Green Occupation, Business and technOlOgy educatiOn

Green

OccupatiOn,Business andtechnOlOgyeducatiOn

AuthorsBhan Dev Kapadi

Ram Maharjan

EditorJayananda Kapadi

Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional material

8

Lalitpur, Nepal, Tel: 977-1-5529899

e-mail: [email protected]

www.greenbooks.com.np

Publisher: Green Books

Copyright: Authors (2075 BS)

All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the authors.

Printed in Nepal

LayoutThe Focus [email protected]

EditionFirst : B.S. 2074 (2017 AD)Reprint : B.S. 2075 (2018 AD)Revised : B.S. 2076 (2019 AD)Revised : B.S. 2077 (2020 AD)

Green

8

OccupatiOn,Business andtechnOlOgyeducatiOn

It is our great pleasure to present the book ‘Green Occupation, Business and Technology Education - 8’ that has been designed to meet the curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Center (CDC), the Government of Nepal. It covers all the syllabus prescribed and meets the course objectives set forth by the CDC for Grade-6. The content of the whole book is divided into three areas: Occupational/Professional Education, Vocation/Business Orientation and Technology Education. Each of these areas is further divided into different units and each unit is divided into various lessons to cover all the contents of the syllabus.

Each lesson begins with the lesson objectives and is wrapped with project work related to the lesson. Similarly, each lesson is illustrated and elaborated with related figures, cogent explanations and suitable examples as far as possible. Lesson related classroom activities are provided in the middle as well as at the end of the lesson to build up the confidence of the students in the related subject matter. Likewise, the exercises consisting of different items are presented at the end of each lesson to evaluate the students’ knowledge, skill and higher ability related to the discussed lesson. Moreover, project/practical tasks have been presented at the end of each lesson to reflect theoretical knowledge of the subject matter into practice. The explanations of technical terms have been presented in the ‘Glossary’ section of each lesson. Every possible effort has been made to make lucid language to match the level of the students.

We would like to express our humble regards to Green Books for providing the opportunity to prepare this book with trust. Likewise, our sincere thanks go to the layout designers of The Focus Computer.

Despite the sincere efforts that have been made from the beginning of this endeavor, there might be some printing devils and technical errors in this book. Apologizing for shortcomings, if any, we always remain indebted and grateful to our seniors, colleagues, subject teachers, students and other well wishers for any constructive suggestions and feedback regarding making this book more standard in the further editions.

Authors

Preface

Teaching-Learning Management and Evaluation System in Occupation, Business and Technology EducationTeaching ‘Occupation, Business and Technology Education’ is the process of facilitating learning of the students for acquiring knowledge and skills related to occupations/professions, vocations/businesses and technologies of the diverse fields. It enhances overall development and understanding of various aspects of vocational life to make the living of people more comfortable and sustainable. It prepares self-dependent citizens with knowledge and skills who can assist national development by creating self-employment or involving in different types of employments. Thus, students should be updated with the information of national and international professions, vocations/businesses and various technologies to make their future plans according to their interest, knowledge, skill, capacity and opportunity for their career development. It also helps develop positive attitude towards different types of vocations with the spirit of respecting all kinds of jobs. Moreover, it is helpful to be familiar with working world and it assists to develop vocational skills and soft skills needed for vocational/professional life. At the same time, it is essential to make the students capable of using information and technology in modern time. Therefore, Occupation, Business and Technology Education has been incorporated in the basic level of school education as a major subject with the objective of developing knowledge, skill and attitude as well as making the students familiar with various occupations/professions/vocations and technologies with developing positive attitude and spirit towards all kinds of working fields.

A. Management of Teaching-Learning Activities

The curriculum of OBTE in Grade 8 is divided into three areas: Occupational/Professional Education, Business/Vocation Orientation and Technology Education. In the first area, introduction to various occupations/professions of local level that have been in existence at present, relationship among employment, training and education and information related to various employments have been provided. Similarly, the focus of Vocation/Business Orientation is on introducing various vocations/businesses with the objective of developing vocational and soft skills required for successful professional life. Likewise, the objective of Technology Education is to prepare competent human resources equipped with local and modern technologies. The total full marks 100 of OBTE is divided into 50% for theoretical and practical each to meet the necessity of correlating theory with practice and application of theoretical concepts in practicality. The total 175 teaching periods of this subject in an academic session has been managed 5 teaching periods per week to conduct teaching-learning activities.

a. Area-wise Distribution of the Syllabus for Theory and Practical

S. N. Area Weightage (%)

Theory (Teaching Periods)

Practical (Doing

Periods)1. Occupational/Professional

Education25 30 15

2. Business/Vocation Orientation 55 37.5 57.53. Technology Education 20 20 15 Total 100 87.5 87.5

b. Teaching-Learning Facilitating Process

Teaching-learning facilitation in OBTE is expected to be conducted on the basis of students’ pre-knowledge and experience, and need of the locality. Being a practical subject, the aspects like demonstration, observation and application of the subject matter are expected to be prioritized in this subject. It is essential to involve students in field visit, case study, practical work, etc. after gaining theoretical knowledge of the subject matter. There is a great role of facilitation in this subject to make learning of students effective and sustainable. Facilitation develops students’ cooperative and practical skills, action oriented thinking and learning attitude. Thus, special teaching-learning strategy is required to be adopted in this subject on the basis of the nature of subject matter to be facilitated. It is essential to transform the knowledge of students into creative application for successful teaching-learning activities in OBTE. The educational materials that are not available in the school or school surroundings can be managed from the locality of students. It had better involve students in the field visits of community/locality frequently in order to demonstrate subject matter related materials available in the locality. The subject teacher is highly expected to take the following points into consideration for facilitating any subject matter incorporated in this subject.i. Maturity and learning capacity of studentsii. Confident in methods of facilitationiii. Motivation and inspiration to achieve successiv. Critical thinking and helpful spirit of studentsv. Exploration of students’ capacity of learning, understanding and doing vi. Assistance of specific resource persons/subject experts available in local level

c. Teaching Methods in OBTE

The major teaching methods for facilitating teaching-learning activities in OBTE are given below:

i. Discussion ii. Demonstration iii. Answer-Question

iv. Field Study v. Observation vi. Practical Work

vii. Mini-Project Work viii. Exploration and Discovery ix. Presentation

Besides above mentioned methods, other various suitable methods can be adopted to facilitate students for accumulating knowledge and gaining skill in this subject on the basis of the nature and demand of the subject matter. The use of teaching methods depends on nature of subject matter, geographical situation and availability of various locally available educational materials and resources. The assistance of various subject experts and resource persons can be taken since OBTE is a practical based technical subject. In case of visually impaired students, Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) talks, mobile speak, jaws-screen reading software, audio software, etc. can be taken into practice. Similarly, for the students with hard of hearing, visual software like 3G mobile, etc. can be taken as the means for facilitating students to gain knowledge and skill of different sectors.

d. Practical Work

The allocation of teaching periods for practical/project work has been managed 50% of the total teaching periods. Classroom activities, workshops, field visits, report writing, material preparation, presentation, etc. are the major components of practical/project work. The

assistance of various resource persons in the specific sector of the locality can be taken to conduct various practical works for the effective outcome.

B. Evaluation System

The management of theoretical and practical exams has been prescribed to evaluate the learning achievement of students in OBTE. The components of evaluation of theoretical and practical aspects of the students are participation in subject discussion, homework, answer-question, involvement in practical activities, records of practical activities, and various types of periodical tests like unit tests, terminal examinations, etc. Theoretical and practical examination in OBTE is of full marks 50 each. In Grade – 8, 40% can be allocated for Continuous Assessment System (CAS) and 60% for the periodical exams in this subject.

C. Marks Distribution for Evaluation i. Theoretical Examination

S. N. Subject Area Marks1. Occupation/Professional Education 152. Vocation/Business Orientation 253. Technology Education 10 Total 50

ii. Practical Examination

S. N. Items Marks1. Research Report Presentation 102. Record of Practical Works 53. Materials Preparation and Their Use 204. Mini Project Work 105. Oral Test 5 Total 50

7Green Occupation, Business and Technology Education - 8

Area - I: Professional/Occupational EducationUnit 1. Professional Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91. Medium and Higher Level Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102. Profession and Human Resources Related to Medical Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133. Profession and Human Resources Related to Engineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214. Profession and Human Resources Related to Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265. Profession and Human Resources Related to Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306. Profession and Human Resources Related to Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357. Profession and Human Resources Related to Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398. Profession and Human Resources Related to Civil Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469. Relationship between Education and Profession for Career Development . . . . . . . . . 50

Unit 2. Education, Training and Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531. Medium and Higher Level General Education Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542. Medium and Higher Level Technical Education Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603. International Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Unit 3. Information Related to Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701. Sources of Information Related to Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712. Ways of Acquiring Information Related to Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753. Basic Information Related to Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804. Opportunities and Challenges of Foreign Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Area - II: Business and Vocational OrientationUnit 4. General Business Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901. Soft Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Unit 5. Business and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982. Entrepreneurial Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053. Local Level Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084. Multinational Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Unit 5. Trade and Market Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161. Market Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172. Pricing and Income/Expenditure Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213. World Trade Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Note: Choose any four units from Unit 7 to Unit 14

Unit 7. Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281. Off-season Vegetable Farming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292. Roof Top or Balcony Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333. Inter-cropping Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364. Organic Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395. Mushroom Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446. Organic Manure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487. Earthworm Farming and Vermi Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548. Market and Storage of Seasonal Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1589. Production and Storage of Vegetable Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16210. Methods of Protecting Vegetables from Pests and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

ContentsContents

Unit 8. Fruit Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1711. Propagation of Fruit Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1722. Pruning Fruit Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783. Storage of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1814. Planning of Fruit Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Unit 9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Food Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1881. Processing of Dry Vegetables and Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1892. Preparation of Various Food Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Unit 10. Flower and Medicinal Plant Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031. Flower Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2042. Various Aspects of Medicinal Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Unit 11. Nurture of Animals and Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2181. Sheep, Goat and Chyangra Rearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2192. Cow, Buffalo and Yak Rearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2263. Pig Rearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2324. Poultry Farming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2385. Fish Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2456. Beekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2517. Rabbit Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Unit 12. Handicraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2601. Paper Craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2612. Making Mat and Basket From Local Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2653. Reuse of Waste Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2694. Wood and Stone Carving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2735. Colouring and Varnishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Unit 13. Clay Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2821. Making and Colouring Clay Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2832. Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2883. Market and Account Management of Clay and Ceramic Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Unit 14. Sewing and Knitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2961. Sewing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2972. Taking Body Measurement and Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3013. Button Fixing and Darning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3054. Sewing Apron and Weaving Woolen Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Area - III: Technology EducationUnit 15. Local Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3131. Local Knowledge and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3142. Evolution and Use of Traditional Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3173. Improved Oven and Harvesting Rain Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Unit 16. Modern Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3241. Modern Home Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3252. Modern Office Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3303. Use of Information Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3354. Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Specification Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Model Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344


Professional education or career education is the totality of professional knowledge and skill required for a specific profession/career of a particular field. This unit includes:

introduction to medium and higher level professions of various fields.

professions and human resources of medical sector, engineering, agriculture, finance, tourism, teaching and civil service.

relationship between education and profession for career development.

Professional Education

Area - I: Professional/Occupational Education

Unit 1

10 Green Occupation, Business and Technology Education - 8

IntroductionPeople involve in various works to earn their livelihood. These various works in which people involve are called occupations. The nature of work which people carry out is called profession. There are various sectors of profession. Some of such sectors are medicine, engineering, agriculture, forestry, finance, tourism, education, public service, etc. Professions of each sector can be classified into various categories on the basis of their area or sector, level and nature of service. On the basis of level, professions are divided into Basic Level Profession, Medium Level Profession and Higher Level Profession. For example, in medical sector, Assistant Health Worker is a basic level, Health Assistant (HA) is a medium level and doctor is a higher level human resources. Similarly, the nature of their work is basic level, medium level and higher level professions respectively.

Basic Level ProfessionThe profession that is carried out to fulfill basic needs are called basic level professions. These professions require general knowledge and simple skill in order to carry them out. Some of the examples of basic level professions are weaving, carpentry, farming, plumbing, mending leather materials, etc. People involved in these professions/occupations do not need special higher level training and indepth knowledge of related occupations.

Medium and Higher Level Professions

Estimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define profession with examples.• explain different levels of profession with examples.• describe the importance of profession.


Medium Level ProfessionMedium level profession refers to the profession that can be carried out with the help of extra knowledge, skill and vocational training. In this level, people need special training with certain academic qualification. Professionals of this level may be technical or non-technical. For example, medium level professionals of technical sector are Health Assistant, Staff Nurse, Overseer, Computer Operator, etc. Similarly, gazetted and non-gazetted officers in public administration are non-technical medium level professionals. The nature of their work is called medium level professions.

Higher Level ProfessionHigher level profession refers to the top level profession that requires higher education, skill, ability and special indepth training. The professionals of this level require special knowledge and ability to do difficult work even in the adverse situation. Such professionals can take decision and solve higher level problems in critical situations. Both technical and non-technical professionals come under higher level profession. Technical higher level professionals are engineer, doctor, pilot, researcher, etc. Similarly, non-technical higher level professionals are section officer, secretary of ministry, head of administration, manager, etc. The nature of work of these professionals is called higher level profession.

Importance of ProfessionProfessions are occupations that people follow in order to earn their livelihood. People gain various knowledge, skill and training in order to involve in various professions. It enhances the educational and academic level of the people. It also creates employment opportunity. Similarly, people generate income by involving in various professions. It uplifts their life standard by increasing their paying capacity in the sectors of education, health, entertainment, etc.


Likewise, different occupations and professions promote local skill of the people and production of raw materials required for particular occupation. It also promotes the economic level of the people who engage in production. Above all, professions and occupations in the local level contribute to the national economy of a nation.

mend : repairgazette : an official journalin-depth : performed comprehensively and completelyadverse : contrary to your interests or welfarecontribute : provide

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define profession with examples.

b. Describe basic level and medium level professions with examples.

c. "Higher level professions require indepth knowledge, good skill, and special training." Explain this statement with examples.

d. Explain the importance of profession.

2. Classify the following professions or professionals under the heading of basic level, medium level and higher level.

Weaving, Nursing, Farming, Carpentry, Engineering, Computer Operating, Overseeing, Plumbing, Health Assistant, MBBS Doctor, Staff Nurse, Cobbler, Diploma in Physiotherapy, Mending leather materialsv

Make a list of various professions and respective professionals available in your locality. Classify them under basic, medium and higher levels. Present it in your classroom.


IntroductionMedical Science is related to the health of people. Health is one of the most important aspects of human life. There are various causes that bring imbalance in our health. Similarly, there are various special sensitive organs in our body. Therefore, various specialized areas and professions have been developed in medical sector. The medical sector is extremely broad and medical professionals are needed all over the world for the research and treatment of health related problems of human being.

Some of the important professions and human resources of medical sectors are Pharmacy and Pharmacist, Ophthalmology and Ophthalmologist, Nursing and Nurse, Dentistry and Dentist, Physiotherapy and Physiotherapist. These medical professions and professionals are introduced below with their importance and entrance qualification for them.

1. Pharmacy and PharmacistPharmacy refers to the science of preparing and dispensing drugs in medical science. It is a health profession which links chemical science with health science.

Profession and Human Resources Related to Medical Science


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define profession and professional related to medical

science.• explain the works of various medical professionals

with their importance.• explain the importance of medical science.


It aims at ensuring effective and safe use of pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of health hazards. Pharmacy is the key profession of medicine and health sector.

A pharmacist is a primary health professional of medical science who is expert in medicines and their use. The pharmacist does not prescribe medicine to the patients. He/she is the link between a doctor and the patient. Pharmacist sells medicines/drugs to the patients only upon the prescription of the doctor.

In Nepal, pharmacy is studied in two levels. They are Diploma in Pharmacy and Bachelor in Pharmacy. The required qualification and duration for carrying out these levels of pharmacy are given below.

Level/Degree Minimum Qualification Duration

Diploma in Pharmacy SLC with minimum second division 3 years

Bachelor in Pharmacy (B. Pharma)

10+2 in Science or Diploma in Pharmacy

4 years

After completing the level/degree successfully, pharmacists must receive professional licence from Nepal Pharmacy Council before involving in the profession. A pharmacist holding Diploma in Pharmacy is a medium level human resources in the medical science. Similarly, a pharmacist holding Bachelor in Pharmacy degree is a higher level medical human resource.

Pharmacists are technical professionals with specialized knowledge and training related to medicine. They have a great role to connect chemical and medical science by preparing drugs. Similarly, they are the bridge between a doctor and a patient since they provide medicine to the patient as per the doctor's prescription. They have good knowledge of the formulae of drugs, components of medicine and their doses required for treating a particular malfunction or disease of the human body. In the extremely broad and rapidly growing medical sector, pharmacists play an important role in optimization of drugs for the treatment of human illness and human body imbalances.

Discuss the importance of pharmacist among your friends.


2. Nursing and NurseNursing is a medical profession related to the caring of sick or injured people during their treatment. The professionals who are involved in this profession are called nurses. The job of a nurse is to take care of patients and assist doctors in various ways during treatment. Nurse can conduct minor check up of the patient. Nurse also helps females before, during and post pregnancy period, patients to take drugs as prescribed by the doctors and people in generating awareness regarding health problems.

In Nepal, nurses are broadly categorized into ANMs, Staff Nurse and various degrees related to nursing. ANM stands for Auxiliary Nurse Midwife. Generally, ANMs profession is related to pregnancy, maternal care and child care. Similarly, staff nurses are registered nurses employed in medical sector. Generally, their profession is related to managing care of patients and recovery in a variety of settings available in the health institutions. The minimum academic qualification and duration to carry out various levels in Nursing are given below.

Level/Degree Minimum Academic Qualification DurationANM Grade 10 2 years (five

months on the job training)

Staff Nurse SLC 3 yearsBachelor of Nursing (BN)

Staff Nurse with 3 years experience 2 years

B. Sc. Nursing 10 + 2 in Science with Biology 4 years

Various levels of Nursing profession are essential in Medical Science. The professionals in Nursing contribute in Medical Science or health sector interdependently by working with physicians and independently as Nursing professional by working on their own. They develop plans for caring patients, and improving quality of life of the people. Nurse may coordinate with other different professionals of health sector like therapists, dietitians, medical practitioners, etc. to improve the quality of life of people.


3. Paramedical Profession and MBBS DoctorParamedical profession refers to checking up patient for diagnosis and prescribing medicines accordingly. In paramedical profession, Health Assistant (HA) is a medium level human resources in medical science. The health professionals who have completed MBBS course are called MBBS doctors. MBBS stands for Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. MBBS doctors are higher level human resources in Medical Science. Similarly, MD (Doctor of Medicine) is also a higher level human resources in medical science. The minimum entry qualification and duration of completing HA, MBBS and MD is given below.

Level/Degree Minimum Qualification DurationHealth Assistant (HA) SLC passed with at least second

division 3 years

MBBS Doctor 10+ 2 passed in Science (At least second division with Biology as a major subject) or HA

4.5 years (1 year of internship)

MD MBBS 3 years

The medical professionals HA, MBBS doctor and MD should get licence from Nepal Medical Council (NMC) in order to involve in their profession. MBBS doctors and MD doctors should pass the exams conducted by NMC to get the licence. Paramedical professions are very important in Medical Science. The jobs of these professionals are to check up the cases of patients, suggest for further diagnosis and prescribe for further treatment and medicines.

4. Ophthalmology and OphthalmicianOphthalmology refers to the scientific study of eyes. It is a branch of Medical Science which deals with diseases, anatomy and physiology of the eye. The professional who involve in providing primary health care to ailments related to eyes of human being is called ophtalmician. Ophthalmician


takes care of people's eye by assisting in treatment and suggesting various preventive measures.

Diploma in Ophthalmology is a medium level profession in Medical Science and Bachelor in Ophthalmologly is a higher level profession in Ophthalmology. The entry qualification and study duration of these professions is given below.

Level/Degree Minimum Qualification DurationDiploma in Ophthalmology

SLC pased with at least second division 3 years

Bachelor in Ophthalmology

10 + 2 passed in Science with at least second division (Biology as a major subject) or Diploma in Ophthalmology

4 years

An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor with specialization in eye problems and vision care. The job of an ophthalmologist is to check up eyes, diagnose the problems, treat eye infections and vision problems, provide expert advice to people regarding various aspects of eye. Therefore, there is a great significance of ophthalmology and ophthalmologist in human life.

4. Dentistry and DentistDentistry is the branch of Medical Science that studies oral cavity of people. Moreover, it is the study of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various diseases and disorders related to oral cavity. Dental Science is the field of dentistry. Similarly, a dentist is a medical professional who has specialization in oral cavity related problems. The medium level profession in Dental Science is Diploma in Dentistry. Similarly, Bachelor of Dental Surgery is a higher level profession in Dentistry. The entry qualification and duration of completing these courses in given below.

Level/Degree Minimum Qualification DurationDiploma in Dentistry SLC passed with at least

second division3 years

Bachelor of Dental Surgery

10+2 passed in Science with at least second division (Biology as a major subject)

4.5 years, (1 year internship)


Dentistry is an important field in Medical Science since it is related to important organ of our body. Dentists diagnose various diseases, problems and disorders related to our oral cavity and teeth and provide their treatment. They also encourage people for preventing from oral diseases by suggesting them various preventive measures. They also involve in filling artificial teeth to maintain the beauty of face in the absence of natural teeth of the people. Therefore, dentists play a vital role to take care of human oral cavity by various ways.

Discuss the jobs of dentist and qualification for studying Dentistry.

5. Physiotherapy and PhysiotherapistPhysiotherapy refers to the treatment of disease, injury or weakness in muscles or joints of the people with the help of exercise, massage or use of heat and light. It is concerned with the remedy of disabilities and impairments of our muscles and joints with therapeutic effect. A health professional who involves in therapeutic activities for the treatment of patients is called physiotherapist. A physiotherapist provides treatment and suggestion as per the doctors prescription. Diploma in Physiotherapy is a medium level profession and Bachelor in Physiotherapy is a higher level profession in Medical Science. The entry qualification and study duration for these courses is given below.

Level/Degree Minimum Qualification DurationDiploma in Physiotherapy

SLC passed with at least second division 3 years

Bachelor in Physiotherapy

10+2 passed with at least second division (Biology as a major subject) or Diploma in Physiotherapy

4 years

Physiotherapist is a health professional in Medical Science who has completed four-year Physiotherapy course. Physiotherapist is an important health professional for quick recovery and remediation of the body problems. The scope of Physiotherapy and physiotherapist is increasing day by day due to the passiveness of people in search of comfortable lifestyle.


Medical Science is an important sector all around the world. It is related to human life. It has various fields with many professions ranging from basic level to higher level. Various works like preparing and dispensing drugs, checking up, diagnosing, treating people's body ailments, suggesting for preventive measures are related to taking care of human life. Therefore, Medical Science and various professions and professionals related to it are important for human life.

"The scope and importance of Physiotherapy and physiotherapist is increasing day by in this modern world." Discuss this statement with justification among your friends.

sensitive : tender, delicate, prone to hurt easilyextremely : to a very high degreedispensing : give or supplyprescription : an official piece of paper on which a doctor writes the type

of medicine you should havediagnose : to say exactly what an illness or the cause of a problem isanatomy : the scientific study of the structure of human or animal

bodiesremediation : remedyimpairment : a symptom of reduced quality or strengthrecovery : gradual healing after sickness or injury

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Make a list of professions and professionals related to Medical Science.

Explain the importance of Medical Science for human life.

b. What is Pharmacy? Mention the major jobs of pharmacist.

c. How does an ophthalmician help patients? Explain briefly.


d. Mention the major jobs of a nurse in Medical Science.

e. How does a doctor help us to make our life healthy? Explain with examples.

f. Define Dentistry. Mention the works of a dentist.

2. Justify the following statements with suitable examples. a. "Pharmacist has a great importance in the field of Medical Science."

b. "Nursing is a human service related profession."

c. "Medical Science is an important sector all over the globe."

3. Write short notes on: a. Health Assistant b. Paramedical Profession

c. Ophthalmology d. Physiotherapy

4. Write the full forms of the following: a. B. Pharma b. ANM c. HA

d. MBBS e. MD

Make a visit to a nearby hospital and pharmacy in your locality. Collect information regarding any two types of medical professionals working there. You need to take information of their degree and qualification, nature of work and work experience. Prepare a short report on the basis of your observation and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionWe have seen various physical infrastructures such as buildings, bridges, roads, towers, etc. Similarly, we use various kinds of electric and non-electric devices or machines in our daily life. These all physical infrastructures and machines are invented and designed by engineers with the knowledge of engineering. Engineering refers to the application of scientific knowledge in order to create and develop various structures, devices, processes, etc. An engineer is a professional who has completed engineering course in a particular field and practices his /her engineering knowledge and skill. The scope of engineering is extremely broad and there are many specialized fields or sectors in engineering. A particular field of engineering has a special emphasis on the particular areas of applied science, technologies, systems, processes, etc.

Different Sectors of Engineering and EngineersThe engineering sector is huge and diverse. There are various professions related to engineering and respective engineering professionals. The professionals related to engineering range from medium level to higher level.

Profession and Human Resources Related to Engineering


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define engineering with its importance.• mention different sectors of engineering and their

works.• differentiate between engineering and architecture.


For example, surveyor, sub-overseer, overseer, etc. are medium level human resources in engineering. But engineers of different sectors are higher level professionals related to engineering. Since the engineering field is broad and diverse, various sectors of engineering and related professionals are: Civil Engineering and Civil Engineer, Mechanical Engineering and Mechanical Engineer, Chemical Engineering and Chemical Engineer, Electrical Engineering and Electrical Engineer, Computer Engineering and Computer Engineer, Aeronautical Engineering and Aeronautical Engineer, Architecture Engineering and Architect. The brief description of these sectors are given below.

i. Civil Engineering and Civil EngineerThe engineering related to designing of roads, buildings, bridges, water supply systems, etc. is called civil engineering. Civil engineers are the professionals in civil engineering who design, supervise and lead the construction teams. They emphasize and focus on the strength and reliability of the structures. They create various types of designs of the structures according to the need of time.

ii. Mechanical Engineering and Mechanical EngineerThe engineering that is concerned with the study of motion, force and energy of the objects is called mechanical engineering. The professionals who try to control motion, force and energy by various creative efforts are mechanical engineers. They develop various machines and provide mechanical solutions. For example, the work related to combination of motor, force and energy in motor vehicle is the sector of mechanical engineering.


iii. Electrical Engineering and Electrical EngineerThe engineering which generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronic and electromagnetism is called electrical engineering. The professional who has specialization in the field of application of electricity is called an electrical engineer. Basically, electrical engineers involve in designing, developing, testing and supervising various types of electrical appliances for their manufacturing.

iv. Computer Engineering and Computer EngineerComputer engineering refers to developing of computer software and hardware required for computer technology. The professional who has a specialization in developing software and hardware of a computer is called a computer engineer. Computer engineering has a great scope in the modern age of computer and information technology.

v. Chemical Engineering and Chemical EngineerChemical engineering is related to manipulation of atoms and molecules of matters. Chemical engineer is a professional in engineering who has a specialization in manipulating atomic or molecular energy. Chemical engineers are basically involved in the field of energy and computing. Besides the above mentioned sectors of engineering, there are other engineering sectors such as Geological Engineering, Genetic Engineering, Social Engineering, etc. The entry qualification and duration of study of engineering is given below.


Level/Degree Minimum Qualification DurationBachelor in Engineering or Bachelor in Technology

10+2 passed in Science with at least second division (Math as a major subject) or Diploma in Engineering

4 years

Besides minimum qualification, it is also required to pass the entrance examination of engineering conducted by universities to be enrolled as an engineering student.

Architecture and ArchitectArchitecture refers to the creative and artistic aspects related to physical infrastructures. It is a branch of engineering that primarily focuses on the creative and artistic designs of physical constructions such as buildings, bridges, etc. An architect is a professional in engineering having specialization in various designs for physical infrastructures. The major focuses of the architects are designs, form, space, etc. of the physical constructions. The specialized aspects of architecture and architect are Building Design, Graphic Design and Interior Design. All aspects and their related works are based on scientific knowledge and principles of related sectors. The entry qualification and study duration of architect is given below.

Degree Minimum Qualification DurationBachelor in Architecture Engineering

10+2 passed in Science with at least second division (Math as a major subject) or Diploma in Architecture Engineering)

5 years

Besides meeting the minimum criteria, it is also required to pass the entrance examination to be enrolled in architecture engineering. Architects work with mechanical, civil, electrical engineers and other construction team members in order to give creative and artistic designs to physical infrastructures.

Engineering is a huge and diverse field all around the world. It is related to construction works, developing systems, creating designs, inventing processes, etc. Thus, various sectors of engineering and their related professionals play a vital role for the developmental works and advancement of modern life of the people.


Discuss the importance of various sectors of engineering in our daily life among your friends.

architect : a professional who designs building or other structuresreliability : the quality of being trustworthyappliance : an instrument or apparatus designed for specific purposemanipulate : to move, arrange or manage for intended purposediverse : different, distinct, separate

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define engineering and mention various medium level and higher

level human resources related to engineering.

b. Name any five sectors of engineering and mention any three works of an engineer.

c. Differentiating between engineering and architecture.

d. Explain the entry qualification with study duration for engineering and architecture.

e. Why do we need an architect? Explain briefly by focusing on its various sectors.

2. Write short notes on: a. Civil Engineering b. Architecture

c. Importance of Engineeringv

Study the designs of buildings or bridges of your locality and prepare a note on the basis of your observation. Present it in your classroom.


IntroductionAgriculture is a sector related to producing various products by farming and rearing livestock. Production of various agro-based raw materials required for industries, processing and modifying agricultural products and processing of animal products like meat, milk, etc. are also sub-sectors of agriculture. Therefore, there are various types of professions and professionals related to agriculture. These professions and professionals range from basic level to higher level. The professionals related to agriculture acquire expertise and experience related to animal and plant science. They study subjects related to plant science and animal science in the agricultural institutions. There is an Agricultural University in Nepal. The teaching learning activities and various researches regarding zoology and botany are conducted in this university. Also, various other agricultural institutions affiliated to this university produce various levels of human

Profession and Human Resources Related to Agriculture


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• name various human resources related to agriculture.• mention the works of agriculture experts.• explain the importance of Veterinary Science and

related professionals.


resources related to agriculture in Nepal. At present, innovative research is expected to come up with new findings in agricultural sector in Nepal. In this connection, a brief description of Agriculture Expert and Animal Doctor is presented.

Agriculture ExpertThere are various sub-sectors in agriculture. Therefore, the scope of agriculture is huge and diverse. It includes crop farming, vegetable farming, fruit farming, floriculture, livestock rearing, beekeeping, fish farming, etc. Thus, various experts related to particular field of agriculture are required. They should have knowledge of species of plants and animals, methods and practices and use of various chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, medicines, etc. Similarly, preventing and treating various types of diseases in different fields of agriculture is also equally important. Therefore, agriculture experts are essential to assist the operation of agricultural activities effectively for optimum benefit from this sector.

An agriculture expert is a professional related to specific knowledge, skill, training and expertise of a particular field of agricultural. For example, crop expert, fruit expert, flower expert, etc. The major job of these experts is to assist farmers in agricultural activities by various ways on the basis of their acquired knowledge and expertise of a particular field. The entry qualification and study duration of agricultural experts is given below.

Degree/Level Minimum Qualification DurationDiploma in Agriculture SLC passed with at least second

division3 years

B. Sc. in Agriculture 10+2 passed in Science with at least second division or Diploma in Agriculture

3 years

Diploma in Agriculture is a medium level profession and B. Sc. in Agriculture is a higher level profession in agriculture. Agriculture experts aid farmers in the method of production of agricultural products and provide technical support for various agricultural works. They also assist farmers in prevention and treatment of various diseases related to crops and livestock.


Discuss the importance of agriculture expert in the context of our country.

Veterinary DoctorVeterinary doctors are professionals in the field of animal science who have specialization in animal diseases and their treatment. Thus, they are also called animal doctors. Animal science or veterinary science is the science of checking up, diagnosing and treating of various disorders and diseases of animals and birds. Besides, veterinary doctors involve in breeding and handling of livestock. The entry qualification and study duration of veterinary doctor is given below.

Degree Minimum Qualification DurationBachelor in Veterinary Science

10+2 passed in Science with at least second division

4 years

Bachelor in Veterinary Science is a higher level profession in veterinary science. The veterinary doctors involve in preventive measures of spreading of animal/bird diseases and their treatment. They also perform animal surgery if needed. Besides, they provide expert advice to farmers regarding rearing of livestock. The scope of veterinary science and related professionals is increasing in Nepal at present.

Nepal is an agricultural country. Thus, the scope of various agricultural activities is huge and diverse in Nepal. Consequently, the scope of agricultural science is also diverse in Nepal. The demand of agriculture experts and veterinary doctors is also increasing for the commercialization of agricultural products. People involved in agricultural activities can get good economic benefit if they adopt modern methods and technologies in agricultural field.

"The scope of animal/veterinary doctors is diverse in Nepal." Discuss this statement among your friends.


expertise : great skill or knowledge in a particular field or hobbyinnovative : characterized by the creation of new ideas or thingsbreeding : the process of reproducing by natural or artificial meanssurgery : a medical procedure involving a major cut to remove, repair

or replace a part from a bodyadopt : to select and take

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the importance of agriculture human resources in the context

of our country.

b. Define agriculture expert with jobs related to it.

c. What does veterinary science mean? Explain briefly.

d. Describe the role of a veterinary doctor for rearing livestock effectively.

2. Write short notes on: a. Scope of Agricultural in Nepal

b. Veterinary Doctor

e. Importance of Animal/Veterinary Science

Make a group of around 7/8 students of your class. Prepare a list of the human resources that assist the farmers in agricultural activities conducted in your locality. Prepare a note on the works of such human resources and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionFinance is a sector related to economic activities of any business or vocation. Financial management is important in each and every sector such as education, health, agriculture, trade and business, etc. Moreover, financial management is necessary in the planning, operating and evaluation phase of any business. Therefore, there are various professions and professionals in finance sector. These various professions and professionals related to finance are accounting and accountant, auditing and auditor, finance executive and chief executive officer, finance management and finance manager, etc. Among various human resources related to finance, the description of audit and auditor, and finance management and finance manager is presented is this context.

Profession and Human Resources Related to Finance


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• mention various human resources related to finance.• differentiate between audit and finance management.• point out the roles of a finance manager.


Audit and AuditorAudit refers to the systematic process of examining variety of data related to the financial activities of an organization. It helps to check whether the account systems have been regulated and managed as per the law or not. Similarly, auditor is a professional related to finance who examines accounting systems and financial management reports prepared by other professionals of the organization. Audit of any organization is classified into internal audit and external audit. Hence, internal auditors and external auditors are professionals related to auditing.

Internal Audit and Internal AuditorInternal audit refers to assuring the correctness of financial statements of the organization. Internal auditor is a financial professional employed by the organization in order to check the financial systems and statements of the organization. The major job of an internal auditor is to examine the financial statements prepared by accountants and ensure that the financial and accounting systems of the organization are accurate as intended. The entry qualification, study duration and academic qualification of a internal auditor is given below.

Degree/Academic Qualification

Minimum Qualification for Entry

Duration

BBA or BBS 10+2 passed in any discipline 4 years

External Audit and External Auditor External audit refers to examining the financial statement independently prepared by the organization. External auditor is a certified public chartered accountant. External auditor examines the financial statements of the organization to ensure that they are accurate and working as intended. The entry qualification, academic qualification and study duration of an external auditor is given below:

Degree/Academic Qualification Minimum Qualification DurationAccounting Technician/CA (Chartered Accountant)

10 + 2 passed in any discipline

3.5 to 5 years


Internal and external auditors are higher level human resources related to finance. They have a great role in maintaining accuracy and truthfulness of the financial statements of different organizations. Internal auditor helps keep the organization in the right track in terms of financial activities. Independent external auditor helps maintain legal standard of accounting by preventing from all kinds of fraud related to financial activities.

Finance Management and Finance ManagerFinance management refers to managing the fund of an organization. Proper management of the fund ensures smooth operation of an organization. The success or failure of achieving the intended goals of an organization largely depends upon the management of fund of the organization. Therefore, a well experienced, skilled and efficient finance manager is needed for smooth operation of the organization in terms of financial activities. Finance manager is a higher level professional who is in charge of managing finance of the organization. The entry qualification, academic qualification and study duration of a finance manager is given below.

Degree/Academic Qualification Minimum Qualification for Entry

Duration

Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA) or Bachelor in Business Studies (BBS) or Bachelor in Business Management (BBM)

10 + 2 passed in Management or Science

4 years or 8 semesters

The major Roles of Finance ManagerFinance manager is a higher level human resource related to finance. The major roles of a finance manager in any organization are pointed below.

i. Finance manager is responsible for managing budget of an organization.

ii. Finance manager is responsible for providing financial advice to the management of the organization.


iii. Finance manager is responsible to develop external relationship to create new sources of fund.

iv. Finance manager is responsible to coordinate various financial activities of the organization.

v. Finance manager is responsible for supervising various financial aspects of the organization.

vi. Finance manager is responsible for overall finance management to run the organization smoothly.

Finance sector is one of the important sectors. It is a sensitive sector also. Therefore, the professions related to finance are also very sensitive. The professionals involve in this sectors should be well qualified, well trained and well experienced. The scope of professions related to finance is increasing day by day in this modern business world. At the same time, there are challenges in this field with the opportunities. Due to the advancement of computer and information technology, financial activities are also computerized and modified with modern technology. Therefore, being updated to the modern computer technology is very essential for any human resources who wants to involve and develop career in financial sector.

audit : an examination in general in accountintend : to fix the mind uponensure : to make sure or certaintruthfulness : the quality of being truthfulfraud : any act of deception carried out for the purpose of unfair

activitiessensitive : serious, need to be paid much attentionupdate : to bring up to date


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Mention any five human resources related to finance and explain their

importance for an organization.

b. Why is audit important in any organization? Explain with reasons.

c. Differentiate between audit and finance management.

d. Explain the role of a finance manager in an organization.

2. Write short notes on: a. Internal Audit

b. Academic Qualification for Finance Manager

c. Scope of Human Resources in Finance

Make a visit to a nearby finance institution (i.e. Bank or Cooperative) in your locality. Collect the information regarding the works of the finance manager of that institution and share it with your friends.


IntroductionTourism refers to the business activity related to providing transportation, accommodation, services and entertainment to the people who visit a place especially for pleasure. Similarly, tourists are the people who visit different places for entertainment and sometimes for other purposes also. In this sense, tourism is an industry that includes temporary movement of the people, various activities conducted by tourists and facilities provided to the tourists. Tourism is one of the important and largest industries in Nepal due to its diversity in various levels and availability of various mesmerizing tourist destinations. Therefore, Nepal has a diverse scope of professions and professionals related to tourism in the national as well as international levels. Some of the professions and the human resources related to tourism are hotel business, mountain and rock climbing, bunzy jumping, rafting, hotel manager, tourist guide, etc. The tourism in Nepal has created employment opportunities for many people directly or indirectly. Hotel industry is a prominent sector in tourism industry. Let us discuss hotel management and hotel manager in this context.

Profession and Human Resources Related to Tourism


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• name some professions and human resources related

to tourism.• explain the role of hotel industry for tourism industry.• describe the role of a hotel manager in a hotel.


Hotel Management and Hotel ManagerA hotel is a building where people stay, generally for a short time, paying for fooding, lodging and other facilities. Hotel provides various facilities to the people who stay there on short time basis. In tourism industry, hotel plays a vital role since it provides all facilities which tourists require during their stay. Hotel management refers to managing all aspects related to fooding and lodging with other services the hotel provides to the people. Thus, hotel manager is a key professional associated with hotel and its management. A hotel manager is accountable for various aspects such as management of facilities of the hotel, its staff, and advertising the hotel's facilities to attract tourists or other people. A well qualified, well trained and good personality hotel manager is the key pillar of the hotel for its business success. The entry qualification for study, study duration and academic qualification for a hotel manager is given below.

Degree/Academic Qualification

Minimum Qualification for Entry Duration

Bachelor in Hotel Management (BHM)

10 + 2 passed in Hotel Management subject or Science

4 years

Role of the Hotel Manager in a HotelHotel manager is a higher level human resources of hotel industry. Along with BHM degree, few years of experience working in hotel is required to be a hotel manager. The role and responsibilities of a hotel manager in a hotel is pointed out below.i. Hotel manager is responsible for managing, catering, accommodation and

other facilities available in the hotel.ii. Hotel manager is responsible for providing hospitality to the guests.iii. Hotel manager is responsible for managing hotel budget.iv. He/She is responsible for dealing with the comments and complaints

received from the customers. v. He/She is responsible for coordinating with different departments to create

pleasant and congential environment in the hotel.


vi. He/She is responsible for the publicity of the hotel's facilities to attract customers.

Scope of Tourism in NepalTourism in Nepal has a huge and diverse scope. Geographical, cultural and bio-diversity have proved to be a boon for tourism industry in Nepal. Snow-caped mountains, mesmerizing natural land-scapes, and tempting flora and fauna are the natural attraction for the foreign tourists in Nepal. Similarly, diverse cultural heritages, various religious destinations and multicultural norms and values of Nepal are also the major attraction for tourists. The highest peak in the world, Mt. Everest, various rivers for water sports and the UN registered various cultural and natural heritages have attracted international tourists to Nepal. Due to the great potentiality of tourism industry, there are many opportunities for tourism related professions and human resources in Nepal.

Nepal has a huge potentiality for tourism industry. In this context, discuss the opportunities for professions and human resources related to tourism in Nepal among your friends.

mesmerizing : fascinating, having strong attraction or attentionrafting : the sport of guiding a raft while descending a riverpillar : an essential part of something that provides supportcatering : the business of providing food and related servicesaccommodation : lodging in a dwellinghospitality : the act or service of welcoming, receiving, hosting or

entertaining guestspublicity : the condition of being the object of public attentionheritage : a tradition, something that can be passed down from

preceding generationspotentiality : the quality of being or having possible


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Mention any six professions related to tourism in the context of our

country and explain any one of them briefly.

b. Describe the role of the hotel manager in a hotel.

c. "Hotel industry is a key aspect of tourism industry." Justify this statement with suitable examples.

2. Write short notes on: a. Tourism Industry

b. Hotel Management

c. Scope of Tourism in Nepal

Imagine that you are a hotel manager of a five star hotel in Nepal. Prepare a plan to make your hotel one of the best hotels in Nepal.


IntroductionTeaching refers to conducting curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities in order to achieve the objectives prescribed by national or local curriculum. These activities can be conducted in the classroom, or outside the classroom. Various techniques or pedagogies are adopted to conduct teaching–learning activities. The major objective of teaching is learning achievement. Learning achievement refers to the totality of knowledge, skill and attitude of a learner. A person is needed to facilitate teaching- learning activities in the classroom or outside the classroom. A person, an instructor or a facilitator, is called a teacher or professor. A teacher is a professional related to teaching in the school level. A professor is a scholarly professional related to teaching in the college or university level.

