompressed pellet

FloatingAlmost completestarchgelatinization;better digestibilityand stability; betterFCR; many anti-nutritional factorsremoved with theheat treatment.Fish feeding can beobserved.

Extruders moreexpensive and sohigh productioncost. Requires moreskill in production.

10% Extruded expandedpellet

Ingredients for Feed formulationThe ingredients used in the formulation of farm-made tilapia feeds vary regionally. In Thailand,a typical feed formulation for herbivorous fish may include fishmeal (16%), peanut meal (24%),soybean meal (14%), rice bran (30%), broken rice (15%) and vitamin/mineral premixes (1%)(Somsueb,1995). Some examples of farm-made feed formulations for tilapia at various life



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stages under semi-intensive farming conditions are listed. In some countries (e.g. thePhilippines) farm made feeds are not commonly used, despite the fact that feed accounts for upto 79% of total operating costs.

The main reason why farm made feeds are not commonly used in the Philippines and in othercountries is because of erratic supplies of raw materials, high capital requirements and the lackof equipment specifically designed for small scale farmers (www.adb.org).

Table N. 22 Feed formulae (ingredient composition) and proximate composition ofcommonly used farm-made feed (as fed basis) for different life stage of Nile Tilapia insemi-intensive farming system (Thailand)Ingredient/proximate composition Life stages/size class Ingredient composition (%)

Early fry Fingerling Grower (cage) Grower (pond)Cassava starch 15 0 0 0Cassava meal 0 23 23 22Coconut meal 0 0 0 30Rice bran 30 15 20 0Soybean meal 0 30 25 25Fish meal 47 25 25 20Fish oil 5 4 4 0Dicalcium phosphate 1 1 1 1Vitamin and mineral premix* 2 2 2 2 Proximate compositionDry matter 8.3 9 9 9.1Crude protein 30 31 30 29.9Crude lipid 10 7.4 7.5 4.1Ash 16.3 12.6 12.8 10.7Crude fibre 3.8 4.2 4.4 6NFE 31.6 35.8Gross Energy (Kcal/Kg feed) 2.800 2.700 2.700 2.500Cost USD/Kg 0.45 0.34 0.32 0.26Data source: Thongrod (2007)

11 Feeding schedulesIn the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan in China, tilapia are stocked at30,000-37,500 fish/ha and fed with pelleted feed (28-35% CP) two to three times daily at 6-10%body weight (BW)/day for fish <100g, 3-6% BW/day for fish 100-250 g and 1.5-4% BW/day forfish 300-800 g (Lai and Yi, 2004). Under these conditions yields range from 15-20 tonnes/ha at afeed conversion ratio of 1.5-2.0. It is generally known that smaller fish consume more feed perunit body weight compared to larger fish. Recommended feeding schedules for different sizedtilapia with expected growth rates as provided by a feed manufacturer is presented in Table 25.Recommended feeding tables for tilapia using formulated feed under different stocking densitiesin semi-intensive (pond only) and intensive farming systems (cages, tanks and ponds) arepresented in Tables 24 and 25, respectively . The suggested feeding schedules as shown in Table25 are widely used for semi-intensive and intensive culture in freshwater ponds in China (Miaoand Liang (2007) and in intensive culture of tilapia in ponds and cages in many Southeast Asian

http://www.adb.org).



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countries (Orachunwong et al., 2001). It should be noted that tilapia consume less feed duringthe colder months of the year in countries where there are substantial seasonal temperaturefluctuations.

Physiologically Tilapia take advantage of multiple feeding sessions, in the Gorongosa situationplankton availability is constant and this provides continuous feeding to our fish, supplementalfeed can be distributed 2 or more times per day.

Table N. 23 Composition of mineral premix used in formulated diet for intensiveaquaculture

Minerals In freshwater (g/Kg premix) In seawater (g/Kg premix)CaHP042H2O 727.78MgSO47H2O 127.5 510NaCl 60 200KCl 50 151.11FeSO47H2O 25 100ZnSO47H2O 5.5 22MnSO4H2O 2.54 10.5CuSO47H2O 0.785 3.14CoSO47H2O 0.4775 1.91Ca(IO3)6H2O 0.2995 1.18CrCl36H2O 0.1275 0.51

Data source: Jauncey and Ross (1982)

Table N. 24 Recommended feeding schedules for tilapia provided by feed manufactures,PhilippineFeed type Fish size g Feeding rate (% of biomass

per day)Growth rate (g/day) Feeding duration

(weeks)B-MEG Tilapia

Fry mash 0.01-2.0 15/20 0.02Starter crumble 2-15 7/10 0.35Starter pellet 16-37 6-7 0.47Grower pellet 38-83 4.4-5.8 0.86Finisher pellet 91-1.000 1.5-4.1 1.8

VitarichFry mash 3-15 6-13 1-3Fry crumble 22-62 5-6 4-7Extr. juvenile pellet 77-105 3-4 8-9Extruded adult p.t. 130-250 2-3 10-14Data source: Sumagaysay-Chavoso (2007)

TableN. 25 Feeding table for tilapia using formulated feed under semi-intensive farmingin pondLife stage Fish size (g) Stocking

density (N.Ha)

Feed type Feed size(mm)

Feeding rate (%body weight)

Feedingfrequency (n./day)

Early fry 0-1 10.000 – Powder 0.2 – 1 15-10 4



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Fry 1-5 Crumble 1 – 1.5 10-5Fingerling 5-20

30.0001.5 – 2 5-3

2

Juvenile 20-100 2 3-2Grower >100 3 – 4Brood stock 150-300

< 10.000Sinkingpellets, balls

42

1-2

Secchi disk depth in fertilized ponds under semi-intensive farming system should be between25-35 cm

12 Feeding methods/ methods of feed presentationIn general, the feeding method used for tilapia farming depends on the culture system used, thesize of the farm/ponds and the availability and cost of manual labour. In most tilapia farmswhere pelleted dry or moist feeds are used (either farm-made or commercial feeds), broadcastingby hand is the preferred method of feeding. Being active swimmers, tilapia will readily swim tothe edge of the pond or cage where the feed is being broadcasted. Broadcasting is also therecommended method since this allows the farmer to monitor the feeding behaviour and generalhealth of the fish with any kind of aquaculture. However, in very large ponds, a truck may beused to tow a feeder that blows pelleted feeds over a wider area of the pond to ensure even feeddistribution. In our specific case the broadcasting of the feed by hand is considered important tomanage the small size tanks of the Gorongosa area.

Nevertheless, in some cases where the supplementary feeds are in powder form or other physicalforms that do not allow broadcasting to be carried out effectively, feeding trays, bags or basketscan be placed in the water to contain these raw materials for the tilapia to consume. In cageculture, feeding rings are required if floating pellets are used, and feeding trays may benecessary with sinking pellets to avoid the feed being swept away. Intensive culture systems arecommon in countries where the labour cost is high. Various semi-automatic systems aretherefore used to reduce this cost, and increase the growth rate and to reduce the FCR:

- Clockwork-driven belt feeders permit a constant distribution of feed in small quantities over a12 hours period and are very effective for rearing of fry and fingerlings. Vibratory feeders permitcontrol of feeding rates and times but require a power supply.

