Growth of Douglas Fir Trees of Known Seed Source - AgEcon

I0 IIIII~B 111112~ I 0 ~ 111I11~ 1 25 ~~ 132== II[= I 2 III~~ ~~ IIIII~J 22

- f t~b~ III - ~J6 t f~~

11 t~ 11 L= 1~113deg 1111118 1111118

11111125 114 1111116 11111125 14 111116

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION 1ES r CHAR I MICROCOPY HESOLUTION TlSl CHART

Technical Bulletin No 537 December 1936

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WASHINGTON D C

GRO~TTH OF DOUGLAS FIR TREES OF KNOWN SEED SOURCE

B~ THOItXTOX T lll~XGln (lirccor nJlll VI1IIAM O ~rOimIS (8~i~( Itt ~iILiclIlshyIlirisl Pa(jfic S(1rllllr(~t Pocs RpoundlCIilll(lti StatioH POlcst SCIliC(l

CONTENTS

Puga Introduction _ Hsults-rontinuCrl Experim~lltul JJrocNlure ami (ondflions Mortality ___ 27

~~lrlLion of jlllrrnt treCs nnel (oilcNion of DifTorcneo nmong stocks as to dule of ~eed ___ ~ bullbull ~ 0_ ~~~ hursling burls_ W

Sowing amI plnlllin( 1)o-clopment of pluntatlons 33 Planting nr~~ lIensurcmcnts nnd fCrmilllltion t~middotts off

rnro of ptnntlltionlt 10 seeeL ali Periodic eXllnlinutions bull 10 lJisrllssiollllnrl llpplintioll of results lli Damnge to plantulions Ii) 8luumllry_______ _bullbull _ 31l

Ho~ult~ II JifOrnluro cited ______ _ __ middot10 lIcight growth of vurious storks 11

INTRODUCTION

i y flY S()()I~ aTter the nntional forests of thf Pncific X olthest ere

llt 1111((1 t(lblliClI lllHllagellHllt an(~ artificial leiOlestation vas (gun on tI lll~ quetlOn~ bfgan to anse as to the sped provenance hat wou](1 rive best reslllts in both natural and flrtifipinl reforestashy

~on Doug as fir (l)8(Urot8U(j( t(llolia (Lambert) Britton) being J(lC all-plc-ailing and outstandillg trCe oT the lOllllllercial til1lbel

zone of western Yashington and psteen Oregon the problem here ~entered in this one spceics The natnlnl range of this tree is very reat pxtenlling frolll sea level to altitudes of 5000 feet or so and

lJldllrling sqils varying from rich lonms to almost sterile gravels Yide nlria~jons exist also in the age health and crowll c1e-elopshy1l1ent of Ihe seecl-benrillg trees It seell1e(l probable that sepel from certain loCalit1ps would show hereditary traIts that would render it espPcially suitable for regeneration on some sites but unsuitable for some other sites It seemed probable also that for a ginn locality the quality of the seed and of the seedlings grown therefrom would vary somewhat with the age health and crOWll denlopment of the parent

Astlldy of Douglns fir seed anel its hpreditary characteristics was therefore one of the first plojects U1Hleltaken bv the Yiml River Forest Experiment Station1 of the Cnite(l States FOlest Service

2 TECHSWAL DtLLETLS 537 l~ DEPT OJ AGmOULT1m~

The project nu begun in IDl2 in acconlance with n brief working plan ~ writtell by the scnioy author in whieh til( glllllal purpoSeuros of the study were stated ~lS loll 08

(1) To d~t(rmil1e from what clul lIf trel the hest seed rot IIlilkilll refolcltation lIIay he olJtn ilWd

(2) To de(prmine the influcnce uf IoeHllIy upon the HlNI (ulleetN1 for use in atincil reforlslatiun

(a) 10 dptellnine whllt elnsscs 0( J)ouras iiI mai uitahe s(td frcps to ](gtmiddotc in loggillg opcrations

Thc purpost was to test sccd 110t flom all parts of the wide range of D Ollglas fil bllt from the impmtant (ollllllelcial range of the species ill tit(rll Oregon and CSilln rashi ngton

Tn the 22 yeals since (he project WtlS inLtiateltl its persollnell lias (hanged (onsidclably A ~Ieat eflolt has bCCII lIlade howent to ptesrLTC continuity cf 1((01(1 nn(l a stancianlizcc tc(hnique thtollghshyOllt the obsfnmiddotatiollgt The tests are of (Ollrsc still ill((Jmpl(te~ nnd are in OIlIC lCHpCets ullsni isfactoJY The present report ltles(ribes the expelilllental cOIHlitionH and plocedurc PlCSPllts th( results t1ms far obtaincd aIHI (rilS fot the informatioll of the fOl(st manageL SOI11C tentatin (Ollelll-ioIlH as to sc(l1-ll(e selcction eith(I ill cutUng olWlations Or in 1Itifieial Jeio1(statinl1 Each par(Ilt tree hstp(lin thi cxpelimcnt IllHy eitlll1 IaYe pollishy

nated itslH or haye 1)(11 ]Jollinnhgtd by allotl1(1 hlf Data welc ubshytuinp( olllv Oil til( tr(gt(s hOIll whi(11 tilpound sped was (oll(dp(1 So lal as nHitllclli ail(l lntitlldp arl (OIH(llIlN1 all thc tl(( within pollinating range of tllc (onl Iwal(r arc almost (Cltain h) IUle ])(lcn prod[]((Ilt1 lIntpr thL Sal1ll illflllfn(ps as thc (()J1( l)(arl1 As to othc1 faciors d(nlt ithin this tlldy lOITeSpOIl(jpll(( beh((11 the pollillating trpp

and till (011( wanI is less (PItH in TI)(lsC ho hl( stilIitd hercdity traits thlourj (nl(ful Hmiddotjlctiol1 of botll panlIis 101 H~Iltl g(gt]J(Iishytiol migllt at first think that kll()ll(lg( of thl (on(-bpIIillg parent ullly is Ilot sufli(ilnt PrudicullY hO(PII it mattrl3jittJe wlllthcl iOI (xal11])I( the (lellselY grown illfect((l Or 01(1 ~c(d b~es included j~1 th( stud) lre 01 (11 not pol1inat(rl partly by t~ees oJ tll( oppOshySltc typ(s III J(1olcstatlOJ1 by 1(aJng sccd tIC(S nitPI logging and nt ]Inspntin Colllcting secd for planting ordinarilv tile fOIptc] (HIIIlOt (gtntlOl or idlntifT tht source of pollcn Tile middot(lata ohtaine(l in this -tud fIrC )J1(spnt(d not in an aUpmpt to 1)10( 01 (e(lu(( 1Is of )I(I((lity for J)ouglas fir but lail1(I to sIlO (1) the eflpds of lISillg ((I(ain DOllglas fir s((cl on arlas difl(Iing in altitudc elimate 01 ~()i 1 from t110SP 1](1(gt thl sped oligi natt(1 a Ild (2) tIl( (freds of IIsing s((d 10111 ((I(ain olel c1lIllmiddotIT glOwn 01 illf(chd (I(es

It isll dillildj to isolatl till eJlld of tny Olll of till I1l1l11prtlllS Tudors afledillg (I(l gJ()wth TlI a o-aliitueP plantatioJ (stabshylidwd witll S(lgtt i101lI lIiglt- and low-altitllde SOIlJ(Ps fot (x1l11pl( an growth diitlllll(e obelTcd lllay be due to dllt(l(lHC llotill