There are various human resources related to teaching in order to create congenial environment for conducting teaching-learning activities in an

Profession and Human Resources Related to Teaching


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define teaching and name the human resources related

to teaching.• describe the role of a teacher in teaching.• explain the role of the head of an academic institution.• explain the importance of education.


educational institution. Generally, headmaster or principal and teachers are human resources in a school to conduct various activities for learners. Similarly, school management committee, facilitators, non-teaching staff, parents/guardians also play a vital role to create good academic environment at school. Likewise, campus chief , college/university teachers (professors), college management committee, facilitators, etc. involve in conducting and promoting teaching-learning activities in college/university. Thus, there are various types of professions and human resources involved in teaching directly or indirectly. In this context, a brief description of school teacher, college/university teacher, head teacher/principal and campus chief is presented.

School TeacherA professional related to conducting teaching-learning activities in school is called a school teacher. A teacher in school facilitates the process of learning for the students. He/She needs to acquire essential qualification to enter the teaching profession. Since there are various levels of education, the levels of teachers is also varied. The level of teacher, required degree and additional training is presented in the following table.

Level Academic Qualification Additional TrainingBasic (Grade 1 to 8) 10 + 2 passed with teaching

license10 months

Secondary Bachelor Degree passed in related subject with teaching license

1 year B. Ed. or 10 months training

Higher Secondary Master Degree passed in related subject

Role of a TeacherA teacher is an important educated person of every society. The role of a teacher is not limited to the school only. He/She has to play a vital role in the society in order to generate awareness among the people. He/She has a great role to make a society civilized, educated and advanced. The major role a teacher has to play in the society are presented below.


i. A teacher is responsible for facilitating all teaching-learning activities in the school.

ii. He/She is responsible for cultivating good habits and culture in the mind of learners at their delicate age.

iii. He/She is responsible for making students realize the importance of value based education.

iv. He/She should be a role model for each and every learner in the classroom and for the people in the community or society.

v. He/She should be a source of inspiration for the learners in the school.vi. He/She should be a leader and facilitator for the people in the society for

positive changes.vii. He/She has to take initiative to lead the people for creating civilized,

educated and well-cultured society.

College/University Teacher or ProfessorA teacher who teaches college or university students is called a professor. A professor is a highly academic professional in the field of teaching. A professor teaches the students at their prime age, which is very important age of life. Thus, a professor has a huge role to play for producing good and capable citizens of the nation out of the learners. The minimum qualification needed to be a college/university teacher is Master's degree in the related subject.

Role of a ProfessorA professor is an important educational professional for both students and the people in the society. Since he/she is a well qualified high scholar, the major role he/she has to play in the society are as follow.i. A professor is responsible for mentoring the students to make them good

in his/her subject.ii. He/She should guide students for searching various sources of knowledge.iii. He/She should motivate or inspire students for acquiring value based

education required for nation building.


iv. He/She should be a role model for the society.v. He/She should play a key role for political and social changes.vi. He/She should assess the expertise of students in a particular field.vii. He/She is responsible for taking initiative to conduct research, seminar,

conference, etc. to widen the horizon of knowledge of the college/university students.

Headmaster /Principal /Campus ChiefA headmaster or principal or campus chief is the head of an academic institution. In the school level, the headmaster or principal is the head teacher and in the college or university, campus chief is the head of the institution. Thus, head of the academic institution is the most senior teacher, manager and leader of the institution. In this sense, the principal or campus chief is a focal point of the whole academic institution. The success and sustainability of an institution largely depends upon the skillful management, effective coordination and proactive leadership of the principal or campus chief of the institution. Along with minimum qualification of academic level, a principal or campus chief should have several years experience in the field of education. Extra training and management knowledge related to handling academic institution is an added advantage for the head of an institution.

Role of the Principal or Campus Chiefi. Principal/Campus Chief is responsible for preparing schedule of academic

programs and coordinating accordingly.ii. He/She is responsible for developing and implementing various programs,

policies, etc. in the academic institution.iii. He/She should be responsible for creating good management and congenial

environment for conducting teaching- learning activities in the institution.iv. He/She should be a source of motivation and inspiration for students,

teaching staff and non-teaching staff.v. He/She should be responsible for monitoring overall activities in the

institution.


vi. He/She should be responsible for maintaining cordial relationship between students, teaching and non-teaching staff, parents/guardians and other members in the society.

vii. He/She should be responsible for the smooth operation of overall activities of the institution.

Importance of EducationEducation is the backbone of development. It is the main source to acquire various aspects like knowledge, skill, training, etc. which are essential in human life. Therefore, education is the most important part of human life. The importance of education for human being can be pointed out below. i. Education makes us knowledgeful, skillful, and well-trained.ii. It teaches us civilization, culture and other values of life.ii. It keeps us updated with the changes that occurred all around the globe.iv. It enables us to take care of our health, life, family and career.v. It leads us for positive changes required to develop society and nation.vi. It creates opportunities for employment to earn our livelihood.vii. It builds self-confidence to tackle various problems in our life.viii. It develops leadership to move ahead in our life.ix. It prepares human resources needed for the development of a nation.x. It helps remove unscientific practices and superstitions for developing

scientific and value based society.xi. It helps create social harmony and religious tolerance in the society.xii. It helps reduce poverty of the society and the nation

If you were a school teacher in the secondary level, how would you conduct teaching-learning activities and behave with students? Discuss it among your classmates.


pedagogy : the principles of methods of instructioncongenial : suitable, friendlyfacilitator : someone who makes progress easierprime : being at the best stage of developmentseminar : any meeting of an exchange of ideasconference : a large official meeting, usually lasting for few dayscordial : politely warm and friendlysuperstition : an irrational belief arising from ignoranceharmony : matching in opinion and actiontolerance : the act of tolerating something (e.g. religious tolerance)

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Mention any four professionals related to teaching and explain their

role in brief.

b. What are the responsibilities of a teacher? Mention any five major roles of a teacher.

c. How does a college/university teacher or professor contribute in the field of education? Explain briefly.

d. Mention any five major points to show the importance of education in human life.

2. Write short notes on: a. Academic Qualification of a Teacher

b. Head Master/Principal

c. Campus Chief


1. Divide the students of your class into 4/5 groups. Collect the information of your school teachers level wise related to the following aspects.

a. Personal details

b. Level they are teaching

c. Major subject or subjects they are teaching

d. Academic qualification

e. Extra degree/training

Now, prepare a CV of each teacher on the basis of collected information. A student from a group is supposed to prepare the CV of a teacher. Present the CV in your classroom and share it with your friends.

2. Arrange an appropriate time to conduct an interview with your principal. Collect information regarding his/her role in the school and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionCivil service is a charismatic sector of a nation. It is also called public service because it is related to the services provided to the people by a nation. Thus, civil service or public service refers to various kinds of services provided by the government of a nation to its citizens. Government establishes various offices to provide various services to its people. Therefore, there are various professions and human resources related to civil service or pubic service. The various sectors related to public service are security, administration, health, education, communication, transportation, trade and business, justice, etc. There are government, semi-government and non-government or private offices or organizations to provide various services to the people all around the nation. The major human resources related to public service are section officer, chief officer, executive officer, director, manager, etc. They have their assigned roles to be taken for the smooth flow of a nation's services and facilities to its citizens. In this context, a brief description of section officer, chief officer and manager each is presented.

Profession and Human Resources Related to Civil Service


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define civil service with examples.• name some human resources related to civil service.• explain the roles and responsibilities of section officer,

chief officer and manager.• describe the importance of civil service.


1. Section Officer (Sakha Adhikrit)There are various departments or branches of head offices in public service. Establishment of such branches ensures smooth flow of services to the people from the government easily and comfortably. Section officers are appointed in these departments to provide services to the people from their branches. Section officer refers to the professional related to public service who is in charge of coordinating the services of his/her section for their smooth flow to the people. The minimum entry academic qualification of a section officer is Bachelor's Degree. A person who has passed the examination conducted by the Public Service Commission is selected and appointed to the post of the section officer of the government of Nepal.

2. Chief Officer (Karyalaya Pramukh) Chief officers are appointed in every offices related to public service. For example, Chief District Officer (CDO) is appointed in district administration offices. Other human resources appointed as chief officers are District Education Officer (DEO), Local Development Officer (LDO), etc.The minimum academic qualification of a chief officer is Bachelor's Degree in related subject.

CDO is the highest administrative officer appointed under the Ministry of Home Affairs. He/She is responsible for coordinating, inspecting, and controlling other related offices in the district. Similarly, DEO is the highest administrative officer related to Education Ministry. He/She is responsible for inspecting, coordinating and controlling various education related offices and their activities. Likewise, LDO is related to development activities of the district. He/She is the head of the district development committee appointed under the Ministry of Local Development of our country. He/She is responsible for coordinating, mobilizing and inspecting development related works in the district.


3. Manager or Managing DirectorA manager or managing director is a professional related to public service who is responsible for administering an organization regularly, systematically and smoothly. The minimum academic qualification of a manager is Bachelors Degree. He/She has the duties of coordinating and managing overall activities of the organization. He/She should prepare plan and strategy for the overall welfare of the organization. He/she should be responsible for establishing contact by various ways with the stakeholders of the organization. In Nepal, there are various organizations where managers are appointed to lead the organizations. For example, Nepal Telecommunication (NTC), Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Nepal Airlines Corporation (NAC), Janak Shikshya Samagri Kendra Limited, etc.

Importance of Civil ServiceCivil service is related to providing various basic and other services to the people by the government. Such services are intended for providing citizenship, passport, education facilities, health facilities, communication facilities, etc. to the citizens of the nation. With the necessity of various civil services, the role of various human resources related to civil service is also important. Since civil service is a huge and diverse sector, there is a great scope of civil service related professions and professionals. The effective working system of the civil service related human resources results in the overall development and welfare of a nation. Thus, civil service has a huge role to play to uplift the life standard of the citizens and promote developmental activities of the nation.

Discuss the role of the District Education Officer to conduct activities related to education in your district. You can take help of your subject teacher.


charismatic : attractiveassign : to give somebody something that they can do work or use

responsibilityappoint : to choose somebody for a job or positionadminister : to manage and organize the affairspromote : to help something to happen or develop

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define public service and name any six human resources related to it.

b. Mention the roles and responsibilities of the manager of an organization.

c. Explain the scope of human resources related to civil service.

2. Write short notes on: a. Section Officer

b. Chief District Officer

c. Local Development Officer

3. Write the full forms of the following: a. CDO b. LDO c. DEO

d. NEA e. NTC

Make a visit to a nearby office or organization related to public service in a small group. Gather information regarding the roles and responsibilities of the managing director of the organization and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionEducation is the basic foundation of profession. In our society, we can see different people engaged in various professions on the basis of their acquired education. For example, some involve in teaching, while many others engage in engineering. Similarly, some are doctors and others are farmers. From these examples, it is obvious that the nature of education the people acquired has a great role in selecting and involving in professions. Similarly, professional skill and expertise is needed to make education useful for life. Vocational and practical education develops professional skill and expertise. Moreover, people need knowledge, skill, training and positive attitude to hold any profession. These aspects required for holding profession are gained by acquiring general and professional education. Thus, there is a close relationship between education and profession.

Career Development PlanThe relationship between education and profession plays a key role for the career of an individual. An individual makes his/her plan for career on the basis

Relationship between Education and Profession for Career

Development


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the relationship between education and

profession.• describe career development plan.• explain the importance of profession selection in

career development plan.


of his/her education, knowledge, skill and training. Career refers to the occupation or profession or working area of an individual in which he/she wants to involve in for his/her lifework. Professional education is the basis of good career of the people. Similarly, career development plan refers to plan of an individual to involve in any profession/occupation to develop his/her career. Making a career development plan is the most important aspect of an individual before selecting and involving in any occupation or profession.

Career development plan is an ongoing process which has various stages. First of all, an individual should discover his/her personal inner aspects such as interest, knowledge, strength, skill, etc. On the basis of his/her discovery, he/she should explore various opportunities of occupation/profession and analyze them. After this analysis, one should make a decision to make a correct choice. On the basis of the taking decision, one should involve in acquiring further education and skills to involve in the decided occupation/profession. Finally, before involving in any profession, one should evaluate his/her decision to know whether the decision is right or wrong and it will make his/her life happy or not. On the basis of the evaluation of decision, one can ultimately select a occupation/profession.

Selection of Occupation/ProfessionSelection of occupation or profession is one of the important aspects of career development plan of an individual. One should select his/her profession on the basis of his/her career development plan for his/her successful life. But in our society, we can see that people involve in various occupations or professions haphazardly without any plan. As a result, they cannot get success in their professions. Some people involve in their parental occupation/profession. It is due to the influence of their parents and accumulation of related knowledge from them. But, an individual's interest in the particular occupation/profession plays a key role for his/her successful career in the selected profession. Basically, the major factors taken into considerration for selecting occupation/profession are interest, ability and scope. An able and interested individual should plunge into his/her working area by analyzing its scope or opportunity carefully. As a result, he/she can achieve success in his/her occupation or profession.


Which profession or occupation do you want to carry out in your life and why? Discuss among your friends in your classroom.

foundation : baseongoing : continuingultimately : finallyhaphazardly : in a random, chaotic and incomplete mannerplunge : to enter, to start doing something

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. "Education is the foundation of a profession." Justify this statement

with suitable examples.

b. What does career development plan mean? Explain briefly.

c. How can you say that education and profession are interrelated? Explain with examples.

d. Why is the selection of profession a key component of the career development plan? Give reasons to justify your answer.

Prepare a list of any ten professions and related professionals in your locality. Find out the relationship between the education they acquired and profession they involved in. Present it in your classroom to share it with your friends.


Education, training and employment are closely related to one another. Education is a pre-requirement to involve in any employment. Similarly, training is needed to produce a competent and skillful manpower in any field. Employment opportunities are easily available for trained human resources. This unit includes:

introduction to medium and higher level general education organizations in Nepal with their programmes.

introduction to medium and higher level technical education organizations in Nepal with their various programmes.

introduction to international employment and international employers in Nepal.

Education, Training and Employment

Unit 2


IntroductionSchool Education of Nepal is divided into basic level and secondary level. The education above the secondary level is higher level education in Nepal. The school education from Grade 1 to Grade 8 is the basic education and the education from grade 9 to 12 is called secondary education in Nepal. In this way, formal school education in Nepal is of 12 years. All the schools run across the country provide school education. Similarly, the universities and the colleges affiliated to different universities impart higher education in Nepal.

Streams/Faculties in General Higher Education in NepalAt present, different universities have been offering subject-wise general education through different departments of different streams. These faculties or streams are Faculty of Humanities, Faculty of Management, Faculty of

Medium and Higher Level General Education Organizations


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain various faculties of general higher education

in Nepal.• introduce universities of Nepal briefly.• explain the importance of higher general education in

Nepal.


Education, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Science and Technology. A brief discussion of these faculties is presented in this context.

Faculty of HumanitiesIn this faculty, subjects like English, Nepali, Population, Journalism, History, Geography, etc. are offered. The major objective of this faculty is to provide education related to social sciences subjects.

Faculty of EducationFaculty of Education offers subjects related to pure education such as Curriculum, Educational Psychology, Teaching Methodology and Strategy, Educational Management, Evaluation and Supervision, etc. It plays a great role in making teaching learning activities qualitative and effective in school, college and university levels. The students who study under this faculty gain the theoretical and practical knowledge about teaching subject matter, teaching materials, teaching methodology, educational psychology and philosophy, child psychology, etc.

Faculty of ManagementFaculty of management offers the education related to business, trade, industry, finance, etc. Its major objective is to make its students able and skillful in the management sector. The subjects taught in this faculty are Accountancy, Finance, Economics and Mathematics, Business Studies, Marketing, etc.

Faculty of LawFaculty of Law offers education related to the field of law. Its major objective is to make its students skillful in interpreting and analyzing legal provisions. The fields in this faculty are Law and Justice, National and Internal Law, Labour Law, Criminology, Jurisdiction, etc.

Universities and Their Programs in NepalUniversity is an educational institution formed by the combination of various study enterprises and faculties in order to provide higher education in a nation. In the university, different subjects are offered in different levels. At present, there are nine universities in Nepal. The brief description of these universities is given below:


Tribhuvan UniversityThe oldest university of Nepal is Tribhuvan University (TU). It was established in 2016 BS. The central office of this university is at Kirtipur in Kathmandu. It has various study enterprises and faculties. It offers various facilities to offer various subjects in different levels. The faculties are Humanities and Social Sciences, Education, Management, Science and Technology, etc. The various subjects offered in different faculties are English, Nepali, Mathematics, Population, Science, Geography, Engineering, Medicince, Forestry, Animal Science, Political Science, Sanskrit, Ayurveda, etc. There are many TU affiliated colleges conducting Bachelors and Masters degrees across the country.

Nepal Sanskrit UniversityNepal Sanskrit University (NSU) was established in 2043 BS. Its central office is at Belijhundi in Dang. Different subject areas of classical literature have been emphasized in this university. Besides language, the classical literature includes Karmakand, Falit Jyotish, Yog, Natural Theraphy, Ayurveda, Vastu Vigyan, etc. In this university, Veda, Grammar, Religion, Legend, History, Justice, Philosophy, Tantra, Buddhism, etc. are taught. Similarly, this university also offers modern subjects such as Nepali, English, Mathematics, Economics, Education, etc. It has few colleges offering Bachelors and Masters degrees in some parts of the country.

Kathmandu UniversityKathmandu University (KU) was established in 2048 BS. Its Central office is at Dhulikhel in Kavrepalanchowk. This university was established to impart higher education of international standard


in the private sector. It offers various faculties and subjects in its different levels. Such subjects are Medicine, Enginerring, Management, Education, Law, etc. It has some colleges conducting Bachelors and Masters Degrees situated basically in the Kathmandu valley at present. This university offers both general and technical education.

Purwanchal UniversityPurwanchal University (PU) was established in 2051 BS. Its central office is in Morang. This university provides general, professional and technical education. PU has been conducting various faculties such as Science, Humanities, Management, Education, Law and Fine Arts. It has many colleges across the country conducting Bachelors and Masters levels in various faculties.

Pokhara UniversityPokhara University (PU) was established in 2054 BS. Its central office is at Pokhara in Kaski. It has been offering various academic programmes under different faculties. The faculties conducted by this university are Science and Technology, Management and Humanities and Social sciences. It has various colleges conducting Bachelors and Masters programs in different subjects.

Lumbini Bauddha UniversityLumbini Bauddha University (LBU) was established in 2062 BS. The central office of LBU is situated in Lumbini. Generally, LBU was established to propagate teaching of Gautam Buddha. The subjects this university offers are Buddhism, Literature, Education and Culture. It has few affiliated colleges conducting Bachelors and Masters levels in various subjects.


Agriculture and Forestry UniversityAgriculture and Forestry University (AFU) was established in 2067 BS. The central office of AFU is at Rampur in Chitwan. It offers study and research in the areas of agriculture, forestry and animal science. The aim of this university is to produce scholarly skilled human resources related to agriculture and forestry. It has been conducting Diploma, Bachelors, Masters and Research programs in the sector of agriculture, veterinary science and forestry.

Mid Western UniversityMid Western University (MWU) was established in 2067 BS. The central office of this university is located at Birendranagar in Surkhet. It conducts studies and researches in various faculties. The faculties conducted by this university are Humanities, Science, Medical Science, Management, Law and Education. It also offers technical and professional education in its various levels. It conducts under graduate and post graduate programs in various sectors.

Far-Western UniversityFar-Western University (FWU) was established in 2067 BS. The central office of FWU is situated at Bhimdatta Municipality in Kanchanpur district. Various faculties conducted by this university are Humanities, Science, Management and Education. It conducts under graduate and graduate programs in various faculties.

Discuss the role of universities in Nepal in producing various human resources required for different sectors among your friends.


affiliate : to link a group, a company or an organization very closely with another larger one

impart : to pass information, knowledge, etc. to other peoplefaculty : a department or a group of related departments in a college

or universityenterprise : a company or businesspropagate : to spread an idea, a belief or a piece of information among

many people

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any four faculties of general higher education in Nepal and

describe any one of them briefly. b. Name all universities of Nepal with the date of their establishment. c. Describe the role of Agriculture and Forestry University in producing

human resources related to agriculture and forestry in Nepal. d. Mention the various study areas related to education offered by Faculty

of Education in Nepal.

2. Write short notes on: a. School Education in Nepal b. Faculty of Law c. Kathmandu University d. Far Western University

3. What do the following stand for: a. TU b. NSU c. LBU d. MWU e. FWU

4. Write an essay on "Importance of Higher Education in Nepal."

Prepare a list of nine universities of Nepal with their established date, their location and the faculties they are offering and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionWith the advancement of science and technology, technical education has become the need of time. Also, technical education has greater scope in various sectors than that of general education. Thus, various efforts have been made to develop technical education in Nepal. As a result, different universities in Nepal have developed systems of providing technical education in medium and higher levels. Besides, there are different companies, academies, institutions and councils that provide technical education related to various sectors in Nepal. They conduct various programs related to different sectors such as medicine, engineering, agriculture, animal science, etc. The major objective of these technical organizations is to prepare skilled technical human resources in various sectors of our nation. Some of the organizations that have been providing technical education in medium and higher levels in Nepal are briefly discussed below.

Medium and Higher Level Technical Education Organizations


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the importance of technical education.• name various technical education organizations

related to health science.• name various technical education organizations

related to engineering.• explain the importance of technical education

organizations in Nepal.


B.P. Koirala Academy of Health ScienceThe B.P. Koirala Academy of Health Science (BPKAHS) was established in 2049 BS with the financial and technical assistance of India.

The major objective of this academy is to produce skillful and competent human resources related to medical science by conducting various undergraduate, post graduate and research programs in the field of medicine. Besides, its focus is on providing quality health care and conducting innovative researches in health sector.

Tribhuvan University Teaching HospitalThe Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) was established in 2028 BS under the Tribhuvan University. It is situated at Maharajgunj in Kathmandu. The major objective of this hospital is to produce skillful, competent and capable human resources in the field of health and medicine. It provides technical education related to medical science. Besides, it is also committed for providing various quality health care facilities nad conducting innovative researches related to health sector in Nepal.

National Academy of Medical ScienceThe National Academy of Medical Science (NAMS) was established in 2060 BS in Bir Hospital Kathmandu. It is an institution of teaching university level medical science in order to produce capable doctors and nurses required in the field of health science.


Patan Academy of Health ScienceThe Patan Academy of Health Science (PAHS) has been conducting its higher educational programs in the field of health science. PAHS has been founded in Patan Hospital with the objective of producing expert doctors. For this purpose, PAHS has been conducting MBBS programs along with other health related programs.

Agriculture and Animal Science EnterpriseThe Agriculture and Animal Science Enterprise (AASE) was established in 2014 BS. This enterprise has been producing medium and higher level experts related to agriculture and animal science. In the beginning, it was established to produce Junior Technical Assistant (JTA). Establishing its own laboratory and research centres, it has started various academic programs related to agriculture and animal science. Besides, it conducts various innovative researches in this field.

Pulchowk Engineering CampusThe Pulchowk Engineering Campus (PEC) is the central campus of engineering in Nepal. Its central office is at Pulchowk in Lalitpur. Various engineering programs in the sector of civil, architect, electronic, computer and mechanical are conducted in this campus. It has its own well equipped laboratories to conduct various practical and research works related to engineering. Its major objective is to produce expert engineers in different sectors.


Thapathali Engineering CampusThe Thapathali Engineering Campus (TEC) is situated at Thapathali in Kathmandu. The main objective of this campus is to produce various medium and higher level human resources related to engineering. It has been conducting various Diploma and Bachelors programs in mechanical, electronic, industrial and auto-mobile sectors.

Council of Technical Education and Vocational TrainingThe Council of Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) was established in 2045 BS with the objective of framing and implementing vocational programs and trainings. The main objective of this council is to produce basic and medium level human resources related to vocational and technical education. It has been conducting technical S.L.C. (TSLC) and various Diploma Programs in the field of technical education and vocational training. It has its own and affiliated institutions in different parts of the country to conduct these programs.

Discuss the role of various technical organizations in producing medium and higher level technical human resources related to engineering and medical science in Nepal. You can take help of your subject teacher in this discussion.

scope : the opportunity or ability to do or achieve somethingcompetent : having enough skill or knowledge to do something wellequip : to furnish by supplying whatever is necessary


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any five organizations related to medical science that produce

medium and higher level human resources related to this sector in Nepal and explain any one of them briefly.

b. Name any two technical organizations related to engineering and explain their role in producing human resources in this sector.

c. Explain the importance of Council of Technical Education and Vocational Training in producing technical, vocational and trained manpower in various sectors.

2. Write short notes on: a. National Academy of Medical Science

b. Tapathali Engineering Campus

c. Technical Education

3. Write the full forms of: a. TUTH b. NAMS c. AASE d. CTEVT

Make a visit to a nearby technical education providing organization in your locality and prepare a short report by including the following points.a. Introduction to the organizationb. Programs conducted by the organizationc. Types of human resources it producesd. Conclusion


IntroductionEmployment refers to the situation in which people have work to generate income. In this sense, employment is the set of activities in which people involve for earning money on a regular basis. People can earn money from regular source of income by being involved in various jobs related to various activities. Some people can be employed in the local level. This situation is called local employment. Some people can work in activities of national level. But, some people cross the boundary of a nation in search of jobs. The situations in which people involve in money making activities of foreign country is called foreign employment or international employment. Thus, employment is broadly classified into national employment and international employment. The brief description of international employment is given below.

International EmploymentEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define international employment with examples.• name various categories of international employers

and identify them.• explain the importance of international employment

for developing countries.


International EmploymentInternational employment refers to the employment that is associated with international companies or organizations. International organizations or companies have their scope in international level and operate in more than one nation. International companies or organizations create various job opportunities of international level. These jobs or services are related to offices or companies of international level. Some of the examples of international employers are Multinational Companies, International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs), International Universities, etc.

International Employers in NepalThere are various multinational companies, international non-governmental organizations and global organizations that have been providing international employment in Nepal. Some of the major international employers in Nepal are given below.

The Specified Agencies of the United Nations Organization (UNO):United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), etc.

Global Organizations:International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO), International Monetory Fund (IMF), etc.


International Non-governmental Organization (INGO):Save the Children, Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA), Action Aid Nepal, CARE Nepal, FHI360 Nepal, Helvetas Nepal, Plan Nepal, Practical Action, The Asia Foundation, etc.

Multinational Companies:Unilever, Dabar Nepal, Cocacola, Homemaker Private Limited, Everest Trade Link, Unity Automation Solution Pvt. Ltd., etc.

Features of International EmployersInternational employers are the organizations that provide international employment. These organizations have their own nature and system of doing work. It means that they are unique in their own ways and hence different from the national employers. Some of the distinguished features of international employers are pointed out below.

i. International employment providing organizations operate their activities in various countries through their branches or agents.

ii. They operate their activities by following social, cultural, political, ethical and geographical aspects of the country where they are established.

iii. They control their activities in different countries from their headquarters established in a particular country.

iv. They have a unique international standard of working and paying system.

v. Generally, INGOs and global organizations prioritize poor, marginalized and vulnerable people and developing countries to render their services.


Importance of International EmploymentInternational employment is a good source of generating income. It has a great role to increase the national income of the nation. Besides, it also helps conduct developmental activities in various sectors. Basically, the importance of international employment for developing countries is pointed out below.i. International employment helps increase economic activities in the country.ii. It widens employment scope in various sectors of the country by creating

various employment opportunities.iii. It helps in the integration of social and economic aspects of the country.iv. It has key role in transferring knowledge, skill, technology, etc. from one

country to another.v. It provides good economic benefit to the employees since its paying system

is of international standard.vi. International employees have good exposure in the international level and

they have good career for employment.

Discuss the role of international employment in the context of Nepal among your friends.

boundary : the dividing line or location between two areas/countries

multinational : of or involving more than two countries

ethical : of or relating to the study of ethics

marginalized : relegated to the margin or to a lower limit

vulnerable : likely to be exposed to the chance of being harmed

render : to cause to become

exposure : condition of being exposed/gained publicity


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does international employment mean? Explain its importance in

any four points.

b. Mention any four categories of international employers in Nepal with at least two examples of each.

c. Mention any five features of international employment providing organizations or companies.

d. "International employment has a great importance for developing countries." Justify this statement with convincing examples.

Make a visit to a nearby international employment providing organization in your locality and prepare a short note on its importance for making economic benefit in our country.


Information related to nature of works, types of workers, recruiting procedure, etc. are called information related to employment. There are various sources that are used to acquire information related to foreign employment. This unit includes:

sources of information related to foreign employment.

ways of acquiring information related to foreign employment.

introduction to various media that provide information related to foreign employment.

basic information related to foreign employment.

opportunities and challenges of foreign employment.

Information Related to Employment

Unit 3


IntroductionPeople migrate from one country to another in search of jobs. They work in foreign land according to their knowledge, skill and ability. This situation of the people is called engaging in foreign employment. Foreign employment refers to engaging in work in foreign land in order to generate income. In other words, the situation of people getting employed by crossing the national boundary is called foreign employment. For example, if people from Nepal go to different countries like America, Japan, Malaysia, etc. and employed there, it is called foreign employment. Various foreign organizations, companies, institutions, business persons demand human resources from Nepal with the permission of the Nepal government. They provide information related to required number of workers, nature of profession, required qualification, working and paying system, etc. while demanding manpower. In this connection, various manpower companies and agents connect Nepali human resources to foreign employers.

Sources of Information Related to Foreign Employment


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define foreign employment with examples.• be familiar with various sources of information related

to foreign employment.


Foreign employers demand various information related to employees. These information include knowledge, skill, ability, training, etc. of the employees. In the context of Nepal, there are various private manpower companies which has got the responsibility of selecting required human resources for foreign employment. Under the government rules and regulations, they provide various information to the workers on behalf of foreign employers and send workers in respective countries. But, sometimes foreign employers directly select the required manpower for their need. The various agencies in Nepal which provide different information related to foreign employment are briefly described below:

Department of Foreign EmploymentThe Department of Foreign Employment is established under the Ministry of Labour of Nepal Government. It performs tasks related to foreign employment. Basically, its works are related to labour permission, labour insurance, labour contract, contract renew, etc. Besides, it keeps record of foreign employees and sticks the sticker on the employees passport. People can get required information related to foreign employment from the department of foreign employment.

Ministry of Labour of Government of NepalThe Ministry of Labour in Nepal manages labour market in different foreign countries. It provides information and notices related to foreign employment and employers. This ministry floats the notices regarding number of employees, nature of employment, required training for the employees, etc.


Human Resources Organizations and InstitutionsHuman Resources Organizations and Institutions provide required information to the interested candidates related to foreign employment. The interested foreign employees should gather information about sector of employment, working system, paying system, facilities, etc. before going for foreign employment. The job of human resources organizations and institutions is to inform or notify human resources related to various aspects of foreign employment through various public media like newspapers, television, radio, etc. Besides, they conduct various awareness programs, meetings, conferences, etc. to make foreign employees well-informed and aware regarding foreign employment.

Training InstitutionsVarious training institutions are established to prepare skilled manpower by providing them required knowledge, skill and training for foreign employment. They conduct various training programs according to need, interest and ability of the manpower. Such trainings are conducted at a cost or free of cost. Besides conducting trainings, these institutions conduct counseling programs and provide various information regarding documentations to the employees.

Counseling InstitutionsCounseling Institutions are established to inform human resources regarding the advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and challenges, prospects, etc. of foreign employment. Besides, they conduct various informative programs related to documentation, visa process, code of conduct of the workers, etc. They also conduct awareness programs related to challenges and risk of the foreign employment and their solution. In this regard, they spread information through newspapers, electronic media, websites, etc.

Website of Foreign Organizations or InstitutionsThe websites of foreign organizations or institutions are major sources of


foreign employment. Different countries provide information regarding their required manpower through websites of their companies or organizations. But the websites are considered effective for accumulating information between the countries which have made labour agreement. The authentic websites of foreign organizations or institutions provide required information related to their employment system to interested manpower.

Discuss the importance of various sources of information related to foreign employment among your friends.

foreign : located outside a particular place or country and especially outside your own country

employment : activity in which one engages or is employedvisa : an official mark or stamp on a passport that allows someone

to enter or leave a country usually for a particular reason

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What is foreign employment? Explain with examples. b. Mention any five sources of information related to foreign employment.

Explain any one of them. c. Describe the importance of training institution in the field of foreign

employment.

2. Write short notes on: a. Importance of Foreign Employment b. Department of Foreign Employment c. Counseling Institutions

Visit any three websites of foreign organizations or institutions. Collect information related to foreign employment provided by these websites and share it in your class.


IntroductionThere are various media that provide information related to foreign employment. We can use these media according to their accessibility to acquire information related to foreign employment. There are prospectuses of various companies that provide required information related to employment of the respective company or organization. Similarly, notice boards of the institutions under the Ministry of Labour can be used to get information related to foreign employment. We can get various information related to foreign employment through the human resources organizations or institutions directly or from their websites. Similarly, prospectus and other journals of counseling and training institutions also provide information related to foreign employment. Likewise, we can use various electronic media such as radio, TV and non-electronic media such as newspapers, journals,

Ways of Acquiring Information Related to Foreign Employment


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• introduce the ways of acquiring information related to

foreign employment.• describe various types of media that provide

information related to foreign employment.


booklets, advertisements published in various non-electronic media. We can also acquire required information related to foreign employment by attending various conferences, seminars, interactions related to foreign employment. Thus, before acquiring information related to foreign employment, it is necessary to identify the sources of information related to foreign employment. In this connection, a brief description of the media that provide information related to foreign employment is given below.

Media of Information Related to Foreign Employment

Notice BoardNotice board or Bulletin board refers to the board with particular notices or information on it. Every foreign employment company or organization places a notice board at its main entrance to provide information related to foreign employment. Generally, we can find the following details of the foreign company's demand on such notice board.

Name of the country: Minimum qualification:Name of the company: Monthly Salary:Post of the employees: Contract Period:Number of posts: Facilities:

We can get information regarding foreign employment through the notice board of various employment related companies.

ProspectusVarious organizations related to foreign employment, counseling and training centers, etc. publish prospectus or introduction booklet to provide information on foreign employment. Such prospectus contain various information like qualification, skill, training, etc. needed for a particular employment. It is a reliable source of information and we can study prospectus carefully to get detailed information regarding foreign employment.


Institutions under the Ministry of LabourThere are various institutions established under the Ministry of Labour to do the work related to foreign employment. Foreign agencies or companies contact with such institutions regarding their demand of manpower. Interested candidates can get required information from these institutions directly or they can go through websites of such institutions.

Human Resources Institution and AuthorityVarious institutions or organizations are established to provide required information related to foreign employment. Similarly, such institutions have their authentic representatives. Interested candidates can get the required information by contacting the representatives of these institutions directly.

Manifesto of Training InstitutionsManifesto of training institutions is an effective and reliable source of information related to foreign employment. It contains nature of works, required training, minimum qualification, etc. related to employment in a foreign country. Thus, interested people can get necessary information by studying such manifestoes.

WebsitesThis is the age of information technology. In this age, computer technology has made various information easy and faster. Various employment companies have their own websites and they keep the information related to foreign employment in their websites. Interested candidates can get information by studying these websites of various foreign employment related companies through the internet. Nowadays, we can execute various works through the internet such as applying for foreign employment, sending documents, etc.

NewspapersNewspapers refer to a set of large printed sheets of paper containing news, articles, advertisements, etc. to provide various information to people. These newspapers are published in local, national or international level in


daily, weekly, fortnightly, etc basis. Various information and advertisements related to foreign employment are published in such newspapers, journals or magazines. The newspapers are reliable sources of information because these are operated with the permission of the government of a nation.

Electronic MediaElectronic media refer to Radio, FM, television, etc. which are reliable sources of information. The required information and advertisements related to foreign employment are broadcast through these media. We can get necessary information by listening to the information, advertisements, or other programs or materials related to foreign employment. Besides, these media conduct various awareness programs related to foreign employment. We can gather information related to opportunities, challenges, risks, etc. of foreign employment by the use of electronic media.

Public ProgramsManpower agencies, counseling and training centres, etc. conduct various public programs related to foreign employment. Such programs include public meeting, conference, seminar, etc. that provide various information related to different aspects of foreign employment. We can attain such programs to gather information related to foreign employment.

Discuss the various ways of acquiring information related to foreign employment among your friends.


counseling : direction or helpful suggestions regarding future course of action

attain : to gain with effort

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does information related to foreign employment mean? Explain

with some examples. b. Mention any six media of providing information related to foreign

employment. Explain any one of them. c. How can we acquire information regarding foreign employment from

electronic media? Explain. d. Describe the role of the public programs in disseminating foreign

employment related information.

2. Match column 'A' with column 'B'. Column A Column B Newspaper Public meeting Conference Way of acquiring information Reading notice Internet Website Non-electronic medium

3. Write short notes on: a. Notice Board b. Prospectus c. Non-electronic Media of Information

Meet a person in your locality who is intending to go for foreign employment and collect information regarding it. Ask him/her about ways of acquiring information related to foreign employment and prepare a short note on it. Share it with your friends in your classroom.


IntroductionAt present, the attraction of foreign employment is increasing in our country day by day. With the wider scope of foreign employment, various challenges and risk factors are also on rise. Various basic information related to foreign employment are essential to be acquired to minimize risk factors and overcome challenges in this field. Since employees go to alien land to involve in employment, they should acquire various information related to geographical and cultural aspects of the foreign country, process of applying, working and paying system, information providing agencies, etc. In the absence of acquiring such basic information, foreign employees may be compelled to pay high cost for processing and work in low wage in foreign country. Similarly, if the employees lack basic information related to foreign land and employment of respective country, they may suffer a lot. They may be cheated and in some case, they may be compelled to return to their own country. Thus, it is necessary to get some basic information related to foreign employment before involving in it.

Basic Information Related to Foreign Employment


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• be familiar with basic information related to foreign

employment.• explain the role of Foreign Employment Promotion

Board in the field of foreign employment.


Essential Information Related to Foreign EmploymentSome of the essential information related to foreign employment are briefly described below.

Geographical and Cultural Aspects of the Foreign CountryA foreign employee will face an entirely new environment in foreign land. In the absence of basic information related to the topography, climate, etc. of the foreign land, there might be problem in physical adjustment. Similarly, the basic information of the cultural aspects such as language, religion, norms and values, etc. of the foreign country is also essential for social adjustment. Thus, before plunging into foreign employment, a prospective employee should be well informed regarding the geographical and cultural aspects of the foreign land.

Organizations and Agencies Related to Foreign EmploymentThere are various organizations, institutions, agencies, etc. that work in the field of foreign employment. Before applying for foreign employment, interested candidates should be well informed regarding such agencies or organizations. The authorization, past record, market goodwill, etc. of these agencies are some of the basic information related to them. These information should be collected and analyzed well before processing for foreign employment. Moreover, information about Nepalese embassy in the foreign country, foreign employment board, etc. should be collected from these organizations and agencies.

Nature of Work and Working SystemIt is essential to acquire detailed information related to work and working system in a foreign country. The information regarding nature of work, required qualification, skill, training for work, contract period, etc. should be collected before applying for it. Besides, information related to working system such as working hour, weekly, monthly and yearly holidays, overtime working system, etc. should be acquired in detail.

Employment Charge and Paying SystemBefore applying for employment, prospective employee should gather information regarding the total charge he/she should pay to get in the employment. Along with it, he/she should get detailed information regarding


the salary, bonus and extra work paying system of the foreign employment. Lacking the detailed information about the cost for employment and paying system in the foreign country, we may be compelled to pay high amount to get foreign employment and work in cheap wage.

Work AuthorizationWork authorization refers to work permit of one country to work in foreign country. In some countries, foreign employment for certain countries may not be permitted. Thus, gathering information of legal provision related to work permit is essential before applying for foreign employment. In this connection, detailed information related to diplomatic relation between two countries, their labour agreement and work permit system should be acquired in advance.

Training and Counseling Providing InstitutionsVarious training institutions are established to provide training in different sectors required for foreign employment. Similarly, counseling institution provide various information related to foreign employment. They also conduct various awareness and orientation programs regarding foreign employment. The people who want to go for foreign employment should gather information regarding these institutions or organizations.

Organizations Providing Legal TreatmentThere are various government and non-government organizations established for providing legal information and treatment regarding foreign employment. We should keep information of such organizations so that we can take necessary legal information and suggestions in the time of need. Legal advice and treatment is necessary in the case of cheating and fraud related to foreign employment.

Foreign Employment Promotion BoardIt is the responsibility of a government to manage various activities related to foreign employment. For this purpose, Foreign Employment Promotion Board has been established in Nepal. It is a government body working on various aspects of foreign employment. There are different agencies and organizations in private sector that


provide services related to foreign employment. These organizations should follow government rules and regulations related to foreign employment system. Foreign Employment Promotion Board controls and regulates different foreign employment related agencies in Nepal. The major objective of this board is to make foreign employment organized, secure and respected. It also enhances and protects rights of employees in foreign land.

Role of Foreign Employment Promotion BoardForeign Employment Promotion Board plays a key role in promoting foreign employment by various ways. The major role of this board in the field of foreign employment can be pointed out below:i. It monitors, controls and regulates various organizations and agencies

related to foreign employment.ii. It collects, processes and disseminates various information related to

foreign employment.iii. It studies new international labour market and working system.iv. It conducts various orientation programs related to foreign employment.v. It monitors activities of skill and training providing organizations.vi. It works on labour agreement and work permit with different countries.vii. It mobilizes foreign employment welfare fund.viii. It conducts research on opportunities and challenges in the field of foreign

employment.ix. It conducts various programs through electronic media in order to generate

awareness regarding foreign employment.x. It assists government to use the knowledge, skill and technology of

returned workers and the remittance for the development of the country.

1. Discuss the basic information related to foreign employment among your friends.

2. 'Foreign Employment Promotion Board plays a key role in making foreign employment systematic, organized, secure and respected'. Justify this statement by presenting your views in your classroom.


plunge : begin with your vigor, to enter in somethingorientation : introducing a new situation or environmentlegal : allowed by official rules

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Mention any five essential information related to foreign employment

and explain any one of them.

b. Why is it necessary to be well informed about the geographical and cultural aspects of the foreign country in the field of foreign employment? Explain with examples.

c. Why is Foreign Employment Promotion Board established in Nepal? Explain briefly.

d. Mention any five points to show the importance of Foreign Employment Promotion Board in Nepal.