- Pendulum demand feeders are commonly used for on growing tilapia in cages, raceways andponds. They are relatively inexpensive and do not require electrical power. This kind of devicestill requires feed allowance monitoring and computing, and may be used together with handbroadcasting. Any dry pellet can be used but extruded floating pellets are recommended becausethey reduce the risk of clogging the feeder through the disintegration of pellets from watersplashing.

- Electrical systems such as scatter feeders can spread pellets over the pond surface and allow forstrict control of feeding rates.

In super-intensive systems, computer controlled automatic feeders are used. A distributionnetwork is installed throughout the fish farm and the feed is sent from the silos to the fish with



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an air-compressor. No handling is required and the feeding rates and frequencies are managedfrom a computer. This equipment is often used in closed recirculation fish farms where feedingmay be accurately adjusted with the supply of oxygen to the system. The use of demand feedercan complement manual hand feeding of the fish. Automatic feeders can also be set to dispenselarval feeds continuously to allow tilapia fry access to feeds throughout the day. Feeding hoursshould also be constant in order to adjust the fish behaviour. The author prefers hand feeding forthe easy monitoring of the aquatic animal behaviour.

13 Nutritional deficienciesIt is important for farmers to recognise at least the most common nutritive deficiency symptoms.Deficiency signs of farmed tilapia may occur when fish are fed nutrient deficient diets or raisedin a low nutrient-input culture system. Essential amino acid (EAA) deficiency in tilapiagenerally leads to loss of appetite, retarded growth, and poor feed utilization efficiency (Table30, EAA/EFA). In some fish species (e.g. rainbow trout, sockeye salmon, Atlantic salmon, chumsalmon, coho salmon), lysine, methionine or tryptophan deficiency results in various signs suchas scoliosis, lordosis, fin erosions and cataracts although none of these deficiency signs havebeen reported for tilapias. Similar to EAA deficiency, the lack of essential fatty acids (EFA) willalso lead to loss of appetite and poor growth in tilapia. Other reported signs of EFA deficienciesin Nile tilapia include swollen, pale and fatty livers.

Mineral deficiencies are difficult assess in tilapia as most trace elements are obtained both fromthe dietary ingredients and from the culture water. The following deficiency signs have beenreported for Nile tilapia:- calcium- reduced growth, poor feed conversion and bone mineralization;- magnesium- whole-body hypercalcinosis;- and manganese- reduced growth and skeletal abnormalities.

In a study by Dabrowska et al. (1989) with Nile tilapia, excess magnesium (0.32%) in a low-protein (24%) diet produced severe growth retardation and showed a significant decrease inblood parameters, haematocrit and haemoglobin content, and magnesium deficiency in a high-protein (44%) diet caused whole-body hypercalcinosis. A dietary magnesium content of 0.059-0.077% was adequate for optimum performance of this species.

Vitamin deficiency symptoms of tilapia under controlled culture conditions have beenextensively reviewed by Jauncey (2000), El-Sayed (2006) and Lim and Webster (2006) andthese are summarized in the next table. It should be noted that under culture conditions, vitamindeficiency signs are not a common occurrence in tilapia. In fact, several studies have reported onthe “non-essentiality” of adding vitamin premixes to tilapia diets (for review, see Jauncey,2000). Vitamins obtained from natural food in fertilized ponds, endogenous vitamins present in feedingredients used in tilapia feeds and the microbial biosynthesis of some vitamins in the gut areall likely to contribute significantly to the vitamin requirements of tilapia. Ascorbic aciddeficiency is common in intensively cultured fish. This is often due to manufacture error or toimproper storage. Indeed, vitamin C is degraded at high temperatures and after long termstorage. Moreover it is rapidly consumed when the fish are stressed.



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Vitamin E deficiencies cause anorexia, reduced growth and death. It is also a strong antioxidantthat protects unsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin E deficiency may also lead to pathological effectsas a consequence of oxidized lipids (congestion, haemorrhages, lordosis, exophthalmia etc.)Incorporation of antibiotics into the feed reduces the vitamin synthesizing capacity of fish. Forinstance, vitamin B12 is entirely produced by Nile tilapia in normal conditions but should beadded to the feed when fish receive antibiotic treatments.

TableN. 26 Dietary nutritional deficiency, vitaminsVitamins Species Deficiency signs/syndromeVitamin B2 (Riboflavina) O. aureus Poor grow. High mortality, lethargy, fin

erosion, anorexia, loss of body colour,dwarfism, cataracts

Vitamin B5 (Pantothetic acid) O. aureus Poor grow, gill lamellae hyperplasia, finerosion, haemorrhage, anaemia, sluggishness

Vitamin B3 (Niacin/Niacotricin acid) Hybrid Tilapia (O. Niloticus X O.Aureus)

Haemorrhage, deformed snout, gill oedemaand skin, fin and mouth lesions

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin( Hybrid Tilapia Poor grow and poor feed efficiency,anorexia, light coloration, nervous disorder,low haematocrit and red blood cell count andincrease serum pyruvate

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Hybrid Tilapia Poor grow and poor feed efficiency , highmortality, abnormal neurological signs,anorexia, convulsion caudal fin erosion,mouth lesion

Vitamin B7(Biotine) Hybrid tilapia Poor growFolic acid O. niloticus Poor grow and reduced feed intake and

efficiencyVitamin B2 (Riboflavin) O. niloticus -Choline Hybrid tilapia Poor grow and survival, and reduced blood

trygliceride, cholesterol and phospholipideconcentration

Inositol O. niloticus -Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) O. niloticus Poor grow and poor feed efficiency,

scoliosis, lordosis, poor wund healing,haemorrhage, fin erosion, anaemia,exophthalmia, gill and operculum deformity

Vitamin A (Retinol) O. niloticus Poor grow and poor feed efficiency,restneless, abnormal swimming, blindness,exophthalmia, skin fin and eye haemorrhage,pot belly syndrome, reduced mucusexcretion, high mortality

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Hybrid tilapia Poor grow and poor feed efficiency, lowhaemoglobin, reduced liver size

Vitamin K O. niloticus -Vitamin E (tocopherol) O. niloticus, Poor grow and poor feed efficiency anorexia,

skin and fin haemorrhagic, muscledegeneration, depigmentation

Data source: Jaucey (2000), El-sayed (2006), Lima nd Webster (2006)

Table N. 27 Dietary nutritional deficiency, essential amino acid (EAA), fatty acid (EFA)and mineralsEssential amino acid Deficiency signs/syndrome