)lrxalI I I (JIIfIX Fon IIID srroy OF Illn IlOtcn OJ (lOlfrM lit 1lF1(] IX lIEI fn()~~ 10 ITS TlUIJ XU (BIII)middot) t~p TI1~ HHJIt nl~ ~Iilg H1pound_II IWOW IIIltIPHO1 J~Hdn( ~olthwPt 1ole~I I~XpflilJhllt ~Iatjoll lrJ~ (llIfJllhlixhpc lIIHIlU-3tipt)

bull C I Willis IleI t 1l(i(ullllly 11(11middot IlIrt in IIII inllilll xiIx nI ~((1 (ollletin lind trxllllC I V IlofllllIl1 waH ellrmiddoteellgt ill cllllrl of III Illojld 110111 111 to 1112-1 liS middot111(( tOI of til Wind Hinr Iorpxl I~XIl(Iillt Hllliioll III Spillol llltiHlI llId II pr ill lllHiatillg Ow PlojPtt Illlll sit) (C lUj hUH IllPIl l(i~POIISilJl( 101 it 11- tlilltor of the Judfi( NOltllw~~t I~OI(RI l~xlrilll(1I1 StlltiOIlIIIUIIC 1111111 olllIs wllo 1Imiddotc lUll1 a part III (ollcluetinc HIII( H II pilllllllll IeI Hallzlik I I KI-o(I A UIillill (dNaS(ll) ll Drowu (uccctlscll) bull 1 U Silll~OU L A Isullc l) L KoliJc uull tile juuior author

3 GROWTH OJ DOUGLAS Jllt TREES Ol K~OWN SEED SOURCE

altitude but in soil For lL test of the eomparatiVl growth or tltCS having seed sources of good and poor soil quality thc two s(c(1shycollection areas should be far cnough apart tomakc pollination b(lshytwcen thcm impossible otherwise the secd collcctcdmay be of a strain developed through years of cross-pollination thnt is (gllnIly ell adapted to both soils Evcn if the possibility of Closs-poILil1flshytion is thus eliminated a true comparison or soil cflcds may not rcs111t if the stand on the two arCHS respcCti(ly nrc of two strains diflcling marhclly in inhcritablc yigor FurthellrlOle thell a]( so ]~Illny cliff(lent soil typc~ that It ~onlpllIison of the groth of jllog(n) flom parents 011 two soIl tYIXS 15 only a (n smalL heglnnlng

I~viden(e of the hll(ditary significance of s((d SOlll(C IIlIS b((n obsclyed in Europe for mHny d(CIUlcs In most of the (lid experishyments in this (j(~lcl seed ilom ((rlain Ioealities was plnnhd to ddershymine the stocks hardiness a11(1 Iat( of IPoYthi 11 Clrta i n oth(l 10eu11ti(s A f(w lxpllinllnts c1ealt with the helitability of tl((shyform ehlIaet(ristics Sonlt of the J~lLIopeanil1Ylstigatols w(r( Ci(slnl Engl(l Oppell1lallll Hauch R(IISS Yilwtk an(1 Kienitz FOJCst-tl(( 11Iedit stlldi(s in the lTnittd States lwgnn with (ests of g(oglaph ie rates Hnd lH tely haYl i ne1ucitd tests 0 f d i I(Ipn t t)pes ofindivi(1l1al tTelS in tI1P sal1lP lo(ality as SOIlf(es of seed fot llforshyestation Rlpolts 011 seCd-solll(( Cxl)elillllntsill tllis (UlIlItT have l)((ln pll bl islwd by Anst in Bat(s E(kbo VealSoll a nd lira h]illbtI ~ 10SIIll10 of hoth EIIIol)(Hn and ~m(Iicnll slCd-s()IIf(e st lIltiits hits b(Cll pllblisli(d b)r ROlscr (U)1

lfiil1(h (1) ill d is(lIssi ng obsel((1 growth nlid foll)] di11lIPIHCs lwtweell lo(al lll((S oi the samp botallical s]l(ci(s nUrillll(s th fOll1Ialinll of til (S( lalCS to till splletin adion of ln(tolS s11eil as lcngth ot gloing s(ason SlIllllll(r YHrllltiJ host soil (lis(ns( SilO

light ltlHI ind Finding ho lnClH of pine making rupi(l growth not expla inn bl(l on thr basis of 1llnth andl(llgt h of poundgtToi ng sCHson he suggested that n combination of (speciall (lorablc (llyirOll l11entaI factors afl(ctin growth may bring about dellop~ f)l(gtnt of n physiologi(a Ily sllJwiol race

Eurolwllll obselallOn (J) ha- ShOWll that in gCIlClal tTC -trains from a (old dilllatcmiddotif growll ill a wallll elimah lllay IJlII-1 tilCil lJllds too (ally lIlJd l)(flo7cn by a late -pIing IIO-t and thai tl1( oaks I(spond in til( opposii( way AI th(middot rilld HinI f(jf(ct lIlIISshy

pry (altitlJ(le 1100 fppt) (oiJlI)liJia Natiunal FOI(ctWrwmiddoth tT(PH glOY)I hOlll s((lt1 frolll cpwlal ciil1CIPlli higil-nltitul( SOUl(PS iIan b(lll Obi-lIy((1 by J F Kiinlll1ll to blllt tiHil buds l Of 2 ((1-

1)(101(1 (iIost dlljnd flOlll low altitudls Thl gnlgrnphic distribution of (ad plllllt -pl(i(l- is lalglJ lOllshy

trolkcl by the tltlJ]IWratlll(s lfqllil((( fm its lifn PIOlSs(s Oil high mOllntaills usnaIly tllnp(lntul(s nll lOPI thall at lo altitlldes alld the wallll-Wliltll(l sea-iollic shorter Two pl)(p- idtllti(al in altishytudl tllldlatitucl( Illa ha( (xtl(I)lP1) difllllllt ll(an iflllpelntuI(S espleially if olle of th(lll is Iwal th( -(aeoast Ullt for the most part altitude is a roughly ll((llltlte gage of tClllpPIatUl( ditlPIlll(ec 0shy

illg to the relation oj tCmiddotllllWIJtIlIC to altitudl and the lade of Sl)((ifi( tCtn perature dahL in lllO LUlt a iuoU legiolll5 foresters htlve COlllC to

4 TECHNICAL DULLETlS 517 U S mUl OFAUlUCULTUm~

usc altitude as an index of a trees suitability for a locality outsido its nntllllIl range

The diffelence in growth between the Pacific coast and Rocky Monntain JOlI11H of Douglagt fir was early recognized in Europe where the speeies was intoduced about 100 years ago The 1J0tllnishy(Ill and silvical chamdelistics of the Pacif-ic coast (green) and Roc~ty MOlllltain (biLll~) JOll11S have been described by Frothingshyham (4) in considerable detail The Pacific coast form usually grows much Jl1OJ rapidly bllt is hss hlllCly than the Rockv MOllnshytttin form when planteci in a (olcl clill1ate Seed from the States of Colorado NewnIlxi(o MOJ1tal1ll Ilt1aho Washington aBcl California was planh(iill Hussin in 1010 by Count von Berg of Sagnitz IJivonia A brief (pport Ol this plant ing Sl1111l11alizecl by Zon (9) showed that 11(111 till sl(d1 lllgS WPIP 2 years old those of the Pacific (oast f0lIl1 (I(lJin(l hOIlI weshln Vnshindon were consideJably taller thnn those of tilt Hock Mountain Ic)rm derived from 0010shyrndo DurillL tiJ( Se(l(~ winter or 1010-11 all the western Wasl1shyinpton fitO(] YHH bad Iy frozen hut the Colorado stock showed placshyiicnlly no (ltullage- DllILnp the next winter 110 seedlings of either f01111 wcre rlozPlI

The ll(Slllt (XpelinHnt (liIlels in two respeds from many preshyiolls tests of Hll growt h lntp of It pivell sprcies as afflcted by geoshygmpltic seed SOIlJ(( (1) The (lifflrlnt se(d sources are all vithin the ItlllgP of II singh PlPViOllsly llcopnizecl form (the l~acific coast form) of tile spllils and (2) tIll study illclllltles extellsive tests of se elal individllal types of sNlt1 tnlS in tlw snllle localities