2. Write short notes on: a. Work Authorization

b. Foreign Employment Promotion Board

Make a chart of basic information related to foreign employment and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionPresent age is the age of globalization. In the global market, scope of foreign employment is diverse and huge. There are a number of opportunities in the global labour market in different sectors. Foreign employment is a good source of generating income and it helps solve unemployment problems. But along with opportunities, there are challenges in the field of foreign employment. Similarly, there are advantages and disadvantages of foreign employment. Exploring opportunities and overcoming challenges may result in benefit from foreign employment. But it is not guaranteed benefit all the time. Sometimes, foreign employees might have to face various problems and bear unexpected loss from foreign employment. Thus, opportunities and challenges in foreign employment are the two sides of the same coin. Some of the opportunities and challenges in the field of foreign employment are discussed below.

Opportunities and Challenges of Foreign Employment


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain opportunities of foreign employment.• describe challenges of foreign employment.


Opportunities of Foreign EmploymentIn the context of our country, some of the opportunities of foreign employment are mentioned below.

Exposure in the Foreign LandIn the course of foreign employment, people visit different places of various countries. They get opportunities to travel different places and explore new things. In short, foreign employees get international exposure in the field of their work.

Skill Enhancement and Importing TechnologyForeign employment is a good opportunity of enhancing working knowledge and skill. Similarly, returned workers import foreign technology which can be used in the development of our country.

Earning Foreign CurrencyForeign employment is a good opportunity of generating foreign currency. It helps uplift the life standard of the people. Similarly, it is a good opportunity of raising economic level of the country. Ultimately, it helps in economic development of the country.

Solution to Unemployment ProblemInvolving in foreign employment is a good opportunity to minimize acute unemployment problem in the country. People search for jobs in foreign employment and they migrate to the foreign land in order to generate money.

Cultural ExchangeIn foreign employment, people of one country migrate to another country. It is a good opportunity to share cultural norms and values between the people of two or more countries. It enhances cultural knowledge of the people who involve in foreign employment.


Challenges of Foreign EmploymentAlthough there are many opportunities in foreign employment, there are various challenges in this field. Some of the challenges of foreign employment are discussed below.

Acquiring Knowledge and Information of Foreign CountryIt is necessary to get detailed information of the foreign land where an individual wants to go for employment. Similarly, knowledge of geographical and cultural aspects of the foreign country should be gained to get good exposure in the foreign country. Also, it is necessary to get detailed information regarding the various technologies and working systems of the foreign country to prevent from various risk factors.

Acquiring Skill, Knowledge and Training for Foreign EmploymentIt is necessary to get good knowledge and command over foreign language. Similarly, it is a challenge to be an expert in the particular field by acquiring knowledge, skill and training. Untrained and unskilled workers suffer a lot in the foreign land. In the absence of training and skill, the workers have to mostly involve in dirty, dusty and dangerous outdoor works.

Cultural AdjustmentIt is difficult to adjust in the new set up of the foreign land in the field of foreign employment. New physical environment and different cultural aspects such as norms and values, life style, language, religion, etc. are really challenging for new employees in foreign land.

Managing Manpower in the countryThe attraction of foreign employment is increasing day by day in the context of our country. It results in shortage of manpower in the country. It is challenging to manage required manpower for the developmental activities in the country. In the context of Nepal, it is really challenging to prevent technical higher and lower levels human resources from migrating to foreign country. It means that it is a challenge to stop brain drain.


Utilizing Remittance for Productive WorkIt is a challenge for any country to use the remittance in productive work of the nation. In the context of Nepal, large section of remittance has not been used in productive works due to various reasons. It is really challenging for the government to develop productive investment system to utilize remittance for productive works.

Proper Legal DocumentationProper legal documentation is an essential factor of foreign employment. It is really challenging to execute all the activities related to foreign employment in time to stop various problems that may arise in this field. The lack of particular authority to work in this field has created many problems and to solve such problems is really a challenge in the context of our country.

Conduct a debate on "Foreign employment is a boon for the country." Speak for and against the title one by one in your classroom.

globalization : the process of going to a more interconnected worldexplore : to seek for somethingremittance : a payment of money sent to a person in another placeauthority : the power to enforce rules or give orders


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Mention any five opportunities of foreign employment and describe

any one of them briefly.

b. What are the challenges of foreign employment in the context of Nepal? Mention any six and explain any one of them briefly.

c. 'Foreign employment' is a debatable issue because some support foreign employment, while others go against it. Present your position in this regard by providing convincing examples.

2. Write short notes on: a. Brain Drain

b. Cultural Adjustment

c. Cultural Exchange

Arrange a meeting with the person in your locality who has returned from the foreign employment. Ask him/her regarding the challenges a foreign employee may have to face in the foreign land. Prepare a short note on it and present it in your classroom.


Various interpersoal skills are closely related to the professional and vocational life of an individual. Such soft skills are called general vocational/business skills. General business skills are descision making skill, problem analyzing and solving skills, etc. This unit includes:

introduction to soft skills.

decision making skill and steps of decision making process.

problem analyzing skill.

problem solving skill and the ways of developing problem solving skill.

General Business Skills


Unit 4


IntroductionSoft skill refers to the personal skill that is generally interpersonal, non-specialized and difficult to quantify. Such skill is used in our daily life in different sectors. Soft skills are closely related to an individual's leadership and responsibility. In our daily life, we have to analyze various problems we come across in different fields. Also, we need to solve them by taking appropriate decision. These skills play key role in our professional or vocational life. In this connection, a brief description of decision making skill, problem analyzing skill and problem solving skill is presented.

Soft SkillsEstimated Teaching Period(s): 5Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define soft skills with examples.• tell the steps of decision making process.• define problem analyzing skill.• explain the ways of developing problem solving skill.


Decision Making SkillDecision making skill is one of the important soft skills. It is also called a general professional skill. It is an indispensable component of our professional or vocational life. In the course of conducting various activities in our professional or business life, we may come across various types of situations. In such situations, we need to make appropriate decision in appropriate time. For this purpose, we should have decision making skill. Decision making skill refers to the skill of selecting the best alternative among multiple alternatives to take appropriate course of action. Appropriate decision made in appropriate time paves the way to achieve determined goal in our business or professional life. Effective decision making is the outcome of various interpersonal skills related to it. Effective decision maker should have far sighting ability. Similarly, decision maker should have good knowledge of logic to examine the problems. The intuition (internal knowledge) of the decision maker helps make right decision in right time. The honesty and responsibility of a person also help make fair decision by using knowledge from various sources in time. A person should pass through various processes during making decision. There are various steps of decision making process that a decision maker should take each of them seriously and carefully for an effective decision making.

Steps of Decision Making ProcessThere are various steps of decision making process. Generally, the following six steps are essential for a general decision making process.

i. Identification of ProblemIdentification or defining the problem is the first step of decision making process. In this step, nature of problem is identified and benefits of solving problem are highlighted.

ii. Collecting InformationInformation related to the defined problem are collected in this step. Collected information support to analyze the problem for its effective solution.

iii. Analyzing the ProblemOn the basis of collected information, the defined problem is analyzed with multiple alternatives. The problem is analyzed from different angles in this step.


iv. Developing Multiple AlternativesA good decision maker should analyze the situation or problem from multiple angles to develop multiple possible alternatives for the solution of the problem. Use of various resources and application of various logics help in developing multiple alternatives.

v. Selecting the Best AlternativeAfter developing multiple alternatives related to the defined problem, a good decision maker should have the skill of selecting the best one for the solution of the problem. On the basis of the analysis of the situation, the best alternative in selected.

vi. Taking DecisionThis is the final step of decision making process. In this step, the best alternative is taken as the final solution for the course of action.

Imagine that you have found one of your friends crying in the classroom during tiffin break. What decision do you take regarding this situation. Discuss in your classroom.

Problem Analyzing SkillProblem analyzing skill is one of the key soft skills used in our daily life. We may come across various problems in our business or professional life. We need to give their proper solutions to get rid of the problems we come across. Analyzing skill refers to the ability of visualizing the problem, collecting required information and using them to solve the problems. Knowledge and professional/business experience are the keys for analyzing skill. Sometimes, we need to analyze the problems on the basis of our personal work experience. This analysis is called simple analysis and the skill is defined as the simple analysis skill. But some problems need to be analyzed on the basis of statistical data and factual evidences. In such case, we should have deep knowledge of subject matter with facts and quantitative data with good knowledge of handling them. The analysis of problems on the basis of data or facts is called factual or statistical analysis and such skill of analysis is called statistical or factual analysis skill.


Problem Solving SkillWe may have to face various problems in our daily life. In professional and business life, people come across many problems time and again. Problems are a part and parcel of every activity. Thus, they cannot be avoided from our activities. But, we can minimize the problems with our farsighted ability and adopting precaution in advance. Problems arise and they need their proper solutions. Problem solving skill is an essential soft skill used in decision making process. There are other essential skills related to the problem solving skill. Developing a set of such skills develop our problem solving skill. Problem solving skill refers to the skill of tackling problems easily and give their solutions tactfully. Identification or defining problems, collecting their multiple solutions, selecting the best solution and its implementation are the steps of problem solving.

Developing Problem Solving SkillDeveloping problem solving skill has a close connection with the experience of handling various problems. Experience matters much in tackling and solving problems effectively. On the basis of knowledge and acquired experience, a person can develop problem solving skills by the following ways.

Taking the Problem Easily, but SeriouslyProblem solving skill is developed by taking the problem easily. It does not mean that we should not value the problem. We should not be afraid of the problem. Taking problem comfortably develops confidence to tackle it tactfully in time. We need to be serious about the problem, but act upon it easily without any nervousness.

Thinking BroadlyBroad thinking is an essential way of developing problem solving skill. In broad thinking, there is the possibility of arising various ways of solving problem. Among the multiple ways, it is easy to select the best one as the solution to the problem.


Centering on the SolutionWe need to center on the particular solution from the very beginning. It develops skill of identifying appropriate solution in the course of solving problem.

Impartiality and Avoiding One-sided ThinkingProblems that arise in the course of action should be taken as challenges. We should not be biased regarding the problems. We need to change the challenges into opportunities in order to develop our problem solving skill. We should take problems as the medium of moving ahead to achieve success. Similarly, multiple sided thinking helps us give proper solution to the problems. Sometimes, one-sided thinking may not work as it may hinder to get proper solution to the problem.

Using Suitable LanguageWe can develop problem solving skill by using appropriate language according to the situation. The use of language according to the gravity of the problem helps us give proper outlet to the problem. The use of language in negative sense may hinder the process of solving problem. Motivation, inspiration and positive use of language play a vital role in developing problem solving skill.

How do your parents/guardians analyze and solve the problems related to their work areas. Discuss it with your friends.

indispensable : essential, very importantalternative : a thing that we can choose to dopave the way : to increase a situation in which something can happenlogic : a way of thinking or explaining somethingcome across : to meet or find somebody/something by chanceevidence : the facts, signs or proofpart and parcel : an essential part of somethingprecaution : something that is done in advance to avoid dangertactfully : carefullynervousness : state of being afraid of something/somebody


baised : having a particular interest in one thing more than others

hinder : to make it difficult for something to happengravity : extreme importance and cause for worryoutlet : solution

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define soft skills with examples.

b. 'Right decision taken at the right time is the key to success.' Justify this statement with suitable examples.

c. Mention the steps of decision making process and describe any one of them briefly.

d. Define analyzing skill with its inherent components.

e. Mention any five ways of developing problem solving skill and explain any one of them.

2. Write short notes on: a. Identification of Problem

b. Taking Decision

c. Problem Solving Skill

Imagine that the drinking water tap in your locality has gone out of function. The people in your area are facing problem of drinking water due to damage to the water tap. Now, interact this situation with the plumber or experienced person in your locality and prepare a report including the description of materials required to repair the tap, estimated expenditure and required human resources.


Business is an activity of making money by involving in producing and selling of products or services. Industry is a manufacturing place where various goods or services are produced from raw materials with the help of machines. Business and industry are closely related to each other because different business activities are conducted for and from the industry. This unit includes:

introduction to business and steps of operating a business. introduction to business operating plan and its importance. introduction to entrepreneurial education and its importance in the

context of Nepal. explanation of grill industry in the local level. introduction to multinational company with examples. features and importance of multinational company.

Business and Industry


Unit 5


IntroductionBusiness refers to the activity of making, buying, selling or supplying goods or services for monetary profit. In this sense, business is related to producing goods and services or supplying goods and services to gain profit. People in our society involve in various activities to fulfill their unlimited needs. The needs or demands of people make other people involve in various activities related to producing and supplying different goods and services. These activities conducted for earning money are business activities.

BusinessEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• be familiar with business activities.• explain various factors related to operating business.• be familiar with the concepts of conservation of

environment and sustainable development.• be familiar with business plan and its importance.


Operating BusinessPeople involve in various business activities to generate income required for their livelihood. The people who want to involve in business activities should be capable of operating such activities. They should have ability to analyze market demand, human resources required to produce goods or services, goods or services supplying places, etc. The various aspects that need to be taken into consideration in order to operate a business are described below briefly.

1. Selection ProcessThe first step of operating any business is to select appropriate sector of business. Selection of a business should be done on the basis of knowledge and skill, market demand, availability of materials, etc. Appropriate selection of business helps create employment opportunities and develop industrial activities. There are some essential aspects related to the selection of business. Some of these aspects are presented below.

a. Market SituationMarket refers to the area where products are bought and sold. Market situation refers to demand of the products or services in a specific area, population density, human resources in the area for production, required quantity and quality of products, etc. Appropriate analysis of market is the key to get success in selected business.

b. Availability of Raw MaterialsVarious raw materials are required for producing goods in the selected area. Locally available raw materials are more beneficial for the production of goods in that area . On the basis of the availability of raw materials, people should select their business for its sustainability and success.

c. Nature or Form of BusinessVarious forms of business are operated in different places. Some are operated personally, some are in partnership and some businesses are operated in a cooperative form. The form of business does not matter much, but the interest, capacity, ability, etc. of the operator(s) play a key role for a successful business.


d. Human ResourcesHuman resources refers to the required manpower for operating business and producing goods in order to conduct business. Able and skilled manpower can produce qualitative products in required quantity to fulfill the market demand. Thus, availability of good human resources is one of the important aspects taken into consideration before selecting a business.

e. Physical Infrastructures and Other FacilitiesVarious physical infrastructures such as electricity, water supply, communication, etc. are required to produce and supply goods. The availability of such facilities is a must in the business operating area. Besides, business plan and form, place, tax registration of the business, etc. are also taken into consideration while selecting a business.

2. Conservation of EnvironmentPhysical and natural environment is considered as an essential factor for animal and plant life. Natural environment includes the totality of physical components like air, water resources, climatic situation, habitat of plants and animals, etc. Before selecting the area for a business, the negative impacts of the business activities on natural environment should be analyzed. The plan for minimizing adverse impacts of the business activities on natural environment should be developed. Conservation and protection of natural environment is essential while operating a business in any place. Thus, business impact analysis and evaluation should be conducted before selecting the area for any business.

3. Evaluation of Environmental EffectEvaluation of the environmental effect refers to the study of the effect of proposed business on the selected area. After evaluating environmental effect, the plan to minimize adverse impacts should be recognized and developed. It is also necessary to identify the prevention and control measures for minimizing harmful effects of the business activities on environment. The work of evaluation should be conducted independently by an expert management committee, local people and other stakeholders.


4. Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development refers to environment friendly long lasting development. The business activities should be planned with the consideration of the concept of sustainable development. It does not have any harmful effects on natural environment. Also, it protects natural resources for the use of future generation.

Imagine that you are going to operate the business related to producing bakery items in your locality. What aspects do you take into consideration before selecting suitable area for this business. Discuss it among your friends.

Model of Business Operating Plan

IntroductionAn individual or a group needs to have a business operating plan before conducting any business. Business plan is a blue print of the proposed business. It is the first step of any business. Business operating plan refers to a detailed document that includes the preparatory activities related to various aspects of a business. It helps get idea of profit and loss in the prospective business. It is also about the selection of the area for conducting business, required resources, places for the supply of products, etc. Thus, it is essential to develop a detailed business operating plan in advance.

Model Business Operating PlanA. Plan: Pottery

B. Place for Operating the Business: Own House

C. Production Detailed: Clay pots, clay fruits, etc.

D. Market Management: The market for the produced items will be the locality initially and market will be extended in other areas as per the demand of the people.


E. Investment: Investment for the proposed business

S.N. Details (Raw Materials) Investment (in Rs) Remarksa.b.c.

F. Current CapitalS.N. Details (Sources) Amount (in Rs) Remarks

a.b.c.

G. Plan for ProductionS.N. Details (Products) Quantity Rate per Item Total Remarks

H. Approximate Details of Income a. Price of Total Items : Rs ..........................................

b. Wage of the Workers: Rs. ..........................................

c. House Rent : Rs ..........................................

d. Total Expenditure : Rs ..........................................

e. Net Income: Total Income-Total Expenditure..........................................


Importance of Business Operating PlanBusiness operating plan plays a key role to achieve success in any business. The importance of developing a business operating plan is described briefly in the following points:

i. Scheme for InvestmentBusiness operating plan provides details about required investment and its possible sources. It helps manage required investment and its proper mobilization.

ii. Course of ActionBusiness operating plan is a course of action in the form of a draft to conduct the proposed business. It helps move for activities to conduct the business.

iii. Management of ResourcesVarious resources such as raw materials, manpower, etc. are needed to conduct a business. Business operating plan helps manage these resources for conducting business activities.

iv. Mobilization of ResourcesBusiness operating plan helps mobilize various resources as planned in advance. The plan avoids confusions and obstacles regarding the mobilization of raw materials, human resources, etc. while conducting business activities.

v. Management of Finance and Team MembersSome businesses may be conducted in partnership and may require more investors. Clear and attractive business plan attracts possible investment and investors to conduct intended business in partnership.

Discuss the importance of business operating plan among your friends.


registration : the act of making an official record of somethingimpact : powerful effectidentify : to recognizeindependently : freely, without pressure of somebodystakeholder : a person or organization with an interest in somethingpreparatory : done in order to prepare for somethingprospective : expected to do something to become somethingpartnership : the state of being a partner in business

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does operating business mean? Explain with examples. b. Mention any five aspects of selection process for business activities.

Explain any one of them. c. What aspects should be taken into account while studying market

situation? Explain briefly. d. Mention any five adverse impacts of operating business on natural

environment. e. What does sustainable development mean? Mention the relationship

between sustainable development and environment. f. Define business operating plan and explain its importance in five points.2. Write short notes on: a. Human Resources for Business b. Evaluation of the Environmental Effect c. Conservation of Environment

1. Make a visit to a nearby business firm in your locality. Find out the adverse effects of the business on the environment of the located area. Prepare a short report on the basis of your findings.

2. Suppose that you are going to operate a tea shop in your locality. Prepare a brief model for your business operating plan and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionEducation is a form of learning which provides human beings with knowledge, skill, ability, culture, etc. In this sense, education is an important aspect of human life which enhances ability to do any kind of work. On the basis of nature, education has different forms. Entrepreneurial education is one of the forms of education. Entrepreneurial education refers to the knowledge, skill, ability and courage to produce goods or services to fulfill the demand of market. In other words, the education which produces capable human resources to conduct business activities is called entrepreneurial education. It helps produce capable human resources that are required in the field of business and industries. Entrepreneurial education develops creativity and ability of the person that is needed to analyze the market demand and produce required products creatively. Besides, it helps develop various ways to solve the problems that may arise in the professional

Entrepreneurial EducationEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 2

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define entrepreneurial education with examples.• explain importance of entrepreneurial education.• describe the need of entrepreneurial education in the

context of Nepal.


and business life of a person. Moreover, entrepreneurial education is a form of education that enables a person to be an entrepreneur.

An entrepreneur is a person who takes courage to produce products or services with the combination of various resources to meet the demand of market. For example, a person who is involved in producing bakery products by establishing his/her own factory is called an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is essential to be an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship refers to the willingness of a person to take the risk of involving in business activities in order to generate profit. In this sense, it is a process that enables a person to involve in money making activities by conducting a certain vocation or business.

Importance of Entrepreneurial EducationEntrepreneurial education produces required human resources to meet the market demand. Similarly, it develops ability and creativity to mobilize natural resources for the benefit of the people. In the context of our country, entrepreneurial education plays a key role to mobilize available natural resources for the development of the country. The following points illustrate the importance of entrepreneurial education for any country to contribute to its development.1. Entrepreneurial education develops knowledge and skill that is required

to produce goods or services by using available resources.2. It helps create new products and services that have great demand in the

market. It increases creative faculty of a person that helps him/her think in multiple ways.

3. It helps minimize unemployment problem by producing capable technical and vocational human resources.

4. It helps in problem solving process in our daily professional or vocational life. It enables to develop various alternatives and select the best one among many to solve particular problems.

5. It enables the entrepreneurs to make positive impact in the economic development of the nation.

6. It helps mobilize various natural and human resources for the development of the country.

7. It helps generate income to uplift the living standard of the people.8. It assists in the overall development of a country.


Need of Entrepreneurial Education in the Context of NepalNepal is a developing country. It is rich in various natural resources. These resources can be utilized to fulfill the need of people and develop the country. Entrepreneurial education is required to mobilize these resources for the benefit of the people and the country. For example, various scales hydropower projects can be operated since Nepal is rich in water resource. Similarly, we can utilize various resources available in different parts of the country if we can acquire entrepreneurial education in various sectors. It helps minimize poverty, solve unemployment problem and develop the country in various sectors. Likewise, entrepreneurial education helps stop brain drain and migration of labour manpower to foreign land. It also helps develop creativity to build up the concept regarding innovative ways of utilizing available resources to meet the demand of market in our country. Moreover, it helps produce and mobilize human resources for the development of the nation by mobilizing available resources in the country.

Discuss the role of entrepreneurial education to minimize unemployment problem in Nepal among your friends.

entrepreneur : someone who organizes a business venturebakery : a workplace where baked goods are produced or solduplift : to make somebody feel happier or give somebody more

hope

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define entrepreneurial education with examples. b. Explain the importance of entrepreneurial education. c. Describe the need of entrepreneurial education in the context of Nepal.

Name any five natural resources of our country. Describe the role of entrepreneurial education in different fields to mobilize these resources for the development of the country.


IntroductionThe small scale industries that are operated in the local level by mobilizing primarily locally available resources are called local level industries. These industries utilize local raw materials, local technology and local human resources at maximum to meet the demands of the local people. Generally, these industries are conducted with the leadership of local people and community. The skill and knowledge of the local human resources is utilized in the production of goods in these industries. Thus, the products are unique and identity for the particular locality. The production of the local industries is in small scale and it cannot compete with the production of a large scale industries. The production of these industries is generally supplied in the local market. Thus, local level industries create employment opportunities in the local level and fulfill the needs of the people in that locality. Some of the examples of such industries are grill industry, cotton industry, thread industry,

Local Level IndustryEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define local level industry with examples.• explain the various aspects of grill industry.• describe the importance of local level industry in the

context of Nepal.


shoe industry, brick industry, etc. In this connection, a brief description of a grill industry is presented.

Grill IndustryGrill industry refers to the industry related to iron work. In this industry, iron rods or iron strips are cut, twisted and wielded to make gate, bar, fence, etc. These iron items are used in the gates and windows of buildings. These items are made artistic by adding various patterns. Besides, sketches of gate, building, etc. are also constructed from iron in grill industry. The major aspects that need to be taken into consideration for operating a grill industry in the local level are described below briefly.

1. Management of LaboratoryIn a grill industry, an equipped working place is needed. This place is called laboratory and works related to iron are conducted in the laboratory. Wielding machine is used to join the pieces of iron. The heat of about 800 to 1000° Centigrade is produced through the wielding machine to melt the ends of the iron pieces to join them together. This process is done through fusion technology. Fusion technology is one of the important aspects to be taken into consideration while managing laboratory.

2. Management of Human ResourcesProper management of human resources is an essential aspect of a grill industry. It includes keeping records of arriving time and leaving time of the workers in the industry. It helps maintain proper working environment in the industry. Also, it makes easier to mobilize and manage working manpower effectively.

3. Security ManagementSecurity management refers to the proper arrangement for security of workers and the laboratory. For this purpose, various materials for safety measures should be managed. The workers should wear boots, appron, glasses, etc. while working. Besides, facility of first aid should be provided in the case of


minor injuries to the workers. Similarly, laboratory should be secure from fire, electric short circuit, etc. This helps prevent from possible risk factors while working in the industry.

4. System of Leave and PaySystem of leave and pay refers to granting of various kinds of leave and paying salary to the workers as per the industry rule. There should be appropriate provision of granting leave, paying salary for regular work and paying extra salary for overtime work. Proper records should be maintained for this purpose.

5. Keeping Record and CalculationThe proper record of selling items should be kept regularly. The receipt of the products sold from the industry should be provided to the customers. The record of the income and expenditure should be managed in the ledger as per the factory rule. The calculation of income, expenditure and profit/loss should be done regularly to know about the economic condition of the factory.

6. Storage of GoodsGrill factory produces various types of iron items in a large quantity. There should be proper place to store such items separately by marking with different levels. Also, working instruments are also stored in the specific room by labeling them. Safe and secure place is required to keep various materials of the grill industry.

7. Gathering InformationGathering information is also an important aspect of grill industry since it helps know about the market of products. A lot of information related to industry can be gathered through field visit of the supplied market. Feedback regarding the items should be taken from the customers. It helps for further improvement of the industry if needed. Information gathered regarding the industry show the status of the industry.

Importance of Local Level IndustryLocal level industry can be operated in a small investment in the local level. In these industries, local resources are mobilized to fulfill needs of the local people. The importance of local industries can be pointed out below:


i. Local level industries mobilize primarily local resources such as local raw materials and human resources.

ii. They use local knowledge, skill and technology of the local people.iii. They are easy to operate in small place and low investment.iv. They create employment opportunities in the local level to earn livelihood

of the local people.v. They create market for raw materials in the local level and hence encourage

other activities related to them.vi. They help uplift economic level of the people in the locality and ultimately

it promotes national economy.

Discuss the importance of small scale industries in the local level in the context of our country among your friends.

strip : a long narrow piece of metal, cloth or paperwield : to hold something by connectinglaboratory : a room or building used for experimenting or workingfusion : the process of joining two or more things together to form oneledger : a book in which a business, bank and account records are kept

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define local level industries with examples. b. Describe briefly any five aspects of grill industry. c. Explain the importance of small scale industries in Nepal. d. "Nepal has a great potentiality of operating local level industries".

Justify this statement with suitable examples.

Make a visit to a nearby grill industry in your locality and observe its various aspects. On the basis of your observation prepare a brief report on it and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionA multinational company or organization is a business company or organization that makes money by producing and selling goods or services in many countries. In this sense, multinational companies (MNCs) or organizations have their management and control in more than one country. They produce and supply their products in all countries where they conduct their business activities. These companies conduct their business activities under the rules and regulations of the countries where they have been established.

There are many MNCs established in Nepal. They are major sources of international employment in Nepal. MNCs in Nepal are conducted in various forms in different sectors. Some of the major MNCs operated in Nepal are Dabar Nepal, Unilever Nepal, Bottlers Nepal, Standard Chartered Bank,

Multinational CompanyEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 4

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define multinational company with examples.• identify the features of multinational company.• explain the importance of multinational company.


Soaltee Hotel, etc. The major objectives of MNCs are to extend and generate new markets for the products in various countries, to generate more customers for their products and to create improved brands of products.

Features of Multinational CompanyMultinational companies are diverse in forms and sectors. They are spread in various countries for different reasons. Some MNCs enter various countries to extend their market. Some have the purpose of searching raw materials and some other MNCs are established to minimize their production cost. Some of the major features of MNCs are as follows:i. MNCs adopt advanced technology in producing, advertizing and

supplying goods and services.ii. They are operated in more than one countries with their many branches

and headquarters in a particular country.iii. They conduct their business activities by following international norms

and values of business.iv. They are efficient in management for maximizing their quality products

and minimizing operation cost.v. They create international employment opportunities.vi. MNCs transfer the knowledge and technology from one country to another.

Importance of Multinational CompanyIn this 21st century, establishing multinational companies is essential to create global market for goods and services. Due to the advancement in modern technology, the whole world has been narrowed into a global village. In this context, the importance of multinational companies or organizations is increasing day by day. The importance of multinational companies in this modern world is explained briefly in the following points.

i. Global MarketMultinational companies create global market for the products. They extend their market to supply quality goods and services in various parts of different countries. They follow international norms and values in producing and supplying products to create global market for them.


ii. Employment OpportunityMultinational companies create various employment opportunities in different sectors. Due to the standard international strategies and policies of MNCs, people get attracted to employment opportunities created by them. It uplifts life standard of the international employees working in MNCs.

iii. National DevelopmentMultinational companies have various branches in different countries. They help in various developmental activities of the nations by promoting economic status and transferring knowledge and technologies.

iv. Foreign InvestmentMultinational companies attract foreign investment for producing goods and services. Ultimately, it helps in overall development of the nations having MNCs.

v. Diverse Market and CustomerMultinational companies create huge market and customers in various countries. The products of MNCs get a large market in the different parts of the world and it helps in economic development of the countries.

vi. Branded and Quality ProductMultinational companies produce branded and quality products by using advanced knowledge and technologies. It attracts brand conscious customers and makes good monetary benefit.

vii. Transfer of Knowledge and TechnologyMultinational companies have their branches in many countries. They have their standard management for producing and supplying products. Thus, they transfer knowledge and technologies from one country to another for conducting various business activities.

Discuss the role of multinational companies in the context of Nepal among your friends.


diverse : very different from each other and of various kindsefficient : doing something well and thoroughly with no waste of

time, money or energyextend : expand transfer : to move from one person/place to another

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define multinational company with examples. b. Mention any five features of multinational companies. c. Explain the importance of multinational companies in five points.

Make a list of any five multinational companies operated in Nepal. Also, find out the goods and services they are producing. You can take help of the internet to get accurate information. On the basis of your research, prepare a short report on it and present it in your classroom.


Trade refers to the activity of buying and selling or exchanging goods or services between people or countries. The act of operating and controlling market by various ways is called market management. This unit includes:

introduction to market management with its various aspects.

pricing and income/expenditure management.

introduction to World Trade Organization with its functions and importance.

Trade and Market Management

Unit 6


IntroductionThe history of market is closely associated with the history of human beings. In the ancient time, people used to exchange their goods or services according to their need. It was called barter system. People started selling and buying goods or services with the beginning of scientific change in the system of exchanging goods. In this system, monetory value of goods or services is fixed and people purchase products in money. This system of buying and selling products gave rise to marketing or market management. Market management refers to the operation of various business activities that are related to production, advertisement and distribution of products. In this sense, market management is the bridge between producers and customers that assures flow of goods and services to meet the demand of people. Marketing management is one of the important aspects of business sector.

Market ManagementEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• be familiar with various aspects of market management.• explain the importance of market management.• describe the relationship between market and

entrepreneurship.


Major Aspects of Market ManagementFrom the production of goods to their supply to the customers, there are various aspects of market management. Some of them are mentioned below.

i. Products (Goods/Services)Products are the commodities or services that are produced and supplied to the customers to meet their demand. Products are the major components of the business or market management since all business activities revolve around them.

ii. Supplier (Seller)A supplier or seller is a person or an organization that supplies goods in the market to meet the demand of customers. On the basis of the amount of supplying, suppliers may be wholesaler or retailer. They may produce their own products or distribute the products of other person or company. In market management, suppliers play a vital role in bridging the gap between producers and customers.

iii. Customer (Buyer)A person or an organization that purchases products to meet demand is called customer. Customers buy goods or services available in the market according to their need.

iv. MarketMarket refers to the place where products are available. In other words, market is the place where suppliers and customers meet to exchange goods/services in monetory value.


Importance of Market ManagementProducts, suppliers, markets and customers are key components of marketing management. Marketing management refers to coordinating or organizing the various components of marketing system for the smooth flow of products in the market. Effective market management plays a vital role in the sustainability and success of any business. The importance of marketing management is pointed out below.

i. Market management creates a proper market where sellers and buyers involve in exchanging goods or services in monetary value.

ii. It creates proper market for various types of goods and services according to the need and demand of customers.

iii. It makes producers, suppliers and customers conscious regarding products and market demand.

iv. It bridges the gap between producers and customers for the successful business and smooth flow of products in the market.

v. It manages proper place for supply of goods and promotes transportation of products that helps reach products from producers to customers.

Relationship between Market and EntrepreneurshipMarket is a place where goods or services are available to meet the demand of customers. These goods or services are produced by entrepreneurs according to the demand of market. Entrepreneurship is related to involving in various business activities to produce goods by using acquired knowledge and skill with the mobilization of available resources. Thus, entrepreneurship is closely associated with producing goods or services. In local level, people produce several items from locally available resources with the application of their knowledge, skill and technology. For example, preparing Doko, Dalo, Mandro, broom, Nanglo, etc. from bamboo or other available resources. Human resources and other materials are essential for entrepreneurship. People can produce Sukul, straw-mat, etc. from straw. Similarly, blanket, mattress, etc. are produced from the wool of animals. In this


way, entrepreneurship is essential to produce materials in order to meet the demand of people. These materials are available in the market where buyer and seller meet each other for trade. Trade refers to the activity of supplying and purchasing goods or services in the market.

Market and entrepreneurship are interrelated. In the absence of entrepreurship, products can not be produced. In the absence of products, market is not possible. Market is a place where products of entrepreneurial activities are exchanged between suppliers and customers. Similarly, market is the meeting point between entrepreneurs and customers. Market facilitates smooth access of products produced from entrepreneurship. Thus, market plays a vital role for the development and growth of entrepreneurship. Therefore, market and entrepreneurship have inseparable relationship for the existence of both.

Discuss the relationship between market and entrepreneurship among your friends in your classroom.

exchange : an act of tradingbarter : exchange of goodscommodities : goodsinseparable : unable to be separated

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does market management mean? Explain briefly. b. Mention the major aspects of market management. Explain their

relationship. c. Explain the importance of market management briefly. d. Describe the relationship between entrepreneurship and market briefly.

Make a visit to meet any two entrepreneurs in your locality and get information about their production and the possible markets to supply the products. Make a short note on it and share it with your friends.


IntroductionThere are various aspects of business and trade. Trade is a set of activities that are related to production of goods or services, fixing their prices, calculating income and expenditure and getting net profit or loss. In this connection, a brief description of pricing and income/expenditure management is presented.

PricingPricing refers to the act of deciding how much to charge for something to sell it. Each commodity or service has its price in terms of money. Price is the exchange value of goods or services given in amount of money. Price of products is determined on the basis of quality and quantity of the products. Price of products is fixed on the basis of demand and supply of goods or services also. The quality goods or services have high prices and low quality goods can be purchased on low price. Similarly, rare products have higher price and the common products that are easily available in large quantity have low price. Price of the commodity is the source of income for sellers or suppliers and it is

Pricing and Income/Expenditure Management


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define pricing with its related aspects.• explain income/expenditure management.• be familiar with trading account and profit/loss

account.


expenditure for the customers. Thus, determining prices of goods or services is a difficult task and it plays a crucial role in any business. High pricing of goods or services may decrease their demands. Similarly, low pricing of the products may not ensure profit. Therefore, pricing is significant aspect of business and determination of price of products should be done carefully by taking many aspects into consideration. Such aspects are:i. Expenditure in raw materials and other expenditures in related materialsii. Expenditure in human resources and technologyiii. Other expenses such as tax, value added tax (VAT), etc.iv. Transportation chargev. Advertisement costvi. Profit by selling the productsvii. Market competition for the same types of products

Therefore, pricing is a sensitive and careful task in the business field. The profit or loss in the business activity largely depends upon the pricing of the goods or services.

Income/Expenditure ManagementIncome and expenditure are the major aspects in any business. People involve in business activities to gain profit. In other words, generating income is the major objective of any entrepreneurship. But, sometimes entrepreneurs bear loss due to various reasons. Proper management of income and expenditure plays a key role in making profit. People invest money for production. Raw materials, other facilities and human resources are basic requirements for the production in any business. Besides, other expenses such as transportation charge, advertisement charge, government tax or VAT, commission given to different suppliers are also included in expenditure. The proper management of all expenditure in any business is essential. Similarly, income or revenue is the amount of money received by selling products. After calculating expenditure and income, we can find out whether the business is in profit or loss.

In any business, there are two types of accounts. They are trading account and profit/loss account. In trading account, initial stock, purchase, wage and net profit are included in debit side. Similarly, final stock and sell are included in the credit side. Likewise, in profit and loss account, all expenses are included in debit side and all incomes are included in the credit side. Finally, total expenditure, profit or loss are calculated from these business accounts.


A Model ofTrading AccountDebit Credit

Particulars Price (Rs) Particulars Price (Rs)Initial stock 5,000/- Final stock 40,000/-Purchase 80,000/- Sell 2,60,000/-Wage 15,000/-Net profit 2,00,000Total 3,00,000/- Total 3,00,000/-

A Model of Profit and Loss AccountDebit Credit

Particulars Price (Rs) Particulars Price (Rs)Salary 60,000/- Gross profit 2,00,000/-Depreciation 10,000/- Interest income 50,000/-Repair expenses 40,000/- Net loss 50,000/-Administrative expenses

90,000/-

Income tax 12,000/-Indirect expenses 88,000/-Total 3,00,000 Total 3,00,000/-

Profit or loss in any business depends upon the amount of debit and credit. If the total amount of the debit side is higher than that of the credit side, it makes loss. Similarly, if the total amount of the credit side is higher than that of debit side, it makes profit. Profit is divided between or among the share holders as per the company act. But in case of loss, all the share holders have to undertake sole responsibility. Profit or loss is calculated by calculating total income and total expenditure. If the total income is greater than total expenditure, it makes profit and if the total expenditure is greater than total income, it makes loss.

Discuss the various aspects of pricing among your friends.


rare : very uncommon, difficult to findstock : a store or supplywage : an amount of money paid to a worker for a specified

quantity of workdebit : an entry in the left hand column of an account to record a

debtcredit : an addition to certain accountsact : rule or lawundertake : to take to oneselfsole : complete

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define pricing and mention its various aspects. b. Explain income/expenditure management briefly. c. 'Pricing is a sensitive and careful task in any business.' Justify this

statement with an appropriate explanation. d. Mention the things that are included in trading account.

Visit a nearby tea or café shop. Take information regarding income/expenditure management of the shop and prepare a profit or loss account on the basis of the received information.


IntroductionThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is a legally recognized global organization that deals with the rules of trade between its member countries. It was formally and legally established on 1st January 1995 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva of Switzerland. The WTO is an authorized international body in the field of trade that encourages and simplifies international trade and economic activities across the globe. The WTO agreements are signed by a large number of trading nations of the world on the basis of negotiation. At present, a bulk of countries of the world have received membership of WTO that reduced restrictions on trade among the member countries. Nepal received membership of WTO on 11th Baishakh 2061 B.S. as the 147th member nation of this organization.

World Trade Organization


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define World Trade Organization.• explain the major functions of World Trade

Organization.• describe the importance of World Trade Organization

for Nepal.


Functions of World Trade OrganizationThe World Trade Organization functions on the basis of its basic principles and agreements made among its member nations. The major function of the WTO is to reduce restriction in the flow of business products and activities among its member countries by various ways. Some of the important functions of the WTO are presented below.i. The WTO inspires and assists foreign business and trade by formulating

trade policies and rules and regulations of the international standard.ii. It operates various contracts and agreements made about international

trade by their proper implementation.iii. It resolves disputes and solves problems that may arise between or among

its member nations.iv. It monitors and supervises business activities and policies of the member

countries to ensure smooth international trade.v. It assists economic development and information of its member nations.vi. It creates international employment opportunities by increasing products

and productivity in international level.vii. It assists economically underprivileged and needy countries with economic

assistance and food supply.viii. It provides technical assistance and business training to developing

countries.ix. It maintains trade related data of its member nations.

Importance of WTO for NepalNepal has been gaining many benefits from the WTO after it has received its membership. There is a great importance of the WTO for Nepal due to various benefits it has been getting from the organizations in various sectors of business. Some of such benefits are pointed out below.i. Nepal has an easy access to international investment, market and trade

which are important for reforming business and trade activities of a developing country.

ii. Nepalese consumers have easy access to goods and services produced in the different parts of the world.

iii. Nepali business and trade system has become smooth and easy with its exposure in the international level.


iv. Nepali quality products have got good market in the international level.v. The WTO creates opportunities for the international employment of Nepal

which has positive impact on the national economy of our country.

"The role of the World Trade Organization is significant for a developing country like Nepal for business and economic development." Discuss it among your friends in your classroom under the guidance of your subject teacher.

member : one who officially belongs to a groupauthorized : explicitly allowednegotiation : the process of achieving agreement through discussionbulk : size, mass or volumerestriction : limitationcontract : an agreement between two or more parties in written

formunderprivileged : deprived of the opportunities or advantgagesaccess : a way or means of approaching or entering

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Introduce the World Trade Organization briefly. b. Mention any five major functions of the Wrold Trade Organization. c. Point out any five benefits that Nepal can gain being a member of the

World Trade Organization.

Collect information regarding the World Health Organization through the internet and prepare a short report by addressing the following points.a. Introduction b. Principlec. Function d. Conclusion


Note: Among the eight units from 7 to 14, any four units need to be chosen for study as per the need and demand of the local level.

We consume various types of vegetables in our daily life. Vegetables are produced from vegetable farming. Vegetable farming refers to the growing of vegetables in a small or commercial level. This unit includes: methods of growing off-season vegetables. methods of rooftop or balcony vegetable farming. various aspects of inter-cropping vegetable farming. production, transportation, marketing and account management of vegetables. various aspects of mushroom farming. introduction to various types of organic manure. methods of preparing vermicompost. market and storage of seasonal vegetables. production and storage of vegetable seeds. methods of protecting vegetables from pests and diseases.

Vegetable Farming

Unit 7


IntroductionVarious types of vegetables are produced in their proper season. Some vegetables are grown in rainy seasons. These vegetables are called rainy season vegetables. Similarly, some vegetables are produced in winter season. These are called winter season vegetables. Such vegetables are available in their growing seasons only and are called seasonal vegetables. But off-season vegetable farming makes all kinds of vegetables available in all seasons. Off-season vegetable farming refers to an artificial technique of producing vegetables that are available in all seasons. Off-season vegetables can be produced by selecting suitable climate, place and species of vegetables. In this vegetable farming, sowing vegetable seeds and planting their seedlings is different from their growing seasons. Farmers should be aware of various techniques and technologies of preventing vegetables from various diseases and insects. Also, they should have the knowledge of using fertilizers and irrigation system related to off-season vegetable farming.

Off-season Vegetable FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define off-season vegetable farming.• explain various methods/techniques of producing off-

season vegetables.


Techniques of Off-season Vegetable Farming There are various techniques of off-season vegetable farming in practice. The common methods or techniques that can be adopted in producing off-season vegetables are described below.