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Lysine Dorsal/caudal fin erosion, retard growth, increased mortalityMethionine Retarded growth, cataractTryptophan Retarded growth, scoliosis, lordosis, caudal fin erosionEssential fatty acid* Retarded growth, swollen pale liver, fatty liver*reported EFA deficiency signs for O. Niloticus, other general EAA deficiency symptoms in fishData source: Tacon (1987, 1992)

Minerals Deficiency signs/syndromePhosphorus Lordosis, poor growthCalcium Reduced growth, poor feed conversion and bone mineralization*Potassium Reduced grow and feed efficiency, anorexia, convulsionsMagnesium Reduced growth/whole body hypercalcinosis*Iron Microcytic, homochronic anaemiaZinc Reduce growth and appetite, cataracts, high mortality, erosion of fin and skinManganese Reduced growth and skeletal abnormalities*, anorexia, loss of equilibriumCopper Reduced growth , cataractsSelenium Increased mortality, muscular dystrophy, reduced growth, cataracts, anaemiaIodine Thyroid hyperplasia (goitre)*In italicus, Reported deficiency signs for O. Niloticus, other: general mineral deficiency in fish

Data source: Chow and Schell (1980), Tacon (1987a), Tacon 1992, NRC 1993, Jaucey 2000

14 Short description of Gorongosa aquacultureThe Gorongosa area was studied under the “Gorongosa Aquaculture Baseline” by an ACP FishII team in March 2011, the multi-specialized team made some conclusions from visiting 4 of the7 Aquaculture Associations in the Gorongosa district. During the Aquaculture Baseline Study itwas noted that the Gorongosa Aquaculturists feed and fertilize too little or too much the pondsthey manage which lack an appropriate system of feeding and ferilization. The average pond isof 100 sq mt of area and the majority of the farmers own one or two tanks at family level.

The main constrains are the rare control of feed and feeding, particularly the low protein level ofthe supplemental feed provided to the ponds. About the green water production and managementthe aquaculturists do not have an appropriate scheduling of the fertilization and do not controlthe plankton production. Despite these constrains some of the visited fish farmers have a goodquantitative production of Tilapia mossambica with three harvests a year with a total productioncomparable to 10/Ton/year fish; this is considered good production.

Table N. 28 Aquaculture Gorongosa descriptionSitie/Name

Man/wom N.ponds

Sup M2 ProducKg

Water origin Ph Soil

Nhataka 10/10 36 4.750 800 underground 8.5 Clay clay redCandaNhamadzi(A)

50/5 7 (56 notworking)

700(5.600)

350 Gravity - -

Can.. N. 15/3 26 4.100 144 Gravity - -



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(B)Tsiquiri 15/7 20 2.000 800 Gravity - Clay red soilNhandemba

10/2 4 400 100 UndergroundSubterranea

8.5 Clay loam

Nhauranga

19/7 144 14.400 6.000 Gravity 8.5 Clay

Nhadjudje 15/2 13 1.300 Gravity na -Source: Gorongosa Aqauculture BaselineAlimenetação Milho, mapira, feijão bóer (Cajanus cajans), folhas de mandioca e repolho.Fertilização: estrume de boi, cabrito e galinhaAlevinos nao estas sexado

15 Applied research proposals for Tilapia feed and feeding in Gorongosa

As the scope of this mission is to collaborate with IIP to set up some studies and appliedresearch for Tilapia feed, in this section some applied research is proposed that can providegood examples of feeding methodology for the Gorongosa area.

The proposed studies involving the evaluation of practical feeding formulation, regime andfertilization will be conducted under conditions as similar as possible to the stakeholderconditions, trying at the same time to ensure accurate collection and analysis of data. The studiesshould probably be conducted in 100 sq mt tanks in Gorongosa or other areas.

The effect of the different regime of diet/fertilisation proposed will be tested in a controlledenvironment; for a realable feed test, it is mandatory to keep all controllable variables equalamong treatments except the one being tested. For this type of test a specific structure must beavailable; the aquaculture research centre must be managed according to specific criteria for datacollection safety. Specialists must control daily the experiments and collect data. Alternativelyless scientific research can be done in collaboration with the 7 Aquaculture Associations.However, the collected data will be less qualitative and more quantitative from the scientificpoint of view.

Detail on environmental feed studySome characteristics of controlled environmental feed studies are provided in this section, theyields will be statistically reliable, some of the needs for a scientific study are outlined in thefollowing lines:

Complete research field station with applied research facility (see next section) capableof containing all the experimental fish at their final stage. We need around 10 ponds of100 sq mt each, to be constructed (suggested places Nhambirira, Nhoranga that arealready structured with dam and channels/pipes). It is mandatory ponds are easy toharvest and dry (0,80 – 1.20 mt of deep), with appropriate dikes (1:3 slope in clay soil),apt to perform statistical study in country conditions.Water availability all year around, as requested, of standard quality and ponds of similarcharacteristic to the ones used by the stakeholders



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Standardized fast growing tilapia genetic strains are desireable, (actually in Gorongosa itwill be difficult) and could be locally selectedHigh enough number of animals per pond to avoid the problem of an unequal sex ratio(2/5 per sq mt min.)For statistical purposes each test should be replicated a minimum of three times pergrowing cycleThe test diets/fertilization for experiment must be very similar in the common part , feedto be nutritionally completeIf local ingredient is used they must be standardized and uniform in by batch before theexperiment starts,All the ingredients and fertilizers must be ready before the start of any experiment,Ingredients must be mixed in an uniform way, to allow maximum control over the dietsto be testedThe supplemental integrated feed must be:

.Feed able

.Palatable (water stable, optimum particle size and texture)

.Nutritionally complete, belonging to a balanced diet

.As far as possible made with standardized ingredient

.Binded with an agent to hold the feed particles together for a time

.Sanitary conform

Management, the fish must be conditioned 1 or 2 weeks before the experiment, they mustbe disinfected and prepared (acclimatised to the experimental diet and fed with theexperimental diet to ensure diet acceptability)During the experiment fish must be fed at the maximum growth rate (satiation feeding)

this enhances sensitivity to diet differencesLength of the feeding trial will depend upon the time required to register statistical viabledata and to enhance differences between the testsSmall fishes must be fed more times a day than large fishes, less according to theprotocolThe length of the feeding trials and grow cycle must be similar to the one done locally bythe stakeholdersIn case of disease, not related to the diet, the test must be discontinued until the fishreturn to normal feeding or treatment could confound experimental effectsFish should be sampled at the beginning of the experiment, then biweekly weightingswill allow comparison, statistical data gathering and diet adjustmentResult measuring must be done using a statistically sound system

Measuring responsesGrowth is the most important response in a fish diet experiment, it is important to distinguishbetween growth and fat tissue accumulation that can provide false indications on theexperimental fish growth. In fact part of the diet composition can be used in the fat tissueformation and not associated with the fish growth. Weight gain can be also be influenced by thefat accumulation in the tissue. Chemical analysis (fat, protein) of the experimental fish can



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provide clear explications about the fat tissue accumulation at the end of the experimentalperiod. The response results can be provided in different ways:

standing crop,net production,percentage gain,gain per day,feed conversion ratioand growth curve.Other experimental indicators can include clinical and subclinical nutrient deficiencysigns and fish size variation in every test batch

In case of preparation of diet or supplemented diet it is important a detailed procedure isestablished for experimentation uniformity and comparison of trials.Practical steps to prepare the an integrated diet are:

Mix the ingredientAdd binding agent (oil, gelatine, eggs... )Add 350 ml of water to very Kg of dietExtrude through a food grinder with proper diameter holes in the grinder plateBreak extrusion into shorts lengths with a sharp implementUse, freeze or dry quickly

Several studies (El Sayed 2008 and other) and the consultant’s practical experience in Tilapia farming show thatTilapia can be successfully farmed on plankton only or with moderate supplemental feeding (at 100-150 gr or after80 days grow out period).