TIIP conelnsions ]lJ(sentlltl 11(IP slloullt1 not hp taken as wide genshyernlizations tlHY apply Onl)TlIl1cler the spleific prowing conditions nffecting the purcnt trees and plantations or the study

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND CONDITIONS

SELI~CTION OF lARENT rJlEES AND COLLECTION OF SEED

III (-]1( fa 11 of llB ll lil)(ral qllnl1tit~r oE cones was collected from 120 d if1pJPIIt tl((H TIH pHrellt (Te(S WllL seletlltl to t)pify yariolls Nllltii(iolls as to a~ lilp CnalittI stand density fungus infection find alti(IIlt1l TIH gllwin J3 (liI)I(nt localitils withill the prinshy(ipnl lllng( of till Paeific const form of Douglas fil from northshywpstcrn Vashingtcn to centrul-western Oregon shown in figure 1 X ot all tbe dUSSlS of se((I-sotIJ(e conditions COYclld by the study were ](pleselltcd ill (PlY one of tile loeal itles in some of the locaishyities 11o(pI lllOle titan one sCt of conditions were found Altoshygethcr 2G sPNI (oIlpetmiddotions were macle_ Seed was collected from 3 to 11 trees in eaell of t1lespimtalH(gts except three in which collection was )rom 1 Of 2 (Telts only titus in geneml it was possible to subshymerge any ind ivi(1 utl (ha IHlilris(ics of si ngle trees through combinshying the dMa for scgt(rnl trtes jn one locality_ Throughout the study the lCCOl( or tlte sped and progeny of each parent were kept separatf

uT((lInilld 11[((111 nnllllH (II(n(hely IIpplil11 [(I the (0 forllls 11Ie PueW (oust forlll vili(ili HlWIy )lonll1llln llllln 1111111(11

Ill( (PIIII sill (Huillf laquo1I0Il till forcsl[lIolt1uI(il cuptlclly or nil urea determined II lIw (OlllpnHlp lt11(( fir all Iilllll(i~ lUIII ~Oll ~olltliti(Jns llc site (JllUllti(~ IUC reGOgshyJlllctl here oe which I i~ the best_

5 GROWTH OF DOUGLAS FIR TREES O]~ KNOWN SEED SOURCB

Lnd were identified by number nlone The localities and the numshybers of individual trees from which seed was collected nnd used are shown for eacl) set of conditions hl table 1

The seed-source areas varied in altitude from 100 to 3850 feet The parent trees ranged in age from 15 to 600 years and in diameter

121 17

-~~~~Jtil~i------------ i ~~HAZEL - 900 FT I ~FORTSON - 500 FT middotmiddot~x ltOARRINGTON - s00 FT

- 2pOO FT

- 0400 FT

I

41 - i 100 FT I

I

I N G T 0 N 0

2600 FT

itJ _EL- ____ ~

U lt) FT

) u 4600 FT ~ 2100 FTU f

- 950 FT Cl - 2800 AND 3850 FT ( - 700 FT -

i r I I

I I I4

R E G 0 N I I I

I

p-] PRINCIPAL RANGE IN OREGCN AND WASHINGTON OF PACIFIC l2J COAST OF FIRFORM DOUGLAS

MOUNTAINS

00 SEED-COLLECTION SITE

m TEST-PLANTATION AREA

lllGUHEI 1-Loentlon and plellltioll of R(PII(olip(tiOIl HitPR ulld IIHt-plnMat-iOIl IIrellS

from 3 inches to (Ph feel They (liffclCd in (lown dCyeoplIlcnt according to stand dCnsity Most of them were frce of fungus inshyfection but Seve1J were infected with red liJlg rot (lmmetes ZJini (Trot) Fr)

6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 537 U S DEPT OF AGIUCULTUlm

TIlLg 1-01(188 location (mel nitUW6 ot seecl 801lI(es ((net numbels of 1)(1(111 tlces 6stetl 1

PorentAltshyClass Locolity trceshulo t(stc1

Stands nt low nltilude Ollen-grown nged- ~ Fccl ~YIJJ1IIJ(r(orson ruI ________ bullbull _____ bull middotllXI II

11( If1 Ir~ Darrington ~nsh ___ - --- IX) i J ) ---------------------- PorllnndOrc__ _ _ 31NI 1 GuLes Oreg __ UOll lS Dllrrington Wnsh bull _ fiOU middot1

(if) to 70 years_ - ~-~ ~-~ ~ -- HelltonOreJ _ ilXI middot1 Cnrson osh_ lIl0100 I0 ~OO ynm l

110 ~ (llltes Ortl~_ 2(i11ore thon 200 y(~nrs_ ___ _ ____ Oates Orlg __ ~ J50 a

Crowded ugld--middot-Ornnile Fnll~ WasiL _ _ _ ____ ___ bull 400 4 Iorlson WIL~h ___ bull [JOO J00 tn 100 )~lIrs __ ~M__ BontonOreg _ iOO 3 Oates OrJ _ _ miD 1 2

lore limn 00 US Gmllill Il1tl~ ah_ JOIl I 1 - - - IInZll nsh_ 1100 middot1

Stonds III high nltitlld ngd-- I HlIlc lruek -lIsh_ 2 GOO

20 (0 100 )Cur$ __ ~ ~ ~ Pnll1Jllr Orc~_ 2lXIO ------------- --j funtinm Oreg (2800 t asoo

llr tl 110 el s fPlllmer Ore lIXlil r )fl lUI _J l tr---~- ~w-~~ --r~-lSuntiIlUl Orlg _ _ alXIO I

Stlll Oil p~(~r gra I soil ngd-- I _~o((HO)~lIrs _ _ ]nklle sh_ lOll IfiO years_ _ do 100

Fungus-infected tlPlIS (n~wd 11iOfl Illnll OO (ril)d Hlvcr rush 1 [)Oyturs) onh~R On1g 1(1(1(1

UlJillC~cled I nps Ctl~(d Ilion t hllll 2110 )1$) ind Hilr Ish _ IIOU

1 Porcni t ns aI tubulll(ed here fi(ordilll (0 tim cOlllpllrisolls ill whieh tlllir lJro~(IIY Wm uscd in this studylIot ocmnling to ccry description npplring to (hCIII For exalllple those ltcring into cOlllpuri~onos rcprcs(lIling slHnds on poor grocl soil nnd so tuhulu(eduC not included ill the nUlllber tobulated under Open-growII (r(es ~Toing nt low nltitude although they mel thot dcscription IIlso

lhcse trees were used also in a cOlllparison of groWl h ofstoe dere Crom rocky soil and Croll1loom soil a Ihc lre)s tabululed as uninCected inclUde only those tested ill compurison wllh inCected trees at Wind

TIier 3 nniufeeted trees in the Gnles locality wero tested in comparison with the infecled trees testcd thero

The colledions were so made that various parenttree groups could be set off middotin pailS ostensibly similar in all respects except one with the purpose 6f deteding tIll (Ipd of this one middottriable on the progeny_ Facto)s the (f((ts of hie-II it wns sOllght to ((et(et in this wny were (1) Altilllll(-higlI 01 low (2) soil-good (H poor (3) age-young lllNlilllll or old (-I) funglls infection-inf(eiecl or not infected with r(cl ring IOt (1) sland (lensit-OIWll 01 ([lllse gLon

A dtailld dlstliptioll of (I(h pHrent bN) was llcoldecl (o(ling slIlth points as size 112( (]ominlll(( eharacter of crown and health and with it a d(scliption of the bcls (gtllviOIl11l(nt A profile skltch of the t1(e was Illude showing shnpe and proportions of crown and JO(ll lion of COlles

The seed (gtxtlaettc1 middotflol11 each lot of cones was snbjectecl to a s(ri(H of physilH I II I (llHll Ill1lents and to germination tests hl tIll gl((lllIome [lnc1 in t1w J111lStIY