Producing Vegetables Inside Sheds or Huts Off-season vegetables can be produced by constructing sheds or huts with plastic roof. All the farming activities like digging, making dams, seedling plantation, etc. are done inside the shed or hut. In the high hilly areas, such type of vegetable farming is done in winter season. In other areas, vegetables like brinjals, tomatoes, chilies, etc. are produced in hut or shed during the rainy season.

Producing Vegetables Inside Plastic TunnelVarious off-season vegetables are grown inside plastic tunnels. Plastic tunnels are constructed with the support of locally available materials like rods of bamboo or wood and rope. Generally, a plastic of 20 m in length and 5 m in breadth is taken to construct a tunnel. Off-season vegetable plants can easily grow inside the tunnel in time. The tunnel can be placed and replaced if necessary.

Producing Vegetable Seedlings in Plastic BagPlastic bags are used to grow vegetable seedlings to produce off-season vegetables. Plastic bags are filled with fertilizer mixing soil and vegetables seeds are sowed in it. These bags are kept under the plastic tunnel or hut to grow vegetable seedlings safely.


Producing Vegetable in Suitable PlaceGeographically, Nepal has different climatic condition. The off-season vegetable of one place may be seasonal vegetable for other place with different climate. The selection of suitable place is essential to produce off-season vegetables. For example, cabbage, broccoli, radish, etc. can be produced in the upper Hilly region in the months of Chaitra and Baisakh, but they cannot be produced in the lowlands or Terai region in these months. Thus, suitable places are selected to grow off-season vegetables.

Producing Vegetable in Suitable TimeOff-season vegetables can be produced by making difference in the time of sowing seeds to prepare seedlings. In this method, the period of producing vegetables can be prolonged or shortened by maintaining time interval.

Producing Vegetables of Suitable SpeciesThe vegetable experts have developed various species of vegetable seeds that can be grown in different seasons. Such species of vegetables are sooner, medium or later grown species. The vegetables of sooner species can be grown within 55 to 75 days of plantation. Similarly, medium species can be grown within 95 to 120 days of plantation. The suitable species of vegetables are selected for off-season vegetable farming.

Producing Vegetables by Using Different ChemicalsVarious types of chemicals are available in the market. The use of these chemicals enables the vegetables grow faster. Such types of chemicals are Agjin, Zibralin, etc. These chemicals help vegetables to grow faster than their natural time. Such types of vegetables are cucumber, bottle gourd, pumpkin, etc. They can be available in the market in their off-season.

A Framework Plan for Off-season Vegetable Farming

S.N Details Unit Required Quantity

Cost per Unit (Rs)

Total Amount


Estimated Total Expenditure (E) = ………………….Estimated Total Income (I) = ………………Profit = I – E = ……………………………

Importance of Off-season Vegetable FarmingOff-season vegetable farming has its great significance to make vegetables available in the market in all seasons. Smooth supply of vegetables can be maintained by producing vegetables in off-season. Consumers can get any type of vegetable in any season. Besides, off-season vegetables have great demand in the market. People can get good benefit by selling off-season vegetables since they have high demand. Similarly, farming off-season vegetables create job opportunities in vegetable farming.

Discuss the methods adopted in your locality for off-season vegetable farming among your friends.

prolong : to make something last longer, extendsignificance : important enough to have an effect

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does off-season vegetable farming mean? Explain with suitable

examples. b. Name the different techniques of producing off-season vegetables and

describe any one of them briefly. c. Describe the importance of off-season vegetable farming in the context

of Nepal.

Visit a nearby vegetable farm in your locality and observe the farming of off-season vegetables. Make a short report on the techniques of farming off-season vegetables in your observed area.


IntroductionVegetable is a food item used in our daily life. Vegetable farming is a common occupation in different parts of our country. The scope of vegetable farming is growing day by day due to the high demand of vegetables in the market. Most of the people involved in this occupation can earn their living by producing and selling vegetables. Vegetables are cultivated in land or farm in rural areas where sufficient land can be available. But, in urban areas, people may not have land or kitchen garden to produce vegetables. So, they use their roof top or balcony to produce various types of vegetables for their household purpose. Roof top or balcony vegetable farming refers to producing various types of vegetables in roof top or balcony to support their vegetable demand. People can grow vegetables on the roof or balcony by using vases, drums, plastic pots, etc.

Roof Top or Balcony Vegetable Farming


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define roof top or balcony vegetable farming.• be familiar with the method of roof top or balcony

vegetable farming• mention the advantages of roof top or balcony

vegetable farming.


Steps of Roof Top or Balcony Vegetable FarmingThe following steps can be adopted to produce vegetables on roof or in balcony.i. Spread a thick seet of plastic (black or other colour) on the roof or balcony.ii. Put the fertilizer mixing suitable soil on the spreading plastic by making a

layer of one foot thick plot.ii. Sow the vegetable seeds in the prepared mud plot. iv. Construct a white colour plastic roof above this plot to protect vegetable

seedlings from frost, rain, strong sunlight, etc. v. Care the vegetable plants time and again for their proper growth and

development.

Advantages of Roof Top or Balcony Vegetable FarmingWe can meet the demand of vegetables required for our household purpose by producing vegetables on roof or balcony of our houses. Also, extra income can be generated if we can produce vegetables in a large amount. Some advantages of roof top or balcony vegetable farming are pointed out below.i. We can produce various types of organic and fresh vegetables as per our

need.ii. We can use our leisure time and save money used for purchasing vegetables

from market.iii. We can use biodegradable waste produced at home to prepare manure for

vegetable farming.iv. It develops our practical knowledge and experience of producing

vegetables.v. It gives us physical exercise to keep us healthy and fit.vi. It prevents us from the consumption of inorganic market vegetables.vii. It utilizes unused space of roof or balcony.viii. It adds attraction of the home and provides us with greenery and fresh

oxygen.

"Growing vegetables on the roof or balcony is advantageous." Discuss this statement among your friends with suitable examples.


balcony : a platform that is built on the upstairs outside the wall of a building

adopt : to use a particular methodfrost : the thin white layer of icebiodegradable : a substance that can be changed into a harmless natural

state by the action of bacteria

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does roof top or balcony vegetable farming mean? Explain with

a particular example.

b. Explain the technique of producing vegetables on the roof or balcony.

c. Mention any five advantages of farming vegetables on the roof or balcony.

d. "Roof top or balcony vegetable farming is more common in the urban areas of our country." Explain this statement with suitable examples.

Observe the method of producing vegetables on the roof or balcony in your locality. Prepare a short note on the basis of your observation and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionWe can grow more than one species of vegetables in the same farm during the same time. This method of growing vegetables is called inter-cropping vegetable farming. Inter-cropping vegetables farming refers to growing more than two species of vegetables in the same field together. In this method, we can grow onion, garlic, mustard, spinach, etc. in the cauliflower farm. Similarly, we can grow radish, onion, garlic, etc. in the potato farm. Likewise, different green vegetables can be cultivated in the farm of tomato or brinjal.

Nepal is famous for inter-cropping vegetable farming. In this method, various types of vegetables are grown by utilizing the same land, same manure and common farming activities. It gives us multiple benefits in a short period of time. Inter-cropping vegetable farming does not allow space to grow unnecessary weeds in the vegetable farm. Thus, inter-cropping vegetable farming is beneficial in many ways.

Inter-cropping Vegetable FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define inter-cropping vegetable farming with

examples.• explain the methods of inter-cropping vegetable

farming.• mention the advantages of inter-cropping vegetable

farming.


Method of Inter-cropping Vegetable FarmingThe steps of cultivating inter-cropping vegetables are given in the following points. i. A farm for planting vegetables is

prepared and different vegetables like radish, carrot, turnip, etc. are planted together. Similarly, green leafy vegetables like lettuce, spinach, etc. are planted between the plants of tomato or brinjal.

ii. More fertilizers should be used in the plot to grow peas, beans, pulses, etc. between other vegetable plants.

iii Green fertilizer providing plants should be planted to maintain the fertility of soil.

iv. Unnecessary weeds should be uprooted and removed from the farm.v. Growing unnecessary weeds can be prevented by planting radish, potato,

turnip, carrot, etc. immediately after harvesting cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, etc.

vi. Edible root vegetables are planted by making drainage. vii. Provision of manure, irrigation and cleaning is esssential according to the

nature of vegetables and weather condition.

Advantages of Inter-cropping Vegetable FarmingInter-cropping vegetable farming is important to make more benefit by producing various kinds of vegetables together in the same land. Some of the advantages of this method of vegetable farming are given below.i. Fertility of the vegetable farm can be maintained by growing pulse crops.ii. Various types of vegetables can be grown together in a short period of time.iii. Leaves of various vegetables can be used as fodder for livestock.iv. Maximum production of vegetables can be obtained from the same land.v. Cropping intensity can be increased.vi. Insects and diseases of the vegetables can be decreased.vii. Domestic need of various vegetables and pulses can be fulfilled.


Discuss the importance of inter-cropping vegetable farming in the urban areas of Nepal among your friends.

harvest : to cut and gather a cropedible : that can be eaten without harmdrainage : a system of drainsfodder : food for farm animalsintensity : the strength of something

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define inter-cropping vegetable farming with examples.

b. Explain the methods of inter-cropping vegetable farming.

c. Mention any five advantages of inter-cropping vegetable farming.

d. "Inter-cropping vegetable farming is beneficial in many ways." Justify this statement with suitable examples.

Imagine that your are going to cultivate inter-cropping vegetables in your piece of land. Prepare a plan for the same and share it with your friends.


IntroductionOrganic vegetable farming refers to cultivating vegetables without use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides or pesticides. In organic vegetable farming, the use of antibiotics, chemicals or hormones used for the rapid growth of plants is avoided. Similarly, artificial creature produced through physical transformation is also strictly prohibited in organic vegetable farming. Therefore, organic vegetable farming is environment friendly and its products are hygeinic for human health.

Production of Organic VegetablesOrganic vegetables are produced without use of any chemicals in the soil and on the vegetable plants. First of all, farm is selected and prepared by digging,

Organic Vegetable FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 4

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define organing vegetable farming.• be familiar with the method of producing organic

vegetables.• describe transportation, distribution and marketing of

vegetables.• be familiar with the account management of vegetable

business.


ploughing and mixing organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers include green fertilizer, compost fertilizer or dung fertilizer. After making the farm clean and smooth, dams are constructed to sow vegetable seeds to produce seedlings. Organic materials are added in the dams to grow vegetables. The use of organic manure should be emphasized in order to increase the quantity of materials more than 5% in the soil. For this purpose, animal urine, plants like Asuro, Titepati, Dhaicha, etc. can be used. The use of such organic materials increases nutritional factors in the soil required for the growth of vegetable plants.

In organic vegetable farming, vegetable seedlings are prepared and transplanted. Farm is cleared by removing unnecessary weeds and organic fertilizer is added to the farming land. Vegetable farm is irrigated according to the weather condition and organic pesticides or insecticides are used to protect the vegetables from harmful diseases and insects. In this way, organic materials are used from sowing seeds to harvesting vegetables in organic vegetable farming.

Transportation, Distribution and Marketing of VegetablesThe vegetables produced in a certain locality may not be consumed in that place only. So, vegetable farmers need to distribute the vegetables in other places to sell. The process of taking vegetables from one place to another is called transportation of vegetables. In the context of Nepal, vegetables are transported by using various means of transportation. Such means are jeep, truck, automobiles, etc. In some places, people transport vegetables by keeping on the roof of the buses also. The vegetables produced in one place is distributed in the market of other places. This process in called distribution of vegetables. Sellers and consumers meet in the market and exchange vegetables in monetory value. This process is called marketing of vegetables. People should take care while transporting, distributing and


marketing of the organic vegetables. The vegetables which can be kept in good condition for a bit long time can be transported later. Priority should be given to the vegetables that may decay soon while transporting and selling them. Good transportation facility should be managed for organic vegetables to sell them in good condition.

Account Management for Organic VegetablesAccount management for organic vegetables refers to keeping record of calculation of total investment, total income and profit or loss from the production of organic vegetables. The following aspects are taken into consideration while managing account related to organic vegetable production and its business.

i. Production ExpenditureProduction expenditure includes expenditure on vegetable seeds, organic manure, irrigation, tools, etc. Proper record of production expenditure should be maintained while producing organic vegetables.

ii. Management Expenditure Management expenditure refers to the expenditure on human resources and other facilities required during the production of organic vegetables. In this expenditure, the record of salary and bonus of the workers, house or land rent, telephone and electricity charges, etc. should be maintained properly.

iii. Management of Marketing Expenditure Marketing expenditure refers to transportation charge, advertisement charge, packing and labeling charge, etc. of vegetables. The charges on these topics are calculated and their records should be maintained properly.

iv. Other ExpendituresOther expenditures include interest of capital, donated amount for charity, expenditure on fooding and feeding, etc. Such expenditures should be recorded and maintained properly and added to the expenditure of the vegetable production.


The details of above expenses should be recorded in separate record sheets so that it becomes easy to study it at the time of need. For example, expenditure recording sheet, production and income recording sheet, etc.

Expenditure Recording TableName of the vegetable crop : …………………. Species :………………….Area of cultivation: ……………..

S.N. Details of Raw Materials Quantity/Unit

Price per Unit

Total Cost Remarks

1234

Production and Income Recording Table

S.N. Name of the Vegetable

Quantity/Unit

Production (M.Ton)

Rate Per

Unit

Total Income

Total Profit Remarks

Total Income = Total Production × Market Rate per QuantityNet profit = Total Income – Total Expenditure

Consideration for Vegetable FarmingVegetable farming should not be guided only by the motives of total production and total income. There are various factors taken into consideration to make benefit from vegetable farming. Such factors are market demand of vegetables, time of distributing and selling vegetables, professionalism, market analysis ability, etc. The production of right vegetables at the right time and their distribution and marketing according to the market demand may ensure good benefit from vegetable farming.


Discuss the differences between organic vegetable farming and vegetable farming with the use of chemicals under the guidance of your subject teacher.

artificial : created by people, not happening naturallyprohibit : to stop something from being donehygienic : unlikely to spread diseasedecay : to be destroyed gradually by natural processes, rot

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define organic vegetable farming with an example.

b. How can we produce organic vegetables. Explain briefly.

c. How do vegetable farmers transport and distribute vegetables in the market in the context of our country? Explain briefly.

d. Mention the major aspects of account management of vegetable farming. Explain any one of them briefly.

e. Suppose that you are a vegetable farmer in a small commercial level. How do you conduct vegetable business successfully? Explain briefly.

Suppose you are going to conduct organic vegetable farming in your locality. Prepare a model of expenditure recording table to estimate total expenditure for the vegetable farming.


IntroductionMushroom, a cash crop, is a popular vegetable in Nepal. There are various types of mushrooms. Some mushrooms sprout themselves in the forest. Most of the mushrooms grown in the forest are poisonous and they are not edible. Some local mushrooms like Bagale, Kukhure, Chhate, etc. sprout themselves. Now a days, farmers are involved in mushroom farming due to its high demand in the market. Mushroom can be grown in rooms of houses, sheds, etc. for the domestic use or generating income. Mushrooms is a very nutritious and easily digestive vegetable. Generally, botton mushroom (Gobre Chyau) and oyster mushroom (Kanne Chyau) can be cultivated in mushroom farms. The brief description of cultivating these mushrooms is presented in this connection.

Mushroom FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 5

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• introduce mushroom farming.• be familiar with techniques of mushroom farming. • mention the advantages of mushroom and importance

of its farming.


Technique of Button Mushroom Farming1. Before cultivating button mushroom, compost fertilizer is prepared by the

following ways. a. A bundle of straw of about one

foot length pieces is prepared and cleansed by drowning it in cold water for about 8 to 10 hours.

b. The bundle of straw is kept and pressed in a wooden frame level by level. Compost fertilizer with the rate of 1-2 kg is added after 3-4 levels.

c. At the height of 4 feet, about 500 kg of straw is kept and watered as necessary.

2. After preparing the compost fertilizer, the place of mushroom farming is cleaned with about 2% formalin. Bamboo or wooden bed of width about 4 feet and height 68 inch is constructed in the place of mushroom farming.

3. The seeds of mushroom are sowed in the prepared place by the following ways.

a. The mushroom seeds are sowed by removing about 1-5 inch surface of compost fertilizer after two or three days of preparing the compost bed. The mushroom seeds are covered with the compost and pressed slightly.

b. The temperature and humidity of the room is maintained 22 to 25 degree centigrade and 70 to 75.5 respectively. The germination of mushroom seeds can be seen after 15 to 20 days.

c. The seeds of mushroom are sowed in the ratio of 20 bottles of seeds in one ton of straw.

4. After completing above steps, the mixture of 2 kg quick lime and formalin water solution (0.25:5 liter) is mixed with 100 kg of the powdered soil. The prepared mixture is covered with a plastic for 48 hours. The bed of seeds should be covered with 1 inch thickness of prepared mixture and it is irrigated in the morning and evening as necessary.

5. After four weeks of covering the mushroom bed with soil, the mushroom becomes ready. The mushrooms are plucked by twisting at one side with the help of their stems. The roots are removed after harvesting mushrooms.


The mushroom cultivated place is covered with treated soil and is irrigated as necessity. In this way, about 200-300 kg button mushroom can be produced from one ton straw compost.

Technique of Farming Oyster Mushroom1. Oyster mushroom can be cultivated by using straw, hay, dry grass, covers

of grain, etc. by the following ways. a. The weight of the proper and clean straw is taken as necessity. b. The weighed straw is cut into pieces of about 2 to 2.5 feet in length. c. The prepared straw is sunk in clean water for about 3 hours and is

washed for 3- 4 times. d. The washed straw is spread in a steep land of warm place for about 18-

24 hours in order to dry the straw. e. The dried straw is steamed in a water boiling vessel to kill the micro-

organisms in the straw.2. The steamed straw is cooled by

taking out of the vessel. The straw of about 4 inch is kept in the plastic bag of measurement 16 × 18 feet. The mushroom seeds are sowed in the straw kept in the plastic bag. Again, seeds are sowed by keeping 4 inch straw. Similarly, the seeds are sowed in four to five levels. The straw is slightly pressed to let the moss spread from the straw.

3. The circular holes of 1cm are made on the plastic bag in the difference of 10 cm to let oxygen enter inside the plastic bag.

4. The plastic bag is kept in a dark place with temperature about 25 to 30 degree centigrade after sowing seeds. It is kept in the dark place for about three weeks by closing the doors and windows.

5. The plastic bag is removed after the moss is spread on the straw. After that the lump of soil is placed on the bed of bricks or wooden flake.

6. Small mushroom buttons are seen at the time of removing plastic bag. The mushroom is ready for plucking within five to seven days after removing the plastic bag. In this way, oyster mushroom is cultivated.


Advantages of Mushroom FarmingThe major advantages of mushroom farming are given below.i. Mushroom farming can be operated in low investment with easy technique.ii. It can be conducted by using locally available materials. Agricultural waste

can be utilized in mushroom farming. iii. It is productive and profitable occupation due to the high demand of

mushroom in the market.iv. It creates employment opportunities to generate good income.v. It is environment friendly farming since no chemicals and pesticides or

insecticides are used in mushroom farming.vi. It has a great scope throughout the year because mushroom is a nutritious

vegetable and it is used to cure heart diseases, control blood pressure, etc.

"Mushroom farming is a popular occupation and has a great scope in our country." Discuss this statement among your friends with examples.

nutritious : containing many of the substances which help the body to growdigestive : connected with the digestion of foodpluck : to pull out with fingerstwist : to bend or turn somethingflake : a thin layer or piece of something

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Introduce mushroom farming and mention its two species. b. Mention any five advantages of mushroom farming. c. "Mushroom is a popular vegetable due to its nutritive and medicinal

value." Justify this statements with some examples.

Make a visit to a nearby mushroom farming area in your locality. Observe the various aspects of it and prepare a short report on the basis of your observation.


IntroductionThe natural fertilizer prepared from different creatures, plants and insects is called organic manure. The dung and urine of domesticated animals is used as organic manure in our country since time immemorial. Organic manure is prepared by decomposing various biodegradable waste materials available in our surroundings. It is an environment friendly manure used for organic farming. It increases organic matter of soil and develops water holding capacity in the soil. It can be prepared in low cost by using agricultural byproducts. It provides good nutrition to the plants for their proper growth and development. Various types of organic manures can be prepared from various biodegradable materials available in our home, surroundings and agricultural field.

Organic ManureEstimated Teaching Period(s): 2Lesson 6

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• introduce organic manure with examples.• name and explain various types of organic manure

with their uses.• explain the importance of organic manure.


Types and Uses of Organic ManureSome of the major types of organic manure are dung and urine manure, green manure, compost manure, chaff manure, bone powder, vermicompost, Bokase fertilizer, etc. The brief description of these manures with their uses is presented below.

i. Dung and Urine of Domesticated AnimalsIn rural areas of Nepal, animals like cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, etc. are domesticated in shed. The dung and urine of these animals is used as organic manure by collecting it in a nearby ditch. This manure is prepared by collecting all stuffs produced during cleaning the shed in a ditch with dung and urine. When the ditch becomes full, it is covered with dung or soil on its mouth. The manure becomes ready to use after 4 to 6 months. This manure is used in the farm by mixing it with farm soil while digging or ploughing the field. It can be used for the plants by digging around and covering it by the soil after adding the manure.

ii. Compost FertilizerCompost fertilizer is prepared in a ditch from straw leaves of plants, chaff, husk, biodegradable waste available in the surroundings. For this purpose, these materials are placed in different levels with each level of thickness of 25-30 cm and covering them by mixture of dung and urine. After 3-4 months, the manure is transferred into other ditch by turning it upside down. The manure becomes ready to use after 2-3 months and it can be used in the farm by mixing it with soil while digging or ploughing the field.


iii. Green ManureGreen manure is prepared from green and soft plants or layer-crops. These plants are mixed with the farm soil while digging or ploughing the field. These plants rot inside the soil and turn into green manure. This manure is used to improve the physical quality of soil. Generally, plants like soyabean, bean, Dhaicha, Sunpat, peas, etc. are used to prepare green manure. This

manure is prepared inside the soil before

1 to 112 months of planting crops.

iv. Chaff ManureChaff manure is prepared from oil crops like mustard, peanuts, seeds of cotton, Nim, Jhuse Til, etc. The chaff of these materials are grinded to make powder and the power is mixed with the soil one week before planting crops. This manure provides different nutritions needed for the development and growth of crops.

v. Bone PowderBone powder is prepared by grinding bones of different creatures. It is phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium providing manure. In the ancient time, there was the great tendency of using bone powder as organic manure. Bone powder is mixed with the digging or ploughing soil before the crops are planted.


vi. Vermicompost

Different species of earthworm produce vermicompost by breaking down of various organic matters. Earthworm farming is done to prepare vermicompost. It is used as soil conditioner. It is rich in various nutrients required for the proper growth and development of plants. Generally, it is used in vegetable farms and vegetables or flowers grown in vases. In crop field, it can be used in the ratio of 250 kg per one ropani of land. But in vases, it can be used in the ratio of 15 to 20 gm per vase.

vii. Bokase Fertilizer

Bokase fertilizer is one of the major organic manures produced from locally available resources. It is also called germ fertilizer due to the excessive presence of micro-organisms in it. The method of producing Bokase fertilizer is presented below.

Materials Used to Produce Bokase FertilizerS.N. Materials Quantity

1. Fine powder of rice coat 100 kg

2. Bone powder 25 kg

3. Chaff of mustard 12 kg

4. E. M. solution 1 kg

5. Sugar 1 kg

6. Water 40 kg


Process of Producing Bokase Fertilizer The following steps are adopted to produce Bokase fertilizer.

i. The required quantity of fine powder of rice coat, bone power and chaff of mustard are mixed together.

ii. Solution of 1 l E. M. liquid, 3 l water and 1 kg sugar is prepared and kept in the shade for 24 to 48 hours by stirring it time and again.

iii. The prepared solution is mixed with the mixture and is kept in the plastic drum or bucket or plastic bag and placed in the shade.

iv. This mixture is turned up and down to mix it properly for about 4/5 times in the interval of 2 to 3 days. In the case of dryness of the mixture, some water can be added while turning the mixture up and down and is covered.

v. The Bokase manure is ready to use within 10 to 15 days in the hot season, and 35 to 45 days in the cold season.

The Bokase manure contains 3.2% nitrogen, 5.2% phosphorus and 2.3% potash. The prepared fertilizer is used in the ratio of 150 to 200 gm per plant of vegetable. The method of using this manure in the farm is similar to that of other fertilizers.

Discuss the various types of organic manure used in organic farming among your friends.

byproduct : a secondary or additional productditch : pitconditioner : anything that improves the condition of something


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define organic manure with three examples. b. Name any six types of organic manure and explain any one of them

briefly. c. Make a list of materials required for producing Bokase manure. d. Describe the method of preparing compost fertilizer briefly.

2. Write short notes on : a. Green Manure b. Bone Powder c. Importance of Organic Manure

Make a visit to a nearby farmhouse and collect information related to producing organic manure. Prepare a short report on the basis of your collected information.


IntroductionThere are various types of biodegradable substances like roots, peels, leaves of fruits or vegetables, remaining parts of plants and other grass or weeds in the field. We can prepare compost manure by decomposing these biodegradable substances. Earthworm plays a vital role in decomposing these meterials to produce organic manure. Thus, earthworm farming is carried out to produce compost manure. Earthworm farming refers to cultivating earthworm and using them in the production of compost fertilizer. Earthworm farming is also called vermi farming and the compost manure produced by earthworm is called vermicompost.

Vermicompost is a heterogeneous manure prepared from decomposed waste vegetables, fruits, foods, grass leaves, hay or barks of crops or other plants with the introduction of earthworm in the mixture. The method of producing

Earthworm Farming and Vermi Composting


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• introduce earthworm farming and vericomposting.• be familiar with the methods of vermicomposting.• mention the advantages of vermicompost.


vermicompost is called vermicomposting. This is the modern technology of preparing compost fertilizer from the biodegradable substances by earthworm farming.

There are different species of earthworms with difference in shape, type, colour and nature. Some common species of earthworms are Eudrilus, Eugene, Inhinia foetita, etc. These are commonly found on the earth surface. Earthworm eats 90% soil and 10% other organic materials. Thus, earthworm is used to prepare organic manure due to its strange food habit.

Methods of Producing Vermicompost by Earthworm FarmingThere are various methods of preparing vermicompost by earthworm farming. Some of the major methods are piling up method, pit method and tank method. The brief description of these methods are given below.

i. Piling up MethodIn piling up method of producing vermicompost, three parts of dung, one part of weeds and one part of straw, remains of plants, hay, etc. is collected to produce one ton compost. The mixture of these materials is mixed with water and piled up. After heat reaches the bottom of the pile, it cools down. In the cold pile of mixture, earthworms are introduced in the ratio of 200 per cubic square feet. About in 2 months earthworms are produced in the ratio of 600 per cubic square feet and the earthworms prepare vermicompost.

ii. Pit MethodPit method is a common method of preparing vermicompost. In this method, a pit of length 10 feet, breadth 6 feet and depth 2 feet is prepared and half of it is filled with the dung of animals, weeds, hay, straw, etc. The mixture is arranged


loosely to make the place for earthworms and earthworms are introduced in the pit in the ratio of 200 per cubic feet. The earthworms start preparing manure and after a month, vermicompost becomes ready to use.

iii. Tank MethodIn the tank method of producing vermicompost, a tank is prepared of the size 20 × 6 × 3 feet by placing bricks or stones at the bottom. In this tank, animal dung is placed in the first layer and degradable waste materials are placed layer by layer on the dung. After placing organic materials, earthworms in the ratio of 200 per cubic feet are introduced in the tank. The water is sprayed time to time to make the decomposing materials wet. But the act of spraying water is stopped when 90% of the waste gets rotten. The earthworms decompose organic materials and vermicompost is prepared.

Advantages of VermicompostThe advantages of vermicompost are pointed out below.i. Vermicompost is black and grainy without stink.ii. It is rich in nutrients in comparison to general compost manure.iii. The use of vermicompost in farm controls soil erosion due to its high water

holding capacity. It also retains miosture of soil.iv. It improves physical structure of soil and enriches soil with abundance of

micro-organisms.v. It improves growth of plant roots and provides good nutrition for the

overall development of plants.

Vermi composting is a eco-friendly technology of preparing organic manure. It helps keep environment clean by utilizing waste and unwanted biodegradable materials available in our home and farming land. It also saves our money that is used in purchasing manure required for our farming. Thus, vermi composting has a great significance for organic farming.


Discuss the various methods of vermi composting among your friends.

decomposing : to be destroyed gradually by natural chemical processretain : to continue to have somethingabundance : a large quantity that is more than enough

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Introduce vermi farming, vermi composting and vermicompost. b. Name any four methods of preparing earthworm fertilizer and explain

piling up method. c. Mention any five advantages of vermicompost. d. 'Vermi composting is a eco-friendly technology of preparing organic

manure.' Justify this with suitable reasons.

Prepare a short report on vermi farming and vermi composting by collecting information through the internet.


IntroductionVegetables produced in a small scale in kitchen garden or rooftop or bacony may be used for household need. But vegetable farmers produce various types of vegetables in a large scale to generate income by selling them in market. For this purpose, proper market is necessary to be identified to distribute the produced vegetables for selling. Different vegetables are produced in different seasons. These all vegetables cannot be consumed at the time of their harvesting. Also, they may not get proper market during their season. Thus, it is necessary to store them by various methods for their future use. The stored vegetables can be sold in the market in their off-season if there is proper facilities for their storage. Thus, identification of market for vegetables and storage of seasonal vegetables are important aspects of vegetable farming. In this connection, the brief description of these aspects is presented.

Market and Storage of Seasonal Vegetables


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the identification of vegetable market with its

importance• describe the methods of storing seasonal vegetables.


Identification of Vegetable MarketThere might be various places to distribute and sell vegetables. These places are Haat Bazar, street, junction, Chowk, Chautari, etc. The people involved in vegetable business research such market places for marketing and selling their vegetables. This process is called identification of vegetable market. Identification of market for vegetables depends upon the quantity of vegetables, its types and density of population of a particular area. Vegetable suppliers/sellers and vegetable consumers meet each other in such market places. The process of buying and selling vegetables occurs in the market. This process is called market system. The identification of proper market is essential to conduct market system of vegetables smoothly.

The vegetable farmers identify the market and carry the products themselves for selling if the market is near to their production area. The farmers can get good profit from their products if they can sell the vegetables to consumers themselves. But it is not possible for all the producers. If the vegetable production area is far from the market places, the farmers need to consult with middle men for selling their products in the market. Thus, there are various chains between the producers and consumers of vegetables. In the context of our country, such possible chains of vegetable market is presented below.

a. Producers → Consumers

b. Producers → Retailers → Consumers

c. Producers → Brokers → Consumers

d. Producers → Telephone Market → Retailars → Consumers

e. Producers → Wholesale Market → Retail Market → Consumers

f. Producers → Co-operative Producers → Wholesale Market → Retail Market → Consumers.

The vegetables produced by vegetable farmers pass through various chains before reaching it to consumers. Thus, producers sell the vegetable products in low cost and consumers purchase the products in high price. In the case of


reaching vegetables to consumers from producers directly, the cost of products for consumers is not high and producers can also get high profit. Thus, the vegetable farmers should be active in identifying vegetable market to sell the products themselves in order to gain high profit.

Discuss the chain of vegetable market in your locality among your friends.

Storage of Seasonal VegetablesThe vegetables produced in their proper season are called seasonal vegetables. All vegetables produced in their season may not get market for their consumption at the same time. Thus, it is necessary to store the vegetables to maintain their proper condition and freshness in order to consume and sell it in future. There are various methods of storing seasonal vegetables. Among them, maintaining temperature and using chemicals are the major methods of storing seasonal vegetables.

Storage of Vegetables by Maintaining Low TemperatureSeasonal vegetables can be stored by maintaining low temperature in their store. In low temperature, there is less possibility of decaying vegetables because in low temperature fungi or bacteria cannot attack vegetables. Thus, the vegetables during cold season do not decay faster. But during hot season, vegetables cannot remain fresh for a long time. They decay soon due to the attack of microorganisms like fungi and bacteria. The produced vegetables can be preserved fresh for a long time by maintaining low temperature and high relative humidity in the store.


Storage of Vegetables by Using ChemicalsVarious chemicals like insecticides can be used to store the vegetable in order to maintain their freshness for a long time. The use of chemicals in the harvest of vegetables can prevent the vegetables from germs, level of the inhaling gas, depreciation of coldness and decay process of vegetables. Some common chemicals that are used for treating vegetables to store them for a long time are given below. i. Fungicides: sulphur dioxide, streptomycin, etc.ii. Antitranspirants : wax, glycerin, etc.iii. Desicants : Calcium oxide, silica, etc.iv. Ethylene absorbentsv. Common salt, sugar, etc.vi. Acetic acid, lactic acid, etc.

Discuss the methods of storing vegetables in your local market among your friends.

humidity : the amount of water in the airdepreciation : reduction or decline in quality of something

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the importance of identification of vegetable market for

vegetable farming. b. Prepare producer – consumer chain in vegetable market system in the

context of Nepal. c. Mention any two methods of storing seasonal vegetables and explain

the importance of storage of seasonal vegetables. d. Make a list of chemicals that are used for storing seasonal vegetates.

Visit a nearby storage of seasonal vegetables in your locality. Observe the methods of storing vegetables and prepare a short note on it.


IntroductionVegetable seeds are required for the production of vegetables. According to the type and nature of vegetables, vegetable seeds are produced by different ways. Different aspects are taken into consideration in order to produce vegetable seeds. Good seeds are essential for the good production of the vegetables. Thus, vegetable seeds are produced in special ways. The farmers, various private and government farms and other institutional farms produce various types of vegetable seeds in different parts of the country. Various modern technologies have been taken into practice in order to produce healthy seeds for commercial vegetable farming.

Along with the production, storage of the vegetable seeds is also essential. The safe and scientific storage of vegetable seeds is essential in order to keep them in good condition without the attack of insects. In this connection, the description of production and storage of vegetable seeds is presented.

Production and Storage of Vegetable Seeds


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• mention the ways of producing vegetable seeds.• explain the techniques of storing vegetable seeds.


Production of Vegetable SeedsProduction of vegetable seeds is one of the significant aspects of vegetable farming. Production of seeds is more expensive than production of vegetables. It takes about three months to produce vegetables, but production of seeds takes around nine months. Around 20 to 30 kg of vegetable seeds can be produced in one acre of land. Thus, production of vegetable seeds requires maximum expenditure in time and labour. There are various activities to be conducted in order to produce vegetable seeds. Some of the important aspects that need to be taken into consideration for the production of vegetable seeds are given below. i. Selecting good species of vegetable seeds and sowing them in suitable

place.ii. Preventing seed production from pollination of other species.iii. Irrigating and caring for the seed farm properly as necessary.iv. Harvesting seeds on their maturity.v. Drying the seeds properly up to the humidity of 12° C temperature.vi. Separating seed grains and cleaning them.vii. Storing the seeds only after laboratory test verification.viii. Packaging and labeling seeds in different categories.

Storage of Vegetable SeedsVegetable seeds are stored safely with scientific method. Seeds can be stored for a long time by using insecticides. Seeds are prevented from fungi and moisture to keep them unspoiled before they are sowed to produce seedlings. The stored seeds are sent to different places according to their demand. The well packaged vegetable seeds are stored in well maintained and air-conditioned room.


Some vegetable seeds can be stored up to 10 to 12 years. The seeds of cauliflower, radish, cabbage and onion can be stored safely up to 3 to 5 years. At present, moisture proof polybags are available in the market. These bags can be used to prevent seeds from moss and moisture. The vegetable seeds stored in such bags can be stored for a long time in their good condition.

"Good seeds are needed for good production of vegetables." Discuss this statement among your friends.

pollination : the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigmamaturity : the state of being mature, ready or ripelabeling : a set of information applied to the various objects in a

system

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does production and storage of seeds mean? Explain briefly. b. Mention any five aspects that need to be taken into consideration in

vegetable seed production process. c. How can we store vegetable seeds for a long time? Explain briefly.

Make a visit to a nearby vegetable seeds production farm in your locality and prepare a short note on the process of vegetable seeds production.


IntroductionVarious types of insects and animals prefer vegetable plants and their fruit to other materials since they are green, soft and nutritious feed for them. Sometimes, vegetable farmers bear a huge loss due to the attack of pests to their vegetable farm. Pest refers to an insect or animal that destroys crops, vegetables, fruit plants, grains, etc. Similarly, there are various diseases of vegetables that also damage vegetable crops. Thus, vegetable farmers need to pay special attention to these aspects to protect their crops from pests and diseases. They should know various ways of protecting vegetable crops. There are many traditional and modern ways of protecting vegetables from pests and diseases. In modern time, many techniques and methods of protecting agricultural products from various pests and diseases have been explored by agriculture and crop experts.

Methods of Protecting Vegetables from Pests and Diseases


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define integrated pest management with example.• explain the theoretical and practical aspects of

integrated pest management.• mention the various ways of controlling pests and

diseases of vegetables.


Professional vegetable farmers should adopt these modern methods to protect their vegetable plants and their products. The modern technique of protecting vegetables from pests and diseases is called integrated rival pest management. It is a good technique of making good agricultural production by adopting various aspects of protecting crops from the destruction of vegetables by harmful insects and diseases.

The integrated rival pests management technique of protecting crops discourages the use of chemicals like insecticides and pesticides in order to control pests and diseases. These chemicals have an adverse effect in our environment. It is necessary to protect our environment from the negative effect of various chemicals for healthy human, animal and plant lives. It has been found that the creatures in the world are in a huge crisis due to the excessive use of various types of chemicals. A scientist Richal Karsan published the adverse effects of pesticides for creatures through "Silent Spring" in 1962 AD. After that, people started to search alternative ways for protecting crops from insects and diseases. In the following days, people started to adopt organic technology of controlling insects and diseases to protect crops. Nowadays, the concept of integrated rival insects/pests management has been taken into practice in all parts of the world.

Integrated Pest Management: Theory and PracticeIntegrated pest management is an organic technology of controlling harmful insects, animals and diseases of crops and vegetables. It does not create any economic loss to farmers in their agricultural products. It is the technique of protecting crops by selecting sustainable method without any disturbance in the environment. Some of the theoretical and practical aspects of the integrated pest management are described below in brief.

i. Cultivation of Healthy PlantsHealthy and improved seeds are necessary for cultivating healthy plants. Appropriate technology, fertile land, use of required amount of manure, irrigation facility should be taken into practice in order to grow healthy plants. Healthy plants can be less affected by various microorganisms and diseases.

ii. Regular Care of CropsThe regular care of crops helps protect them from attack of possible insects and diseases. The crops produced in one season should be observed once a week.


Similarly, multi-seasonal crops should be observed at least once in fifteen days to protect them from various pests and diseases. Regular observation of crops helps find differences in growth and development of the plants. It also helps identify the diseases and treat them in time by adopting various ways.

iii. Protection of Companion CreaturesSome creatures are helpful to control rival insects or animals in the farm land. Integrated pest management prioritizes identification and protection of companion creatures. Companion creatures kill rival creatures in the agricultural field. For example, some birds kills insects, cat kills rat, etc. The use of pesticides is prohibited in the field since it may harm companion creatures. If it is necessary to use pesticides, the pesticides which do not harm companion creatures should be selected.

iv. Development of Farmers' ExpertiseThe major target of the integrated pest management is to develop farmers' expertise in controlling insects and diseases of crops by organic way. For this purpose, vegetable farmers should be trained in various organic ways of fighting against rival insects and disease of vegetables. Along with theoretical knowledge, the practical knowledge of various techniques is necessary for the protection of vegetable crops. The sustainable ways of protecting crops should be adopted by the farmers.

Ways of Preventing Pests and DiseasesThe common ways of preventing pests and diseases in the agricultural field are described below.

i. Natural PreventionThere are both rival and companion creatures in nature. It is necessary to get knowledge about them in order to control pests naturally. Companion creatures are useful for agriculture. They kill and control rival creatures. If the companion creatures decrease, the rival creatures increase. The increment in rival creatures results in a huge loss of agriculture products. Thus, farmers should gain the knowledge to increase and protect supporting creatures in the agricultural field. Such creatures may be affected by climate change, natural obstacles, use of manure, etc. The farmers should have good knowledge of these aspects.


ii. Method of FarmingMethod of farming plays a key role in preventing pests and diseases of crops. Proper management of land, insects or animals preventing species of crops, change in cultivation time, etc. may be helpful in controlling possible diseases and insects. Similarly, cultivation of mixed and circular crops, proper management of fertilizer and irrigation, cleanliness of the agricultural farm, etc. are also necessary to protect crops from the attack of pests and diseases. The number of rival pests and diseases of crops can be reduced by adopting different methods of farming.

ii. Use of Physical ForceRival pests can be controlled by using physical force such as trapping them with net, catching them by hands, sticking them with sticky substances, etc. Similarly, rival pests can be controlled by luring them towards their attractive materials to trap and kill them.

iv. Biological MethodThe biological methods of controlling pests include use of insects or parasites and use of microorganisms such as virus, bacteria, moss, nematode, etc. Some insects are preys of other insects. Similarly, some insects or animals feed on egg, larva and pupa of other insects. The identification of companion creatures and their protection can be done to protect crops from harmful creatures. Similarly, Nucleaus Polyhydropsis virus (NPD) kills the larvas of butterfly. Likewise, Bacillus Thruengenesis (BT) bacteria kills the harmful butterflies of the vegetable farm. These virus and bacteria are sprinkled


on the vegetable farm by mixing them in water to kill the harmful insects for the various types of vegetables. The green moss (Metarhyziumanysoyaliai) is used to kill the larvae of various insects that live under the earth surface. It is an organic pesticide produced from the moss germs. It is produced in the barley grains or talcum powder.

v. Chemical MethodIn chemical method of controlling pests and diseases various types of chemicals are used. Various types of insecticides, pesticides and medicines are used to control various types of pests and diseases in all parts of the world. But use of these chemicals has adverse effect in the natural environment. Such chemicals kill both companion and rival creatures and they disturb ecosystem. Similarly, such types of chemicals pollute various aspects of environment and agricultural products produced by the use of chemical are harmful to human health also. Therefore, farmers are discouraged to use such chemicals and maximum emphasis is laid on adoption of integrated pest management at present.

Discuss the various methods of protecting vegetables from pests and diseases adopted in your locality among your friends.

rival : enemyprioritize : to put in order of importancetarget : a result that we try to achievetrap : to keep somebody/something in dangerous placelure : to attract, to persuadesprinkle : to shake small pieces of somethingpollute : to add dirty or harmful substances to land, air, water, etc.

so that it is no longer pleasant or safe to use


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What is 'integrated pest management'? Explain briefly. b. Explain the theoretical aspect of integrated pest management. c. Mention any five ways of controlling pests and diseases of vegetable

crops. d. How can we control pests and diseases of vegetable crops by biological

method? Explain briefly. e. "Chemical method of controlling pests and diseases of crops should be

discouraged" Present your arguments to support this statement.