The type of research proposed must be considered as applied research as there is not thepossibility to have standardized fingerlings, concrete ponds, aquaria nor semi purified diet in theGorongosa area. The proposed research to investigate a Gorongosa practical diet and feedingsystem will involve fish feed similar to the commercial practice, but which is amenable to soundstatistical design.

Pond feeds and feeding practices should be evaluated in some experimental ponds (to beconstructed) the results represent the combined and inseparable effects of the pond and the testfeed. Particularly, Tilapia will have an important part of their diet from the natural planktonproduction from the semi intensive system used. Channel catfish can gain 250 Kg per Ha fromthe natural environment meanwhile Tilapia from 1000 to 2000 Kg/Ha In our practicalexperiment the supplemented diets are not necessarily complete as in all the ponds there will beavailable natural resources such as plankton for the fish; only the least available nutrients will bepresent, our diet will be called a “supplemental feed” diet.

The aquaculture situation, described in the above chapter, shows clearly that the producers haveavailable for use an improved green water system with some supplementary feed locallyavailable. To stay in line with their needs and possibilities the consultant together with the IIPaquaculture department will suggest three possibilities for Gorongosa applied research. Theproposals are prepared following a simple protocol prepared by the consultant. The proposal will



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be applied in the field in the near future by IIP staff (or another local institution) and includes thefollowing steps:

JustificationList of structures / equipmentTechnicians/Manpower needsCost (indicative)TimeBasic applied research protocol: after the facilities construction a more detailedprotocol appropriate to the local condition and needs of the research will be preparedaccording to the characteristics of the aquaculture site.

The following experiments proposed must be considered as “production typeexperiments”in providing results to be practically applied to the stakeholders realsituation.

There will be three proposals A-B-C, they can be implemented simultaneously or one by one,every proposal has three different but similar cases, to optimize the technology. Every casemust be repeated 3 times at least (three time means three per grow cycle). Ten ponds of 100sq mt will be necessary. More for the plankton production sites.

Needs of appropriate structureMoreover the need for a Gorongosa (or close area) structure is important to perform therequested applied research, a detailed project must be prepared for the facilities construction.

Applied research structureActually there is no available facility for feed experimentation in Mozambique, it is forecast thatthere should be the construction of one facility in a well organized place. The facility should beorganized with good aquaculture site construction and management practices. The experimentalsite will be used as an example for all the fish farmers. Facilities for one technician, his family,one worker and/or a guardian must also be available nearby, not to forget all ancillary facilities.

A detailed project must be prepared, as a reminder some of the needs for an aquaculture researchstation are outlined in the following list:

Aquaculture structure: dam, water filter, inlet/outlet channels, 10 ponds (100 mt sq), inlet/ outlet pond controlled water pipeStation structure: gates, fences, warehouse, feed/manure silos, basic laboratory,workshop, garage, offices, energy supplyTechnician(s) facilities: house, guest house, guard/worker facilities, potable water storageand network, toilets and showersLaboratory aquaculture equipment (Secchi disk, balances, Ph meter, microscope, hemacitocrome, thermometer, oximeter,...), computers and softwareFeeding preparation equipment: grinder, mixer, pelleting machine, drier, basicingredient/manure analysis



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Aquaculture equipment all metal: nets, buckets, selection table, hapa, cast net, poles,bottle, plankton filterTransport facilities: car and/or motorbike must be considered.Office facilities: desk, table, aircond, chairs, armchair, safe, computer, copy machine,scanner, ...

Table N. 29 Cost example for applied research stationN Description Cost Euro1 Aquaculture structure 2000 M2 water max 20.0002 Station structure 10.0003 Technicians facility (home) 10.0004 Laboratory aquaculture equipment 5.0005 Laboratory feeding equipment 5.0006 Aquaculture equipment 1.0007 Transport facilities 20.0008 Office facilities 3.0009 Technicians (1 full time, I part time and guard/worker) I year 25.00010 Manutention, fuel for transport and energy 4.00011 Impreview 2.00012 Consumable (feed, fertilizer) 5.000

Total Euro 110.000Source: data from Gorongosa area, last Team surveyThe costs are considered using IIP/INAQUA staff .The costs for applied research are only indicative, it is recommended to undertake astudy to prepare the facilities and manage the detail for the above structures; priceschange quickly in this area.

Research station managementThe structure will be managed according to a detailed protocol, which the main IIPaquaculture researcher will provide to the technicians and the worker (probably fromINAQUA). Some examples of Good Management Practices for the aquaculture stationcould be:

o Main intake dam must be periodically cleaned and a filter must catch the organic materialfrom the water intake

o The intake and output channel must be periodically cleaned and the dike to avoid highgrasses

o Water quality must be periodically controlledo Fish parameters must be periodically controlled according to the experimental needso Ponds must be drained after every harvest well dried, disinfected and dried for 10 days at

leasto Fingerlings must be well selected possibly certified and if not available on the market

auto produced in Gorongosao Feed and fertilizer batches must be analysed to guarantee a constant composition and

quantityo Feed and/or fertilizers must be ready for all the cycle before starting any experimento Feed conservation must be controlledo Equipments must be periodically tested



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o Budget must be available periodically (i.e. for a 6 month period) to guarantee all thestation needs

o Periodical inspections must be guaranteed by audit personnel ( specialised in scientificand economic areas)

The data collected during the applied research could be utilized to calculate someparameters:differences in average weight gain,specific growth rate (SGR),feed conversion ratio (FCR),protein efficiency ratio (PER) between fed supplemental diets and/ or differentfertilization.Relative cost per unit weight gain and cost per unit weight gain

The applied research proposals could be the following:

A Green waterJustification.Green water or the production of phyto and zoo plankton is the most economic andeasy way to feed filter feeding fish such as the Tilapine family. Tilapia naturally havesome “branchiospine” close to the gills permitting them to graze on plankton. Nosupplemental feed will be used in this experiment. Several researchers and thepractical experience of the consultant forecast a 1500 / 200 Kg Ha of production withgreen water as feed input.List of equipment: three 100 m2 ponds, laboratory equipment, constant quality water,300 (considered 20% more for the mortality rate) fingerling of Tilapia mossambicaper pond total 900, aquaculture equipmentTechnicians/Manpower needs: 1 technician full time, one supervision contro visitevery 15 days, one worker full time for cleaning dike weeds and feed preparation, forone yearCost: aquaculture station availability, 2 technicians (1 full time and one part time), 1worker/guard full time, appropriate number of fingerlings, dry and fresh manure(different animal species around 2 - 3 T dried), equipment. See Table 29 for details.Timetable: minimum 3 cycles of 4 month each, for every case, over one yearApplied research protocolRespecting the aquaculture station good practices (See the Gorongosa Researchstation management) production of plankton will be enhanced with different quantityand species of animal manure. The control pond could be one of the local fishfarmer’s.