SOWING AND PLANTING

Seed of enCl1 parent tret wns sown in the nnlstlY in the springs of lnJ nn(l 1914 The Hto(k was tJanHplanterl within tl1l nlllStr) when 1 yea old and 11(n 2 yealS old was outplanted on deforested areas eaeh typical of (ontiitiOlis (OllllllOIl in the DouglasH region

7 GROV~~H OP DOUGLAS PIR TRlms OF JNOWN SEED SOUROE

The outplunting yas done in the spring us soon us the snow went off by the Olle-lIltll1 grub-hoc method Care was exercised to keep the 1OYS straight and to space the trees uniformly 7 by 7 feet The progeny of each parent formed a single ro III 1n5 f~)l sOIlIe parent trees 10 or V5 transplants were lIsed 1Il each plantatIon 1-01 most paren 20 ~md for 11 parents 100 The Slime diagram oJ planting Wlls lIsed on all plantation arpas in 1D11 so that tllP progPlly of an ghen parent fOllI1pd the SlIlIe row by nllmb(~I in epry plantation Ih( al(as planhd in 11)11 Wele (neh 700 fept long and 2iH iet wide ]n 1UHi an alpa 700 ftet by 77 ielt was plant((1 adjacpnl to eaeh 10115 plantatioll In l)j(j tll( nlllllbel of transplallts anlilabl( was considerably snwlkl than in IDli for 110 palent ttPl was it 11101( than 10 pel planhltion and 101 s(yeral pUlent tltS it was Ipss The planting diagram IISP(J diflclcd -florn that llse(Jin 11)15

At the tilll( of plantillll id(ntifieution Htakts wpre pll(ld at tIl( (IHI of taell row and at tIl( (01 Ill of ench plot (lJ1(1 a J1lllllbpltd 1I1ttal tag (about ill( Hi( of a igt-clnt piNp) waH ]oostly wilpd to (a(h tllnsshyplallt Tlli~ tag HhoWtd tilt lllllllbpl of t 11(1 pannt tne and tIlt nll11lshy1ll1 of tIl( t lanHplallt in till row Ill( pla1lted trees wele calTied in tlwl(((ll(1 books a 1](1 (0l1lputa tions by these 1lum bels fol ex III pIe Ill( tenth tllt ill lhe IOW of plogeny of parent tlee (i7 was Ieiellptl to a- fii-ln

YhpIp pCrliglpp(1 Hto(k was illHllflieiellt lo COlnplete lOWH fillels of llon ped ign(d H(nd n llSld ~() n to pqua I ize spacing and (0111shy

lwtition No bOl(lt1 Htlip WPIl plnnted tlOlllHI thl test plantul iOlls howltI and whllp pCdigrltd tlpes failed to become established no trees were plallted in the blanks

PLANTING AREAS

Since it -agt clpgtilPc1 to tet the planting stock 011 defoleshl areagt in spnraJ contrnsting situations the planting WlS clone in foul wi(J(ly s(pamted JoCalities One in llw sOllthp1l1 Vashington Casshycades (on the Columbia National FOlpst) one in the nort hern Yashshying(on Cascades (on tl1( Slloqualmie National FOI(st) (Jnl ill the JlOltblll1 Oregon CoaHt Un nge (on tlw Si llsla w Na tiona 1 FOI(Bt) and (JIlpin the llOltIH11l oj(gOl1 CusCatleH (Oil the lount lIood National FOIlHt) In tIll last-lJanlNl lo(ality tlll(e plantill anns we1( Ilse(l at (Iiller(nl allitudls In laell of the othels t singlp al(1 was 1I~((1 All Ow planting aleas had hplll bllrllld 0(1 and SOli 1(

of the III had becn (ul oer bdore blillg hUIlH(1 NOIH of (helll had pyer bNn (Itl(inltld in ll1y way Eaeh WlS ]oCatedwith a iew to nlHximunl ullifolmity t hlOllghollt as to slope aBj)eCt soil and cllHinagp The lo(ationH of the planting areHS are shown in liglll( l The al(aH a l(~ lIll( pa rt iClila lly (IPsCribed as follows

TIll YilHl HiYlI area is alJouL 40 luihs 1l0ltIWHS of Portlmcl Ollg and 7 miles 11olth of the poiut at whi(h the Columbia RivPl has Cllt a gorge throllgh tllP axis of th( Caseadl Range almost to sea level It lies on the flat mile-wiele flom of th( mOllntain valll) drained by Vind Rivel n tributnry to the Columbia River Its eleshyvation is 1100 fpet wall- of the valle riHe abruptly to 2400 Jeet The soil is a t1pcp sandy (lay loam Normal l1ltan daily minillllllll temperature for the coldest month is 2(jdeg F Growth begins ilbout

8 TEOHNIOAL BULLBTIN 537 U S DRlT OP AGRIOULTUItEl

May 15 During the gloYinp season the daily maxil1lul1l temperashytures arc higher and the plccipitation is lel-s than on ltllY of the othcr plantation lIrcas Mean monthly preeipiation according to Yeather Bureau recolds tOl the YCIlrs 1912-21 IS mOle than 41 indws for all months ex(ept June July and Allgust and for tl(111 is 22 inches OG ineh and 11 111(hes lcspcetivcly rhe site quality is III The old-growth tinlbcl was (lit ill 1909 illlcl It slash-dispmHll firc Jollowed the logging Vine maplc (Ace ellainaum l)lIlsh) and blalkell (Pt(illill1n aquilhwm Kuhn) forlll tL rank glOwth on the tlleL at j)IesCnL

TIH RnoqualmiC area is nbout 28 miles (nst of Pug(t Sound in the vall(lY of tht SOllth FOII of the StillagunnJiHh River Its eleyashytion is 2000 tN The 191G plantation is on t11ltneh north of tlw Iivel and GOO f(gtp abo(middot it ~Th(l 1915 plantation was abandolled in 1918 because of rodent damage) The climate alt in most othll portions of the ioothillH alta lJOrdllilJO on the terlitory (lireelly influ(Jl(((( by the Pacific Ocean and Pug(tSollnd iflllot severe in its extremes TIl( winlcrfl are similal to thos( of the Vill(l Riel area the HlIIl1nlPIS coolcl than at Wind HilI RummPl railrfall is eharlHtcristi(ally 11111(11 g-IeahI than 011 til( OthlI tpst alcas or ill Illofltlo(alitics 1n tlll ])ouglns iiI regioll nIpan llIonthly pl(eipitatioll a(Colcling- to ca~tIHImiddot13IIIpali 1middottOI(S fol 9 lloncolis(gt(lItiveVlalmiddots ended with1lW was 11101( thall 33 in(he for all Illonths (x(lpt Tune July alld Augllst a nlt1 middot1(11 tllPll1 waH middotUl U) a lid ao ilwllCs lps(Jl(ti nmiddotly Till soil is a Iflavell salldy loam Growing- cOllclitions ale bettcl than 011 any nt tht otlllI plallbilioll aleafl and am (olllpalable to tlw htst in the Douglas fitmiddot I(middotgion Sinlilar Illalb) aleas Oil hie]) the timber is still standillg al( ltlasflifi(middot(( as of sit qllality n