2. Write short notes on: a. Companion Creatures for Agriculture b. Natural Prevention of Pests c. Use of Physical Force for Controlling Pests

Visit a nearby vegetable farm and observe companion and rival creatures in the farm. Make a list of both and share it with your friends.


Fruit farming is common in the different parts of our country according to the geographical region and climatic condition. There are various aspects related to fruit farming. This unit includes:

propagation of fruit plants.

various aspects of pruning fruit plants.

methods of storing fruits.

introduction to planning of fruit farming in a small scale.

Fruit FarmingUnit 8


IntroductionFruit plants can produce new plants from their parental plants. Some fruit plants can be produced from seeds, while others can produce new plants from their parts or branches. The process of producing or developing new fruit plants from their parent plants is called propagation of fruit plants.

Propagation of fruit plants is one of the major aspects of fruit farming. For this purpose, breeding quality of fruit seeds plays a key role for developing quality seedlings. Similarly, good quality of fruit branches develop into good plant under vegetative propagation of fruit plants. Basically, we can find two forms of reproduction of fruit plants. They are seed propagation and vegetative propagation.

Propagation of Fruit PlantsEstimated Teaching Period(s): 6Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define propagation of fruit plants with examples.• be familiar with seed propagation of fruit plants.• define vegetative propagation of fruit plants and

mention their types with their explanations.


Seed Propagation of Fruit PlantsSome fruit plants reproduce from the seeds of their parent plants. The process of reproducing new fruit plants from the seeds of their parent plants is called seed propagation of fruit plants. Fruits in their ripen state produce seeds inside them.

Fruit seeds are collected and stored in plastic bags. The seeds are sowed in the nursery farm and they produce fruit seedlings in the favorable condition. Generally, the seedlings are transplanted in the fruit farm for cultivation. But in some cases, fruit seeds are sowed in the farm to grow fruit plants. Fruit seeds are categorized into monocotyledon and dicotylendon. Monocotyledon seed has a single part. The seeds of banana, pineapple, sugar-cane, etc. are monocotyledon seeds. Dicotyledon seeds have two parts. For example, seeds of orange, lemon, mango, apple, pear, etc. The seed propagation of fruit plants is easy and cheap for fruit farming.

Vegetative Propagation of Fruit PlantsNew plants of some fruits can be developed from leaves, branches and roots of their parent plants. This process of reproduction of fruit plants is called vegetative propagation. In other words, the technique of producing fruit seedlings from the leaves, branches or roots of their parent plants to develop them into new plants is called vegetative propagation of fruit plants. The fruit seedlings of cold climate fruit can be produced from vegetative propagation and preserved for a long time. In this process, the entire quality of the parent fruit plants can be obtained in the seedlings.

Techniques of Vegetative Propagation of Fruit PlantsThere are various techniques of vegetative propagation of fruit plants. The major techniques are cutting, grafting and budding. The brief description of these techniques is presented below.


CuttingCutting is one of the common methods of vegetative propagation of fruit plants. In this method, a branch/stem or leaf or root is cut off and put into water or moist soil. After a few days, a new fruit plant develops from the cutting part. In case of leaf or root, single part is taken, but in case of stem, its length should be 10-45 cm with diameter 0.7cm to 2.5 cm. The cutting part should be between the node with leaves just above the stem. The cutting of the evergreen fruits are prepared in rainy or spring season. The cuttings are kept in the cutting nursery bed or the wooden box. The required wetness is maintained in the bed by spraying water. In the maximum relative humidity with 20° C temperature of soil, cuttings produce good roots.

GraftingGrafting is one of the important scientific miracles in the fruit science. Grafting refers to the method of producting new fruit seedlings by the combination of rootstock and scion. The part beneath the graft is rootstock and the upper part of graft is scion. The rootstock provides root to the grafted seedling and fruits emerge in scion when the seedling develops into fruit bearing plants. Some of the important points that should be taken into consideration for grafting are:i. The rootstock and scion should be attached to each other with proper

fitting.ii. The combining layers of rootstock and scion should be stuck to each other

properly.iii. Grafting should be done in appropriate season that helps proper growth of

seedling.iv. The amputate parts of the plants should be prevented from being dry after

grafting is over.


Techniques of GraftingThere are various types or techniques of grafting. They are whip grafting, splice grafting, cleft grafting, side grafting and bark grafting. The brief explanations of these techniques of grafting is presented below.

i. Whip GraftingWhip grafting is one of the traditional and widely used methods of grafting. In this method, both the rootstock and the scion are cut diagonally. The cutting sides are joined by arranging properly and tied with the plastic tape by covering from outside. After 2-3 months, the combination of the rootstock and the scion is completed. Generally, this method is used for the propagation of apple and pear plants.

ii. Splice GraftingIn splice grafting, both the rootstock and the scion are cut diagonally and tied together for joining them each other. The other processes are similar to that of whip grafting.

iii. Cleft GraftingIn cleft grafting, the stem stock is trimmed and a 5 cm long opening is made in cleft. In this opening, the scion is inserted and the grafting wax is applied in the outer part. It takes about 2 to 3 months to develop the seedling from the combination.

iv. Side GraftingSide grafting is used in small seedlings produced in vessels. In this method, the cover on the edge of the stock stem is removed by making a wound of length around 3 to 4 cm. A scion of the length 10 to 12 cm is inserted in the wound of the stem and tied with the grafting wax applied rope.

v. Bark GraftingIn bark grafting, the rootstock is made very small up to 5 cm long by removing its outer skin. The scions are inserted inside the bark of the rootstock and supported by fixing nails.

BuddingBudding is a technique of producing new seedlings in which the buds from one plant are taken and combined with the rootstock of the other plant. Generally, buds are taken from more productive plants. This technique of propagation is


used in fruits of citrus species and in the dissemination of roses. There are four types of budding which are given below.

i. Shield BuddingShield budding refers to the vegetative propagation in which a bud is stuck into the rootstock and tied properly with the covers and layers. New seedling emerges from the bud.

ii. T-Budding In T-budding, rootstock is cut into T-shape and a bud is taken from the parent plant. The bud taken from the scion is kept in the rootstock of the 'T' shape.

iii. Ring BuddingIn ring budding, both the scion bud and the rootstock are joined together for vegetative propagation of fruit plants. For this purpose, a bud of length about 1-2 inch is taken from scion in the form of a ring and the rockstock is also prepared in the same portion.

iv. Patch BuddingIn patch budding, a scion bud is extracted from the parent plant in the shape of a circle or rectangle or square. It is combined with the rootstock by making the cover in the same shape of scion bud to tie up both scion and rootstock together.

Discuss the vegetative propagation of fruit plants among your friends.


propagation : causing to spread to extend, breedingamputate : to remove a part of the body surgicallycitrus : relating to citrus plants or fruitsdissemination : the state of being scattering or spreading

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define propagation of fruit plants with examples.

b. Explain seed propagation of fruit plants briefly with examples.

c. Name three techniques of vegetative propagation of vegetable plants and explain 'cutting' briefly.

d. What is grafting? Mention any for points that need to be taken into consideration for grafting.

e. Name five types of grafting with the explanation of 'whip grafting'.

f. Define 'budding' and mention its major types.

2. Writer short notes on: a. Vegetative Propagation

b. Cleft Grafting

c. Patch Budding.

Make a visit to a nearby fruit farm and study various types of propagations of fruit plants. Prepare a short report on the basis of your study.


IntroductionThe gradual growth and development of fruit plants keeps on throughout the year. There might be some unwanted parts of plants that need to be removed for proper growth and development of fruit plants in the farm. Thus, the pruning of the plants is essential to stop unnecessary growth of the plants, to keep them healthy and to ensure good productivity. Pruning fruit plants refers to cutting off unwanted and unnecessary branches from a tree or a bush of fruit plants to ensure good development and productivity of the plants and fruits. The growth of fruit plants throughout the year makes them unnecessary tall and bowing down tending to break the branches. Similarly, some branches of the plants may dry or die. Thus, it is necessary to trim or cut such unnecessary parts of the plants generally once a year.

Pruning Fruit PlantsEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 2

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define pruning of fruit plants.• gain skill of pruning fruit plants.• tell the advantages of pruning fruit plants.


Important Aspects of Pruning Fruit Plants The important aspects that need to be taken into consideration for pruning fruit plants are pointed out below.i. Old, decayed, dried, broken and diseased twigs and branches should be

cut and removed from the fruit farm.ii. Weak, thin, twisting and entangled branches should be cut and removed.iii. Skying branches should be trimmed and removed. iv. Short branches that have already born fruits should be cut and removed.v. Big wounds and injuries in the stems should be treated with the paste of

antibiotics or insecticides.vi. Weak bowing branches should be cut and removed from the fruit farm.

Advantages of Pruning Fruit PlantsSome major advantages of pruning fruit plants are pointed out below.i. Pruning helps control the shape and size of fruit plants as per our need.ii. It helps make fruit plants thick and strong.iii. It corrects structural defects in fruit plants.iv. It improves the sun-light penetration in all parts of fruit plants that helps

proper development of buds, flowers and fruits. It also helps control pests and diseases in the fruit farm.

v. It removes decayed and diseased parts of fruit plants which helps control diseases of fruits.

vi. It maintains proper space between fruit plants needed for their proper growth and development.

Discuss the importance of pruning fruit plants in fruit farming among your friends.


gradual : stepwise, proceeding by steps or small degreesentangled : twisted togetherpenetration : making way into the interior of something

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does pruning fruit plants mean? Mention its major aspects.

b. Point out any five advantages of pruning fruit plants.

c. "Pruning fruit plants is a significant aspect of fruit farming." Justify this statement with suitable explanations.

Make a visit to a nearby fruit farm in your locality and observe pruning fruit plants. Prepare a short note on the basis of your observation and share it with your friends.


IntroductionVarious types of fruits are grown in different seasons. On the maturity or in the ripen state, fruits are harvested from the fruit farm. But it is not possible to consume all the fruits in the short time. Also, the harvested fruit products may not get market to sell them immediately. Therefore, it is essential to store the harvested fruits safely to maintain their freshness without loss in the quality so that they can be consumed or sold in future. Thus, fruit farmers and fruit businessmen should have good knowledge of various techniques used for storing fruits safely. Some of the important aspects related to storage of fruits are described in this lesson.

Steps of Storing FruitsFruit farmers or fruit sellers should go through various steps to store the produced fruits. Such steps are briefly described below.

Storage of FruitsEstimated Teaching Period(s): 5Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the necessity of storage of fruits.• mention the steps of fruit storing.• describe the zero energy storage system.


i. HarvestingHarvesting of fruits refers to picking and collecting fruits from the farm at their suitable time.

ii. GradingAfter harvesting, fruits are arranged in different categories on the basis of their quality and size.

iii. Cleaning and ProcessingThe graded fruits are cleaned by removing unnecessary things from the fruits. According to the nature of fruits, they are dried as necessary. Other activities of processing of fruits can be conducted as necessary.

iv. Packaging and LabelingThe cleaned and processed fruits are packed in plastic or other bags as necessary. The packages are labeled according to the grading of fruits.

v. Storing The labeled packages of fruits are stored in an appropriate place. The storing place should be safe and suitable to prevent fruits from damaging and loosening freshness.

Storage of Fruits by Zero Temperature Method Zero temperature method of storing fruit is called zero energy cold storage system. In this method, fruits are stored in a zero temperature cold store. It is called "zero energy cold store" since it is operated without any external energy. This store is a double wall system room that includes a layer of sand in between two walls. It is constructed by a local technology with the use of locally available materials like bricks, stones, dry grass, straw, bamboo, etc. It is found that the fruits stored by 'zero temperature method' are far better than the fruits stored in refrigerator.


Method of Constructing Zero Temperature Cold StoreThe zero temperature cold store is constructed by the following ways.i. Selection of high land having continuous source of water nearby.ii. Placing bricks on the floor of the chamber with area around 165 cm × 115

cm. The area of the floor may vary according to our need.iii. Building double wall system around the floor of height around 67.5 cm by

leaving gap of width 7.5 cm between the walls.iv. Filling the gap with sand.v. Making the walls wet by pouring water on them.vi. Constructing roof by using bamboo stick, dry grass, straw, etc. to prevent

fruit from rain and sunlight.

Discuss the 'Zero Energy Storage System' for storing fruits among your friends.

ripen : to become ripe, to make something ripepicking : pulling and grasping with fingers (i.e. picking fruits)

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Why is it necessary to store fruits? Explain briefly. b. Mention the steps of storing fruits. Explain any two of them. c. What does 'zero energy cold store' mean? What is its benefit? Explain

briefly. d. Mention the steps of constructing 'zero energy cold store'.

Make a visit to your nearby fruit market and observe the system of storing fruits. Prepare a short note on the basis of your observation and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionFruit farming refers to the production of fruits in a small scale around the house or in a large scale in the fruit farm. Thus, there are two types of fruit farming: small scale and large scale. Small scale fruit farming is done to fulfill the household needs by consuming and selling the fruits in small amount. But large scale fruit farming is operated for business purpose. Large farm is used for producing fruit seedlings and growing fruit plants in a large scale fruit farming. It is called commercial fruit farming.

Fruit farming varies from area to area due to the variation in the nature of soil and climatic condition. Fruit like orange, lemon, guava, banana, pine-apple, etc. are produced in the Hilly region. Similarly, fruits like mango, papaya, Litchi, jack fruit, etc. are grown in the Terai region. Such types of fruits can be grown in a small area around the home. It is called kitchen garden or domestic farm. Various types of fruits can be produced in domestic farm in order to fulfill domestic needs. It is called small scale fruit farming.

Planning of Fruit FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 5Lesson 4

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define the fruit farming plan for a small scale.• prepare a plan for a small scale fruit farming.


Fruit Farming Plan for Small ScaleSmall scale fruit farming can be done in a small piece of land or in a domestic farm around the home. Proper planning for farming fruit is essential in order to get good production and improve environmental condition. Planning cultivation of fruits around the home can create a beautiful scenery that adds attraction to the home along with providing fresh environment. Thus, land for fruit farming should be selected accordingly. The land should be fertile with a nearby water source for irrigating fruit farm. Some of the points that need to be taken into consideration for planning a small scale fruit farming are described below.

i. Selection of LandThe first step of planning for a small scale fruit farming is to select land in required area with proper irrigation facility. The area of land is determined on the basis of area of intended fruit farm and nature of fruit plants.

ii. Selection of Fruit SpeciesVarious types of fruits are grown in different climatic conditions. Thus, it is necessary to select types of fruits according to the climate of the plantation area.

iii. Techniques of FarmingTechniques of farming varies from fruit to fruit. Some fruits are produced by sowing seeds, some are produced by planting seedlings and some other are grown by vegetative propagation. Thus, fruit farmers should have the knowledge of modes of propagation of fruit plants. Similarly, other techniques of fruit farming like making pit, using fertilizer, irrigation system, etc. are also taken into account for fruit cultivation. The scientific and sustainable ways of fruit farming should be adopted to conduct a small scale fruit farming.

iv. Caring of Fruit FarmRegular observation of the fruit farm is necessary to conduct various activities related to fruit production. Removing unnecessary weeds, pruning fruit plants,


treating diseases, adding manure, irrigating, etc. are some of the important aspects of caring of fruit farm. Thus, planning for such aspects should be done in the beginning stage of developing a small scale fruit farm.

A Format for Planning Banana Farming in a Small Scale

S.N. Details Unit Quantity Cost per Unit (in Rs)

Total Amount (Rs)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Estimated Expenditure (E) = ……………Estimated Income (I) = ……………….Estimated Profit (P) = I – E = ……………..Estimated Loss (L) = E – I = ……….Basically, a small scale fruit farming is done for the domestic purpose. A small amount of income can be generated by selling the fruits in the locality. Therefore, estimated profit/loss can be calculated with planning for fruit farming in the beginning.

Discuss the advantages of a small scale fruit farming around the home in domestic farm/garden.

commercial : connected with the buying and selling of goods and servicesvariation : a change, especially in the amount or level of somethingscenery : the natural features of an area


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What do you mean by planning of fruit farming? Explain briefly.

b. Mention any four aspects that need to be taken into consideration while making the plan for a small scale fruit farming. Explain any one of them.

Prepare a format for planning a small scale orange farm around your home. Discuss it with your friends.


The over production of vegetables or fruits can be dried and consumed in the future. The processed vegetables or fruits by the technology of drying are called dried vegetables or fruits. We consume different types of snacks prepared from raw materials of food stuffs. These are called food items. This unit includes:

introduction to various methods of drying vegetables or fruits.

methods of preparing various food items like Chop, Pakoda, Somosa, doughnut, cake, Mo:Mo, etc.

Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Food Items

Unit 9


IntroductionThe vegetables or fruits produced in the farm cannot be consumed or sold in a short period of time. The over production of vegetables or fruits can be dried and stored for consuming in the future. The processed vegetables or fruits by the technology of drying are called dried vegetables or fruits. The technology of drying vegetables or fruits is an old and traditional technology by which the amount of water contained in vegetables or fruits is dried and reduced to the least quantity. Moreover, the possible germs or enzymes in the vegetables and fruits are reduced to the lowest level as far as possible through the drying technology. The dried vegetables or fruits can remain safe for the future use due to the absence of germs or enzymes in them.

Methods of Drying Vegetables or Fruits There are various methods of drying vegetables or fruits in practice. Among them, the common methods are briefly described below.

Processing of Dry Vegetables and Fruits


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define processing of dry vegetables and fruits with

examples.• be familiar with various methods of drying vegetables

or fruits. • explain the importance of drying vegetables or fruits.


Sunlight Drying MethodSunlight drying method is a traditional method of drying vegetables or fruits. In this method, vegetables or fruits are chopped into small and thin pieces and kept under the bright sunlight to let them dry. The drying stuff should be prevented from dirt, insects, birds, animals, rain, etc. The drying stuff may be of poor quality or unhygienic if drying is done in the open space carelessly. Thus, drying is done under the close and careful observation.

Solar Drying MethodThe solar drying method is a special method of drying fruits or vegetables in which the rays of sunlight penetrate the drying stuff and it dries properly. In this method, small and thin pieces of drying stuff are kept inside the dryer. The dryer should be turned towards the sunlight by covering it with a special type of plastic. Nowadays, general solar dryer and tunnel solar dryer are available. The tunnel solar dryer is more beneficial than the general solar dryer in commercial level. The use of solar drying method is expensive, but it is qualitative for the drying purpose.

Electric Drying In the electric drying method, different kinds of electric dryers are taken into practice. Among them, cabinet type dryers are more common for drying vegetables or fruits. In these dryers, vegetables or fruits are dried as required by controlling temperature and relative humidity. Thus, this method is considered as a qualitative method for drying purpose.


Osmotic Dehydration MethodThe osmotic dehydration method is used to reduce amount of the water contained in fruits or vegetables through osmosis process. For this method of drying, pieces of fruits are mixed with sugar-water (20-49%) and pieces of vegetable are mixed with salt water (20-49%) and kept for drying as required. It starts to reduce quantity of water from the drying stuffs and quickens drying process. The use of osmotic dehydration method also enhances the quality and taste of dried stuffs due to the use of sugar or salt. It is also a cheap method of drying since it does not demand the use of any expensive equipment for drying purpose.

Air Drying MethodIn the air drying method, air is used to dry the required stuff of fruits or vegetables. In this method, drying pieces of vegetables or fruits are enclosed in paper bag and kept in air blowing place. The blow of air reduces water contained in the stuff and it helps in its drying.

Besides above mentioned methods of drying vegetables or fruits, other appliances like microwave dryer, spray dryer, vacuum dryer, etc. can be used for drying vegetables or fruits.

Importance of Drying Vegetables or Fruits The importance of drying vegetables or fruits is mentioned in the following points. i. Drying vegetables or fruits helps protect and utilize over production of

vegetables and fruits. ii. It helps consume vegetables or fruits in their off-season. iii. Drying process makes easy for transportation of fruits or vegetables. iv. Vegetables or fruits are easy to store for the future use. v. Vegetables or fruits can be consumed by modifying them into different

items as per our need and choice. vi. The processed stuff of vegetables or fruits have great demand and high

monetory value during their off-season.


Discuss the process of drying vegetables or fruits in your locality among your friends.

traditional : of or pertaining to traditionpenetrate : to enter into, to make way into the interior, to pierceosmosis : the gradual passing of a liquid through a membrane

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What do dry vegetables or fruits mean ? Explain briefly with examples.

b. Name any five methods of drying vegetables or fruits and explain any one of them briefly.

c. Mention any five points to show the importance of drying vegetables or fruits.

2. Write short notes on : a. Processing of Vegetables or Fruits

b. Solar Drying Method

c. Osmotic Dehydration Method

Prepare dry vegetable from any one vegetable available in your home by using sunlight drying method. Also, demonstrate its sample in your classroom.


IntroductionWe consume different types of snacks in the food shop, hotels or home. These snacks prepared from the raw materials of food stuffs are called food items. Such food items are Pakoda, Samosa, Chop, Mo:Mo, doughnut, bread, Selroti, etc. They are prepared in the market for business purpose. They can also be prepared at our home by using recipe of required food materials. In this lesson, various aspects of preparation of some common food items are presented.

ChopChop is prepared by mixing flour, boiled potatoes, other vegetables and spices as required. The required shapes from the mixture are formed and fried in the boiling oil after soaking them in Beson batter. The food item prepared in this way is called Chop. The procedure for preparing Chop is presented below.

Preparation of Various Food Items Estimated Teaching Period(s): 25Lesson 2

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• name the various food items and explain the materials

required to prepare them. • explain the procedure of preparing various food items

like Chop, Samosa, Mo:Mo, Jam, etc.


Required Materials Utensils : Cauldron, plate, spoon, Jhanjhar, etc.

Ingredients : Potato, onion, green chilly, salt, oil, turmeric powder, coriander leaves, Beson flour, etc.

Procedure 1. Required vegetables like potato, pumpkin, carrot, etc. are boiled.

2. The peels and unwanted parts of boiled vegetables are removed and a paste is prepared by crushing them.

3. Various spices are mixed in this paste as necessary and balls in required shapes are prepared from the paste.

4. These balls are drawn in Beson batter for about 10-15 minutes.

5. The balls are taken out of the Beson batter and fried in boiled oil as necessary for cooking.

6. After cooking Chop, it is taken out of the oil with the help of a Jhanjhar and kept safely for consuming or selling.

Pakoda Pakoda is an oil cooked food item prepared from the mixture of vegetables and Beson flour. The procedure for preparing Pakoda is given below.

Required Materials Utensils : Cauldron, plate, spoon,

Jhanjhar, etc.

Ingredients : Cabbage: 12 kg, Onion: 12 kg, Green

Chilly: 100 gm, Beson flour: 200 gm,

Oil: 12 l, salt, turmeric powder and other spices as required.


Procedure 1. The batter of Beson flour is prepared by mixing spices in it. 2. Small pieces of favorite vegetables are mixed in the batter and covered the

mixture for about half an hour. 3. The required small shapes are made from the mixture and cooked in the

boiling oil as necessary. 4. The cooked Pakoda is taken out of the oil with the help of a Jhanjhar and

collected in a flat tray.

Samosa Samosa is a common food item available in the form of Nepali snack. It is commonly known as Singada. It is prepared from potato, peanuts, peas, cheese, flour, etc. The required materials and procedure for preparing Samosa is presented below.

Required Materials Utensils : Cauldron, Jhanjhar, etc.

Ingredients : Flour, potato, peanuts, peas, grams, salt, Jwano, ghee, oil, spices, etc.

Procedure 1. The flour is kneaded by mixing salt, ghee, Jwano, etc. and well kneaded

dough is kept for a while.

2. The small round balls are separated from the dough and bowl shaped structures are made by flattening the balls.

3. The mixture of boiled vegetables and spices is kept in the bowl shaped structure.

4. The mouth of the structure is closed and cooked in the boiling oil.

5. After cooking, the Somosas are taken out from the oil with the help of a Jhanjhar and are collected in a tray.


You might have seen the procedures of making Chop, Pakoda and Samosa in your locality. Discuss the procedures of making these food items among your friends.

Doughnut Doughnut is a kind of bread with a hole in the middle. It is prepared from wheat flour. The required materials and procedure for making doughnut is described below.

Required Materials Utensils : Cauldron or large frying

pan, Jhanjhar, metal ring (frame), wodden or metal trays, etc.

Ingredients : Flour -1 kg, Sugar-100 gm, yeast -20 gm, butter or ghee -50 gm, oil -1 l, milk powder - 50 gram, water -500 ml

Procedure 1. The flour, sugar, yeast, butter/ghee, milk powder and water are mixed

together and the mixture is kneaded in a vessel.

2. The well kneaded dough is kept for sometime to let it swell.

3. The swelled dough is flattened on the table and cut into the shape of rings with the help of metal ring.

4. The ring shaped breads are kept in the trays for about half an hour to let them swell.

5. The swelled breads in the form of rings are cooked in the boiling oil.

6. The cooked doughnuts are taken out of the oil with the help of a Jhanjhar and collected in trays.


Bread (Pauroti) Pauroti (bread) is prepared by kneading and processing the mixture of flour, butter, sugar, yeast, salt and water. There are various kinds of breads such as bun, spicy, fruity or milky breads, etc. The materials and procedure for making Pauroti are given below.

Required Materials Utensils : Bata or Dekchi, pan, etc.Ingredients : Wheat flour, salt, sugar, yeast, water, etc.

Procedure 1. The ingredients are mixed together and the mixture is kneaded as necessary. 2. The well kneaded dough is placed in the warm place for up to 1-2 hours. 3. Small pieces are taken from the dough and kept them into the oven for 20-

30 minutes maintaining the temperature 200-240° C.4. The cooked breads swell into big size and give brown colour. 5. The well cooked breads are taken out of the oven and collected in a tray. 6. The cooled breads can be packed in the labeled plastic bags and sent to the

market.

Cake Cake is a food item prepared from the mixture of flour, sugar, butter, egg, baking powder, water and other required spices. It is cooked in high temperature of about 180-200° C. Thus, it is light and soft. The list of required materials and procedure for making various types of cakes is presented below.

Required Materials Utensils : Chalno, Bata, Dekchi, Frame, Tray, Cauldron, etc.


Ingredients

IngredientsQuantity

Butter Cake Pound Cake Sponge CakeFlour 1 kg 1kg 1 Kg Butter 80 gm 1 kg 50 gm Sugar 800 gm - 1.2 kg Eggs 18 pieces 20 pieces 22 pieces Spices As per need As per need As per need Baking powder 20 gm 20 gm -Milk or water 250 ml 350 ml 200 ml

Procedure 1. Required ingredients are collected and baking powder is mixed with the

flour. 2. Ingredients (except flour) are mixed with the butter and is stirred. 3. After stirring well, the ingredients with butter is mixed with the flour and

is moved. 4. Cashew nuts, raisin, almond, cheery, etc. are placed on the upper part and

cake is baked. 5. The baking cake is placed in the oven for around 20 - 30 minutes in 180-

200° C temperature. 6. The cooked cake can be trimmed in required shape and decorated as per

need.

Local Bread (Selroti) Local Roti or Selroti is prepared from rice flour, sugar, ghee, eating soda, fruits and spices as per the interest and need. The required ingredients are mixed in water and a thick liquid is prepared to make Selroti. It is cooked in the boiling ghee or oil by making circular ring like structures. The required materials and procedure for making Selroti is given below.


Required Materials Utensils : Cauldron, stove, Jhir, Dekchi, etc.

Ingredients : Rice flour, water, eating soda, ghee, sugar, spices, etc .

Procedure 1. Required ingredients are mixed and a thick liquid is prepared as necessary. 2. The thick liquid is covered in the pot and kept for about four hours in

warm season and around twelve hours in cold season. 3. The thick liquid is poured in the boiling oil or ghee by making circular ring

like shapes. 4. After sometime, the Selrotis in the boiling oil are turned upside down with

the help of a Jhir. 5. The well cooked Selrotis give brown colour. They are taken out from the oil

and collected in a tray.

Discuss the procedure of making Selroti at your home among your friends.

Mo:MoMo:Mo is a widely consumed food item in the urban areas of our country. It is prepared from vegetables, Paneer or various varieties of meat. Flour dough is used to wrap the grinded vegetables or meat to prepare Mo:Mo. Mo:Mo is in the shapes of small balls and cooked in the steam. Generally, Mo:Mo is classified into Vegetable Mo:Mo and Non-vegetable Mo:Mo. Pure vegetable Mo:Mo and Paneer Mo:Mo fall under Veg-Mo:Mo. Similarly, Chicken Mo:Mo, Mutton Mo:Mo and Buff Mo:Mo are the types of Non-veg Mo:Mo. The required materials and procedures for preparing Veg Mo:Mo and Non-veg Mo:Mo are described below.

Required Materials Utensils : Mo:Mo Cooking Case, Dekchi, grinder, plate, spoons and forks,

etc.


Ingredients

IngredientsQuantity

Veg - Mo:Mo Non Veg - Mo:MoFlour 500 gm 550 gmWater 240 ml 260 mlPotato 480 gm -Peas (dry) 50 gm -Onion 100 gm 120 gmCabbage 100 gm 150 gmTomato 50 gm -Green Chilly 30 gm 30 gmGreen Coriander 30 gm 30 gmMustard oil 32 gm 40 gmMeat (grinded) 400 gm

Procedure of Preparing Veg-Mo:Mo1. Flour is mixed with water and dough

is prepared. 2. Boiled potatoes are peeled and

crushed by mixing with chopped onion, cabbage, green chilly, peas, etc. The well mixed mixture is fried in hot oil. Other spices are mixed with it as per need.

3. Small balls are taken out from the dough and flattened with the help of rolling pin to make small layers.

4. The mixture (about 10 gm) is wrapped in the each layer and closed it by giving required shape.

5. The balls are kept on the upper part of Mo:Mo cooking case and covered it with lid. The hot steam coming from the lower part of the case cooks the Mo:Mo balls in around 10-15 minutes.

6. The cooked Mo:Mo balls are taken out from the cooking vessel and served in the plates with pickle.


Procedure of Preparing Non veg-Mo:Mo1. Flour is mixed with water and dough is prepared. 2. Meat is chopped into pieces and the

pieces are grinded to make the paste of meat.

3. The meat paste is mixed with the chopped onion and cabbage. The required spices are mixed in the prepared mixture and moved for a while.

4. Small balls are made from the dough and flattened to make small layers.

5. The mixture (about 10 gm) is kept in each layer and closed by making balls in required shapes.

6. The prepared Mo:Mo balls are kept in Mo:Mo making vessel and let it be steamed for about 10-15 minutes.

7. The well steamed Mo:Mo balls are taken out from the cooking vessel and served in the plates with pickle.

Jam Jam is a food stuff prepared from the mixture of kernel/pulp of different fruits, sugar and sour liquid. It is preserved in different types of plastic or lead bottles. Jam can be prepared from various fruits like apple, pear, peach, orange, pineapple, guava, mango, etc. There are various types of Jams. The variety of Jam depends upon the type of fruit selected to prepare it. For example, the Jam prepared from apple is called apple Jam. The mixed Jam can be prepared from the various fruits mixing them together. Generally, sugar and sour to the fruits are common in all types of Jams. But quantity of adding sugar or sour depends upon the sweetness or sourness of the fruits selected for preparing Jam.

Procedure1. The selected fruits used for preparing Jam are peeled and cleaned by

removing unwanted parts of the fruits.


2. The kernel/pulp of the fruits is extracted by chopping the peeled fruits. 3. The kernel/pulp of fruits is boiled with sugar. Adding the quantity of

sugar to it depends on the sweetness of the fruit. Sour liquid is also added according to the nature of the fruit.

4. Jam becomes ready if it changes into sixty five percent solid after boiling it. 5. The prepared and cooled Jam is stored in labeled plastic or lead bottles or

Cans. The Jam cans or bottles can be sent to the market for selling.

Discuss the process of preparing mango Jam among your friends.

crush : to press or squeeze something hard to damage its shapewrap : to cover something completely with other substancekernel : the inner part of a nut or seedpulp : a soft wet substance that is made especially by crushing

something

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any six food items that we consume as snacks. Mention the

materials required to prepare Chop. b. Explain the procedure of preparing Veg-Pokoda. c. Prepare a list of ingredients required for making cake. d. How is Selroti prepared in your home? Explain the procedure. e. Name the different varieties of Mo:Mo. Present a the list of ingredients

required for preparing Veg-Mo:Mo. f. What is Jam? Explain the procedure of preparing apple Jam.

2. Write short notes on : a. Pakoda b. Cake c. Non veg- Mo:Mo

Make a visit to a nearby Mo:Mo shop and study the procedure of making Veg- Mo:Mo. Prepare a short report on it and present it in your classroom.


Flower farming refers to growing flower for domestic or commercial purpose. The garden in which people grow various types of flowers is called flower garden. Growing and conserving various types of medicinal plants is called medicinal plant farming. This unit includes:

introduction to flower garden and preparation of flower garden.

importance of flower farming.

framing plan for a small scale flower farming.

market and account management of flowers.

use of various medicinal plants for medicines and for preparing medicines and cosmetics in industry/factory.

processing, packaging and marketing of medicinal plants.

Flower and Medicinal Plant Farming

Unit10


IntroductionWe use flowers for various purposes in our daily life. Flowers are used in different social as well as cultural ceremonies. Flowers have become an important part of our life because they are used at different occasions from birth to death. Therefore, flower farming or floriculture is on the rise at present. People grow flowers in vases, yard and garden to decorate their houses and use them in various occasions. The garden in which people grow various types of flowers is called flower garden. Flower garden adds attraction or beauty of the house along with other purposes. Some people grow flowers in

Flower FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 20Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain various aspects of flower garden.• define and explain various types of propagation of

flower plants.• describe production, preservation and storage of

flower seeds. • make draft plan for a small scale flower farming. • tell the uses of flower with importance of flower

farming.• be familiar with market management of flowers.


a small scale for domestic purposes only. But, some people cultivate flowers in a large scale for commercial purpose. In this lesson, various aspects of flower farming are presented.

Preparation of Flower GardenFlower garden is prepared for domestic or commercial purpose. Flowers can be grown around the home or a small piece of land in a small scale. But a flower garden can be prepared in a large piece of land to produce flowers in a large scale for commercial purpose. The various aspects related to preparing flower garden are site selection, breeding of flowers and their production, and protection and storage of flower seeds. These aspects are described below briefly.

1. Site selection First of all, it is necessary to select appropriate area or site for flower cultivation. Generally, in case of producing flowers in a small scale, it is better to use the land around the house. It adds natural beauty to the house and flowers can be used for various domestic purposes. But if the flower farming is to be carried out for commercial purpose, the following aspects are taken into consideration.

a. SoilThe appropriate soil for farming flower is the soil that contains sufficient amount of organic materials. Generally, the soil with sand, silt and porous clay is considered suitable for flower farming.

b. Source of Water Flower plants need to be irrigated regularly. Thus, the site/area selected for preparing flower garden should have easy access to the permanent water source required for irritating the flower farm as per need.

c. Warm High-landFlower plants need adequate sunlight for their proper growth and development. The site for flower garden should be selected in a high-land that gets sunlight for around 8 hours a day.


d. Market The selection of the site for preparing flower garden also depends upon the market accessibility. The flowers produced for commercial purpose should be supplied in the market immediately after harvesting. If the market is very far from the flower garden, the flowers may fade soon and go astray. Thus, flower garden site should be selected near to the market with transport facility so that flowers can be sold in a short time period.

e. Management of Flower GardenAfter selecting an appropriate site for preparing flower garden, the land is dug and farm should be prepared. According to the shape and size of the flower garden, the bricks or stones are placed on the edges. The organic fertilizer is added to the prepared soil. After preparing the farm, seasonal flower seedlings are planted. Regular clearing and irrigating is conducted for the proper growth and development of flower plants. The regular care of the flower garden is needed to prevent flower plants from insects, diseases and animals.

Discuss the important aspects of site selection to prepare a flower garden among your friends.

2. Propagation of Flower PlantsFlower plants can be produced by two ways. They are seed propagation and vegetative propagation. In seed propagation, flower seedlings are produced by sowing seeds. But in vegetative propagation, flower plants are developed by grafting, cutting, etc. The description of grafting and cutting is presented below.

Grafting Grafting is a method of developing new flower plants with the combination of rootstock and scion. In this method, rootstock provides roots to the new plant and scion is the upper part of grafting which provides flowers in its mature stage. In grafting, rootstock and scion are joined together in proper season. The cutting part of rootstock and scion should be prevented from being dry. The flower


seedlings prepared from grafting are transplanted in the flower garden in the appropriate season.

Cutting Cutting is an artificial method of breeding flower plants. In this method, a piece of leaf or stem or root is cut off from the parent plant and put into moist soil or water. In case of leaf or root, a single leaf or root is taken for propagation. But, in case of stem, a stem of length about 6-10 inch is cut off with leaves and it should be between nodes. Generally, the suitable season for cutting is winter from the month of Mangsir to Falgun.

3. Production, Preservation and Storage of Flower SeedsMost of the flower seedlings are produced from the flower seeds. Thus, production of flower seeds is an important aspect of flower farming. Flower seeds can be produced in the farm. The farm is prepared well by digging and clearing it. The flower seeds of different species are produced in separate farms. Good production of flower seeds needs regular cleaning and irrigation. The seed producing flower plants should be protected from various harmful insects and diseases . The seeds are harvested in their maturity and ripe stage.

The harvested seeds are preserved and stored in a proper place. The flower seeds are cleared and dried in the sunlight for 3-4 days. The drying of seeds depends on the nature of flower seeds. The wetness of around 10 to 12 percent should be contained in the seeds. The seeds should be separated from the seeds of other unwanted plants. The cleaned and separated seeds are kept in the plastic


bags after their laboratory test verification. The packet of seeds should be well labeled according to the categories of flower seeds. The seeds are kept in moisture proof plastic bags to preserve them for a long time. Before storing seeds, they should be treated with suitable pesticides to prevent them from attack of various diseases. The packets of seeds are stored in the dry and cool rooms safely. The stored seeds can be distributed in the market according to the market demand.

Discuss the various methods of propagation of flower plants for flower farming among your friends.

Importance of Flower Farming In our daily life, flowers are used for many purposes. Flowers are needed to perform various religious offerings and ritual rites at different times. People use flowers to worship goods, to welcome guests, to decorate houses, to perform various festive ceremonies, to honour people in their achievements, etc. Some species of flowers are used as raw materials for preparing medicine and cosmetic products. Thus, the demand of flowers is increasing day by day. Flower farmers are involving in the commercial production of flowers due to the high demand of flowers. They can generate income by carrying out commercial production of flowers. The commercialization of flowers increases job opportunities and market activities that ultimately contribute to the economic growth of the society and the nation.

Plan for a Small Scale Flower FarmingIt is necessary to prepare a draft plan before involving in any type of flower farming. The draft plan guides us to move smoothly in the activities of flower farming and makes easy to guess benefit or loss from the farming flowers. In this connection, a draft plan for farming carnation in one ropani land is presented as a model. Carnation is a species of a flower which is 45 to 75 cm long and remains alive for many years. Thus, carnation is cultivated under the shed in the farm.


A Draft Plan for Carnation Farming

S.N.Particulars

(Expenditure)Unit

Required Quantity

Price Per Unit

Total Amount (Rs)

1Purchasing carnation seedlings

Piece 5,000 32 1,60,000

2 Land preparation Labour 10 300 3,000

3Organic Manure (Dung)

Quintal 30 500 15,000

4

Materials of chemical fertilizer

Kg 50 40 2,000

i. Plastic shed Bamboo 100 100 10,000ii. Expense on poly

house- 9 10000 90,000

5Construction of Plastic shed

Labour 10 300 3,000

6 Seedlings plantation Labour 5 300 1,5007 Irrigation Times 2 300 6008 Constructing net Labour 1 300 300

9Pruning young branches

Labour 2 300 600

10 Using pesticides Labour 2 300 60011 Keeping the first net Labour 3 300 900

12Knitting the second and third nets

Labour 3 300 900

13Knitting the fourth and fifth net

Labour 3 300 900

14 Plucking the buds Labour 3 300 90015. Harvesting Labour 6 300 1,800

16.Cold treatment and storing

Labour 2 300 600

17.Distributing and selling

Labour 3 300 900

Total Expenditure 2,98,500


Estimation of Income After 120 days, estimated production = 50,000 sticks Selling price (Per stick) = Rs. 10

Total Income = 50,000 × 10 = Rs. 5,00,000

Profit = Total Income – Total Expenditure

= Rs. 500000 – Rs. 2,98,500

= Rs. 2,01,500

(Source : Translated from CDC OBTE Book -8, page 98-99)

Market and Account Management of FlowersFlower farming is conducted in the places near to cities and some districts of the Terai region of Nepal. People also grow flowers in the land around their houses, vases etc. They use flowers for domestic purposes and they sell excess production in their local area or market. The flower farmers should manage market near to their production area to distribute and sell the flowers. Similarly, they should keep the proper record of expenditure from the beginning stage of flower farming. They should manage selling price of the production on the bsis of their investment on the production to make profit. Thus, market and account management is necessary for flower farming.

Suppose that you are going to prepare a flower garden around your house. Discuss the various aspects that need to be taken into account for this purpose among your friends.

ceremony : a ritual with religious/cultural significanceporous : full of tiny pores that allow fluidsexcess : beyond sufficiency or necessity


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What are the major aspects that need to be taken into consideration to

prepare a flower garden? Explain any one of them.

b. Mention the various types of propagation of flower plants. Explain the seed breeding of flower.

c. Define grafting and cutting with examples.

d. How can we produce and preserve flower seeds? Explain briefly.

e. "The importance of flower farming is on the rise in Nepal at present". Justify this statement with examples.

2. Write short notes on: a. Flower Garden

b. Uses of Flowers

c. Market and Account Management for Flowers

Prepare a draft plan for farming marigold in one ropani land. Present it in your classroom.


IntroductionA variety of plants are used to cure different types of infections, injuries and diseases. Such types of plants are called medicinal plants. People have been involving in the business of medicinal plants for a long time. It seems that the occupational and commercial use of medicinal plants has begun from Malla Dynasty more than 300 years ago in Nepal. At present, the scope of medicinal plants is huge and wide. Besides medicinal purpose, various types of herbs and medicinal plants are used as raw materials for the production of cosmetic items in the factory.

Various Aspects of Medicinal Plants


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• tell the uses of herbs or medicinal plants. • name some medicinal plants or herbs that are used for

medicines, for preparing cosmetic items and for raw materials in factory or industry.

• get practical knowledge of packing, distributing and marketing herbs/herbal products.

• be familiar with account management related to herb business.


Use of Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants are used for various purposes. They are used as medicine in homeopathic science. Some herbs are used to prepare various cosmetic products like soap, shampoo, scented oil, toothpaste, etc. Some herbs are used as the raw materials for the production of various goods in the factory or industry.