Example:Pond 1: upto1 kg dry chicken manure per day,Pond 2: upto 2 kg of dry goat manure per dayPond 3: upto 2,5 kg dry cow manure per day



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B Green water and supplemented local feed

JustificationAccording to several research activities that have used supplemental feed it isinteresting, from the growth point of view, that after 70 - 100 gr or after 80 days ofTilapia growing, three different supplemental feed can be tested. Fertilization will beconstant during the trial. Economics must be attentively monitored during the trial.The ingredients will be those available to the fish farmers. The ingredients must havesome value.List of equipment: three 100 m2 ponds, and same as AManpower needs: same than ACost: same structure and equipment as A, (Tot 40.000)Time: one yearApplied research protocol:Respecting the aquaculture station good practices (See the Gorongosa Researchstation management) the three ponds will be uniformly fertilized (Example 1 to ½ Kgdry manure day) then different supplemental diets can be provided “ad libitum”. Thecontrol pond could be one of the local fish farmer’s nearby. Example:Pond 1 - standard fertilization + diet 1 (corn %, bean%, peanuts %, cassava leavesmeal%, blood meal%, bone meal%, binder)Pond 2 – standard fertilization + diet 2 (Different %)Pond 3 - standard fertilization + diet 3 (Different %)

Table N. 30 Proposed supplemental diets for Gorongosa developed during the training course

Ingredients Diet 1 Diet 2 Diet 3

Maize flower integral* 37 38 30

Blood meal 7 3 0

Peanuts 13 13 18

Bone meal 5 1 0

Cassava leaves 25 25 20

Beans 12 19 19

Soja - - 13

Binder 1 1 1



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The diets are calculated using a specialised software: Diet Formulator Programme (CSIROMarine & Atmospheric Research, 2011)

C Separated green water production

JustificationFollowing several researchers and the author’s practical experimentations, soleplankton production, in specialised ponds, can provide upto 10 gr/plankton drymatter/ per day in European sunny conditions with manuring only. The planktonpond(s) will have elliptical shape, 20 cm deep and a continuous slow recirculationstream, it must be appropriately fertilized and plankton bloom controlled.List of equipment: same as AManpower needs: same as ACost: same as A, one or two plankton production ponds will be built at 1.000 Eurocost near the three experimental tanks)Time: one yearApplied research protocolThe plankton production will be separated from the fish on-growing pond, theplankton will be transferred through a pipe to the grow-out fish ponds. The on-growing production ponds will be fed with the same plankton coming from theproduction pond. Different sizes of fish will be placed in the three ponds, no feed willbe given to the fish, fertilization will be added at different levels to the three trials(example):Pond 1 - standard fertilization + plankton (25 cm Secchi disc), normal fryPond 2 – standard fertilization +50% plankton (normal fry)Pond 3 - standard fertilization + more plankton with adult fish (starting 100 gr)

16 ConclusionsThe presentation of the fish nutritional requirements, some ingredient composition, fertilizer andfertilization techniques, the diet formulation system and other details on Tilapia feed and feedinghas been presented to the reader showing the complexity of the matter. Suitable feed and feedingstrategies are necessary to sustain aquaculture development. There is no tradition of on-farmfeed formulation than can be widely used in small-scale aquaculture systems. Manufacturedpellet feeds are very expensive compared with other local feed ingredients and fertilisation.

Fresh fish feeds are often available with local ingredients mixed by the fish farmers. In theGorongosa area the local ingredients are poor in protein supplement. The experience ofgovernment employees is considered limited for planning and conducting feed and feedingresearch; thus periodical training is need to organize applied research and extension activities.Mozambique research priorities on feed and fish nutrition are based on fertilization andincreasing protein levels in the local self prepared diet.



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For a practical application of the above statement it is important to prepare appropriate appliedresearch facilities to implement nutrition applied research studies as requested. In the case of theavailability of the facilities, the consultant proposes three applied researches trails in accord withthe Gorongosa fish farmer’s needs: A, B, C.

The proposed applied research studies need appropriate structures that must be prepared with aproject package, this will need a long preparation time that is estimated by the consultant to be aminimum of one year from proposition - to building facilities - to starting activities. Onepossible option, in addition or instead of the field research station, could be a proposal tocollaborate with the Aquaculture Associations that can build and manage appropriate facilitiesunder IIP/INAQUA supervision, pending the financing and preparation of an applied researchstation.

17 RecommendationsThe consultant, in collaboration with the IIP&INQUA staff and the other local Gorongosastakeholders is able to provide a series of recommendations for future development of activitiesin the Gorongosa area as follows:

1. Continue to consider only diet/fertilisation applied research for future activities relevantto the local logistic challenges and the stakeholders’ needs

2. A Gorongosa or other more suitable field station should be established for demonstrationand feed and feeding aquaculture applied research purposes.

3. Capacity building of IIP staff in aquaculture diet/fertilizer applied research technologyand management, with a focus on feeds and feeding technology, is needed.

4. Periodical refresher extension training must be provided for INAQUA staff (Maputo,Sofala, Gorongosa)

5. Periodical training and extension activities for feed and feeding must be established forGorongosa stakeholders (7 Associations) by IIP/INAQUA staff

6. The extension network and research collaboration between institutions dealing withaquaculture development and education, including feed and feeding technology, shouldbe improved.

7. Applied research activities (A-B-C) for supplemented Tilapia feed, green water andseparated green water must be carefully planned by IIP staff; the applied research musthave three repeated cycles.