The Sillslaw IIpa is 10 lIIiiesinlan(t from the l)acifi( O(Plln and GO milts southwest of POltland Orpg It leplp(l1ts till ((lIablt lIIoist ((JlJ(litiOllH of (1( Ol(gon Coast Hang(middot on which it is jo(atCd 2100 ftet abo(~ Stmiddott) le( Tile winhl t(mpPIattll(s alp hss SPtll than on any of the othel plantation alcas allc1 the SIlIIlIlItIS aI( lIIalkpd by lIigh I(lntie hllll1itliti(S Hilt flcqucnt morning lind aitlrnoon fogs ~tpall Illonhly precipitation as (stilllatcmiddot( hOlll patllpl BlIlpall 1((shyortis for tht IWIiolaquo lSD2-1DIGis 11](11( than )9 ilHh(~ for all months (x(lpt Jlll)(July and Augustmiddot and for tl1C11I is aG l~ and 18 ill(lIes leslwcti(lr FlPqUPllt fogs dlllin Ullll1lpr Illonths plohablv add (onsi(prnbh to tilt qllantity of Ill()is(lll( made aVllilllblpt fOlpla1l glowth byj)IP(ipitntioll The hlHt available est imat(middots fronl Y(ather Bnleall ltlatil indi(lite that the 1101111allllPflll daily Illillinllllil tpnlpllashytun of tlw eohlpst month is noL 10(1 thall )l a ] The soil is a CIIshydlllillt( glllv(lly (lay Olllli For DOllglas fil till sit( quality is abollt n TIH old-gloth tlndwl was kilhlaquo by a (IOWll fin lIlllll Ylan beron the plantntionH (Ie pstnblislltmiddot(l A Illnk growth of salal (O(mltll(7in sh(tloll Plllsh) and bla(hn (OWlS the artll at present The 1916 pllllltatioll 011 this arpa sl1(med sud1 POOl survival that it waS abandoned

The Moullt Hood a Ipas a It~ Ylly nellr till enst of ill( (aseadC Hange llnd 40 milts SOUflWllst of PotlaIHl Onmiddotg in tlw Still (Ieek drainage basin AI(ns A alHl B lip within 2 ll1iles of (Heh Otl(I bllt at ((gtshyYHtions diflCrilig by lHO() f(Itt Imiddot(a A is on aJIH1IOW 1)(II(h jll~t above the creek ut 2800 ftmiddott elpvntion Alea 13 shown in figure 2is

9 dnOWTH OP DOUdLAS ClH TImm OBKXOWX SEEI) SOUUCg

2 miles upstream 1rom A neal the top of the ridge at 4GOO feet eleshyvation Area C was abandoned owing to fire damage in 11)11 Repshylicative lots of hees were planted on each area in 1015 and 11)16 The lIount Hood areas are subitct to winter (old and summer-night coolness typical of the mountains At a nearby weather station the normal mean daily minimum temperature of the coldest month is 228deg F amI the 1101I11a1 mean daily maximum temperature of the warmest month is G8deg an these areas the growing season is shorter than on any of the other plantation arcas only 4 months in the year have a normal mean dally temperature above 4Go whereas on the other plantation areas 6 or 7 months have mean temperatures above (i0 Douglas fir on the Mount Hood llleas bursts its buds about June

1Hn -~11)1I111 Iluutmiddot II plUlllutloli 111(11 UII U middotIII(I(t xp~el slllp Ill 1111 1IIIItll(1 of -l((h) 1((1 Wh11 phulogruphld thll plllll rll~ 1(11 1(l ycurH old 10111 ~led IIJ1(I J-l ~III~ ill till 11Imiddot1i1

15 Or 4- to (i ceks lalcr than all thc other areas Prceipitntion during the growing season is greater than at Viml Riel about the Same as on the Siuslaw area ~and less thun on the Snoqulllmie area Preshy(ipitatioll according to dnta lceoldp(l during lS0i3-1H22 nt a eathcr BureaLl station 3 miles distant anrages more than 52 inches for each month of the year (xlept June July and Augul-t and for them H(rshyages 13 1(i an([ 11) inches lespcctinmiddotly The lowcr area (A) has a morc shnllow soil than tlw areas ill othel loculities and the upper arca (D) has n soil still moll shallow Much rock is mixed yith the sandy loam topsoil an(l tlwle are rock olltrloppings Iwar eHch of the two IlIeas Humlls was thin 01 lacking at the I imc of f)lnntiw The sit(middot qunlit) of area A isIV and that of H1l1l B is PImiddoto)ablv about V

7-Oi()O-tn--

10 TECH~ICAL nULLETIN 537 U S DI~P( OF AGlUCULTUlti~

The aIel-growth timber was killed by fire several years before the plunting and the burning was lepeated the last lire occu1ring in UllO At the time of planting there were many snugs but very rittle herbaceous or brushy growth on area B Area A because it hau not been burned so severely had more of this growth and S(Jlne yOllng trees (which were removed) Bmcken blueberry (Yaccinhll1z middotspp) and scrubby salal form tIl( present low cover

CAnE OF PJANTATIONS

It was the plan of this explliment 10 giye the planl(d trees no cnJtUle so as to obtain datlL thnt would apply directly to untel1(led extensive plantations Soon it developed however that not all the areas and not all parts of individnal areas were eomparable in reshygard to competition On some areas hardwood brush sprung up vcr abundantly and threatened to smother or retard the growth of many of til( planted trees on some J1atural reproduction of Dougla fir thn1utened to deprive mallY of the plantecl trees of the s]1uCe they were supposed to have On these areas cleaning opemtiol1s were calTied out in un effort to preserve equality of opportunity for each pedigreed tree The Wind Riyer arelL ~as clel1nec1 twice It cannot be said however that such equality was preserved for pvery individual tnl because t11e relpase (e(lIngs were not always I1w(]ein time and becanse replacements were not made So far as competition is concerned it may be that one lot averaged about the fame as the n(xt but the difference among plantations in this respect was consilleLmiddotn ble

PEIUODIC ~XAMINATJONS

All plantations W(I( (xamin(cl in bolh tll( spring- and the alltumn of 1015 andlO1G and in the autumn of 1917 1918 1919~ 1921 19231925 1028 ancl 1031 At each examinatioll tL lecol(l waH made of survival At fall examinations the total height of each surviving tree was l(conled except on one 01 two occasions when height wus taken on (1(1) fifth tree only 1t first measurement was in feet nnd inelHs Inte ill fe(lt lmcl tenths At S0111e examinations amiddot leconl was mu(le oJ the calise oi death or injury of any trees of frost damage of date of winter-bud mnt1lLity and opound s((d bplumiddotjng

Atmiddot tillllH of lWIioc1ie examinnl ion the llumbered tag-H (Ie Jlloyecl to limbs hiuho Oil the treps and wh(n a lr(e reached sufTieilnt sizp if tag wasnailed loos(ly to the main St(111 at bnHst hpig-hL )Iissing tailS Yen middoteplaeecl (with pmbossed tag-s uf strip nwtal) Thollgh tags disnpPltlllccl from a good Illany tl(es it was always possibll to i((Jltify 11Irh 1TCcs from the plnntation diagram Hml the lumbers on mighboring he(s

DAMAGE TO LANTATIONS

The histolY of these plulltalions hn shown bmiddotikiI11l1y allllost imgirally the 1111111hel of damaging ag-(l1ci(s to which smt11 planted

7 On Ih( SiIlSIIl II len hl 11)11 lilt IIII~R h IllIIII ~u(h ~ltlwth Ihlll dinln(ItImiddot IIWIlSIIII 1I1tlit hnll h(IHlIt HI~III1hnill 1liplprOIP In thllt 1111 hoOI 101111 hll~ht HII( llInlll(I nlmiddot hlIUHI hfgtl~ht WPI 11I11t1I III foWIP IXlllllilllltilIl~ 1middot0 hi 1111111( III til filII of lOa(j uud lit oI(lIr 11I(IlIls thprlIrtlI it Is plllulIPcl to 1IIII~III1 1I11111l1(I~ In 1111 pillll(lllll)lI~ III which tltt tr~lS hn( lcnelted 1I111J1oIJlla It slzt

GROWTH OF DOUGLAS lnR TREES OJ KNOW1 smm SOUROB 11

trees are exposed In some cases damage has been so severe that a whole plantation had to be abandoned In many cases trees have been so injured that they had to be eliminated from computations In other cases the munbcl of trees in some lots has bCl~1l so reduced that the basis for conclusions has been unduly narrowed