List of Some Medicinal Plants Used for MedicineName Parts used as medicine Used for disease

Burro Fruit fever, constipation, piles, diarrheoa, etc.

Ghiu Kumari Leaf (Pulp) indigestion, burning, fever, vomiting, gastritis, etc.

Neem Leaf, bark, flower and fruit

skin diseases, cough, asthma, fatigue, fever, vomiting, burning, blood pressure, cleaning gum and teeth, etc.

Paanch Aunle Root energy providing medicine

Gurjo Stem and root fever, diabetes, acidity, urinary discharge, etc.

Neer Masi Turnip of main root poison destruction, snake and scorpion bite, cough etc.

Yarsagumba Whole part (Plant) energy providing, treatment of almost all diseases

Turmeric Root common cold, eye disease, wound injury, gastritis

Sarpagandha Root insanity, sleeplesness, high blood pressure, etc.


List of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Cosmetics ProductsName Useful part (s) Production(s) /Use

Ghiu Kumari Leaf shampoo, moisturizer, sun screen/cream

Jatamasi Root scented oil, scented processing materials

Kachur Root scented oil Chutro Bark/Crust colouring productsKhaskhas Root scented oil, perfume Neem Leaf soap, toothpaste, etc.Timur Fruit oil, toothpaste, tooth powder, etc.Naagbeli Fine powder of fruit lipstick Sikakai Fruit, leaf materials used for making hair black

long and silky

Use of Medicinal Plants in Factory/IndustryA number of medicinal plants are used in factory or industry as raw materials nowadays. The invaluable medicinal plants are available in our country. In the past, there was no industrial processing facility of these plants in Nepal. The industry related to herbs and medicinal plants was established in 2038 BS in Nepal. It is known as Herbs Production and Processing Company, Ltd. It is situated in Kathamandu. It has started processing various types of herbs and medicinal plants available in different parts of the country. Establishment of this company has positive impact on the commercial farming of herbal plants. People are attracted towards producing medicinal plants in order to generate income. As a result, professional and commercial farming of herbs and medicinal plants has started in Nepal to fulfil the demand of raw materials in herbal related factory and industry. The farmers have started to produce various types of medicinal plants by importing them from foreign countries. Such types of plants are Lemon grass, Pamroja, French Basil, Comomile, Yuoa liptus, etc. Herbs production and processing company, Ltd. processes various herbs and medicinal plants to produce various medicinal and cosmetic products. It distributes its production in the country and abroad.


Packaging of Herbs and Herbal Products Fruit of herbs, processed herbs or herbal items are kept in small or large bags or sacks of different materials. This process is called packaging of herbs or herbal items. Wrapping in paper, packaging in plastic/cloth bags or sacks, keeping in plastic or metal pots are some of the examples of packaging of herbal items. Herbs and herbal items are packed in different forms to keep them safe from destroying and breaking. Similarly, packaging adds attraction to the products and makes easy for their transportation. Likewise, packaging and labeling helps categrorize various types of herbal products. The labeling on the packet provides detail information such as name of the ingredients of product, name of the company, manufacturing date, expiry date, etc. Moreover, packaging protects overall quality of the herbs and herbal items.

Processing Herbs in a Small ScaleProcessing herbs refers to extracting the gist of the herbs or medicinal plants by following various activities. Such gist taken out from the plants is used for various purposes like making medicine or preparing cosmetic items. The various activities of processing herbs are purification, grinding, choosing, cleaning, separating, squeezing, steaming, drying, etc. related to the nature of herbs and their upcoming products. The processing activities of herbs are similar in a large or a small scale industry. But the processing activities depend on the quality and species of herbal plants. It is necessary to prepare a draft plan before processing herbs. In this context, a draft plan for processing herbs in a small scale in presented.

A Draft Plan for Processing Herbs in a Small Scale

S.N. Name of Herbs

Parts to be collected Processing Activities Processing

Expenditure1. Camomile Flower

and leaf Drying in the sunlight for about 2-3 days

Mechanism, labour and machines

2. Mentha All crops except roots

Extracting oil through steam distillation technology

Labour and distillation


3. Dhasingre Leaf Drying leaves in the shade, steaming and extracting through distillation technology

Leaves collection and distillation

Processing Plan Quantity of Herbs : Processing Method : Processing Cost : Quantity of Processed Materials : Distributing and Marketing Cost : Profit or Loss :

(Source: Translated from CDC OBTE-8, Page 102)

Distribution, Marketing and Account Management of Herbs There are various activities related to farming medicinal plants and their business. It takes expenditure on various topics from preparing nursery to production and processing of herbs. Some of the topics of expenditure are labour, seed, manure, clearing, irrigation, treatment of diseases, protection from insects or pests, etc. Similarly, after production, herbs are harvested, processed, packed and stored. There is expenditure on these topics also. Finally, it takes expenditure on distribution and marketing of herbs. Thus, it is necessary to manage record of the expenditure on various topics from the beginning of production to selling the products in the market. It is called account management of herbs. It helps calculate profit or loss from the production and selling of herbs. It also helps determine market price of the herbal items. Moreover, proper account management related to herbal occupation and business assists to conduct various activities related to this field smoothly.

Name any ten herbal plants/medicinal plants available in your surroundings and discuss their medicinal uses among your friends.


constipation : the condition of being unable to get rid of waste material from the bowels easily

moisturizer : something that makes things moiststeaming : the method of cooking by steam

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define medicinal plants with some examples

b. Name any five herbs that are used as medicines. Also, write the names of diseases that are cured by these medicinal plants.

c. Make a list of any eight herbs that are used for preparing cosmetic products. Also, name any four herbal cosmetic products.

d. Explain the condition of herbal related industry in the context of Nepal.

e. 'Herb farming has great scope in Nepal.' Justify this statement with convincing logics and examples.

f. What does packaging of herbs and herbal items mean? Explain briefly with examples.

g. Why is it necessary to manage account related to production, distribution and marketing of herbs? Explain briefly.

Make a visit to a nearby medicinal plants collection and processing center with your subject teacher. Study the activities related to collecting and processing herbs and prepare a short report on it on the basis of your observation.


Note: Among the six lessons from 1 to 6, any one lesson need to be chosen for its detailed study.

Different types of domestic animals and birds are nurtured for various purposes. These animals or birds are reared in a small scale for household purpose or in a large scale commercially. This unit includes: sheep, goat and Chyangra rearing. cow, buffalo and yak rearing. pig rearing. poultry farming. fish farming. beekeeping. rabbit farming.

Nurture of Animals and Birds

Unit11


IntroductionRearing of sheep, goat and Chyangra is considered as a suitable occupation in terms of geographical and economic point of view of our country. The farming of goat, sheep and Chyangra has created employment opportunites for many people to generate income. It also assists economic growth of the nation. There are various aspects related to farming of sheep, goat and Chyangra. Such aspects are protection of pasture land, identification of diseases of these animals and their treatment, quality control of animal products and their storage and protection, packaging, transportation and market management of these products. In this lesson, a brief description of these aspects is presented.

Sheep, Goat and Chyangra Rearing


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the potentiality of sheep, goat and Chyangra

farming in Nepal. • describe the protection of pasture land. • identify and treat some common diseases of goat,

sheep and Chyangra.• explain various aspects of product management of

sheep, goat and Chyangra.• explain the importance of sheep, goat and Chyangra

farming.


Protection of PasturelandSheep, goat and Chyangra feed on grass and leaves of plants. They also feed on crops and grains. But, it is not necessary to feed them with expensive crops and grains all the time. Geographical diversity of our country has created various types of grass and plants required for farming sheep, goat and Chyangra. Animal farmers can manage and conserve pastureland for their animals. It helps minimize production cost on these animals. Pastureland can be managed by protecting and extending grazing land. Various types of local grasses and fodder giving plants can be planted and conserved in the spare land. Pastureland can be protected and conserved by grazing sheep, goat and Chyangra in different areas turn by turn.

Different geographical regions of our country have different kinds of grass and fodder giving plants. In the Hilly region, different kinds of grasses like Elover, Raigrass, Timothy, Cock's Foot, etc. can be produced for sheep, goat and Chyangra. Similarly, fodder giving plants like mulberry, Koiral, Gideri, Kutmiro, Kimbu, etc. can be planted and used for fodder. In the Terai region, grasses like Nepiyar, Lursan, Stailo, Kuiju, Sorgam, Bajra, etc. can be used as the feed for sheep, goat and Chyangra. The pastureland required for these animals can be extended by sowing grass seeds in the spare land. The proper management and conservation of pastureland is essential for commercial farming of sheep, goat and Chyangra in the different parts of our country.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases There are various kinds of diseases that trouble sheep, goat and Chyangra. Such diseases are caused by different types of germs, micro parasites, fungi etc. At different stages of life, sheep, goat and Chyangra may suffer from any kind of disease. Some diseases may be so fatal that they may take lives of these animals. Therefore, timely identification of these diseases and their proper treatement is essential in the sector of farming sheep, goat and Chyangra. Some of the common diseases of these animals, their identification, and preventive measures and treatment of these diseases is presented in this context.


Peptides Peptisis Ruminant (PPR)Peptides Peptisis Ruminant (PPR) is a dangerous disease caused by the poisonous germs. It is also known as cholera of sheep, goat and Chyangra. This disease is so a fatal that it may claim the lives of herd of these animals.

Symptoms : high fever (140° to 106° F), dry mouth and lips, red eyes, wound inside the nose, abortion (in case of pregnant female), avoiding foods, dehydration, black liquid excreta, infected animals die within 5 to 10 days

Prevention and Treatment : Vaccination against PPR should be given to the animals in every two years.

Gastroenteritis (Chherauti) Gastroenteritis is caused by the germs of diseases, parasites or pesticides. It is commonly known as infected diarrhea of sheep, goat or Chyangra.

Symptoms : loss of weight, thin and weak body, indigestion, dehydration, avoiding food, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : use of medicines like Neblone, Pergocare, vaccination against various diseases, rehydration, cleaning of shed regularly

Pneumonia Pneumonia is common in cold season. It is caused by bacteria, fungi, lungs worm, etc.

Symptoms : fever, cough, quick breathing, obstruction in respiration, loss of appetite, throat snoring, nose watering

Prvention and Treatment : transferring infected animals in warm places, feeding Cyaflone powder, using antibiotic vaccination for 3 to 5 days


Mastitis (Thunelo)Mastitis is related to swelling of mammary gland of sheep or goat. It is a common problem of lactating female animals.

Symptoms : inflammation of breast and nipple, coming blood or pus from the nipple, loss in milking

Prevention and Treatment : application of anti-inflammatory cream on the infected areas, use of antibiotic vaccination and ointment, cleaning the pen or shed regularly

Bloat (Tympany) Bloat is the condition of swelling abdominal area of sheep, goat or Chyangra in an abnormal manner. It is caused by stopping of belching and accumulation of gas in the stomach. Generally, it happens when these animals eat excessive amount of crops, grains, grass, plants, etc.

Symptoms : abnormal swelling of stomach, constipation, difficulty in breating, stomach pain, obstruction in releasing urine and excreta, restlessness

Prevention and Treatment : halting feeding, avil vaccinating, use of antibiotics, injecting Vitamin B, etc.

Products of Sheep, Goat and Chyangra Generally, sheep, goat and Chyngra are reared for meat products. Besides, they are farmed for skin, wool, milk and organic manure (urine and excreta). Wool is one of the important products produced from sheep and Chyangra. It is found that about 583.5 M. Ton wool is produced from sheep every year in Nepal.

Similarly, around 650 M. Ton urine and excreta is produced from sheep every year. The urine and excreta of these animals is used as an important organic manure used for organic farming. The ghee produced from sheep is nutritious product which is also used as medicine. Similarly goat's milk is considered as a nutritious food and is used to prepare cheese. At present, the goat farmers of Chitlang in Makawanpur district produce cheese from milk of goat and export it to foreign countries. Thus, farmers in Nepal involve in goat, sheep and Chyangra farming for various products.


Product ManagementFarmers produce various products from goat, sheep and Chyangra. The proper management of these products is essential for healthy and beneficial business of these products. There are various aspects of product management of these animals. These important aspects related to the management of products of goat, sheep and Chyangra are described below briefly.

Quality Control and Storage of ProductsQuality control is one of the important aspects related to the products of goat, sheep and Chyangra. Healthy animals should be used to produce hygienic meat. The meat should be stored in the refrigerator to maintain its freshness. Similarly, milk products should be produced from healthy animals. All the products that are used as food stuffs should be qualitative, fresh and hygienic. Similarly, there should be proper storage facility to maintain the products in their good condition. In our country, Department of Quality Control examines the quality of various food stuffs including meat produced from animals.

Packaging and Transportation of ProductsPackaging and transportation of products is another important aspect of product management of animals. The preserved products are packed up in clean plastic bags or containers and they are transported in the market. The packaging of products helps preventing them from being polluted and it also makes transportation of the products easy. The meat products of animals should be transported by means of special vehicles with the cold store system. The wool of animals should be transported to the factories by packing up in large bags or sacks.

Market Management of ProductsMarket management refers to the various activities related to distributing and selling of animal products in time. The meat products of goat, sheep or Chyangra cannot be kept fresh for a long time. These products should get immediate market to consume them in fresh and qualitative condition. The meat stored for a long time in a refrigerator loses its quality and freshness. Therefore, easy and immediate access to market to distribute and sell meat products is essential. Similarly, the management of market to conduct business activities for other animal products like milk, wool, cheese, organic manure, etc. also plays vital role for sustainable and profitable animal farming and business of animal products.


A Draft Plan for Rearing Sheep, Goat or Chyangra in a Small Scale

S.N. Description Unit Quantity Rate (Rs) Total Amount (Rs)

1. Total Capital Expenditure2. Total Current Expenditure

Name the various products produced from goat, sheep or Chyangra in your locality. Discuss it with your friends.

abortion : ending of pregnancy in immaturity (before the time of bearing young one)

mammary : related to milk-secreting organ of a femalelactating : milk givinginflammation : swelling, congestion of the blood vessels

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the importance of pastureland for rearing sheep, goat and

Chyangra.

b. Name any five common diseases of goat, sheep and Chyangra. Mention any five symptoms of PPR.

c. What is bloat? Write its symptoms, and preventive and curative measures.

d. Mention any three aspects of managing the products of goat, sheep and Chyangra. Why is the quality control of meat products essential? Explain briefly.

e. "There is a huge potentiality of rearing sheep, goat and Chyangra in our country." Justify this statement with suitable examples.


2. Write short notes on: a. Protection of Pastureland

b. Mastitis

c. Products of Sheep, Goat and Chyangra

d. Quality Control of Animal Products

Make a visit to a nearby goat/sheep/Chyangra farming area and observe the rearing condition of the animals. Make a list of various diseases that are common to animals in that area. Also, write the preventive and curative measures of the diseases. Prepare a short report on the basis of your study and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionCow, buffalo and yak rearing is an integral part of Nepali livestock farming. Cow and buffalo are reared in all the regions of Nepal. Yak is domesticated in the Mountain region of Nepal. Generally, cow, buffalo and yak are reared for dairy products such as milk, curd, ghee, etc. Buffalo is reared for meat also. He-buffalo and bull are used to plough fields and pull cart. These animals are taken in pasture land for grazing. The place separated for grazing these animals is called grazing area or pastureland. Such places can be forest, open medows, streets, etc. Extension and protection of pastureland is very essential for farming cow, buffalo and yak. Pastureland is cheap and easy to feed these animals for domestic as well as commercial farming. Thus, protection of pastureland is an important aspect of rearing these animals.

Cow, Buffalo and Yak RearingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 2

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the management of pastureland.• be familiar with various diseases of cow, buffalo and

yak.• name the various products of cow, buffalo and yak

and explain various aspects of their management.• prepare draft plan for rearing cow/buffalo, in a small

scale.


Besides, identification and treatment of various diseases of cow, buffalo and yak is other essential aspect of farming these animals. Similarly, product management and framing estimated plan for rearing these animals are other necessary aspects related to cow, buffalo and yak farming. In this lesson, these various aspects are described briefly.

Protection of PasturelandExtension and protection of pastureland is related to feed management for rearing cow, buffalo and yak. Nowadays, animal farmers prepare and protect pastureland in their private land or farm. They grow various kinds of grass crops such Nepiyar, Stailo, Barsim, Gamba, Amriso, etc. These grasses are useful for managing feed for domestic animals. Besides, it is necessary to grow local and hybrid species of grasses to extend and protect grassland required to rear cow, buffalo and yak commercially. Management of proper pastureland reduces the production cost of rearing these animals because pastureland is cheap and easy to manage. It also curtails the use of crops or grains required for commercial farming of cow, buffalo and yak.

Diagnosis and Treatment of DiseasesThere are various diseases of cow, buffalo and yak. It is necessary to identify, dignose and treat the diseases in time. Otherwise, these diseases can kill the animals resulting in great loss to animal farmers. Some of the common diseases of cow, buffalo and yak are described below.

Bhyagute RogBlack Quarter or Bhyagute Rog is a fatal disease of cow, buffalo or yak. It is caused by bacteria and generally occurs in summer and rainy seasons.

Symptoms : high fever of 106°–107° F, nose blowing and drooling of saliva, constipation initially and liquid stool mixed with blood later, infected animal dies after 6-8 hours


Prevention and Treatment : Use of antibiotics of sulpha group (i.e. oxitetracyclin, chloromfenical, etc.)

Khoret Rog (Foot and Mouth Disease)Khoret Rog is one of the most common diseases of cow/buffalo. It is a viral disease and generally occurs in rainy season.

Symptoms : wounds around mouth and foot, high fever, drooling of saliva, difficulty in walking, loss in milk production in case of milchy animal

Prevention and Treatment : cleaning of wounds with potash water, use of antiseptic cream on the wounds, use of phenol in wounds of feet, antibiotic vaccination

Namle Rog (Fascioliasis)Namle Rog is caused by a parasite called Fasciola hepatica. This prarasite is found in the liver of the infected animal.

Symptoms : depression and dullness, loss of appetite, ruffled body hair, swelling of the lower jaw, constipation followed by foul smelling liquid stool, loss of body weight, damage in liver, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : use of zanide bolus and fasinex according to weight of the animal, use of liver tonic as per the animal doctor's prescription

Thunelo (Mastisis)Thunelo is common in lactating cow, buffalo or yak. It is related to the swelling of the udder in milchy animals. It is caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.

Symptoms : redness, hotness and swelling of udder and teats; stoppage in milking, presence of pus or blood in the milking milk, loss in milk production, pain in udder and teats

Prevention and Treatment : cleaning udder and teats with lukewarm water, dipping the teats and udder in iodine


solution, use of antibiotic ointment, injecting anti-inflammatory antibiotics, maintaining sanitation, cleaning udder and teats with likewarm water before and after milking

Products of Cow, Buffalo and YakMilk is the common and famous product of cow, buffalo and yak. Dung and urine of these animals is used as organic manure. Buffalo is also reared for meat and it gives bone after death. Skin can be taken from these animals after their death. Various dairy products like curd, ghee, butter, cheese, etc. can be produced from milk of cow, buffalo and yak.

Product ManagementThe scope of cow, buffalo and yak rearing is on the rise due to the high demand of their products. Generally, the demand of milk and its products and meat (buffalo) have a huge market. But, the proper management of these products is very essential since these products are directly related to the health of people. Quality control, packaging and storage, protection and transportation, market management, etc. are important aspects of managing products of cow, buffalo and yak.

Quality Control and Storage of ProductsQuality products can be obtained from healthy animals. Quality control in rearing animals helps control quality of their products. Thus, selection of quality animals for farming, proper feed and shed management and regular care of animals are some of the ways of controlling quality of their products from the beginning. Maintaining sanitation and cleanliness during the production of milk, their other products, meat, etc. are also equally important to control their quality. In the context of Nepal, the milk produced from cow, buffalo and yak is collected in nearby milk collecting depos of Dairy Development Centre. Similarly, there are private milk collection centers that collect milk from production area and process it. Department of Quality Control provides quality mark to these products after testing their quality. Milk, milk products, meat, etc. are stored in refrigerator or cold stores in order to maintain their quality by preventing them from spoiling.


Packaging and Transportation of ProductsThe protected milk products are packed up in plastic pouch, plastic or glass bottles, etc. to protect their quality. After labeling, the products are transported and distributed in the market for selling. Similarly, meat products are also packaged properly and distributed in the market. It is necessary to maintain sanitation in the transporting vehicles to protect the products from being damaged and polluted. It is essential to maintain the cooling system in the vehicles that are used to transport animal products like milk, milk products and meat from one place to another.

Market ManagementProper market management for the products is also an important aspect related to cow, buffalo and yak farming. It is essential to maintain good relation between producers and consumers in order to meet the market demands of animal products. Various market places for supplying these products should be identified to conduct business smoothly. Moreover, foreign currency can be generated by exporting over production. Thus, management of proper market for various products of cow, buffalo and yak plays a key role for profitable and commercial rearing of these animals.

Drafting Plan for Rearing Animals in a Small ScaleCow, buffalo and yak are large animals. They need more feed and care. Thus, rearing these animals is expensive. It is necessary to draft plan before rearing them by determining constant capital expenditure and current annual expenditure in the beginning. The model of constant capital expenditure required for rearing animals in a small scale is presented below:

A Model Plan of Constant Capital Expenditure for Rearing Cows in a Small Scale

Particular Details Unit Quantity Rate (Rs)

Total Amount (Rs)

Purchasing cows that produce 10-15 litres milk per day

Number 5 40,000 2,00,000

Construction of cow shed (Area: 50 sq. ft per cow; Rs. 200 per sq. ft.)

Number 1 10,000 10,000

Construction of baby cow shed (Area: 20 sq. ft. per baby cow; Rs. 200 per sq. ft.

Number 1 4,000 4,000


Ditch for compost manure Number 1 10,000 10,000Tools 15,000Miscellaneous 20,000Total 2,59,000

Name the products of cow, buffalo and yak that you consume in your home. Also, discuss the methods of storing these products among your friends.

drooling : secreting (saliva)milchy : milk givingspoil : to damage or ruin

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the importance of pastureland for rearing cow, buffalo and yak. b. Name any four diseases of cow, buffalo and yak and mention the

symptoms of Bhyagute Rog. c. How can we control the quality of the products of cow, buffalo and

yak? Explain briefly. d. "Market management of the products of cow, buffalo and yak is essential for

commercial farming of these animals." Justify this statement with examples.

2. Write short notes on: a. Mastisis b. Foot and Mouth Disease c. Packaging of Dairy Products d. Plan for Rearing Animals

Make a visit to a nearby dairy in your locality. Observe the packaging and storage of dairy products. Prepare a short note on these aspects on the basis of your observation and present it in your class.


IntroductionPig rearing is one of the important sectors of animal husbandary. Pigs are reared for meat. Pig farming can be conducted on a small investment because they can be fed on leftovers of the kitchen. Thus, pig farming in a small scale can be a good source of income for the people having low income source. Commercial pig farming in Nepal is considered as an important income generating sector since it is easy to operate in less investment. There are various aspects related to pig rearing. Such aspects are feed management, identification and treatment of diseases of pig, management of products of pig, etc. In this lesson, these aspects are described briefly.

Pig RearingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• describe feed and pasture management for rearing

pig.• identify various diseases of pig with their preventive

measures.• explain various aspects of product management of

pig.• prepare a draft plan for rearing pig in a small scale.


Feed and Pasture ConservationPigs feed on grasses and kitchen leftovers. They cannot digest fibre food like other animals do. The green grass, Pidalu, Sisnu, rice, vegetables, breads, etc. are feeds of pig. These feeds of pig are cheap and easily available around the houses of people. Pigs in a small scale can be farmed in an open area around the houses. It is not necessary to manage special type of pasture for pigs. They graze in the street, spare land around the houses, etc. Thus, pig farmers should manage such feeds for pig farming.

Diagnosis and Treatment of DiseasesGenerally, pigs graze and stay in dirty places if they are kept open. Also, pigs feed on rotten and decayed food materials. Thus, there is more possibility of attacking pigs by various kinds of diseases. These diseases are caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasites, etc. Similarly, there are metabolic diseases that may trouble pigs. Some of the common diseases of pigs are described below.

AnaemiaGenerally, anaemia occurs in piglets due to the lack of required blood in their body. The piglets which lack enough iron suffer from this disease.

Symptoms : weak, dull, deformed

Prevention and Treatment : vaccination of M.L. iron after 2/3 days of bearing piglets initially for the fist time, vaccination the same after 10 days for the second time

Scabies (Skin Disease)Scabies is a parasitic disease that infects skin of pigs. It is caused by mites. It is commonly known as Luto in Nepali. In this disease, mites penetrate the outer layer of skin and cause severe itching in the infected area.


Symptoms : severe itching in the infected area of the skin, redness of skin with appearance of pimples and scales, poor growth and development, lean and thin

Prevention and Treatment : cleaning the boby of infected pig with actomin and water solution (1 ml actomin/liter water), application of ointment in infected area, application of Himex ointment to prevent from infection, maintaining sanitation in shed and grazing area

Swine FeverSwine fever is caused by virus. It is also called hog cholera. It is a severe infectious disease that can spread easily and cause high mortality of pigs.

Symptoms : avoiding feed, sleepiness, depression, idleness, appearance of blood in stool, bleeding from nose, high fever (104° to 106° F), diarrhoea, difficulty in walking, blue spots on the whole body

Prevention and Treatment : use of sulpha drugs, vaccination to piglets in the age of two months, vaccination to mother pig (1 ml/year)

Swine FluSwine flu is an infectious disease of pig caused by various types of virus. It is also called hog flue or swine influenza.

Symptoms : difficulty in breathing, nose blowing, roaring cough, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : nasal spray, medicine against flu, sanitation around pig farming

Bhyagute Rog (Pasteurellosis)Bhyagute Rog is caused by bacteria called Pasteurella multicoda. It is an endemic disease of animals which is common in pigs also.


Symptoms : high fever (104° to 106° F), difficulty in breathing, throat and tongue swelling, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : vaccination of Tetracyclin or Sulphadimadin for 4-5 days

6. Khoret Rog (Foot and Mouth Disease)Generally, Khoret occurs in piglets. It is a viral disease that affects feet and mouth of infected pigs.

Symptoms : wounds in mouth and tongue, wounds between two hooves, difficulty in standing and walking, drooling of frothy saliva, dullness and depression, abortion (in case of pregnant female), etc.

Prevention and Treatment : cleaning the wounds of mouth with potash water, cleaning wounds of foot with turpentine oil or phenol water, injection of antibiotics, separating affected animals from the herd

Products of PigPigs are mainly reared for producing meat. Thus, the major product of pig is meat. Besides, excreta of pig is used for organic farming of vegetables and in fishery. Varieties of meat products are developed from the meat of pig.

Product ManagementMeat is the major product of pig. It should be managed properly from the beginning to the end. Some important aspects of product management of pig are quality control and storage of meat, its packaging and transportation, and market management of various meat products. These aspects are described below.

Quality Control and Storage of Meat ProductsQuality meat can be produced from farming of quality pigs. Pure and healthy species of pigs should be reared for producing meat. The meat should be fresh and hygienic. The meat of pigs of the age six to eight months is considered as a


quality meat because it does not contain much fat. The meat and its products should be stored in deep fridge to maintain its freshness and control quality.

Packaging and Transportation of Meat ProductsIt is essential to protect meat because it decays soon. The meat prepared at the slaughter house should be kept in the cold store as soon as possible. Similarly, meat and meat products like sausage, ham, becon, salami, etc. should be packaged properly before transporting them in the market. It protects meat products from being polluted and spoiled. Likewise, proper and fast transportation should be managed to distribute meat products in the market in time.

Market ManagementProper market access is essential to supply meat and meat products in the market in time. It is found that about 80% of the pig production is slaughtered and sold to the customers by pig farmers themselves in Nepal. There are agents and local collectors to collect pig production and then distribute it in the market. It is necessary to maintain good relationship with such middle men for the proper market management of pig products. Nowdays, the market of pig production is high in Nepal and even in the foreign countries. For example, the market of Dharane black pig is popular in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Siligudi, etc. It shows that pig farming in Nepal is on the rise due to the good demand of pig products in the market.

Discuss the feed management for commercial pig farming in Nepal among your friends.

leftover : food that has not been eaten at the end of a mealmetabolic : related to the complete set of chemical reactions that occur

in living cellssevere : very badendemic : native to a particular areafrothy : foamy


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. How can pig farmers manage feed for rearing pigs? Explain briefly.

b. Name any six diseases that trouble pig. Mention the symptoms of scabies.

c. Why is it necessary to manage the products of pig in time? Explain.

d. What does market management of the products of pig mean? Why is it important?

Suppose that you are going to rear pigs in a small scale in the near future. Prepare a draft plan for rearing 10 pigs in the beginning. Include the expenditure required for the shed management, feed management and other necessary management for this purpose.


IntroductionThe farming of chickens, ducks, geese, etc. for the production of meat and egg is called poultry farming. The commercial poultry farming in Nepal is on the rise due to the high demand of their products. Feed and pasture management is an important aspect of poultry farming. Similarly, identification of various diseases of poultry and their timely treatment is also essential for commercial poultry farming. Likewise, preparing various poultry products, their proper management in terms of protection, storage, transportation and distribution are also necessary aspects of poultry farming in commercial level. In this lesson, these essential aspects related to poultry farming are described.

Poultry FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 4

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain feed and pasture management for poultry

farming.• be familiar with identification of some common

diseases of poultry and their treatment.• explain various aspects of product management of

poultry.• draft a plan for farming poultry in a small scale.


Feed and Pasture ManagementThe feeds of poultry are grass, vegetables, insects, grains, etc. The grazing land is essential to manage these feeds. There are two types of grazing for poultry. These are open pasture and closed or protected pasture. In open pasture, poultry feed on grass, insects, vegetable leaves, etc. themselves by moving freely. But, in closed or protected area, the grazing system should be managed properly. The closed grazing system should be prepared and protected according to the place and situation of poultry farm. Proper management of pastureland for poultry reduces investment in grains required for poultry. Chickens, ducks, geese, etc. can be reared by managing open grazing area. But hybrid poultry are reared by maintaining closed or protected grazing system. Thus, extension and protection of pasture is a key aspect for managing feed for poultry farming.

Diagnosis and Treatment of DiseasesThere are various diseases related to poultry. Some diseases are so dangerous that they can destroy the whole farm if they are not identified and treated in time. Some of the common diseases of poultry are described below.

Newcastle (Ranikhet)Newcastle is a common disease of poultry that may be transmitted to human beings. It is one of the dangerous viral diseases of brids. It was first found in Newcastle city of the UK and hence named Newcastle. It is also called Ranikhet which is taken from the name of the place Ranikhet in India.

Symptoms : difficulty in breathing, swelling in eyes, face and throat; spinning, strolling and difficulty in walking; paralysis, twisting of head and neck, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : difficult to treat after infection, Afstron vaccination to chicken within first week and R2B Vaccination after 8 to 10 weeks for prevention


Fowl Pox (Avian Pox)Fowl pox is caused by fowl pox virus and can attack the fowl of any age.

Symtpoms : appearance of small blisters in combs, face, hairless parts of body, blisters become hard and blackish, appearance of cheesy exudate under the eyelids, sticking eyelids together resulting in closing eyes

Prevention and Treatment : no particular treatment for this disease, vaccination to chickens of the age 7 to 8 weeks against this disease for prevention

Fowl Cholera Fowl cholera is a dangerous bacterial disease of fowls. It transmits through contaminated feed, excreta, instruments, etc.

Symptoms : loss of appetite, sound while breathing, diarrhoea with green or colorless stool, spinning, lame walking, swelling in wattle and comb, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : feeding 16% sulpha methazine or 1% hostcycline in drinking water for one week, destruction of contaminated feed and excreta, burial of dead birds

Gumboro (Infectious Bursal Disease)Gumboro is a dangerous viral disease of fowls. It mainly attacks young birds.

Symptoms : diarrhoea with white or yellow stool, ruffled feathers, loss of appetite, dullness and depression, loss of body weight, sleepiness, shaking and trembling, imbalance body position, etc.

Prevention and Treatment : feeding antibiotics and electrolyted water, vaccination against this disease, separation of affected birds from the flock, separation of broilers and layers, etc.


CoccidiosisCoccidiosis is a protozonal disease of fowls caused by coccidiosis protozoa. It generally attacks the fowls of the age 8 to 10 weeks. It affects intestines of the birds.

Symtpoms : yellow face and legs, unconscious, idleness, dullness and depression, swelling in intestine, bloody diarrhea, dies within one week of infection

Prevention and treatment : feeding corid liquid solution (9.6%), cleaniness of farm, separation of affected birds

Poultry ProductsThe major products of poultry are meat and egg. The wings of birds like chicken, ducks, etc. are used for producing toys or dolls for children.

Product ManagementMeat and eggs produced from poultry are closely related to human health. Thus, they should be fresh and hygienic. Quality control, protection, storage, packaging, transportation and distribution are important aspects of product management of fowls.

Quality Control and Storage of ProductsQuality of meat and eggs should be controlled from the beginning stage of their production. Farming of quality birds helps ensure quality products. Meat and eggs are prone to decay soon. These products spoil soon in hot season in comparison to the cold season. Thus, quality of these products should be maintained by considering this aspect seriously. Meat and eggs should be stored in cold houses to maintain their quality. Spoiled meat and eggs should be destroyed and buried. Sanitation of store house should be maintained in order to keep the products fresh, unpolluted and unspoiled.

Packaging and Transportation of ProductsPoultry products should be packaged safely to transport them from one place to another. Eggs can be packed in cartons and meat can be kept in plastic sacks for safe transportation. The fast and safe transportation of meat and eggs is


necessary since poultry farms are located far from the market area. Poultry meat is processed to prepare various items that can be used after a long time also. These items should be preserved by packaging and labeling them properly.

Market Management of ProductsEasy access to market is essential for the distribution of fowl products. There are various mechanism of marketing and selling meat and eggs produced from poultry farm. Poultry products can be sold from the gate of the farm or they can be sold by taking them to the doors of people. There are various local shops in the street or market that sell the products to customers. In commercial farming of poultry, there are various chains of middle men between producers and consumers for marketing and selling poultry products. The proper market management in any form is very important for profitable poultry farming.

Drafting Plan for a Small Scale Poultry FarmingPoultry farming is done to gain benefit by producing meat and eggs. It is necessary to prepare tentative plan before involving in this field. This plan includes estimated expenditure in various topics required for farming fowls. Similarly, details of rough income is also calculated while preparing business plan for farming poultry and distributing their products.

A Draft of Model Plan to Farm 500 Layers

a. Estimated Expenditure to Construct Farm

Details Requirement Rate/sq. ft. (Rs)

Total Requirement

Total Amount (Rs)

House Construction

1 sq. ft. /layer 150 500 × 150 75,000

Store and Office 300 sq. ft. 150 300 × 150 45,000Total Expenditure 1,20,000

b. Estimated Expenditure for Furniture and InstrumentsName of the Instruments Number Capacity/

PieceRate (Rs)

Total Amount (Rs)

Budar 2 250 layers 1,000 2,000Feeder 10 5kg/50 layers 300 3,000Furniture 10,000Weight Balance 1 1000 1,000


Broiler Crate 2 250 layers 150 300Transportation and Communication

3,000

Total Expenditure 19,300

c. Details of Current Capital Expenditure

Details Rate (Rs) Number/Unit Total amount (Rs)

Purchasing Layers 28 500 14,000Feed (No. 1) for 8 weeks 17 1.6 kg, chicken

760 kg (ortality 55)12,920

Feed (No. 2) for 7 to 20 weeks 16 6.1 kg, female 2897 kg (Mertality 550)

46,360

Feed (No. 1), 20-72 weeks 17 42.7 kg female 20,282 kg

3,44,802

Vaccine/Medicine 20 500 10,000Worker 2,000 For 18 months 36,000Maintenance, electricity, etc. 10,000Total Current Capital Expenditure 4,74,082

d. Income Details

Details Average Rate (Rs) Total Total

Amount (Rs)Selling layers after giving egg 2.5 kg 85 1,125 95,625Selling eggs 280 piece 3.5 980 4,41,000Fertilizer per sack 2,5000Total Income 5,39,125

Total Saving = Total Income – Total Expenditure (Current Capital Expenditure)

= 5,39,125 – 4,74,082

= Rs. 65,043

(Source: Translation from CDC OBTE-8, Page 119-120)


Discuss the market management of meat and eggs produced from poultry in your locality.

hybrid : cross-breedspinning : twisting and turningstrolling : moving from place to place restlesslyexudate : a fluid discharged from a pore of an animal or plantwattle : a piece of red skin that hangs down from the throat of a

birdprone : likely to suffer from something or to something badmechanism : a method or a system for achieving somethingtentative : initial estimation

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the importance of feed management for poultry farming.

b. Name any five diseases of fowls and mention the symptoms of Newcastle.

c. Write the symptoms and treatment of the following diseases.

i. Fowl Cholera ii. Gumboro iii. Coccidiosis

d. What are the various aspects of product management of poultry? Explain the market management of poultry products.

Prepare a draft model plan for farming 1000 layers and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionFish farming or fishery refers to a form of aquaculture in which fish is reared in ponds, tanks, paddy field, etc. for food. Fish feed on food items available in water ponds or lakes, streams, etc. Commercial fish farming is operated by making fish ponds suitable for fish. There are various aspects related to commercial farming of fish. Such aspects are feed protection, identification and treatment of diseases of fish, product management in terms of quality control, storage, packaging of fish products and their business in the market. In this lesson, these essential aspects of fish farming are described.

Management of FeedThe feeds of fish are natural or artificial materials available in natural water resources or artificial water ponds. The species common carp and grass carp

Fish FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 5

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• discuss feed management for fishery.• be familiar with various common diseases of fish and

their treatment.• explain various aspects of fish product management.• be familiar with various methods of preserving fish.


prefer artificial feed to natural feed, whereas silver carp, bighead carp and Bhyakur like natural feed available in the water bodies. Thus, it is necessary to manage artificial as well as natural feed in fish ponds for fish farming. For this purpose, compost fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus should be kept in the fish pond yearly. Generally, 2000-2500 kg compost manure, 220 kg nitrogen and 545 kg phosphorus should be added to the fish pond at the rate of one hector each year. It helps produce natural feed like moss, Jhyau and other creatures required for fish. Along with the development of natural feed, artificial feed should also be provided in the fish pond. Quality feed management results in good production of fish in commercial fish farming.

Diagnosis and Treatment of DiseasesThere are various diseases and parasites that trouble fish in their different stages. These diseases may cause great loss to fish farmers if they are not identified and treated in time. Thus, diagnosis and treatment of various fish diseases is essential for fish farming. Some of the common diseases and their treatment is presented below.

White Spot DiseaseWhite spot disease or ichthyophthiriasis is a common parasitic skin disease of fish. It affects skin and wings of fish.

Symptoms : green and thin skin, wounds on the whole body, dullness, white spots in the wounds, scratches on the whole body, skin and wing damage

Prevention and Treatment : shinking infected fish in the salt water for 3 to 4 minutes, use of malachite green

TricondinaTricodina is caused by the attack of unicellular external parasite. It attacks skin, gills and wings of fish. It generally attacks fingerlings.Symptoms : itching on the skin and gills, poor growth,

fingerlings die on heavy attack, dead fingerlings float on the water surface

Prevention and Treatment : sinking fingerlings in the salt water for 5 to 10 minutes, use of malachite green (25 p.p.m) and formalin (0.25 p.p.m) in fish pond


Gyro DactylusGyro Dactylus is a disease of fish which is caused by external parasites. These parasites attack on the skin of fish. Generally, fries and fingerlings suffer more from this disease.

Symptoms : itching in the body, rubbing body against the wall of pond, infected fish come on the surface of water

Prevention and Treatment : adding dipterex (0.25 p.p.m) and formalin (0.25 p.p.m) to the fish pond

Red Spot Disease (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrom)Red Spot Disease or E.U.S. is caused by fungi and has been seen for last two decades as a serious problem in fish farming. Generally, it attacks the species Rohu, Naini and Vyakur in winter season.Symtpoms : appearance of white spots throughout the body,

loss of scales, formation of deep red wound in the affected area

Prevention and Treatment : use of lime stone in the pond (15 kg/Kaththa) in the interval of one week for three times, other treatments according to the prescription of fish expert

Argulus (Fish Lice)Agrulus is caused by an ectoparasite called argulus. It sucks blood from the body of fish by living on skin, fins, gills, etc. It may attack any part of the body of fish.Symptoms : appearance of wounds on the body surface,

nervousness and restlessness, scratching body against the surface, frequent jump out of the water

Prevention and Treatment : sinking infected fish in the salt water (salt 2 to 3%) for 5 to 10 minutes, use of dipterex (0.25 p.p.m)

Product of FishThe major product of fish is meat. Fish meat is rich in protein (15 to 20 percent), vitamin A and vitamin D. Similarly, fish bone contains calcium, phosphorus


and iron. Various food items like meat, Sidra, etc. are prepared from fish. Fish meat is considered as a nutritious and healthy food for the people of all ages.

Product ManagementFish meat is the product of fish farming. The quality control, storage, preservation, packaging, transportation, distribution and marketing of fish products are major aspect related to the product management of fishery.

Quality Control and Storage of Fish ProductFish meat is rich in protein and hence prone to spoil quickly by the attack of germs. Also, poor quality fish meat is not hygienic and consumption of such meat is harmful to human health. Thus, quality of fish meat should be controlled from the beginning of its production and produced meat should be stored in cold house, ice or refrigerator. Moreover, fish meat should be produced from healthy fish and harvested fish should be stored safely to protect it from being polluted, spoiled and unhygienic.

Preservation and Packaging of Fish ProductFish meat is a highly perishable item due to the presence of high protein in it. Thus, preservation and packaging of fish meat is an essential aspect of product management related to fish farming. There are various methods of preserving fish meat. Some of these methods are described below briefly.

Fire Drying MethodThe fire drying method is a local method of drying fish meat. In this method, fish meat is cleaned by removing liver, intestine, stomach, ear, scales, etc. from fish. An oven is prepared by making 1.2 feet deep ditch. A wire net or bamboo strips should be placed over the oven and cleaned fish meat is dried by placing on the net. If should be protected from burning by turning it time and again. Fish gives red colour when dries properly. The well dried fish is taken out of the net and cooled down at room temperature.

Solar Drying MethodIn the solar drying method, fish are dried with the help of solar heat. Various types of solar dryers are available in the market to dry fish by this method. In such dryers, there is the facility of smoking fish with the help of fire smoke also.


Drum or Chamber Drying MethodThe drum or chamber drying method is a method of drying fish with the help of heat of the fire. In this method, fish are dried by placing them on the iron rod and wire net. For this purpose, a chamber of the size 4×4×5 feet is constructed with the help of stones or bricks. Iron rods are fixd on the inner wall of the chamber at a distance of one feet each. Wire net is placed above the iron rods and fire is kept inside the chamber. Fish are dried by placing on the net and turning them time and again until they dry well.