Applied research scopeA. Fertiliser and manure availability, operating costs and optimal combinationsB. Alternative supplementary feeds, availability of ingredients, diet formulations, localmanufacturing of supplementary feeds, to be used after 80 days or 100-150 gr in the grow outC. Separated green water production and management, one tank will produce the plankton andthe other will be fed the concentrated plankton

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Jantrarotai, W., 1996. Recent developments in freshwater finfish nutrition in Asia. In: Feedproduction on the threshold of the next age. In: Proceedings of a VICTAM conference,November 14–15, 1996, Bangkok, Thailand, 99–104.Jantrarotai, W. and Somsueb, P., 1995. Optimum levels of essential fatty acids for growth andfeed conversion of hybrid Clarias catfish. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Sciences), 29,479–485.Jantrorotai, W., Somsueb, P. and Sitasit, P. 1995. Nutritional studies in hybrid Clarias catfishfor developing of complete catfish feed. Proceedings of the 33rd Kasetsart UniversityAnnual Conference. Abstract only.Jauncey, K. 1982. Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) nutrition – a review. In: Muir, J.F. and Roberts,R.J., ed., Recent advances in aquaculture. Boulder, CO, USA, Westview Press,16–263.Knud-Hansen, C.F., 1998. Pond fertilization: ecological approach and practical applications.Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP.Lin, C.K., Teichert-Coddington, D.R., Green, B.W. and Veverica, K.L. 1997. Fertilizationregimes. In: Egna, H.S. and Boyd, C.E., ed., Dynamics of pond aquaculture. BocaRaton, FL, USA, CRC Press, 73–107.Luquet, P. 1991. Tilapia, Oreochromis spp. In: Wilson, R.P., ed., Handbook of nutrientrequirements of finfish. Boca Raton, FL, USA, CRC Press, 169–179.Murthy, H.S. 2002. Indian major carps. In: Webster, C.D. and Lim, C.E., ed., Nutrient requirementsand feeding of finfish for aquaculture. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing,262–272.NRC (National Research Council), 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. Washington, DC,USA, National Academy Press, 114p.Paripatananont, T. 2002. Snakehead and Pangasius catfish. In: Webster, C.D. and Lim, C.E.,ed., Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. Wallingford, UK,CABI Publishing, 396–412.Robinson, E.H. and Li, M.H. 2002. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. In: Webster, C.D.and Lim, C.E., ed., Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. Wallingford,UK, CABI Publishing,293–318.Satoh, S. 1991. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. In: Wilson, R.P., ed., Handbook of nutrientrequirements of finfish. Boca Raton, FL, USA, CRC Press, 55–67.Shiau, S.-Y. 2002. Tilapia, Oreochromis spp. In: Webster, C.D. and Lim, C.E., ed., Nutrientrequirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing,273–292.Tacon, A.G.J. 1990. Standard methods for the nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp.Volume 1: The essential nutrients. Redmond, WA, USA, Argent Laboratories Press,208p.Tacon, A.G.J., Phillips, M.J. and Barg, U.C., 1995. Aquaculture feeds and the environment:the Asian experience. Water Science Technology, 31(10), 41–59.Takeuchi, T., Satoh, S. and Kiron, V., 2002. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. In: Webster,C.D. and Lim, C.E., ed., Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture.Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing 245–261.Abdel Fattah M. El-Sayed, 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture 2008 717 TILAPIAFEED AND FEEDING IN SEMI-INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEMS Oceanography Department,Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, EgyptG.L. Schoereder, The use of manure in fish farming: practical guide for engineers and farmers. Fishaquaculture research station, Dor, Hof HaCarmel, Israle 1998



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Annex I

I Some indication on plankton and invertebrate nutritive valueAlgalcategories

Names Moisture % Crude protein % Crude lipid % Ash % Phosphorus % Carbohydrate%

Energy(Mj/Kg)

Chlorella vulgaris, dried 5.7 47.2 7.4 10.6 29.1 19.1Spirulina maxima 6.7 58.6 4.8 6.7 23.2 19.7Scenedesmus obliquus, dried 6.0 52.6 13.0 8.0 20.4 21.1S. acutus, dried 8.1 43.6 10.5 7.4 1.76 30.4 19.7

Algal SCPfreshwater

Cladophora glomerata, dried 1.6 31 5.2 23.2 3.66 39.0 1.1.1Filamentous bluegreen algae,mixed fresh

9’.1 2.3 0.2 5.1 2.3 1.0

Oscillatoria phormidium spp,fresh

82.9 1.6 0.4 12.2 2.9 1,0

Diatoms, mixed fresh 87.1 2.9 0.9 6.5 2.6 1.5Phytoflagellates, mixed fresh 88.9 3.9 1.3 0.7 5.2 2.3

Algal SCPmarine

Marien Chlorella (C. Vulgaris),fresh

75.8 12.2 5.4 2.3 0.61 4.3 5.8

Activated sludge, domesticsewage dried

5.6 39.6 2.6 21.1 1.65 31.1 15.7

AS – brewery processing waste,dried

5 44.4 8.0 12.6 30.0 18.8

Mixed SCPculture

A.S. paper processed waste,dried

3 42.3 0.4 27.7 2.30 26.6 14.7

InvertrebateRotifers,Brachionusplicotilis,wet basis

Cultured on bakers yeast, “ +clorella

90.788.7

6.27.7

1.82.4

0.70.5

0.1271.138

0.6o.7

2.32.9

Brineshrimp,Artemiasalina

Larvae (nauplii), just afterhatching, wet basisBrine shrimp meal (adult), dried

89.018.7

6.744.3

2.14.0

1.115.6

0.14 1.117.4

2.615.0



161

Annex 5 D Feed Training Concept

Training concept

II Training AssignmentGorongosa Aquaculture Feed and Feeding Training

THE STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTUREDEVELOPMENT IN GORONGOSA

ACP Fish II

Mr. G. Negroni

April 2011



162

Summary

1 - Training

1.1 Introduction to Gorongosa Aquaculture feed training1.2 Training Agenda1.3 Training concept methodology1.4 Training operation guidelines1.5 Strategy definition for Training1.6 Certificate1.7 Training performance1.8 Training attendance and kit sheet1.9 Trainees course evaluation sheet

2 – Material - Summary3 – Outputs4 - Communication plan for project diffusion & awareness5 – Training summary table6 – Gorongosa Aquaculture fish diet preparation A) Feed availability B) Feed preparation, mixing and drying

C) Feeding regime7 – Green water, On the job training

A) Gorongosa manure availability B) Green water production (Phyto Zooplankton) and management



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1 Training1.1 Introduction to Gorongosa Feed Aquaculture training conceptTo be mailed separately in advance to the participantsSubject: 1) Training for feed and feeding, 2) Green water production and managementThe event will be held from 20 to 22 April in Gorongosa and this communication has the aim tointroduce the participants to the Gorongosa training that will include the following activities:

Presentation of the project and participants, working methodology

Participants theoretical and field work

Feed and green water preparation and managementThe course output will be divided in different sections:I) Theoretical and preparation section for training: training concept, on the job training andtraining course on tilapia feed and feeding.

II) ACP Fish II and Gorongosa mission presentation and work

III) Gorongosa aquaculture feed management: aquaculture Practical field feed and feeding job,green water production and management

All the above subjects requested will be included in the training. The package is well organizedas a kit including some material as distributed. The meeting participants will appropriately usethe material and the knowledge of the course for their practical future daily work; the aim of themeeting is to be as practical as possible to enable the participants to know how to prepare fishfeed diet and manage the green water system. This includes a job description/scheduling forpractical tilapia feed and feeding. The organization hopes to have positive feedback from all theparticipants.