In spite of the protection customary on the national fOlests in 1917 a fire mil over parts of lfount Hood areas Band C Area C was damaged to the extent that it had to be abandoned and patches of trees were killed on area B with the resnlt that the value of the records for some lots was destroyed A fire reached the Yind River area in 19~7 but was checked bepoundore it had damaged more than a few lots

Immediately after the 1915 plantation on the Snoqualmie area was established mOllntain beaver (A7J1odontia 14(( Rafinesque) or rabbits or both killed so high a proportion of the tre(s that the plantation was abandoneil Elsewhere Jmiddotoclents ltleshoye such proshyportions of some rows as to weaken the clattL lOJ certain Jots

On SOllle of the test areas there wPIe ltuge nlll11l1ors of snags ilom whieh ehllnks of bark or wood rell f101l1 time to time In the Snoshyltillalmie IHli plantation for (xHmpl( each year l1 considerable nllmbet of planted trees Wlre thus killed or so deformed that they lla(L to be eliminated from the analyses

In spite of preca utions tre~pnss has affected the recol(ls ror n few lots In the Snoqualmie IDW plantation a trail as inlH1shyvertCl1t-1y slashCd down n row 01 two On lIount Honel area B a band of SIHIP browsed on ~ol11e test trees IIl1c1 on the Tim1 Hivcr area stlaying eows trampled some trees bcfol( a fcnce was built to keCp them 011

Bome irost (lamage occllrred on the Yincl River area This is disclIsscd on page 32 So fmmiddot as hns hl pn obsclved the test plantashytions have not suffered any extlaordinary damage fro111 sllchfactols as wind snow ice llnd soil erosion

RESULTS

Data from the experiment were analyzed to detClmine tIle effect of vlriow chamctelistics of parcnt stocks and individllal pnrents upon (1) yield end size of cones and seeds and germination of seedss (2) height growth (3) HlOrtality in various habitats and (4) time oj beginlling spring growth (as inclieated by bll1sting of buds) A byproduct of the study as information as to the growth rates of plant(d trees on areas of different site qualitics

I1l( prog(ny surviving in 1931 on whi~~h conclusions could be based t (jtaed about 8fiOO on ronr 1915 plantatIOns and about 2)800 Oil foul 1916 plantations

HEIGHT GROWTH OF VARIOUS STOCKS

M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS

Total lllighl ill t1l( JalI of 1931 wns lISCll lUi JI Il1CHSW( of tIll (Olllshy

palativ( glowll of the progeny 110111 yariolls pn llllts For tlces

middotJrIItr~Rlllts JIOJJl lhls purt of tIll 1nalysiS IJnrc becu prcscnted jn vrciollS rcpolt~(5t 1 S) Phpy rllp slJlIIlllariz(ld ou n r

12 TECHNICAL lHJLLWnN 537 U S DEPT Ol AGRICULTURE

planted in lD1) height in lV31 replmiddotesents the result of growth during IV seasons including 2 seasons in the nursery for trees planted in 1V16 it lepresents the result of growth during 18 seasons The height dahL fOImiddot Intervening years were not lIiiec1 0 for this purpose because the ouject is to sho the cumulative effect of heredity factors upon IY1owth 10 Inmost of the nnltlyses tbe heights of progeny f1ol11 stveml similar parents wCIe tnlngrd to show the dlpct of It certain parental charshyacteristic upon growth (d~ the offspring The number of parents in each of two (olltTlIsted groups usually was not eqnal and the number of plogell) rCII))eS(ll1ting olle typ~ of parent WI~S very often 1ispropo~shytionate to the llumber replestntJng the opposIte type ThIS made It necessary 1-0 hnw some (xact 11l(nSl1lmiddote 6f the signjficance of each l1veragr As the first step in obtaining such a 1t1(IStlle the standard deviation (if) of the individual progeny hrights or scatter of the tree heightii around the mean wus computed Then the standard

0shyerlor~1J (SE) of the mean wns computed by the formula SE= jN-l LV bein~ the l1UmhN of it(l11s The standard error is a reliable expreSSIOn of sigll i fiCalilP laking j nto cOllsidClIltion the consistency or rcgularity of the tlce heights allel n~so the number of trees middotThe rllllHlHr(l errors ale gTlll With most 01 Ihe IIvelngpii tabulated here to ClHlblp thp reader to judge Ihe signifieance of the differences in height growth of yariolli lots of hces III interpreting the results the differshyQnce betwecn tmiddoto nwans was not considered significant unless it was Ihlee tinHs the sbmdarc1 ()101 or the (liflPlence (SEIl(f=jSE21+SE22)j that is lIllless jt waS gJpatpl than tht~ result obtained by squaring the standard (rrOIS adding them (xlTnrting the sqnare root and 111 nlti plyi ng by 8 AWlagps busN1 on 80 01 more trees usually had fi

silll1(1nld (1101 equnl (( 1 perccnt of the mean Most of the averages were basr(] 011 at lea-o 0 trees

Any inllhiclulIl thut wasinjlllld (luring its life in the plantation was climinalr(] flOlll the hasic growth dnta if it WfiS amplOrter than the avrlage llllinim(l(l Ilp(1 (rt the sallie Jot Any tree was eliminated also if it ohyiowly had 11(1()1 suhjlct to abnormal grmdng conditions AHogctll(lmiddot not more than 10 percent of the trees surviving in 1931 wpre so tiilllillnlll

VIH1l Ih(~e pliminntiolls 111ld been made the elata still showcd eOllsiltlcrnblt illelllIlality ill height growth of progeny of individual pnrrnts in inc1iyidlllll pili ntations il1(lieaiing that some progeny wele tlllnntulally stlllltld throllgh tilt inflllence of some poundactor not iclcntWed l1 Tliis irregularity is illustrated in figure 3 In an

oDntn from thp pPliOilip mpn~11Ipmpnts nlc utill7NI (p ml howev~r to demonstrnjmiddotp thl PlOgTlSS of g-lollh In (llIdl plllntlltion liS II wholl IcgIIr111rSR of 81(11 80llrCI) Lllter tilPSI cllltll 110111 pPIlllilli IIIlUHIIIPIIIlII(H will show whctllll Il KIIln $tllIll1S Illte of growthlIlullltnlns (ile HltIIl( 1(llIlInll 10 til()~1 01 0(11(gt1 HIrlllns IInlil the tr(cs rCllch 1Illlturlb

100ftln hIIII(11 SIIlIHIIIIII dllilltioJl or IlIlWIIII II Ullinjllll(1 InPH liS shoI liS ~ (Pt sonHlillHs 0(cnrl([1 within 7 fl~et or tles from thp

HIIIIlI 1111111118 11$ 11111 liS Iprl III IIIl1nr Instllll(IS Iln IIhrnpt brclII In the height I(wel Ill(~l1rl(i1 111 Ih SIIIII( Sl1I1ulI 01 110 01 III 0 Ill IItllUlPJlt pllrllliel rows In tbe lIonni Ifoocl- 1U1( plllnialioll 8111h II 111(11) IIII1H liP Ihe slupt nl rlf(htmiddot n1lf(les to thn IOWS I hlOug-h ton~IIlIlil( roilS nlmiddot 11I(lf(1I~ JlIlIIHllltlll nblgtl 20 1I1111rl1It pnre1lts ~hll lrrlglliar ollllhll~ of jIIIK 11Iln) HIIg-lsl nlORl 01 n swath lr(lttell hy It IIrc atllrtllll nt thc foot of n shIll( nllil hllll1ll1~ III tllP 11111 ValllllhlllH ill hHg-ht wlthlll rows not attrlblltllhle to IIIJur~ 01 to ohlloll~II II Igt 11111llIaI glowlllg (ollilltions lIIa~ or (OIlIRe hnI becll cnuseil l1nrtly h~ I IIhllI11 I IIlIlhWIIIII tllnflIIHIS III 1lgOI II Is though prohabll that for the mOst Pllrl (hey Ill lilli 10 Illl Ill1lillllld IlellllflHV 01 Ib soil In purts oC thc plnnthlKlIreas lrlres lJululnl with UIiCyCll iU((llSlty muy destroy the feltlllty of 11 tllt~t ~)I hi