Preservation by Using Common SaltThis is an old method of preserving fish. In this method, fish are cleaned by removing their intestines, stomach, liver, ears, scales, wings, etc. The cleaned fish are kept in the salt solution to make them wet and the water is diverted. The wet fish are stored in wooden or plastic box by keeping them on the layer of one inch salt placed in the box. Again next layer of salt is made above the fish and next lot of fish is placed on the salt layer. In this way, fish are covered with salt layers. Fish can be preserved around 15 days by this method.

RefrigerationIn this method, harvested fish are cleaned and preserved in a refrigerator by maintaining a temperature of around 4° C. Fish can be preserved by refrigeration for few days before they are transported to the market.

Canning MethodCanning method is a high quality technology of preserving fish. In this method, fish are packed in cans with some edible preservatives. This method has not been brought into practice in our country. But, we can find imported canning fish in big cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, etc. of our country.

Market Management of Fish ProductFish are produced in fish pond, lake, river, well, etc. It is necessary to distribute produced fish to the market to sell them to customers. For this purpose, market management for fish meat is essential. In Nepal, big cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, etc. are the main markets for the fish produced in the Terai region. Fish farmers distribute their products to middle men. The middle men transport and distribute the products to the wholesaler of city areas. The retailers purchase fish from the wholesaler and sell it to customers. Some fish farmers directly sell the products to the wholeseller. The wholeseller supply


fish in the market. The retailer sell the products to the consumers. In case of a small scale fish farming, local businessmen involve in buying and selling fish in the local markets.

Discuss the various methods of preserving fish product among your friends.

aquaculture : rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food

perishable : liable to decay/damagepreservative : a chemical compound that is added to something to protect

it from decay or decomposition

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does feed management for fishery mean? Explain briefly. b. Name any four common diseases of fish and explain any one of them

with its symptoms and treatment. c. What do you mean by fish product management? Why is it necessary?

Explain briefly. d. Name any five methods of preserving fish. Explain any one of them. e. Describe market management of fish product in the context of our

country. f. Explain the importance of fishery in our country.

2. Write short notes on: a. Natural Feed for Fish b. Gyro Dactylus c. Fire Drying Method d. Benefits of Fishery

Make a visit to a nearby fish farming area in your locality and prepare a report by including various aspects of fish farming in the area.


IntroductionBeekeeping refers to practice or profession of keeping and caring for bees with the objective of gaining benefit from it. It is also called apiculture. Apiculture is a systematic manner of farming honeybee to produce honey and wax. There are various aspects related to beekeeping. Such aspects related to beekeeping are management and protection of pasture, identification and treatment of diseases, product management, etc. In this lesson, these aspects are described in detail.

Pasture ManagementBees feed on nectar and pollen grains of the flowering plants. They suck nectar from flowers and collect it in their hive by constructing honey comb. In this sense, flowering plants are the major sources of feed for bees. Thus,

BeekeepingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 6

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define beekeeping and explain its importance.• explain pasture management for beekeeping.• be familiar with various diseases of bees and their

treatment.• explain various aspects of product management of

beekeeping.


it is necessary to manage pastureland for beekeeping. Pasture manangement for bee refers to plantation of flowering plants and their protection. Such plants are Katus, Chilaune, Saal, Tuni, Chutro, Chiuri, Paiyu, Rhododendron, etc. These plants should be planted according to the climate. Similarly, the food crops like paddy, maize, wheat, mustard,etc. are also suitable for beekeeping. Bees obtain nectar and pollen grains from all types of flowering fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants, etc. Thus, extension, conservation and protection of all types of flowering plants is essential for beekeeping. The totality of the flowering plants ranging from shrubs to trees is called pasture for bees.

Diagnosis and Treatment of DiseasesBees suffer from various types of diseases at different stages of their life cycle. Broadly, diseases of bee are categorized as Brood Diseases and Adult Diseases. Some major diseases of bees are described below.

Brood Diseases

European Foul BroodEuropean foul brood is caused by bacteria. It attacks bees in their larva stage. Generally, it attacks larvae of the age less than 48 hours in spring season. It was firstly found in Europe.

Symptoms : infected larvae turn white yellowish or brownish colour, dead and dying larvae curl upwards, stinking acidic smell from dead larvae

Prevention and Treatment : cleaning frame of the beehive with nitric acid or saltwater, replacing old queen bee by new one, feeding tetramycine for three days

Thai Sac BroodThai sac brood is a communicable brood disease of bees. It is caused by poisonous germs. It appeared as a chronic disease of bees in Nepal between 2038 B.S. to 2042 B.S. Generally, it attacks baby bees (i.e. larvae stage).


Symptoms : outer side of the infected larvae seems soft and inner side full of water, dead larvae appearing slightly yellow or green in the beginning and finally appear black, transmitted from one colony to another

Prevention and Treatment : no special treatment for this disease, prevented by managing healthy feed and new queen, destroying entire bee-hive (colonies) if not controlled

American Foul BroodAmerican foul brood is highly infectious and deadly disease of bees. It is caused by bacteria and generally attacks larvae.

Symptoms : turning infected larvae yellowish or brownish colour, dying larvae curl upwards, forming a long spring while stretching any part of the dead larvae, no smell from dead larvae

Prevention and Treatment : use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride

Chalk BroodChalk brood is caused by fungi. It infects the gut of larvae.

Symptoms : infected larvae appear white (like chalk) and hard

Prevention and Treatment : recovering bee-hives by increasing the ventilation through the hive

Adult DiseasesAdult diseases attack bee in their adult stage. Nosema is one of the common adult diseases of bees.

NosemaNosema is a disease of adult bees caused by a parasite called Nosema apis. This parasite reaches the intestine of the bees through food pipe. Ultimately, it reaches the stomach and causes stomach problem in bees. Generally, it appears in winter season.


Symptoms : diarrhoea, dullness, decrease in number of bees, reduction in honey and wax production, appearing dying or dead bees

Prevention and Treatment : increasing ventilation through the hive, keeping new colony in new hive, use of antibiotics like phumagilin (spraying the solution all over the colonies of bees)

Product of BeekeepingThe major product of beekeeping is honey. Besides, wax and pollen (Kut) are other products of honeybees.

HoneyHoney is a sweet, sticky and semiliquid material prepared by honeybees from nectar. Honeybees collect nectar from various flowers and process it themselves. They store it in the comb inside the behive. Bee farmers harvest honey from beehive and store after processing it. The processing of honey refers to reducing its moisture. It is done by heating honey in about 65° C for 5 to 10 minutes. It reduces 17 to 20% moisture contained in the honey. Honey is a nutritious food item suitable for the people of all ages. It is widely used as medicine also.

WaxWax is a product of beekeeping used for making candles, cosmetics, ointments, paints, plastics, etc. Worker bees produce wax from their wax glands. They use wax to prepare their honey comb to store honey. Wax can be produced by squeezing honey from the combs. After extracting honey from the combs, the remaining material of combs is processed to produce wax. The old and squeezed combs are


kept in water in a pot for 10 to 12 hours. In this process, the material that floats on water should be removed and the weighty combs drawing in the water pot are churned with the help of spatula or wooden stick. After proper churning, the wax pieces get melted and are filtered. After the mixture gets cooled, the lump of wax float on the water surface and it is taken out of the water. The produced wax can be used to make various items.

Pollen (Kut)Pollen or Kut is a food item rich in protein. Honeybees prepare it by collecting pollen grains from flowers and filling it in the cells of combs in the hive. Pollen is a good source of protein for vegetarian people. It is used to treat various infirmities like infertility in female. It is also used to prepare various types of medicines.

Product Management of BeekeepingThe management of honey, wax and pollen produced from beekeeping should be managed properly. Management of these products refers to controlling quality, storage, protection, packaging, distribution and marketing of honey, wax and pollen. These aspects related to beekeeping are described below.

Quality Control and Storage of ProductsQuality control and storage of honey, wax and pollen is an important aspect of beekeeping. The quality of these products should be controlled from the beginning of their production. Adulteration in these products should be avoided to maintain their quality. Various tests can be conducted to check the quality of these products. For example, the quality (purity) of honey can be tested by water test method. For this purpose, we can pour two drops of honey in half water filled glass. If the drops of honey settle down in the bottom of the glass, it confirms purity of the honey. But if the honey drops dissolve/disappear in water, it shows mixing of sugar or other sweet products in the honey. Similarly, purity of wax and pollen can also be tested by various methods.

After testing purity/quality of the products, it is necessary to store them in suitable place to protect them from spoiling or melting. The processed honey can be stored in big containers, plastic or lead bottles by sealing their mouths. The honey containers should be kept in dry and clean place where the sunlight cannot approach directly.


Packaging, Transportation and Market Management of ProductsThe production of beekeeping is packaged and labelled after processing it. The packaged products are transported to various places to distribute it in the market. In our country, honey is produced in the Hilly and Terai districts and it is collected and packaged by various institutions/organizations involved in honey business. The packaged products are transported to various city areas for selling. Similarly, wax and pollen are also preserved, packaged and transported to various factories/industries to prepare different items. In rural areas, beekeeping is operated locally in a small scale and the products are sold to the people of local area by the beekeepers. In this way, business related to beekeeping is conducted by an individual in a small scale in rural areas of Nepal. Also, commercial beekeeping is on the rise in various parts of the country at present.

Discuss the importance of beekeeping with major focus on its advantages among your friends.

nector : a sweet liquid that is produced by flowers and collected by bee for making honey

gut : intestinesqueeze : to press something firmly, especially with fingersextract : to remove or obtain a substance from somethinginfirmity : weakness or illness over a long periodadulteration : being mixed with extraneous material


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What is beekeeping? Explain the importance of pasture management

for beekeeping.

b. Name any four brood diseases of bees and write the symptoms of European foul brood.

c. Why is nosema called an adult disease of bees? Mention its symptoms and controlling measures.

d. Mention the products of beekeeping. Why is it necessary to control their quality? Explain with examples.

e. Describe the situation of beekeeping in our country with major focus on the production and market management of the products.

2. Write short notes on: a. Thai Sac Brood

b. Honey

c. Wax

d. Advantages of Beekeeping

Prepare a draft model plan for keeping one colony bees of Mellifera species in a modern beehive in your home. Present your framework plan in your classroom.


IntroductionRabbit is a domesticated animal. It is farmed especially for meat and wool. Some people farm rabbits as pets also. Rabbit is an attractive and peace loving animal.

There are various kinds of rabbits. The general type of rabbit is reared for meat. The rabbit of Angora species is farmed for both wool and meat. Angora species of rabbit is the oldest domesticated animal among other species of domesticated animals. It gives very fine wool which is used to make soft winter garments such as sweater, muffler, cap, etc. The fine fiber of Angora is called Pasmina. The commercial production of Pasmina garments is on the rise in Nepal due to its high demand in foreign country. Pasmina production is an attractive and expensive business. Nepal exports Pasmina products in various countries. Thus, it is a good source of foreign currency.

Rabbit farming is an easy occupation which can be conducted in low investment. Rabbit can be farmed in a small shed in our home. It feeds on soft grass,

Rabbit FarmingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 1Lesson 7

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define rabbit farming.• explain the benefits of rabbit farming.


vegetable leaves, crop grains, etc. Rabbits can be grazed in a small pasture available around our house. Commercial business of rabbits can be operated by constructing shed according to scale of farming. Generally, Angora species of rabbits are commercially farmed in order to produce wool and meat. The wool of Angora is expensive because it is used to produce various Pasmina garments of export quality. The commercial farming of Angora rabbit has been operating in Dhankuta district of the eastern part of Nepal.

Discuss the importance of rabbit farming occupation in our country.

fibre : a material such as cloth or rope that is made from a mass of natural or artificial threads

export : transporting of goods to another country

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Prepare a short note on 'rabbit farming occupation'.

b. Mention the benefits of rabbit farming.

c. Write a short note on farming of Angora species of rabbit in Nepal.


A craft that requires skillful hands to prepare various items from paper, wood, stone, clay, etc. is called handicraft. This unit includes:

various aspects of paper craft.

making mat and basket from local materials.

Reuse of waste materials.

wood and stone carving.

colouring and varnishing.

HandicraftUnit12


IntroductionPaper craft refers to an activity of making items from paper with skillful hands. Paper is used to prepare various items like box, cartoon, plate, napkin, greeting card, envelope, kite, etc. Similarly, paper is used to prepare several playing items with the use of various types of papers. Paper can be available in various qualities. Suitable paper quality is selected to prepare required item. In this lesson, method of preparing of corrugated card board box, invitation card and kite from paper is described.

Corrugated Card BoardCorrugated card board is prepared from corrugated paper. Corrugated paper is prepared by folding the paper in corrugated form. Corrugated card board box is used to package various items like TV, freeze, computer, cooker, etc. The electrical instruments and spare parts are packaged in corrugated card board box in order to ensure their safety during their transportation. Corrugated card board is prepared by sticking the corrugated part between the upper level and the lower level with the help of gum strongly. Corrugated card board box is so strong that it can prevent packaged items from general strikes. Thus, it keeps packaged items safe from breaking.

Paper CraftEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define paper craft and name some paper items.• explain the process of preparing card board box,

invitation card and kite.• describe the market management of paper items.


Preparing Box from Corrugated Card BoardCorruagated card board is used to prepare boxes of various shapes and sizes. In geometrical language, the process of preparing box from corrugated card board is called development. Corrugated card board box is constructed according to its principle by taking card board of required shapes. There are six parts in the box and these parts are folded into one another in order to prepare card board box. The corrugated card board boxes are found in cube or cuboid shapes. The box of size (3×2×1) cubic feet is a cuboid with length, breadth and height of the box 3 feet, 2 feet and 1 feet respectively.

Preparing Invitation CardInvitation cards are used to invite people on the special occasions like marriage ceremony, birthday, and other auspicious occasions. Invitation card is constructed from card board paper, art paper or Nepali hand paper according to our wish and need. It is prepared by folding and cutting paper in required size according to need and design. Some cards can be prepared by cutting without folding it. Generally, the common size of paper used to prepare cards are 5"×7", 4"×6", 4"×9", etc. After preparing card in required shape and size, the details according to the occasion is mentioned on it. The invitation cards are made attractive by drawing various patterns on their edges.

Prepare invitation cards from art paper and mention the details on it on the basis of inviting occasions. Make it attractive by drawing pattern on the edges too.


Preparing KiteKite is prepared from wrapping papers of different colours. It is flown in the sky for entertainment with the help of a quality string. Generally, kites are flown on the occasions of Dashain and Tihar in the months of Asoj and Kartik in Nepal. In some places, people organize kite flying competition. In this competition, the competitors try to cut strings of each other's kites to win the game. The quality string and wheel is used to fly kite in the sky.

Kite is prepared by using wrapping paper and bamboo sticks. The other required instruments and materials for preparing kite are scissors, knife, ruler, thread, glue, color, etc. The steps of preparing kite are mentioned below.i. Take a wrapping paper of the size 30 × 40 cm. ii. Fold the paper as it looks like two triangles.iii. The paper is stuck on two equal lengths bamboo sticks with the help of

glue.iv. Paste another piece of small paper on the lower part of the kite and leave

the kite for a while for drying.v. Insert the thread in the hole and tie it with the stick properly. The prepared

kite can be flown in the sky with the help of the inserted thread and wheel.

Market Management of Paper ItemsPaper items are distributed in the market for selling. Various paper items like plates, napkins, invitation cards, kites, paper bags, etc. are popular in the market. They are available in various market places ranging from small retail shops to wholesale department stores. These items can be distributed to the stationery shops for their marketing. People can generate income by producing various paper items and their proper market management.

Prepare kites from wrapping paper and draw various attractive pictures on them.


auspicious : showing signs that something is likely to be successful in the future

retail : the selling of goods to the public, usually through shops/stores

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What is corrugated card board? How is it prepapred?

b. Explain the process of preparing invitation card.

c. How can you prepare a simple kite? Mention its steps.

Make a list of various paper items available in the market of your locality. Share it with your friends in the classroom.


IntroductionVarious local materials are used to prepare different items that are used in our domestic works. Such materials are bamboo, cane, Babiyo, straw, hay, etc. The items prepared from these materials are mat (Mandro), basket (Dhakki), chair, sofa, etc. Bamboo and cane are used to make various items. The working nature with bamboo and cane is different while constructing items from them. We need to take out strips from the bamboo sticks to prepare various items. But, different shapes need to be given by twisting and turning the cane during the preparation of various items from it. In this lesson, the processes of making mat from bamboo and basket from various materials is described.

Making Mat and Basket From Local Materials


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• tell the names of tools required for cane and bamboo

work.• explain the procedure of preparing bamboo mat and

basket.• tell the uses of mat and basket.• gain the skill of weaving mat and basket.


Tools Required for Cane and Bamboo Work

Making Bamboo MatThe first step of making bamboo mat (Mandro) is to extract strips from the bamboo. For this purpose, bamboo is split into two halves vertically and strips are extracted from these halves. A hand saw is used to get the pieces of bamboo. A sickle is used to extract thin strips and a Khukuri is used to extract thick strips. The steps of preparing a bamboo mat is pointed out below.i. Strips of the same width are extracted from the bamboo as per requirement.

ii. The strips are tightly placed horizontally and vertically.

iii. The size and shape of a mat is decided and strips are weaved accordingly.

iv. The strips run up and down vertically and horizontally for several times until the weaving is completed.

v. The edges of the mat are sealed up tightly.


Uses of Bamboo MatBamboo mat is used for various purposes. In rural areas, bamboo mat is mostly used for drying grains and preparing animal shed. In urban and city areas, bamboo mats are used for making ceiling under tinned roof and decorating the walls of cafes and restaurants. Also, bamboo mats are used for preparing walls of temporary toilets and shops in some places.

Making Basket from Various MaterialsDifferent local materials are used to prepare baskets in various shapes and sizes. Generally, baskets are constructed from bamboo strips, straw, Babio, plastic ropes, etc. Required materials are collected to weave a basket according to need. A basket is weaved in a round shape by constructing its bottom with thick rope. The thick rope is woven by spinning thin ropes. The weaving goes continuously until it gets to a required size. Finally, the edge that forms rim is sealed up tightly with the help of strips or rope. Although basket can be found in different sizes, the common height of a basket is 15-20 cm.

Uses of BasketBaskets are used for various purposes in our daily life. In rural areas, bamboo baskets are used for keeping flour, grains, etc. Similarly, baskets are used for carrying grain seeds while sowing in the field. In urban and city areas, baskets are used for keeping fruits and vegetables and carrying fruits and flowers to temple for worshipping. In restaurants and hotels, small baskets are used for serving food items such as potato finger chips, breads, etc. to the customers.

Discuss the importance of cane and bamboo items in our daily life.


domestic : connected with the home or familystrip : a long narrow piece of wood, cloth, metal, etc.split : to divide into smaller onerim : the edge of something in the shape of a circle

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any five tools used in cane and bamboo work with one use of

each.

b. Explain the procedure of preparing bamboo mat in brief.

c. How do we prepare basket from various materials? What are its uses? Explain briefly.

Weave a small model basket by preparing ropes from polythene bags. Present it in your classroom.


IntroductionWe use different things for various purposes in our daily life. Almost all the things contain certain amount of waste product after their use. Some items become waste after we use them. For example, vegetable/fruit peels, bottles/cans of food stuffs, old clothes, polythene bags, etc. Thus, several waste materials are available in our surroundings since we use/consume various items in different places in our day to day life. Some of them can get easily lost in nature by mixing with soil, whereas some other waste materials do not decay and hence cannot mix with soil. On the basis of the nature of materials, they are divided into biodegradable materials and non-biodegradable materials. Both types of materials can be reused to make various items on the basis of their nature. Before reusing them, it is necessary to collect waste materials and classify them according to their nature. In this lesson, methods of reusing biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials are described.

Reuse of Waste Materials Estimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• name the waste materials found in our surroundings.• differentiate between biodegradable and non-

biodegradable materials.• explain the importance of recycling and reusing of

waste materials.


Biodegradable MaterialsWe consume various vegetables, fruits, food items, etc. in our daily life. We get peels, leaves, barks, roots, etc. from the kitchen that are unnecessary parts of fruits/vegetables. Similarly, sometimes there might be wasted food in our kitchen. These materials are called biodegradable materials because they can decay and easily mix with soil. Similarly, wasted grass, unused papers, pieces of furniture, etc. are also biodegradable materials because they can also mix with soil after burning them. These materials can be reused to make compost fertilizer which can be used as manure in farming land. We can prepare compost manure by the following ways.i. Waste materials are collected and

a pile of biodegradable materials is made.

ii. A ditch is dug nearby the house.iii. Collected biodegradable materials are

kept in the ditch. Such materials can be added in the ditch in daily basis.

iv. The heap of waste materials in the ditch is covered with grass and thin layer of soil/mud.

v. The covered heap is turned upside down after 20 to 25 days and covered as previously.

vi. After about 2 months, compost fertilizer becomes ready for use.

Non-biodegradable MaterialsThere are various materials in our surroundings that do not decay to get mixed in soil. Such materials are called non-biodegradable materials. For example, old clothes, bottle, plastic bags, milk packets, biscuit/noodle wrappers, etc. These are abiotic things and hence do not get lost in nature. But, these materials


can be recycled or reused in order to prepare various other items by modifying them. In this connection, the methods of reusing old clothes, bottles and plastics is described.

Wasted Old ClothesThere are various ways of reusing old and wasted clothes. They can be sold in cheap price according to their condition. The clothes of children get shorter quickly, but they may be in the condition of using again. In the family, younger kids can wear the clothes of their elders. Similarly, wasted clothes can be reused by repairing them. After repairing, cleaning and ironing, the clothes of wearing condition can be sold to generate income. But, if the clothes are not in wearing/using condition, the probable areas for their use should be identified. For example, pants torn in knee area can be used for making shorts, torn out bed covers are reused in making pillow covers and curtains of small window, etc. In this way, wasted and unused clothes can be reused for various purposes according to their condition.

Wasted Bottles and PlasticsWe use various bottled items in our daily life. Some bottles can be recycled. The bottles which are not sent for recycling can be reused for decoration by painting them in artistic ways. Similarly, there are different plastic items which can be reused for various purposes. The plastic fossil is a byproduct of oil. The plastics are prepared from waste materials produced as byproduct during the production of petroleum products. The plastics of recycling nature can be sent to recycle plant. But plastic bag, pack, sack, etc. are not recycled and hence they cannot be resold. Such types of plastic items can be reused in different ways. We can prepare ropes from these items and such ropes can be used to weave mats, baskets, etc. In this way, we can bring wasted bottles and plastic items into reuse. Such type of recycling and reuse of waste abiotic substances help keep our environment clean along with the economic benefit from them.

Discuss the method of preparing compost fertilizer from biodegradable materials available in our surroundings.


biodegradable : a substance or chemical that can be changed into a harmless natural state by the action of bacteria

abiotic : not involving biology or living thingsrecycle : to treat things that have already been used so that they

can be used againbyproduct : a substance that is produced during the process of

making or destroying something esle

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does reuse of waste materials mean? Explain with examples.

b. Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials with at least four examples of each.

c. How can we reuse old clothes? Explain briefly.

d. What are the benefits of recycling and reusing of non-biodegradable materials? Explain.

Make a list of any five non-biodegradable materials and prepare a note on their recycling or reusing procedure for reusing them in different ways.


IntroductionWe might have seen various artistic carvings on the wood and stone. Wood or stone carving refers to the art of making beautiful patterns on the wood or stone. The people who work on carving are called sculptors. Nepal is famous for carving works. The temples with wood and stone carvings are found in Nepal. Similarly, statue of gods and goddesses, lattice windows, peacock windows, etc. are famous in the country and abroad. Nepali sculptors have earned great fame at home and abroad. Carving is a beautiful combination of art and skill which reflects on the wood or stone. In this lesson, the process of wood and stone carving with the discussion of required tools for it is presented.

Wood and Stone CarvingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 4

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define carving with examples.• make a list of tools required for wood and stone

carving.• explain the steps of wood or stone carving.


Wood Carving and Required ToolsArt of preparing various patterns on the wood by cutting away the material from it is called wood carving. The major tools required for carving wood are listed below with their figures and functions.

S.N. Name Figure Function

1. Butt Chisel Creates joints

2. Carving Chisel Creates designs

3. Corner Chisel Cleans corner

4. Fishtail Chisel Gives finishing

5. Skew Chisel Gives finishing by trimming

6. Carving Knife Cuts and makes smooth

7. Hand Saw Cuts the pieces of wood

8. Sharpening Equipment Maintains edges

9. Sand Paper Removes dust particles, makes smooth

10. Pencil and Carbon Paper

Create sketches and outlines on the wood


Stone Carving and Required ToolsStone carving refers to making various artistic pattern on the stone by cutting away the material from it. It is one of the oldest forms of artistic activities in our country. Stone carving transforms a piece of natural stone into an artistic design. The names of tools required for stone carving with their functions is presented below.

S.N. Name Figure Function

1. Point Chisel Removes material of stone in the beginning

2. Tooth Chisel Reduces a larger piece of stone geometrically

3. Flat Chisel Prepares for rasping and sanding

4. Hammer Carries out small detail work in crafting on stone

5. Pitching Tool Knocks large chunks of stone

6. Rasp and Riffler Give shapes in soft stones

7. Sand Paper Removes dust and makes smooth


Selection and Protection of ToolsDifferent types of tools are used in wood and stone carving. Such tools should be selected according to the nature of work and design of carving. The tools should be protected by storing them in a suitable and safe place. The edges of the tools should be properly created time and again. The tools should be stored out of reach of children. They should be protected in such a way that they can be used in the time of need to do fine works related to stone and wood carving.

Steps of Carvingi. Selection of Object for CarvingSelection of object is the first step of carving. We need to select appropriate stone or wood required for carving. The carving on the wood of Saal becomes accurate and carved item remains for a long time. Similarly, woods like Sisau, Saaz, Haldu, Debdar, etc. are also suitable for carving. Likewise, soft types of stones that do not crack while cutting away the material from them should be selected for making patterns by carving.

ii. Preparation of the ObjectThe object to be carved is prepared by maintaining its length, breadth and thickness. The object is made plain and smooth with the help of smoother (Randa). Nowadays, electric smoothers are available in the market. Smoother should be used properly on the object in a way that the object can be carved accurately. Generally, it is appropriate to have the minimum thickness of one inch of the object to be carved. But thickness of the object may vary according to the nature of pattern to be carved on the wood or stone.

iii. Process of CarvingAfter selecting and preparing the object to be carved, the following steps should be followed to prepare wood or stone carving.i. The design of the pattern to be carved

is sketched in the carbon paper to create outline on the selected object.

ii. Unwanted material from the object is removed by cutting with required tools slowly and gradually.

iii. The process of cutting is continued until the pattern is prepared.iv. The pattern is refined and made smooth by using required tools.


Discuss the importance of wood and stone carving in our country.

statue : a figure of a person or an animal in stone, metal etc. usually the same size as in the real life or larger

sketch : a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details

chunk : a thick solid piece that has been cut or broken off somethinggradually : slowly, over a long period of timeartistic : connected with an art

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define carving with examples.

b. Make a list of tools required for wood and stone carving.

c. Mention the steps of wood or stone carving and explain the process of carving briefly.

Sketch a design of any pattern in a paper that you like to carve on the wood or stone. Present it in your classroom.


IntroductionWood and stone crafts are made attractive by applying colour on them according to the nature of patterns. Colouring and varnishing are key aspects of providing finishing touch to the objects or crafts. The art of applying colour in the prepared objects in order to make them attractive is called colouring. Similarly, varnishing refers to the art of applying varnish generally on the wooden objects or crafts. The major objective of colouring and varnishing the objects is to make them beautiful and attractive. Besides, colouring and varnishing protect the objects or crafts from water, scratch, tear, wear, stain, etc. In this lesson, various aspects related to colouring and varnishing are presented.

ColouringColouring is an important aspect of wood and stone works related to preparing various objects or crafts from them. The application of colour on the prepared

Colouring and VarnishingEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 5

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define colouring and varnishing.• explain the process of colouring and varnishing.• tell the benefits of colouring and varnishing.• acquire the skill of colouring and varnishing.


objects according to the patterns is called colouring. It helps make objects attractive and beautiful by giving suitable finishing to the objects. It also increases the durability of the crafts by preventing them from dust, insect, moisture, etc.

The major materials and tools required for colouring are:i. Various types of colours: acrylic colour, oil colour, poster colour, etc.ii. Brush of various shapes and sizesiii. Vessels for mixing coloursiv. Enamel and Oilv. Putin and Primer

The following points should be taken into consideration while colouring objects.i. Primer is used on the object to seal the

bare surface.ii. Brush of different sizes and shapes

are used according to the nature of the patterns or objects.

iii. Colour should be applied on the required object with skillful hand. It should be done slowly and gradually.

iv. Coloured objects should be dried properly.

VarnishingGenerally, wooden objects or crafts are provided with glossy and shining look with the application of varnish on them. Varnish refers to a type of paint with a solvent that evaporates to leave a hard, transparent and glossy film to the applied object. Along with adding beauty to the applied objects, varnishing protects them from various external hazards like scratching, tearing, damaging, etc.

Steps of VarnishingThe application of varnish on the objects is called varnishing. There are certain steps to be followed while varnishing the objects. Such steps are described below.


i. Preparation of the Surface of ObjectBefore varnishing, the surface of the object to be varnished should be made smooth by rubbing it with sand paper. In this process, sand paper from thick to thin layers should be used. The sand paper should be used to rub all surfaces of the object to make them clean, smooth and ready for applying varnish.

ii. Applying Varnish on the ObjectVarnish should be applied on the surface of the prepared wooden object. It depends upon the fibres of the wood. The first coat of varnish fills the crack and makes the surface sweel up after the first coat gets dried. After then, the surface is rubbed by using sand paper of 120 number. Again, the second coat of varnish is applied on the smooth surface. After drying it, the surface should be smoothened with the help of thin steel tool and final coat of varnish is applied on it. The varnished object is kept for drying and it glitters after a while.

Make a list of any five wooden and stone objects each that can be coloured or varnished. Discuss the process of colouring and varnishing among your friends.

varnish : a liquid that is painted onto wood, metal, etc.durability : nature of lasting for a long time without breaking or getting

weakergloosy : smooth and shinyglitter : to shine brighty with little flashes of lightevaporate : to change liquid into gas (steam)


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define colouring and varnishing with examples.

b. Describe the process of colouring objects briefly.

c. Explain the steps of varnishing briefly.

d. Mention the benefits of colouring and varnishing objects.

Take an old table or wooden chair in your school and varnish it in a group.


The work of preparing various items such as utensils, decorative items, dolls, animals and fruits, etc. from clay is called clay work. This unit includes:

making and colouring clay items.

various aspects of ceramics.

market management of clay and ceramic items.

Clay WorkUnit13


IntroductionClay is used to make various items such as utensils, statue, decorative items, dolls, model fruits, etc. After making clay items, they are coloured with suitable colours to make them attractive. In this lesson, the ways of making vase and models of various animals from clay is described. Also, the process of colouring various clay items is also presented in this context.

Making Clay Vase Clay is used to make vases of different shapes and sizes. Such vases are used to decorate guest room, sleeping room, drawing room, parlour room, etc. with flowers. Vases are prepared on the basis of places where flowers are kept. Therefore, clay vases are available in different shapes and sizes in the market. Clay vases are constructed by using clay with the help of various other

Making and Colouring Clay Items Estimated Teaching Period(s): 7Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the process of making vase and some models

of animals from clay. • describe the aspects of colouring clay items.• gain the skill of making and colouring clay items.


materials and tools. Such materials and tools are clay or soil, water, water trough, soil churning board, spinning wheel, etc.

The earthen vases are prepared by using various techniques. Among them, spinning and rotating wheel is the popular technique of making vases from clay. The steps to be followed to make earthen vase are pointed out below: i. Required clay is selected and made

soft by kneading it properly.ii. A handful of well kneaded clay is

taken and rolled in the rolling pan in such a way that it gives a long rope.

iii. A round shape is given out of the clay and it is further modified into required structure.

iv. The inner and outer parts of the vase are made plain by pressing slightly.v. The prepared vase is dried in the shade. vi. The dried vases are piled up and covered with straw. They are baked with

straw fire to make them strong. vii. An embroidery can also be made on the vase with the help of different

colour.

Making Various Models of Animals We can prepare various models of animals from clay. These models of animals are used as toys for children, gift items, souvenirs and educational materials for the beginning learners. Such models of animals may be hollow or solid from inside. The following steps are taken to prepare models of animals from clay.

i. Required amount of appropriate clay is taken and kneaded to make it soft. The kneaded clay should be free from air bubbles.

ii. Sketches of the required animals should be made on a paper in advance.


iii. Required amount of well kneaded clay is taken and modified into proper body shape according to the sketch on the paper.

iv. Various parts of the required animals are prepared separately and joined with the body of the animals.

v. The prepared models of animals are dried in the shade. vi. The properly dried items are baked with the help of straw fire to make

them strong. vii. The models of animals are coloured according to their natural colour in

order to make them more attractive and durable.

Colouring Clay Items Colouring is one of the important aspects of clay work. Clay items are coloured according to their natural colours. Coloured items are more beautiful and attractive. Besides, colouring protects items from moisture, dust, scratching etc. It also increases durability of clay items. Thus, various colours are applied on the clay items after preparing them.

Types of Colours Broadly, colours are classified into primary colours, secondary colours and mixed colours. Yellow, red and blue are primary or original colours. Generally, these colours cannot be formed by mixing any colours. The colours formed by mixing two primary colours are called secondary colours. Orange, green and purple are secondary colours. Similarly, the colours obtained by mixing two colours (primary and secondary or secondary and secondary) are called mixed colours.

Primary colours Secondary colours

Materials for Colouring ItemsThere are various materials required for colouring the prepared clay items. Such materials are various colours, brush of different shapes and sizes, colour mixing vessels, water, oil, primer, etc. Generally, acrylic colour is used for colourng clay items since it is a water resistant colour.


Steps of Colouring Clay ItemsVarious steps are followed one by one to colour required clay items. These steps are pointed out below.

i. First of all, the surface of the items to be coloured is cleaned properly.

ii. Required colour is selected and taken in required amount. Secondary and mixed colours are prepared if needed.

iii. Primer is applied on the items and let it be dried.

iv. The colours are applied on the items slowly and gradually according to the natural colour of the objects. Different brushes are used to apply different colours.

v. Different brushes of various shape and size are used according to the parts of the item to be coloured.

vi. After the first coat of the colour, second coat of colour is applied if necessary.

vii. After colouring properly, the coloured items are dried in the sunlight.

Discuss the various items that can be prepared from clay and their importance among your friends.

bake : to make something become hard by heating

embriodery : patterns

souvenir : a thing that we keep for memory

durable : likely to last for a long time physically


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any six items that can be prepared from clay and explain the

importance of clay work.

b. Describe the process of making clay vase in brief.

c. Describe the various types of colours with examples.

d. Mention the steps of colouring clay items.

e. What are the benefits of colouring clay items? Explain briefly.

Prepare a model of parrot from clay and apply suitable colour on it.


IntroductionCeramics refers to the art of making ceramic objects. It also refers to pots or other objects made up of clay that have been made permanently hard by the fire heat. In other words, ceramics is the art of making and decorating ceramic objects. Ceramics is also a kind of special clay that is used to make various items by heating and cooling down. The pots like cup, plate, glass, etc. are made up of ceramics. Ceramic objects are stronger than the pots made up of ordinary clay because they have very high hardness, melting point and insulation.

Use of Ceramics Mostly ceramics is used to prepare kitchenware such as cup, plate, bowl, tea-filter, etc. Similarly, tiles used on the floor and roof are also the products of ceramics. Ceramic bricks are also produced in order to construct factories since ceramics has high melting point. The researches on the use of ceramics are increasing day by day due to its use in a wide range. Nowadays, the use of

CeramicsEstimated Teaching Period(s): 6Lesson 2

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define ceramics.• mention the uses of ceramics.• explain the process of making ceramic objects.


ceramics has not been limited in making utensils only. It is used to make many items and mixtures required for various purposes.

Process of Preparing Ceramic ObjectsVarious ceramic objects are prepared by the following ways. i. The selected ceramics is churned and kneaded with the help of hands to

make it soft and more flexible. The air bubbles should not remain in the clay while kneading.

ii. Required shape of the item is constructed with the help of wheel, coil, mould, slab, etc. as in the simple pottery. And the item is refined to make attractive.

iii. Manufactured items are immediately covered with thin plastic sheet and stored in cold place to prevent them from cracking.

iv. The manufactured items become a bit hard and flexible in cold places which are called leather hard. At this stage, produced items can be further refined.

v. The refined items are dried in shade to prevent them from cracking.

vi. Dried ceramic items are baked in 1800° F temperature of fire heat. After that, the items are baked in the soft fire for about three days.

vii. After baking completely, the ceramic items are cleaned and coloured. This process is called glazing.

viii. After glazing, the ceramic items are piled up in a Bhatti and baked in the temperature of 235° F for about three days. Now, ceramic items are prepared and taken out of the Bhatti.

ix. The prepared ceramic items can be baked in 1300° F temperature by applying a kind of colour. They can also be baked again by using another colour on them. This process helps make the mixture of colours more attractive.

Make a list of ceramic items used in your home and discuss their uses.


insulation : the state of being insulatedchurn : to move rapidly and repetitively with a rocking motionflexible : capable of being soft and looseglazing : coating with colour

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define ceramics and mention its uses.

b. Explain the process of making ceramic objects briefly.

c. Why are the researches on the use of ceramics increasing day by day? Explain with reasons.

Collect detailed information regarding the researches on the uses of ceramics and its items in present days through the internet. Make a short note on it and share it with your friends.


IntroductionAccount management and market management are key aspects of business related to clay and ceramic items. Account management refers to keeping record of production cost, income, profit/loss, etc. Similarly, market management means searching market for products, distributing products according to market demand and selling the products with the objective of making profit.

Items are produced according to the market demand and need of consumers. The products should be of good quality so that they can be sold in the market

Market and Account Management of Clay and Ceramic Items


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define market and account management of clay and

ceramic items. • explain various aspects of distribution and sale of clay

or ceramic items. • prepare income and expenditure records of clay or

ceramic products.


easily with high demand. Proper market management is essential for the business of clay and ceramic items. Distribution and sale of these products is the key aspect of the business related to clay and ceramics.

Distribution and Sale of ProductsClay or ceramic products are distributed and sold in market. Production of high quality products and their proper packaging is essential to satisfy consumers. The products are packaged in bags, cartons, boxes, etc. for their safety and protection. The following information should be included while packaging the products.

i. Name of the Item

ii. Name and Address of the Company/Industry

iii. Manufactured Date

iv. Expire Date (In case of expiring items)

v. Using Methods

vi. Warranty

The above mentioned information of the items make distribution and sale of products easy. The customers get detailed information regarding the products and they are convinced to purchase the items. Informative and attractive packaging of items attracts customers that ultimately increases demand of items in the market.

Besides, it would be good to mention the information related to spending some portion of the profit for social obligation while packing the products. It is a social obligation of the factory or industry owners to spend certain portion of their profit for the charitable works. Such charitable works may include helping needy and under privileged people by the various ways like providing scholarship to the needy students for their study.


It is necessary to manage the distribution and sale of the products with the concept of selling products in a large scale with minimum profit. This concept helps make demand of products in a large scale which ultimately results in sustainability of the factory/industry with good profit. But, it is necessary to manage account with proper record of the various aspects of production, distribution and sale of the products.

Account Management of Products Proper account management is a key aspect of any business. Thus, proper record of expenditure, income, profit or loss, etc. is kept in the production and business of the clay or ceramic items. The benefits of proper account management in a small scale business or trade are given below.

i. It gives knowledge about the current situation of a business or trade with the factual information.

ii. It provides information related to paying and taking amount during the business of products.

iii. It helps in devising plan for making higher income in the future.

iv. It assists to calculate net income and net profit.

v. It provides information related to the value of property of the factory.

vi. It gives detailed information related to the various financial activities and condition of expenditure in production.

vii. It gives proper direction in moving smoothly in the production and business.

Method of Account ManagementGenerally, keeping the records of expenditure and income are major aspects of account management. On the basis of these aspects, net profit or loss can be calculated. The method of keeping the records of income and expenditure is presented below.


Income Record

S.N. Date Receipt No. Name of Items Amount (Rs) Remarks

The income recorded in the ledger book is called ledger keeping. In this ledger, the record of all the sold products is kept. The details from the receipt should be copied in the ledger. This process is called posting in Accountancy.

Expenditure Record

S.N. Date Bill No. Name of Items Amount (Rs) Remarks

The voucher of expenditure should be prepared that helps get detailed information regarding the expenditure in a business.

Discuss the importance of market and account management in the production and business of the clay or ceramic items.


charitable : kind and generousdevise : to frame, design

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Define the terms 'market management’ and ‘account management'

with examples. b. Mention the information that need to be included while packaging the

clay/ceramic items. c. Write down any five benefits of account management of products.

Prepare the income and expenditure records of pottery and present it in your classroom.


The process of stitching the pieces of clothes with the help of the needle and thread to prepare wearing clothes is called sewing. Similarly, knitting refers to weaving woolen garments with the help of the knitting needles and woolen thread. This unit includes:

introduction to sewing machine with its working mechanism.

methods of taking body measurement and drafting for sewing clothes.

process of button fixing and darning.

method of sewing apron and weaving woolen items like cap and muffler.

Sewing and Knitting Unit14


IntroductionSewing machine is an instrument which is used to stitch clothes. Before invention of the sewing machine, people used to stitch their clothes by hands with the help of a needle and thread. Sewing by hands is a time consuming and difficult task. Also, sewing by hands has no uniformity and beauty in sewing of stitched clothes. Thus, nowadays various types of sewing machines are in practice for stitching clothes. These machines are hand sewing machine and electric sewing machine. Among these, electric sewing machine is the most advanced and is used in big garment industries for mass production of clothes.

Sewing MachineEstimated Teaching Period(s): 5Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• introduce a sewing machine.• be familiar with various parts of the sewing machine. • explain the working mechanism of the sewing

machine.• name the required materials related to sewing.


Major Parts of Sewing Machine The major parts of sewing machine are listed below:

i. Bobbin, Bobbin Case and Bobbin Winder: Bobbin holds the lower thread, bobbin case holds the bobbin and bobbin winder puts thread on the bobbin.

ii. Needle and Needle Release: Needle takes the thread through the fabric and needle release keeps needle from moving when bobbin is filling.

iii. Hand Wheel: It is used to control machine manually.

iv. Feed Dog: It helps move the fabric under the needle.

v. Presser Foot: It holds fabric by preventing it from displacing.

vi. Spool Pin: It holds the thread spool.

vii. Foot Feed: It provides power to the machine in leg sewing machine.

viii. Thread guide: It guides thread in proper place.