The participants will be aquaculture specialists, local additional aquacultures group and otherofficers/stakeholders as appropriate. Tentatively it is possible to have the following steps in thiscourse: feed material organization and preparation, tilapia feed and feeding, green waterproduction & management, local feed availability, theoretical presentation, objectives discussion,feed and feeding practical discussion/preparation and final discussion.

The meeting is tailored for a common ownership of the output due to the practical level in thepreparation of the participants. Every participant and/or group of participants will participate inthe fish feed production evaluation and use and the green water system will be practicallydiscussed.

Tutor Mr. G. Negroni



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1.2 Training agenda

Training presentation, methodology, activities elaborationIn the framework of ACP Fish II Programme

General informationPlace: GorongosaTime: From: 20/03 To: 22/03Tutor: Mr. Gianluigi NegroniLogistic: Pro. Li. De, Progresso Libertade DesenvolvementoObjective: Gorongosa feed training presentation, aquaculture diet

preparation, local feed and feeding field work, green waterproduction and management.

Content: Gorongosa tilapia feed and feeding concept

Agenda

Provisional agenda (subject to revision)Date/place Time Activity Who

08:00 – 08:05 Project welcome, ACP Fish II project organization (on 19 participantlogistic) All

08:15 – 08:30 Self-introductions of beneficiaries Beneficiaries

08:30 – 10:30 Gorongosa training methodology presentation G. Negroni10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break All10:45 – 12:30 Transfer to field, starting activities All12:30 – 13:30 Lunch All13:30 – 14:00 Feed production activities All14:30 – 15:00 Discussion All15:00 – 15:15 Coffee break All

20/03 –Gorongosa andfield visit

15:15 – 17:00 Discussion of the day, detailed work plan for the training G. Negroni09:00 – 10:30 Feed availability, feed production and feeding theory locally applied G. Negroni10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break. All10:45 – 12:30 Transfer to the field, feed production activities G. Negroni12:30 – 13:30 Lunch All13:30 – 13:45 Feed production activities G. Negroni13:45 – 15:00 Discussion All15:00 – 15:15 Green water management All

21/03 –Gorongosa andfield visit

15:15 – 17:00 Discussion of the day and restitution, possible feed mill visit All07:00 – 09.00 Green water theory and practical application (manure/ composition) G. Negroni22/03 –

Gorongo 09:00 - 09:15 Coffee break All



165

09:15 – 09:45 Transfer to the field All09:45 –11:30 Practical activities for green water production and management All11:30 – 12:30 Final discussion closure of the course, certificate distribution All

sa andfield visit

12:30 – 13.30 Lunch All

Training participantsCategories Time/Day Participants N. Activities

IIP 6 2 Trainer participationsINAQUA/SDAE 6 2 Trainer participationsPrivate sector (Association) 18 6 Aquaculture Association manager, beneficiariesExternal resources (ProLiDe) 3 1 LogisticsPrivate sector (Association) 70 70 Aquaculture Association Member, beneficiariesPrivate sector (Industry) 3 1 Local mill and feed industryPark project 3 1 Buffer zoneField trip 3 Feeding in 3 sites in Gorongosa, on the job training

Total participants* 83

Distribution of Material

During the courses all trainees, who participated in the course received a training package\Kitcomposed of: document bag with logo, clip board, box file, pen, block notes, some white paper,some photo copy, media material (DVD with information material on project and missionactivities).

Group Participants N. Distributed training package1 3 32 3 33 4 4

Total 10 10

The local Aquaculture Association members received a flyer with the PPT presentation and someexercises to write during the field activities, the signed flier is included in the ProLiDe dossier.



166

1.3 Training concept methodologyAs for the training of trainers



167

1.6 Participation Certificate

Participation Certificate to: STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF FEEDING RATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT INGORONGOSA

Name …………………….________________________has participate to the Training for Tilapia feed and feeding concept for ACP Fish IIprojectfrom ______/____/2011 to ______/____/2011. Gorongosa

Tutor IIP – Deputy Director Mr. Gianluigi Negroni Mrs. Paula Afonso

_______________________ ___________________________ Consultant RFU ACP FISH II



168

1.7 Table for training grading for group / personnel performanceN Group/Title/Content Component trainees Theor

yPractical Overall performance Good point Weak point

1 Feed ingredient composition/availability, diet formulationJose Murama Chief Aquaculture Good Good Well prepared Know the job -Martinho Padeira Technician, Beira Good Good Well prepared Know the job -Laurinda Antonio Technician, Beira Good Good Well prepared Know the job -Aida Bela Flores Extensionist,

NhaurongaOK Good Good Good volunteer Need experience

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK Good Good Good volunteer Need experience

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians,Sofala/Beira

Good Good vol. Well prepared Know the job -

George Bila Aquacultureassociation

OK Good vol. Good Good volunteer Need experience

Diesel Aquacultureassociation


Antonio Pereira Aquacultureassociation


Samuel Aquacultureassociation


2 Practical feed preparation (grinding, mixing, pellet preparation , drying and stockage)Jose Murama Chief Aquaculture OK Acceptabl

eKnow the subject Good willing Need practices

Martinho Padeira Technician, Beira OK “ “ “ “Laurinda Technician, Beira OK “ “ “ “Aida Bela Flores Extensionist,

NhaurongaOK “ “ “ “



169


Practical Overall performance Good point Weak point

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK “ “ “ “

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians, Sofala OK “ “ “ “


OK “ “ “ “


OK “ “ “ “


OK “ “ “ “


OK “ “ “ “

3 Green water production and managementJose Murama Chief Aquaculture Good OK Understand the subject Has experience All OKMartinho Padeira Technician, Beira Good OK Understand the subject Good willing Need field practiceLaurinda Antonio Technician, Beira Good OK Understand the subject Good willing Need field practiceAida Bela Flores Extensionist,

NhaurongaOK OK Understand the subject Good willing Need filed practice

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK OK Understand the subject Good willing Need filed practice

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians, Sofala Good OK Understand the subject Good willing Need field practice

George Billa Aquacultureassociation

OK OK Understand the subject Good willing Need field practice





170


Practical Overall performance Good point Weak point





4 Pond managementJose Murama Chief Aquaculture OK Good Know the subject Good will to understand Need practicesMartinho Padeira Technician, Beira OK Good OK Good will to understand Need practicesLaurinda Antonio Technician, Beira OK Good OK Good will to understand Need practicesAida Bela Flores Extensionist,

NhaurongaOK Good OK Good will to understand Need practices

Carlos AngeloAmadeo

Extensionist, Tsikiri OK OK OK Good will to understand Need practices

Mohamud AbdulCadre

Technicians, Sofala OK Good OK Good will to understand Need practices


OK OK OK Good will to understand Need practices







1.8 Training Attendance and Kit Sheet MEETING TITLE: Training- Place: Gorongosa



171

N Name Position Org. Background Tel E-mail N. ofpresence / day*

Kit dist.