GROWTH OF DOUOLAS l~m 1UmlS Oll KNOWN smm SOUHcm 13

effort to avoid lS fur as possible the erLor of comparing the mean of a normal samp1e wHh the JIlenn of a sample including t large proportion of Ullnatura tty stunted Irees the tI PPC1 lt]uarti Ie 12 was tried as a height measme This height vnllle was dctcrlllinec1 fot the proCYeny of 20 different groups of purlnt tTPes lLiC(l in 10 difrerent con~paisons In every case eOll1purison of the uppet qualtiles showed the same 1emlt as compllrison of the n1it hlllttic means Therefore it was assumed that l111natlllul stunting 0[ trces did Jlot lower the arithmetic mean in onc SllIlIpl( IIny 1lI00C than in anotlHl and the arithmetic-meall height was Ilsed throughout the analyses

In order to detect an~T less 1))()noullec(l eli IlPIpl1(ps in heights of adjacent trees snell as might havt I(sttlted froll1 a glnrlunl vaLintion hl site (onditions betwcm one palt of Il plantation II1Plt and 1II1othet the average height for pnch IOW WitS exprcssed as a pctcentuge of the

i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95

i~~tkllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll1111iII1111111111 11111 III I bull ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w u ~ ~ R u ~ ~ ~ ~

NUMBERED POSITION OF PROCENY IN ROW

WI(l[Inl a-IIClghIH In 1l~1 in th( RluRlnw plnllbf1I1I1 of Ih( 11101((111 of uf thl (lHIInttl(leH teHted (Eluh row (ollshits or plmiddottJ~(111middot of (HI( or tmiddotw pntpuh DHIIIIIpd tJfltH 1111 011111(111) ThlSt plngIIIY were (101111 III 1111111111 J[)IIS 7 (PI 1I1l1l 1111(1 illO 111t IeHlI(

mean of the averago heightR fOl all IOWS in 1h( p1antation find t1tiH

peroentage waR wIittell on n pint 01 dingluIII of jIll Hbll1(In)(li~(lt1 ulTiIngement 0-1

1 the lOWH in euCl1 plnlIting ThiR Illade pORsible a dilect compaIison fc)) eXHlIlplp of tIl( Calson PlogcIlY in thp )follntmiddot Hoocl-A 1915 planting with the Calson progeny ill the Siwdnw HH5 plHnting in terllls of the pcrcpntagp by whic1t (Heh g)(lUp (x(((lc]p(j or fell below the average 101 nll stlt)Cks ~in the same p1wting Direct (omparisonin terlns of feet wns lIot ~litnlJlp ltc(all~c fOl pxample in genera the tlpes in the Siwl]nw plllllting of H)Hi WPIP about H feet taller than those in tho Mount Hood-A planting of thnt yell If it was fonnd thaI a certain section of one plot plodu((gt(l tt(Cs 20 petcent below the plantation nVCInge in 11Pight WIWICIIS ill all other plantations the SHllle Htock in tJUlt pad o(tJm plot was 15 pel(en above the aVBlllge and iI tho stoek Im(JP1 e()n~delltion was dp]irc(J from a locality Icsmnblillg the planting lo(alijy in (linwt( t1H1I it was concluded that th~ ~1()wil1g eonditiolH in niat pIItieulni scCtioll of that plot were mfCllOl to those on the lCJIIa IlHlel of thc plot

ItrgulIlI IlntChes 1I((orI1l111( 10 ohRrllnlinnH In n sillily III lhl llollgiuS til 1rl(ion lllwrllll In tilt) followillg IHAC L 1)JIrnJl~tH~JI ot JlOlOtH ]lIt HI(J~middottlJISl Ill ~IIXO HUrtING ~~lm Plrtsr III-l nAItS 1middot11( lhlIIurnllclulil llIl1t1I NOIthwtst 1orlHt EXIHIIIII(nl HtnllOIl 1UI1

~rhe IIPIIINIIIII rtile hrlghlmiddot 1lIltmiddot for 11)(1 11IIS fUI rXII III pI Is I h( hlil(h l (If trll no 7G whell nil trees Urc rallged ((UIIIlIlg 10 hight 11 h the shQI((igt( Ilrs

---

i ~

14 TBCHNIOAL 3ULLEJIN 53i U S DEPT OF AGRICULTURE

In that event concI Hsions clJlLwn from height analyses of the stock involved were tempered oy knowledge of the variation in growing CondH]ons On this basis certain results (as is illllicatec1 later in table 9) l11ust be considelcl in some degree unleliable

The method Ilsed in making glowth comparisons of progeny hnvshying high and low-altitude seed sources differs from the method llsed in comparisons to iletelmine the effects of parental age growing space infection etc A tree derivecl from a given altitude as COI11shypared with one delived from another altitucle is very likely to be inshyfluenced by growth faCtors other than that of seed-somce altitude Therefore a stock from a given elevation was compared not with a singlu stock flom a different elevation but with the average of ~tocks flOl11 all eleyations If in a lligh-altitude plantation a stock of high-altitude SOIlICe glUW taUtr than the uvemge of all the stoClcs tested in that plantntion and if in a low-altitnde plantation this stock diel not grow tn lIel than the average of a11 stocks teshc1 the ]Psnlt would hnd to indicate exitence of n stmin especially adapted to the growing conditions at high nItituc1es

EFFECT OF AGE 01 PAlIENT

To (1etermine l1(gttl1(gt] the a~e of the parent affected the growth of the ])loglny alrnge heights of progeny -werc compared for parent trees glOwjng in the same locality and similar in all lespeds except age Tl1(gt nUllibers of ptllent trees tested are shown in table 2 These comparisons wele llHH1e for eaeh plantation the 1015 and 1D1G plantings bling treated separatel~ Height aYlrnges for the 47 pairs0+ parent-ago groups tire shown In tllble 3 In 23 cases the height of plOgllly from YOIlJ1g palents nverngecl greater than that of ])Jo~pny from old plllpnts ill 22 caslS it aYllngN1 less amlin 2 eases the heights or tIll two glOIiPS Yele equal Only fOllr of the comshyparisons show n signifi(l1nt clifllIpncl (n lt1iflerellee thlee timps as grpnt as the stnnc1a(1 PITOL of fhe (liflell~nce) Those iol the Gates progpny in the Riuslaw plantation the Lakpvipw plogeny in thc Siusla~ plantation tll( CnlSOll progcny ill the Monnt Hood-A Hni) plantatIOn nlH1 thl Palnwl j)Iogeny ill the lfount Hood-A 101G plnntation COlllpalisons llot (hscIib((1 here showN1 that progeny from mi(1(11e-agcd (100- to 200-yeur-old) palents did not markedly (liflprill height 110111 plog(n~ of eitlwl young 01 old parents It is (lear that ngcmiddot of 111( pal(nt trce 1md ]10 consistent or significant effect UPOII growth of the ofrspring

lAlILJ~ 2~~YIlll1(ImiddotN of Il1rcllt fl(gt(gt8 feRcel n r01llJ(lliwn of JIIOellI rom lolIlIler (lild olr7rl 1)(I(n8

l(lur whll1 lnreuL trees by locnlity A JO dll~ 1 of progellY purent (Ylur~) W(IO

plllllwi Cur$()11 -- (lilIes I(JP~I~O ~1llller RnntilUll -Lukeil1

--~---I-~-- --~-------------~- ---J iumbtr 4Vumbrr jYumbtlr ]~U minT llllilJcr llImlJer