Working Mechanism of Sewing Machine Although there are various types of sewing machines, the general mechanism of all kinds of sewing machine is the same. In all kinds of sewing machines, gears, pulleys and motors are the common parts that function in an assemblage to carry out stitching. Every sewing machine has a needle in which thread is inserted and bobbin holds the lower thread. The bobbin case holds the bobbin inside the machine. When the machine is operated, the teeth of feed dog grips the cloth and needle keeps on piercing the fabric by making chain like structure between the thread inserted in needle and thread coming from the bobbin case. The continuous running of the machine makes tight knots of the threads from up and down and cloth is stitched from both sides.


Essential Instruments Related to Sewing Sewing machine is a major instrument of sewing clothes. Besides, there are various instruments required for sewing work. Such instruments are given below:

Needles Thread Scissors Ruler and Measuring

tape

Pencil and Eraser

Table Tailoring Chalk

Thimble Pin Iron

Training for SewingOperating a sewing machine for stitching clothes needs skill and training. In the learning phase, clothes should not be sewn by a sewing machine. Stitching clothes by a sewing machine without skill results in spoiling of work and wastage of cloths. Thus, different types of waste newspapers or papers can be taken for practice in the training phase. After gaining skill of sewing, simple types of clothes like trousers, cap, Bhoto, etc. can be stitched by a sewing machine. Slowly and gradually, one can gain good skill and expertise in stitching even complex clothes.

Make a list of all instruments or materials required for sewing clothes. Also, discuss the functions of these instruments among your friends.


uniformity : the state of being uniform or alikegarment : a single item of clothingmanually : by hand

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Introduce a sewing machine with its types. b. Mention the major parts of a sewing machine. c. Explain the working mechanism of a sewing machine. d. Make a list of essential instruments that are related to sewing clothes.

Make a visit to a nearby tailoring shop and gather information regarding the process of sewing trousers. Also, make a short note on it and share it with your friends.


IntroductionTaking body measurement and drafting are important aspects of sewing clothes. In this lesson, way of taking body measurement, introduction to drafting, process of drafting and importance of drafting are described.

Taking Body MeasurementTaking body measurement is an important aspect of sewing or knitting. A proper measurement of the body helps ensure the perfect fitting of stitched clothes for the people whose body has been measured. The major purpose of taking body measurement is to make clothes attractive, fitting and comfortable in wearing. In the process of taking measurement, the measurement of various body parts of the concerned person should be taken before cutting clothes for stitching. It is necessary to take the body measurement of concerned people before stitching any clothes. Taking accurate measurement of the body before sewing clothes saves cloth also.

Taking Body Measurement and Drafting


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• be familiar with taking body measurement and

drafting in sewing.• explain the techniques of taking body measurement

and drafting.• gain the skill of taking body measurement and drafting

for sewing clothes.


Technique of Taking Body MeasurementThe measurement of the certain parts of body need to be taken before preparing clothes. Generally, the lines of neck, chest, waist, hip and thighs are measured while taking body measurement. Similarly, it is necessary to take the measurement of the lines of knees, lines of ankle, etc along with taking the measurement of the lines above knees. Likewise, it is also essential to know the length of body, legs, hand and shoulder in sewing clothes.

The points to be taken into consideration while taking body measurement are pointed out below.i. Retractable measuring tape should be used as far as possible.ii. Measurement should be taken according to the size of the body parts.iii. Thick and woolen clothes should be taken off while taking body

measurement.iv. Taken body measurement should be recorded in a paper.v. Measurement of both the front side and the back side should be taken

accurately.vi. Pattern of the clothes should be sketched as per the interest of the customer.

Take the measurement of the pants and the shirts of your friends one by one and keep its record in a paper. Discuss it among your friends.

Drafting It is necessary to draw pattern of clothes on the paper before sewing them. Drafting refers to the act of preparing initial version of clothes before preparing their final version. This initial version is prepared with the help of a pencil on a paper. After that, the figure is marked on the clothes with the help of a tailoring chalk. Drafting plays a vital role in sewing clothes because it helps to have a clear idea to prepare clothes according to the measurement.


Process of Drafting i. A pattern of the clothes to be sewn

should be drawn on the paper according to the measurement.

ii. Paper draft is cut and placed over the cloth spread on the table.

iii. Pattern is made on the cloth with a chalk as per the paper draft on the cloth

iv. The cloth and paper draft is stitched with a pin in order to prevent displacing the paper draft from the cloth.

v. Finally, the cloth is cut according to the draft. The cutting cloth is ready for sewing.

Importance of Drafting Drafting is an important aspect of sewing clothes. Drafting helps in cutting the cloth accurately as per the measurement. It prevents unnecessary wastage of fabric and spoiling work. It guides the tailor in making clothes fit and comfortable for wearing. Moreover, drafting makes cutting and sewing clothes easy and systematic.

Discuss the importance of taking body measurement and drafting for sewing clothes among your friends.

version : a specific form or variation of somethingsystematic : carried out something using a planned and ordered

procedure


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Why is it necessary to take body measurement to sew clothes? Explain

briefly.

b. Explain the technique of taking body measurement for sewing clothes briefly.

c. What is drafting? Explain the process of drafting briefly.

d. “Drafting is an important aspect of sewing.” Explain this statement with suitalbe reasons.

Sketch the draft of pants on the paper and cut it according to your sketch.


IntroductionButton is an essential component of many clothes like shirt, blouse, pants, etc. Fixing buttons on the prepared clothes is an important aspect of sewing clothes. Similarly, darning is an inseparable aspect of sewing. It is necessary to mend clothes in case of minor damages in the clothes. Darning can be done in both new and old clothes to recover it from small holes, rips, stains, etc. In this lesson, method of fixing button on clothes and various aspects of darning is presented briefly.

Button Fixing and DarningEstimated Teaching Period(s): 5Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• explain the process of fixing button and darning.• gaining the skill of fixing button and darning damaged

clothes.• explain the importance of darning clothes.


Fixing ButtonFixing button on the clothes is an old trend in sewing clothes. In some cases, there is no meaning of sewing clothes in the absence of fixing buttons. But in some clothes, buttons can be replaced by zipper. Button refers to a fastener that fixes two pieces of clothes together. There are various types of buttons available in the market. Buttons are made up of linen, bamboo, cloth, plastic, bone, metal, etc. These buttons are fixed on the clothes according to the need and nature of clothes. Buttons are fixed in one side of clothes and button holes are prepared on the other side. Buttons are tied to the button holes while wearing clothes. Buttons, needle, thread and cutting tools are required materials/instruments used to fix buttons.

Process of Fixing ButtonsThe following steps are taken to fix buttons on the clothes.i. First of all, suitable buttons and thread are selected according to the colour

of clothes on which buttons are to be fixed.ii. Thread is inserted to the needle hole and a knot is tied at the end of the

double thread.iii. The place of fixing button on one side of clothes is marked according to the

button hole on the other side of the clothes.iv. The selected button is placed on the mark and sewed with the help of

threaded needle inserting it through the small holes in the button.v. Sewing is repeated time and again until the button is fixed tightly on the

clothes.vi. The thread is wrapped few times around the thread between the clothes

and the button. The thread is tied and excess thread is cut off. The button is fixed to the clothes.

Fixing Various Types of FastenersDifferent types of buttons or fasteners are used to make clothes fit according to their nature. In some clothes like pants, hooks are used in palce of buttons. Similarly, press buttons are used in some clothes like shirt, blouse, etc. The methods of fixing press buttons , hooks and making button holes is presented here.


Fixing Press ButtonThere are two parts in a press button. One part is called cock (Bhale) and the other part is called hen (Pothi). The press button is fixed in the place where the clothes is to be joined. These types of buttons are fixed with the help of a needle and thread. These buttons are not to be fixed on the side of clothes we wear. It means that these buttons should not be revealed in the front side.

Fixing Hooks Hooks can be used in some clothes instead of buttons. Generally, in pants hooks are used. Hooks are also fixed on the clothes with the help of a needle and thread. Hook and Ankush is used to tie the parts of clothes together.

Making Button Holes Button holes are holes prepared on the clothes to hold buttons. The button holes are cut on the clothes according to the size of buttons. Both sides of the hole is sewn with the help of a needle and thread. In this process, the circle of the hole is sewn after reaching the edges.

Darning (Raffu)The clothes with small holes or torn clothes can be used again by sewing the clothes with cloth of the same colour. Darning refers to the act of covering the holes or damages on the clothes with the help of a short needle and thread. Darning can be done to restore new as well as old clothes. Generally, the thread should be taken


from the side of length to darn in the breadth side. Similarlly, to darn in the length side, the thread should be taken from breadth side. Sometimes, thread can only be used to darn without using a piece of the cloth.

Process of Darning The following steps are taken for darning clothes.

i. Both sides of thread of the hole are made equal by cutting where darning needs to be done.

ii. Clothes matching colour of thread is selected and damaged clothes is sewn with the help of a short needle and selected thread.

iii. Darning is done from the outer part of the clothes so that it can be checked whether the darning is right or wrong.

iv. After finishing the darning, unnecessary pieces of the thread are removed by cutting them off.

v. Finally, the darned area is ironed to make it smooth and attractive.

Importance of DarningSometimes, new clothes may be damaged by piercing with sharp objects or getting stains due to spilling of unwashable substances. Such clothes can be mended by darning and used again. Darning makes clothes ready to reuse. The clothes that are not good enough to wear outdoor can be used while stay at home. Old clothes having hole or stain can be reused by darning them. Fashionably darned clothes in style can be used for outside wear generally in the informal situations. Darning is advantageous to make new expensive clothes reusable by mending unnecessary holes, rips and stains in a proper manner. Thus, darning is an important process of making damaged clothes suitable for reuse.

Discuss the process of darning and its importance among your friends.


inseparable : unable to be separated, bound together permanentlymend : to repairrecover : to get back, regainrip : a tearstain : discoloured spot or areafastener : something that fastens or ties

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the process of fixing buttons on the clothes. b. How are the holes for holding buttons made in the clothes? c. What is darning? Point out the steps for darning damaged clothes.

2. Write short notes on: a. Fixing Press Buttons b. Fixing Hooks c. Importance of Darning

Take an old and damaged clothe of your choice and darn it in the design you like. Present your work in your classroom and discuss the process of darning among your friends.


IntroductionVarious types of clothes can be sewn with the help of a sewing machine after gaining sewing skill. Similarly, various woolen garments such as cap, muffler, sweater, etc. can be weaved with a knitting needle. In this lesson, methods of sewing apron and weaving woolen cap and muffler are described.

Sewing ApronAn apron is a garment that is used outside of the clothes while working. The objective of wearing an apron is to prevent the inner clothes from being damaged by stain and being dirty while cooking food in the kitchen, working in the laboratory, chopping meat at the meat shop, etc. Thus, apron is a piece of cloth which is used to keep our clothes neat, clean and undamaged during our work.

Sewing Apron and Weaving Woolen Items


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• describe the process of sewing apron. • explain the benefits of wearing apron. • gain the skill of weaving woolen cap and muffler.


Process of Sewing Apron The following steps are taken while preparing an apron.i. Various drafts of apron are made according to the measurement, style and

interest of the customer.ii. The selected cloth is kept over the draft and cut into two pieces.iii. The pieces of the cloth are sewn gently and properly by putting laces to

hold on the arms and both sides of the chest.iv. The prepared apron should be ironed if needed.

Weaving Woolen Cap and Muffler Woolen cap and muffler are winter garments used to protect us from cold during winter. These garments are weaved with the help of weaving needles and woolen thread. Various kinds of weaving needles are available in the market. Weaving needles are made up of plastic or aluminum. The weaving needles are numbered according to the thickness of woolen thread. In case of weaving cap, the edges are required to be made and are weaved with the needle smaller than the edges. The loops should be made before knitting woolen cap or muffler.

Process of Weaving Woolen Cap and MufflerThe following steps are taken while knitting cap or muffler from the woolen thread.i. Woolen thread is prepared according to the size of the head or length of

muffler.ii. Loops are made on the needle according to the measurement. For example,

if the measurement is 40 cm, the length of loop should be 40 cm.iii. Loops are made on the weaving needle by holding the needle in the left

hand. The woolen thread should be pushed through the middle of thumb and index finger of the right hand.

iv. The woolen thread should be knitted one round on the left side of the hand and pushed into the weaving needle to make the first loop.

v. The needle should be held with the left hand after making the loop and the thread should be pushed with the index finger of the right hand.

vi. The thread between two loops is lifted up with the help of the needle taken in the right hand and the thread should be round up. The lifted thread


should be kept free in this needle. The same process is continued until the knitting is over.

Prepare a model apron from a paper and discuss the process of preparing it among your friends.

chop : to cut into pieces with short, vigorous cutting motionsindex finger : the forefinger

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Explain the process of sewing an apron.

b. Mention the advantages of wearing an apron.

c. Describe the process of weaving a woolen cap or muffler briefly.

Weave a model of cap or muffler with the help of the woolen thread and weaving needles. Present it in your classroom for discussion.


Local technology refers to the technology which has been invented and operated on the basis of indigenous knowledge of the people of a particular locality. This unit includes:

introduction to local knowledge and local technology.

common local technologies and their importance in Nepal.

evolution and use of traditional technologies.

improved oven and harvesting rain water.

Local Technology


Unit15


IntroductionLocal knowledge refers to the indigenous knowledge conducted in a unique and traditional way. The unique technologies invented and operated on the basis of the indigenous knowledge are called local indigenous technologies. For example, the technology of producing butter from curd by using Theki and Madani is a local indigenous technology. It is in practice in a traditional way even today in the various rural areas of our country. In this technology, a motion in the curd kept on Theki is produced by spinning Madani with the help of a rope. The spinning part of the Madani is kept inside the Theki and the upper part of it is fixed with the help of a rope and a stand. The continuous pulling and releasing the rope with the help of two hands produces a motion in the Madani and the motion produces unprocessed butter or Nauni from the curd kept on the Theki.

Local Knowledge and TechnologyEstimated Teaching Period(s): 3Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define local knowledge and technology.• name common local technologies of Nepal. • explain the importance of local technologies.


Common Local Technologies of NepalThere are various local technologies in the different parts of our country. These technologies are operated on the basis of indigenous knowledge of the people transferred from one generation to another in a traditional way. The technologies of pumping water, ploughing field, cooking food, harvesting crops, etc. are conducted in the rural areas of Nepal on the basis of the indigenous knowledge. Similarly, local technologies are helpful in building house, making bridge, knitting rope, making carts, etc. Likewise, grinding mills like Jaanto and Paanighatta are used to produce flour from the grains on the basis of the indigenous technology. In the same manner, Dhiki is used for processing rice, Kol is used for producing juice from sugarcane. These all are the local level technologies based on the indigenous knowledge and skill of the people of local area. In our country, plough, yoke, bullocks and buffaloes are used to plough field. Making plough (Halo) and ploughing the field by using it is also the product of local technology.

Importance of Local Technology Local technologies are an integral part the local people that are used to perform various works in daily life. The major importance of these technologies is pointed out below.


i. Local technologies help make works easier with less manual effort.ii. They use local knowledge and skill of the local people.iii. They use locally available resources.iv. They are environment friendly since they have no adverse effect in the

environment of the local area.v. They help upgrade life style of the local people of a particular place in

various ways.vi. They help in conserving environment, maintaining healthy life and

creating employment in the local level.vii. Modern technologies are advanced forms of the local technologies.

Make a list of various local technologies of your locality and discuss their uses among your friends.

indigenous : belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else

integral : being an essential part of somethingmanual : involving using hands or physical strength

Exercise1. Answer the following questions: a. Define local knowledge and technology with examples.

b. Make a list of any ten local technologies of our country.

c. Describe the importance of local technology in a paragraph.

Observe any three local technologies of your locality and write a short note on the working mechanism of each technology. Present your work in your classroom.


IntroductionTraditional technologies are local indigenous technologies. These technologies are evolved on the basis of the indigenous knowledge of local people and transferred from ancestors to their future generations. These technologies are brought into practice on the basis of the local knowledge and skill to perform various daily life activities required for livelihood of the people. The traditional technologies are improved nowadays by making them fit with the modern technologies. In this lesson, the description of water mill (Panighatta), flour mill, plough (Halo) and tractor is presented.

Water Mill (Panighatta)Water mill is a grinding stone machine developed from indigenous knowledge and skill to produce flour from crop grains by the friction of two stones. Initially, people used to produce flour with the help of Lohoro and Silauto. Gradually, they started to use Jaanto to grind grains. In the course of time and evolution, people

Evolution and Use of Traditional Technologies


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• be familiar with evolution and use of traditional

technologies.• explain working mechanism of water mill and flour

mill.• differentiate between plough and tractor.


invented water mill (Panighatta) which is more easier and advanced than Jaanto. Slowly and gradually, people invented modern flour mill which is operated with the help of diesel or electricity.

Water mill is a technology which is operated by the energy produced from the speed of water. Generally, water mill is constructed near a river or stream where the flow of water is possible. In the absence of river or stream, a water pond is constructed by bringing water through a canal. The pond water is allowed to fall down through a pipe or wooden canal in a high speed. The downward flowing water strikes the wooden wheel connected to the stone grinder and the flow of water produces motion in it. This motion is called rotating motion. The bevel gear is fitted into the grinders axle. The bevel gear produces the motion at 90° when the wheel rotates. The upper gear rotates with the help of bevel gear. The axel is connected with the spin speed of the upper gear and the speed is directly connected with the grinding stone and hence grinding stone rotates with the rotation of upper gear. Moreover, axel rotates with the rotation of wooden wheel. Bevel gear rotates with the rotation of axel and the upper gear rotates with the axel. The upper gear connected to grinding stone rotates and hence spinning of axel rotates the upper grinding stone kept over the lower stone. As a result, grains are grinded due to the continuous friction of two grinding stones in the water mill. Generally, maize, wheat, soyabean, millet, etc. are grinded in the water mill.

Flour MillFlour mill is an advanced form of water mill. It is used for producing flour by grinding grains like maize, rice, wheat, millet, barley, etc. Flour mill is also based on spinning technology. The grinding stones are used in flour mill also. But, the grinding stones of flour mill are prepared in a special way. An iron plate is fixed to collected flour in a sack or pot.

In the flour mill, a motor is operated with the help of an engine. The diesel motor produces spinning speed and this speed rotates grinding stone with the help of gear. The grains are grinded between two grinding stones due to the continuous rotation of the upper grinding stone kept on the lower grinding stone. Nowadays, flour mills are operated by electric energy also. This technology of grinding gives more production in a short time. It is easier and more comfortable for grinding grains in comparison to the traditional technology of grinding.


Discuss the differences between water mill and flour mill among your friends.

Plough (Halo) A plough is a traditional agricultural tool prepared from wood. It is used to plough field with the help of bullocks or buffaloes. The other tools used in a plough are Phali, Anau, Haris, Yoke, Jotara, etc. The lever technology is used in plough. It works by pulling it with the physical power of animals in the combination of all its consitutive parts.

In traditional wooden plough, Phali is attached to the tip of other wooden part fixed to the lower part of the plough. Phali and Karuwa are made up of iron. Phali is a straight object with sharp tip, whereas Karuwa is u-shaped. Karuwa is used to fix Phali with the wood to make it strong. When the plough is pulled by bullocks or buffaloes it tills the field by turning over the soil.

TractorTractor is a modern ploughing tool of agriculture. It is an improved technology of a plough. A diesel operating engine is fixed to the tractor. Tractor moves on wheels and ploughing technology is fitted in the rear part of the tractor. Many ploughs are attached in a single row. It has small wheels in its front side and its rear wheels are big. It can easily move on muddy land also.

Tractor can plough a large area of land in a short time period. Much human labour is not used to operate it. There is a driver to operate the tractor. The tractor is a modern tool of agriculture that has a great contribution to the modernization of agriculture in our country.


Discuss the difference between ploughing mechanism of a plough and the tractor among your friends.

ancestor : one from whom a person is descendedinvent : to design a new process or mechanismtill : to plough

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Describe the working mechanism of the water mill in your own words.

b. How does the flour mill work? Explain briefly.

c. Name the constitutive parts of a plough. How does a plough till land for agriculture? Explain briefly.

d. “Tractor is a modern tool of agriculture” Justify this statement with suitable examples.

Observe the working mechanism of the tractor in your locality. Prepare a short note on it and share it with your friends.


IntroductionThe improved oven is an advanced form of the traditional oven. The traditional oven or improved oven are the product of local technologies. Similarly, harvesting rain water is a technology of collecting rain water for various purposes. In this lesson, the brief description of the improved oven and the technology of harvesting rain water is presented.

Improved Oven Oven is a place used to light fire in order to cook food items. Improved oven is also called ‘modern Chulo’ because it is the improved form of indigenous cooking technology by using firewood. Generally, in rural areas of Nepal, people cook food in oven by using firewood, animal dung, agricultural residue, etc. to light fire. The heat energy produced by burning these objects is the major source of energy to cook food.

Improved Oven and Harvesting Rain Water


After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• differentiate between traditional oven and modern/

improved oven. • mention the benefits of the improved oven.• explain the process of harvesting rain water. • describe the importance of harvesting rain water.


In improved oven, fire smoke is sent out with the help of a Chimney attached to the oven. There are 2/3 openings of the improved oven for sending smoke through the Chimney. Improved oven can be used to cook more food with less consumption of firewood.

Benefits of Improved Oven The major benefits of improved oven are listed below. i. Improved oven uses less firewood in comparison to the traditional one.ii. It does not pollute kitchen and room environment with fire smoke. iii. It does not have bad impact on the public health. iv. Risk of burning hands is very less in it because it is surrounded by bricks

and clay. v. It is easier and more comfortable for cooking food in companion to the

traditional oven.

Harvesting Rain Water The technology of collecting and storing rain water is called rain water harvesting. Harvested rain water can be used for various purposes in the absence of ground water. Ground water changes into vapour due to the heat of the sun. The vapor rises up condenses into water on cooling and falls on the earth in the form of rain. Such rain water can be collected either in a tank or in a plastic pond so that it can be used for various purposes. Generally, during rainy season, rain water can be harvested and stored to use in winter when there is the scarcity of ground water.

Process of Harvesting Rain Water Rain water can be collected in a drum or a tank from the roof of a house. For this purpose, plastic pipes, tin cannel or bamboo stem can be used to let the water flow from the roof to the tank or drum. The pipes or canals are fitted to the edges of sloppy roof so that the water from the roof is directly collected to the tank or drum. In the case of plain roof, one end of the pipe is fixed to the whole in the roof


and the other end of the pipe is connected to the tank or drum kept on the ground. Harvesting rain water in rainy season is the best way of solving the problem of shortage of water. Harvested water can be used to wash clothes, irrigate plants, clean toilets, etc.

Discuss the differences between the traditional oven and the improved oven among your friends.

residue : whatever remains after something else has been removedscarcity : the condition of being deficientshortage : a lack or deficiency

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What is an improved oven? Mention any four benefits of the improved

oven.

b. What does harvesting rain water mean? Explain the process of harvesting rain water in rainy season.

c. Explain the importance of harvesting rain water in the context of our country.

Prepare a model to show the process of harvesting rain water. You can use waste materials like bottles, pipes, card board, etc. to make the model.


Modern technology refers to the application of modern scientific knowledge in various tools, appliances or instruments with the advancement in science and technology. This unit includes:

use of some modern home appliances such as washing machine, geyser, refrigerator, etc.

use of some modern office appliances like ATM, air conditioning, xerox machine, multimedia, etc.

use of information technology with code of conduct.

introduction to alternative energy: solar energy and hydropower.

Modern TechnologyUnit16


IntroductionHuman beings have invented and constructed various modern appliances with the help of modern technology. People have brought these equipment into uses for various purposes. These appliances have made the life of people comfortable and convenient in modern time. Various scientific inventions have taken place in the process of making human life prosperous and comfortable. In this lesson, some of the home appliances such as washing machine, geyser, refrigerator, solar light and solar heater are discussed.

Washing MachineWashing machine is an electric home appliance used for washing clothes. Dirty clothes are kept in the machine. It is operated with the supply of electric current. As per the instruction, detergent power is kept in the machine. Washing task is conducted by supplying electric current and water with the help of switches. It throws washing water out and cleans the clothes. Nowadays, clothes drying system has also been invented in the washing machines.

Modern Home AppliancesEstimated Teaching Period(s): 7Lesson 1

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• name some common modern home appliances.• explain the working mechanism of modern home

appliances. • describe the importance of modern home appliances.• gain the skill of using modern home appliances.


Precautionsi. Electric wires should be checked properly.ii. Load of clothes should be given as instructed.iii. Water pumping outlets should be in proper condition.iv. Washed clothes should be taken out properly.

Types of Washing MachineFront loading, top loading and twin tub are the types of washing machines available in the market.

Front Loading Washing Machine: In this machine, clothes are washed up by keeping the clothes into it from the front side.

Top Loading Washing Machine: In this machine, clothes are washed up by loading the clothes in the machine from the top side.

Twin Tub Washing Machine: This machine has two parts. In one part, clothes are washed up and in the other parts clothes are cleaned up. Its working mechanism is similar to front loading and top loading washing machines, but clothes are transferred from one tub to another in order to clean them up.

GeyserGeyser is a modern home appliance. It is used for heating water for various purposes. Generally, geyser is used to have hot water to take bath. It is operated by the electric current or gas. Thus, electric geyser and gas geyser are available in the market.

Electric GeyserIt is operated with the help of electric current. It is fixed on the wall of bathroom and water is collected in its tank through a tap. The heater is fixed in its bottom. On supplying electric current, the heater starts heating the water in its tank and the hot water starts coming out through the tap.


Gas GeyserIt is operated by burning LP gas and heats the water coming from the top. In this geyser, gas burns itself and starts heating the water on opening the source of water by switching on. But in some gas geysers, the lighter is used to light the gas. There are various types of gas geysers available in the market. Nowadays, digital gas geysers are also available.

RefrigeratorRefrigerator is commonly known as fridge. It is used to keep things fresh and cold inside it. It is operated with the help of electric current or gas. Refrigerator is based on the refrigeration technology. Refrigeration is divided into two parts. It is called vapour cycle. This cycle is divided into vapour compressed refrigeration and vapour absorption refrigeration.

Vapour Compressed RefrigerationThe refrigerators with this technology are highly used for household purposes. This type of refrigerator has two sections. The lower section is big and the upper section is small. The lower section is called deep freeze. It freezes water into ice and keeps the things in frozen state. This type of refrigerator protects items such as vegetables, fruits, food stuffs, etc. from decaying.

Vapour Absorption RefrigerationThis technology of refrigeration was widely used in the first half of the twentieth century. Nowadays, this technology is not much in use. But, it is used in the refrigerators that are operated by burning LP gas. Electric refrigerators do not have this technology.


Solar LightIn solar lights, photo voltaic cell is used to transform the rays of sunlight into electricity. Solar panels are used to produce electricity from the sunlight. Solar light is produced in the form of electricity by connecting the solar panels and the lamps with the help of a wire.

Solar HeaterSolar heater is constructed on the basis of the technology of absorbing the heat of the sunlight. It runs on the solar energy. In this heater, a black coating solar panel is constructed in order to absorb the sunlight. The water pipes get heat from the black coating solar panel and the heated water goes back to the water holding tank from which it is circulated. In this way, solar heater heats water by the heat produced from the sunlight.

Discuss the working mechanism of refrigerator among your friends.

convenience : the quality of being suitable, usefulprosperous : characterize by successrefrigeration : the process of transferring heat from an object in order to

cool itcompress : to make smaller, to make something occupy a smaller space

or volumetransform : to change, convert


Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any five modern home appliances and explain their importance.

b. How does a washing machine work? Explain briefly.

c. Describe three types of washing machines.

d. Explain the uses of the refrigerator in the kitchen.

e. How do the solar light and the solar heater work? Explain briefly.

2. Write short notes on: a. Gas Geyser

b. Vapour Compressed Refrigeration

c. Modern Home Appliance

Make a visit to a solar panel distributing company and collect information regarding the technology and materials required for producing solar panels. Prepare a report on the basis of the collected information and present it in your classroom.


IntroductionModern technology has invented various types of appliances that are used in offices, educational and financial institutions, cyber, photo studio, etc. In offices, the photocopy machine or xerox machine is used to produce photocopies of various documents. The automated teller machine (ATM) is used to withdraw money from the personal account of the bank. Similarly, photos, pictures, videos, etc. are produced with the help of multimedia. The scanner is used to reproduce photo or picture or article in the same pattern. Air conditioning is used to balance cold with hot. These all equipment are the product of modern technology. In this lesson, ATM, air conditioning, multimedia, xerox machine, scanner and video chat are described.

Modern Office AppliancesEstimated Teaching Period(s): 7Lesson 2

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• name various modern appliances used in various

sectors. • explain the functions of various modern appliances.• describe the benefits of modern technology and

modern appliances.


Automated Teller Machine (ATM)ATM is an electronic device which is used to withdraw cash amount from the personal bank account in an automatic way. Generally, ATMs are placed in the premises of the concerned banks. They are also kept near the mall, hospital, airport, grocery store, etc.

ATM consists of various parts such as card reader, keypad, display screen, receipt printer, cash dispenser, etc. The card reader receives the ATM card and reads information of the account holder. Kepad is an input device of providing information related to transaction. Display screen guides for the transaction process, receipt printer prints paper receipt and cash dispenser dispenses required cash amount according to the input given by the card holder.

The customers having personal account in bank get a plastic card called ATM card. ATM card consists of a magnetic strip with a unique card number and security information of the card-holder. ATM card identifies the account holder for basic banking transaction. When the authentic ATM card is inserted in the ATM and necessary steps are taken, the ATM dispenses cash as per the input information of the card holder.

Air Conditioning (AC)Air conditioning is an important invention of modern technology related to maintaining room temperature. It is highly used in present days. It maintains suitable temperature in a specific area. It is based on the air conditioning technology of maintaining temperature. Generally, it is used in banks, offices, hotels, restaurants vehicles, aeroplanes, etc. It is possible to settle down in the cold areas with temperature upto -25°C with the use of air conditioning technology.


Discuss the process of using an ATM card in the ATM machine to draw cash from the bank account. Also, discuss its benefits among your friends.

Xerox MachineXerox machine is commonly known as photocopy machine. It is used in banks, offices, schools, etc. to take the xerox copies of various documents. In colleges and schools, it is used to produce required copies of question papers to operate examinations. Xerox machine works on the basis of xerography technology. It uses ink and paper to produce duplicate copy of required document. Nowadays, digital xerox machines are also available in the market.

ScannerA scanner is a modern machine which is used to scan written or imaged documents in the same pattern. It transforms required documents in digital form. It is also called image scanner. Generally, scanners are used in office, business institutions, academic institutions financial institutions, etc. It helps to send digitalized documents from one place to another. In modern time, scanning technology has greatly contributed in receiving and sending various professional and educational information from one place to another easily in no time.

MultimediaMultimedia is the combined form of text, audio, video, image, animation, etc. The devices related to multimedia are electronic devices that are used to store


and use multimedia content. For example, the multimedia technology is used in television to make audio visual live presentation. Nowadays, we can find the use of multimedia in various sectors such as information technology, education, journalism, health, entertainment, engineering and architecture, etc. In multimedia, the combination of writing, speaking, capturing, broadcasting, etc. is managed with the help of computer, video camera, computer camera, digital audio, etc. Multimedia has changed our life due to its wide scope in various sectors.

Video ChatVideo chat refers to audio visual live communication between persons with the help of computer in the presence of the internet access. The web camera present in computer shows the faces of speakers along with the conversation. The process of chatting with the help of webcam and the internet is called video mail. In video mail or communication, speakers and listeners can listen to each other and watch each other's surroundings. Video chat can be used for personal as well as business purpose. This technology has made the world narrower in terms of recognizing, knowing and listening to people living far from each other.

Discuss the use of multimedia in your school, offices or other institutions among your friends.


withdraw : to extract money from an accountpremises : the sorrounding area of a buildingtransaction : the transfer of funds from an accountdispense : to issue, distribute or put outauthentic : of the same origin as claimed, genuinexerography : a photocopying processduplicate : being the same as anotherin no time : very soon, very quickly

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. Name any five office appliances that are used in modern world. b. Describe the structure of an ATM with a figure. c. Mention the uses of air conditioning. d. Write down the uses of multimedia in a classroom. e. What is video chat? How is it conducted?2. Write short notes on: a. Xerox Machine b. Scanner c. Use of ATM d. Importance of Modern Technology

Arrange a meeting, in a group, with the xerox machine operator in your school or in any office and get information regarding the working mechanism of xerox machine. On the basis of the collected information prepare a short note and share it with your friends in your classroom.


IntroductionThe technology of storing, retrieving, manipulating and transmitting data with the help of computer technology is called information technology. The invention and the use of information technology has largely revolutionized the way of the world in the fields of education, communication, business, health, etc. In this lesson, the uses of internet and code of conduct of information technology are described briefly.

InternetThe internet has largely transformed the old system of information and communication. Nowadays, various audio visual materials, written documents, etc. can be obtained and used through the internet. Watching television and reading newspapers through web pages are also possible due to the exploration of internet. Internet can be used for video chat by sitting in front of a computer set.

Use of Information TechnologyEstimated Teaching Period(s): 6Lesson 3

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define internet and its associated terms.• mention the uses of internet.• be familiar with the code of conduct in using

information technology.


Internet is a globally interconnected network that can exchange data with the help of devices like computer, mobile, tablet, etc. Internet browser is used to enable one to access and navigate the internet by viewing website on the computer. Internet Explorer, Google, Chrome, Mozilla, Firefox, Opera, Safari, etc. are some internet browsers. Various websites can be searched with the help of internet. Such websites are the collection of web documents that are published through internet for the use of public. There are various internet service providers that provide accessibility of internet to their customers. The internet service providers in our country are Nepal Telecom, Ncell, Worldlink, Subisu, Websurfer, Vianet, etc.

Use of InternetAs a global network, internet has changed the entire dynamics of information and communication. The scope of the internet in the era of modern technology is really huge. It is widely used in the fields of education, business, security, health, entertainment, etc. The major uses of the internet in various fields for various purposes are pointed out below.i. Internet is used as a major source of information. Various types of

information can be obtained through world wide web (www).ii. It is used as a means of communication. E-mail and video mail are the

common ways of communicating through internet. Nowadays, voice over internet protocol (VOIP) is also used for communication.

iii. Internet is used as the system of data transfer. Various types of data can be transferred from one computer to another with the help of the internet.

iv. Internet is used as a social network. It connects people together for sharing views, making new friends, disseminating information, etc.

v. It is used for conducting various business activities such as advertising and marketing goods, paying amounts and bills, exchanging business related information, etc.

Code of Conduct in Information TechnologyInformation technology makes various types of information easily available for public. Code of conduct in information technology refers to the law or


set of rules that is designed and circulated to prevent information from being misused or abused with the help of various technologies. Nepal government has prepared a code of conduct for using information technology with the objective of using it for public welfare and human development.

Moreover, the major objectives of the code of conduct in information technology are to minimize misuse and abuse of information technology and to use and develop it for good reason in the society. The major aspects of such code of conduct are given below.i. It is strictly prohibited to harm social harmony of the country with the use

of information technology.ii. Publishing or displaying any materials in electronic form with the intention

of provoking hate or jealousy among people is strictly prohibited.iii. Revealing secret information of the country through information

technology is strictly prohibited. In case of committing such acts, concerned authority can punish the guilty according to the law.

iv. Circulating any information in electronic form that have a negative impact on the security of the country is punishable by the law.

v. It is unethical to use other's email by hacking password and other security numbers. Committing such crime in punishable by the law.

vi. It is punishable to circulate materials in electronic form with the intention of spreading terror and fear in the society.

vii. It is strictly prohibited to spoil anyone's personal character with the use of information technology. Such act is punished by the law.

Discuss the use of internet in different fields among your friends.

retrieve : to regain or get back somethingmanipulate : to move, arrange or manage something for the intended

purposetransmit : to send or convey somethingrevolutionize : to change radically or significantlynavigate : to move from page to page on the internet


disseminate : to spread or circulate or propagateprovoke : to cause someone to become angry and annoyedhack : to gain unathorized access to a computer system by

manipulating codecommitter : a person who commits a crimehacking : unauthorized attempts to bypass the security mechanisms

of an information system or network

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What is internet? How does it work?

b. Mention any five uses of internet.

c. Why is a set of code of conduct necessary in the field of information technology? Explain briefly.

d. Write a set of five rules and regulations to be followed while using information technology.

e. "Abusing information technology is punishable by the law." Justify this statement with suitable reasons.

Find out any ten code of conduct of using information technology through the internet. Enlist them and share it with your friends.


IntroductionEnergy is required to operate different machines, vehicles, aeroplane, etc. Such energy is obtained by processing fossil fuel. Fossil fuel is a source of energy stored inside the earth surface. It is in limited quantity and may be finished after its continuous use. It is a non-renewable source of energy and cannot be used again if the store is finished. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and develop alternative source of energy in order to fulfill rapid demand of energy in modern life. The source of energy which can be used in place of fossil fuel is called alternative source of energy. Such sources of energy are water, wind, sun, etc. Solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, hydroelectricity, etc. are some of the examples of alternative energy that can be used for various purposes in the absence of fossil fuel energy. Alternative energy does not finish since its sources are unlimited in nature. Alternative sources of energy are renewable since they can be used again and again by developing energy from them. Therefore, alternative energies are sustainable for our use. In this lesson, the description of solar energy and hydropower is presented.

Alternative EnergyEstimated Teaching Period(s): 4Lesson 4

After studying this lesson, the students will be able to:• define alternative source of energy with examples.• mention the uses of solar energy.• be familiar with hydropower and its production.


Solar EnergyThe energy which can be obtained from the sun is called solar energy. Such energies are light energy and heat energy. Solar energy is used to light solar lamp and operate solar heater. Solar energy is also used to operate a solar car. In order to produce solar energy, a special type of cell called voltaic cell is produced and developed.

In our country, various electric devices such as electric lamp, computer, television, heater, etc. are operated with the help of electricity produced from the solar energy. This electricity is produced from solar energy with the help of solar panels. Generally, solar energy is captured by keeping solar panels on the roof top. The electricity produced from the solar panels charges battery. The light energy can be supplied from the battery with the help of wires. Thus, solar energy can be used as an alternative source of energy.

HydropowerHydropower or hydroelectricity is produced from water resources. The electricity generated by rotating turbines with the help of running water is called hydropower or hydroelectricity. Hydropower projects are constructed and developed in order to produce hydroelectricity. Hydropower projects can be built in a small as well as large scale.

The hydropower projects conducted in a small scale are called micro hydropower projects or peltic set. Hydroelectricity can be produced from water falls, streams, etc. in Nepal. Generally, micro-hydropower projects are of 50 kilo watt. Similarly, hydroelectricity can be produced by connecting dynamo with the water-mills in our country. It produces electricity in small amount in order to fulfill local needs of lightening houses. The electricity produced by rotating dynamo with the help of water current is distributed to the houses with the help of wires. Such sets of generating electricity are called peltic sets.


Nepal is rich in water resources. There is a great potentiality and feasibility of generating large amount of hydroelectricity by developing large hydropower projects. But, hydropower technology and large amount of investment is required to develop large hydropower projects to generate hydroelectricity in large amount in the context of our country.

Discuss the importance of various sources of alternative energy in the context of our country.

fossil : the mineralized remains of an animal or a plantrapid : very swift and quickfeasibility : the state of being possible

Exercise1. Answer the following questions. a. What does an alternative energy mean? How does it differ from the

fossil fuel energy? Explain briefly.

b. Define solar energy. How can the solar energy be used as an alternative energy? Discuss.

c. What is hydroelectricity? How can hydroelectricity be produced from the water resources?

Study any one alternative source of energy in your locality and prepare a short report on it on the basis of your study.


Specification GridOccupation, Business and Technology Education

TheoryGrade: 8 F.M.: 50Time: 1 hour 30 minutes P.M.: 20

Subject Areas Units No. of questions

Full marks Knowledge Skill Higher

ability Remarks

Professional/Occupational Education

1. Professional Education 1 5 1

2. Employment, Training and Education

1 5 1

3. Information Related to Employment

1 5 1

Vocation/Business Orientation

4. General Vocational Skills (Soft Skills)

5. Business/Vocation

6. Trade and Market Management

1 5 1

7. Vegetable Farming

8. Fruit Farming

9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Food Stuffs

10. Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Plants

11. Livestock Rearing

12. Art and Craft

13. Clay Work14. Sewing,

Knitting and Fabric Painting

4 20 1 2 1

Technology Education

15. Local Technology 1 5 1

16. Modern Technology 1 5 1

Total 10 50 3 5 2


PracticalGrade: 8 F.M.: 50

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes P.M.: 20

Subject Areas Units Activity Full Marks Remarks

Professional Education

1. Professional Education

2. Employment, Training and Education

2 10

3. Information Related to Employment 1 5

Vocation/Business Orientation

4. General Vocational Skills (Soft Skills) 1 5

5. Business/Vocation

6. Trade and Market Management

7. Vegetable Farming

8. Fruit Farming

9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Food Stuffs

10. Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Plants

11. Livestock Rearing

12. Art and Craft

13. Clay Work

14. Sewing, Knitting and Fabric Painting

4 20 1

Technology Education

15. Local Technology 1 5

16. Modern Technology 1 5

Total 10 50


Model Questions: Set (Theory)Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Grade: 8 F.M.: 50

Time: 1 hour 30 minutes P.M.: 20

Answer the following questions:

Group A: Occupational/Professional Education 3 × 5 = 15

1. Define basic level and higher level professions with any two examples of each.

2. “Human resources related to agriculture are essential in the context of Nepal.” Justify this statement with suitable examples.

3. Suppose that you want to acquire information related to foreign employment. How do you use sources of information related to it? Explain the ways of using any two sources of this field briefly.

Group B: Business/Vocation Orientation 5 × 5 = 25

Note: Attempt any five questions. Q. No. 4 is compulsory.

4. How will you use decision making skill to solve any problem created in your future professional life? Explain briefly with suitable examples.

5. What does off-season vegetable farming mean? Mention any three advantages of farming vegetables on the roof top or balcony.

6. How do you store fruits by zero temperature method? Explain briefly.

7. Explain the importance of drying vegetables and fruits.

8. How can we produce and preserve flower seeds? Explain briefly.

9. How can you identify pneumonia of goat or sheep? Mention the preventive and curative measures of this disease.

10. Mention the benefits of recycling and reusing of non-biodegradable materials produced from our home.

12. “Drafting is an important aspect of sewing and cutting.” Justify this statement with convincing reasons.

Group C: Technology Education 2 × 5 = 10

13. What does local technology mean? Name any six local technologies that are practiced in your community.

14. Suppose that you have to withdraw Rs. 1000 from your personal account of any bank with the help of ATM card. Mention the steps you need to take for this purpose.

Documents

Green Occupation, Business and technOlOgy educatiOn