1 Jose Murama Chief Aquaculture IIP Aquaculture MSC 828902884

[email protected] 3 Yes

2 Martinho Padera Technician, Beira IIP Bsc 824716344


3 Laurinda AntonioB.

Technician, Beira INAQUA

Bsc 822659726


4 Aida Bela Flores Extensionist, Nhauronga SDAI Bsc 823902642

3 Yes

5 Carlos A. Amadeo Extensionist, Tsikiri SDAI Bsc 828342948

3 Yes

6 M. Abdul Cadre Technicians, Sofala DPP Bsc 822479150

[email protected]

3 Yes

7 George Bila Presidente AQ Practical, field 3 Yes8 Antonio Pereira Vice Director AQ Practical, field 3 Yes9 Diesel Director AQ Practical, field 3 Yes10

Samuel Director AQ Practical, field 3 Yes

Additionally almost all Aquaculture Association members participated to the field training in Nhauranga, Tsikiri and Nhataka for atotal of 70 aquaculturist.Training attendance sheet


1 Jose Murama2 Martinho Padera







172


3 Laurinda Antonio B.4 Aida Bela Flores5 Carlos A. Amadeo6 Mohamud Abdul

Cadre7 George Bila8 Antonio Pereira9 Diesel10

Samuel

Travel allowance sheetN Name Date from Place to Place

1 Jose Murama2 Martinho Padera3 Laurinda Antonio B.4 Aida Bela Flores5 Carlos A. Amadeo6 Mohamud Abdul

Cadre7 George Bila8 Antonio Pereira9 Diesel10

Samuel


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1.9 Trainees course evaluation sheetActivity 1 Training of trainers

Training Event - Evaluation Feedback FormPage 1

This form should be filled in by participants in each meeting activity, and returned to the coursecoordinator.

Please give your honest opinions. We will use the feedback tactfully and constructively to help improvethe course for future participantsCourse detailsCourse title/ Subject Gorongosa training of trainers for aquacultureDate From 20 to 22 of April 2011Coordinator Mr. G. NegroniLocation Gorongosa, Sofala Province

Participants commentsWhat were your objectives for attendingthe training?

Were your objectives met? Yes (10 ) NoIf No, please state why not.

Were there any subjects whichyou considered unnecessary? Yes No (11 )If YES, which?

Were there other subjects youwould have liked to see included? Yes (7 ) No (1 )If YES, which? Fish drying, tilapia reproduction, pond management

Have some subjects you would have liked to spend more time on?

Yes (7 )Fingerling

No (4 )transport

What did you enjoy most about thetraining?

Feed production, meeting technology improvement,fertilization, pond construction.

What was the least enjoyable aspect? Logistic (1) and feed machine (1)

How could the meeting and teaching beimproved?

More training in the future, use local material, moretraining time

Would you recommend the meeting toothers?

Yes ( 8 )No (2 )


174

Whose decision was it that you attendthis meeting?

IIP (2), SDAE (3),INAQUA (1) Industry

Please answer the questions on page 2Gorongosa training of trainers

page 2Training Event - Evaluation Feedback Form

Course ObjectivesHow well were the objectives met? Very well Mostly Partly Only a bit Not at all N/a

21 Presentation 8 22 Methodology 8 23 ToR 7 1 24 Pilot project 7 1 25 Field visit other ……………….. 8 2Additional comments on course

objectives

How would you rate the presenter in terms of the following criteria?Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor N/a

Overall knowledge of subject 6 1 1 2Ability to explain individual topics 6 2 2Material presented at an

appropriate pace 7 1 1 2Help in resolving problems 6 2 2Attitude and effectiveness 6 2 2Encouragment and motivation 6 2 2Flexibility and approchability 6 2 2

Presenter's interaction with you 6 2 2

Additional comments on presenter- The tutor is very good (5)

How would you rate the following aspects of the courseorganisation?

Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor N/aCourse joining instructions/

preparation 6 1 3


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Activity room 5 1 4Accommodation 5 1 1 3Meals 5 1 1 3Refreshments 5 4Toilet facilities 5 2 3Other (specify) 5

Additional comments on organisation-

Overall assessment Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor N/aOverall quality of training content 5 1 1 2O. quality of knowledge exchange 5 2 2Meeting objectives defined and

achieved 5 2 2Meeting organisation and structure 5 1 1 2Integration of theory and practice 5 1 1 2Meeting material and resource 5 1 1 2

Any other comments you would like tomake

Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire.

1 – Picture and training material contentSome media material will be distributed to the participants for referencing and studymaterial

Table: List of file and folder included in the distributed DVDName DescriptionDVDs and key cardSimple method foraquaculture

Manuals from FAO training series

FAO fishery technical papers Version 2 - 2005FAO publication and report Version 1 Inland fishery and aquaculture - 2004FAO aquaculture publication List of aquaculture publication 1999 – 2008FilesTilapia feed and feeding Tilapia culture description in semi-integrated aquaculture systemFAO Expert Workshop 2006 Use of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture

developmentCage fish farming system BOMOSA integrated farming in reservoirs, ponds in Eastern

AfricaFeeding behavior of Niletilapia

Experiment on feeds made of locally agriculture by-products(Kenya)


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Other materialFeed formulator Basic software for aquaculture feed description and content

4 – Output:

- Training: diet formulation and practical feed production for Gorongos, feed drier- Specific activity: Green water production and management

5 - Communication plan for pilot project diffusionAs the training of trainer concept6 – Training of trainer table summary

Item

Training Data specification Description

A Title of training course or subject of training Training of trainers, feed survey, participatory fastaquaculture appraisal, Gorongosa AquacultureBaseline, feed formulation, feed management.

B Location (City, Town, etc) Gorongosa and close aquaculture sitesC Dates (Start and finish) From 20 - 04 to 22 – 04 / 2011D Number of days delivered in Gorongosa 3E Total N. of participants to Training 4 + 6 local Aquaculture AssociationF Total N. of participants X days in Training

(D X E)30

G Total N. of women participants 2H Total N. of women participants X day (G X

E)6

6 – Gorongosa Aquaculture fish diet preparation A) Fish feed ingredient: availability, composition and diet formulation B) Feed physical preparation, mixing, pellet preparation, drying andstockageFeed production and managementBuy available component and grind them if necessary |

Make formulaMix in appropriate doses and add waterPass in the manual mixerPass in the grinderDrying in solar driesFeed conservation and methods

C) Feeding regimeFeeding methodology adapted to the local condition

7 – Green water, On the job trainingA) Gorongosa manure availability, composition, distribution

B) Green water production, Phyto and Zooplankton management Water quality management of “green water” system

Integrated animal cum fish farming system and manuring technology


177

Phyto and zooplankton concentration appraisal

Documents

Final Technical Report - ACP Fish II - Welcome