17-100 1111- II S middot1 [) S -I 11(11- I 0 l 11

_~ 17-iR~+~~~ lIHl ~__~__ ~~_---_l_l__~i____~ _____l__l I J(tu111 n~es or rnn~l uf a~o for indidduni HJiI-sotlrlIO loenlitil1S were IlS follows enrsou W-middotIO Hnt

130-170 Gutes J7~W tllld 200 II pwnrd (irnuitu Fnlls no Hlld 215-2O Pulmcr 20-10 und 3H~-a75 SlllltitlJU 100 und 200 uplnrd Lulltolioll J[I-IO lind 150

TABLE 3-lleighls of progeny froln younge and old~r 1)(llellls of ((ch seed-source locality averaged by individual plantations ~--- -- ------------- ~------

A crn~c hlig-hts 1 of lrO~cny in W3l h~- scc(l-source locHlity ~~e (lnsllnnn(ion nren nnd orr or plnntiu) - fdor pHrenls I oI Cnr$on Onles (1rnnilo Fllls Palmer Snnlinm LnkCmiddoticw

=lt1I 8 jQrears Put Fut Feel Feet Feet Fut

Siuslnw Hl5 ~_~_ ~ __ _ 17 1Il0 21 0 (plusmnOmiddotI~) In1 (plusmn04l) 2middot1 0 (plusmnO 50) 231 (plusmnOmiddotlil 170 (plusmn031l 10 2 (plusmn081) o130+ ~2 2 (plusmnampi) 214 (plusmn50) 24S (plusmn52) 217 (plusmnmiddotJSJ 161 (plusmnmiddotIS) Z12 (plusmn3S) r-j

17-100 13 I (plusmnmiddot12) Hi 2 (plusmn43) 23-1 (plusmnSI) IS2 (plusmn75) lIi S (plusmn3G) tI 130+ 1~ 7 (plusmn51) 17middot1 (plusmnbull1Il 222 (plusmn (5) 1K6 (plusmnHS) 1middotIH (plusmn61) 102 (plusmn52) o

JOI6 I

Winl(~i~~~~ bullbullbullbullbull II 162 (plusmn63)

17-10() 116 (plusmn5n Ilt5 1plusmn65) 152 (= H7) 152 (plusmn08) 175 (plusmn78) 152 (plusmn1 28) q 110+ 125 (plusmnSt) 0 (plusmn10U) 134 (plusmn1 20) laO (plusmn70) 16 (i (plusmnS)) 156 (plusmnI54) o

IT-IOU 125 (plusmn5i) 2211 (plusmnSii) 2l-l (plusmn103) lS J (plusmn6)) 173 (plusmn55) 1~8 (plusmn1 Jl) tltSnoqunlmic 19IG____ 11 110+ 12 U (plusmniU) 22 U (plusmn1 17) 107 (plusmn1 Il) JSS (1=60) 17 u (plusmn72) 15 (plusmn101) igt Ul

tollnt Hood-A r IUl5 I 17-100 5S (plusmn14) S I (plusmn3U) 7 j (plusmn39) 70 (plusmn291 75 (plusmn16) ii9 (plusmn27) -=j

IJO+ 46 (plusmn20) 011 (plusmn2ll) 7 (plusmn3j) 80 (plusmn2) 7 [) (plusmn25) Ii I (plusmn19) 17-100 Ii a (plusmn311 56 (plusmn2middot1) 70 (plusmn3S) 39 [plusmnm (plusmn39) U7 ~

Mot~I~(~middotmiddotmiddotmiddot it 7 (plusmn41l~llO+ 6middot1 (plusmnbull13) (i 3 (plusmn39) 77 (plusmnli) 50 (plusmn21) 59 (plusmn4l) 03 (plusmn5S -3 ~ 17-100 5middot1 [plusmn15) 57 (plusmn22) 7S (plusmn19) IlI (plusmn17) 66 (plusmn21) t=j(plusmn32) I n5

llO+ Ii 3 (plusmn21) 70 [plusmn21) Ii 0 (plusmnaa) 69 (plusmnm 5 (plusmnIS) - -~ - ------ (plusmn-I) 61 (plusmnO) G5 (plusmn31) 11 (plusmn36)~~~_lt~~~~ __ li 17-J()O

II 61 (plusmnJO) 4 middot1 5middotj (plusmn22) g5

1l0+ - 50 (plusmnmiddotJti) 51 (plusmn35) 5 t1 (plusmn2S) 64 (plusmn3i) 30 (plusmn37) o-~~-----~~ ~

-_ _-__---- -=j 1 Numbers in parentheses nrc stnntlard err()r~

~

o ~

~ 4 Ul t=j l-j o Ul o q ~ 9c

~ 01

lG TECHSl(At mul-TIX 3- l~ nEPT OF AOlnCetTeR1~

In order to obtain a more simple S(lt of comparison the ayeragl heights of progeny from the J~onng(r and from thr older Carson parents ill all the In]) plantatIOns were anraged each plantation test being gin~ll n n ight of 1 alld the f1l1lH process was carried out for each other some( of sped and for the lUlu 1l3 Yen as the IDli erl(s of plantillp-s The llsnlts nre gien in table 4 The paired items in the 1 ble h(J that fOl some seed SOUlces the height of progeny from JlHlnger tree averaged lightly greater than the heigh of progeny from ohler tlee~ but that for other scmiddoted sources the ~upeliolity was l((r(d Sone of the differences is large enough to be significant from a ~tatistiln1tn n(lpoint

JABLl- --l-Jfi[liltN of JJfJJ(IIY frolll YOUllfl( (I([ oltTeJ l)(lr(lll~ of ca(I ~((d-8JII([ lOCIlilli (l(IaucIl by 1(11 01 plaltilI

------~---------- - f-middot j AyprultI lwi~ht in Wll l~ ____________

l~~l [It1ntin~ of pro~ellY from ~ 19111 pklntiu~ of pro~eny (roul parents nged- ~ IJtreuts ng()shy

no yenrs or Jql) s~nrs ori lito 1110 year 1 ttl 100 yenrs Imore I lllOre 1

Fut Fat (ar50U~ ~ __ ~_ _________ _ 11middot1 (=0_ -1 I 10 II (=0 0)

130 (=-11 IiGates_ _ _ __ 1211 (=5) Granile FaHs_ bullbullbullbull 15-1 (= I~H 115 (plusmn7[)Painter _ _ 136 lt=-1) W7 (plusmn55) ~antbln __ ~~__ _~ 113 (~l 117 (plusmn65) Lakcdew _ 12 S (31 110 ( u)

I

t Tho nver~ut~$ glVtWn an~ mfmiddot~ln fl thO tPeral~ rtlr illf -1 plLlnllll~s oC elltll year a weight of 1 bciug giY~u to ea(h 111111IWf )umbtf lrt Imr~nth~$~s nro ~~lndnnl errors

Opportunity to -tudy the efll(t of site quality of He(ls~)t1lee area on growth of progeny was atiotll(] by the seed COll(ctIOJ1o from LablYle Yall TIlt Laktyilw IHllents p-rew 011 the St(ilacoolll Iains (i mills south of Ta(ollln ~nh) glacial outwah plains of (oalS(1 granl oil Htrc Douglm fir is pnrt Of a parse slow-groing ftand including ]loIHlprosa pinp antI ()aks~ sptcils (haractlristie of (try sites Illest jllain an ptrhaps the hp-t example in Pstlrll Oregoll or wettI1l Vnshingtoll of a larg(l area with wry poor site quality due to tIlt StlU(tllll and composition of the soi1 To II dtpth of at least G flpt the soi I consils l1losdy of gnn-e 1 wi th a mixt lire of and It (ontains very little hU111US and has praetieally llO lmdnce yegeshyta ble Ii tt ll The ll1lan nl1nua I IHPei pit a tion of 40 in(lHs i suftkiel1t for ex(elllnt tl(~( growth but l~X(tssje llrainage of the glltYllly soil makls thtgt Slt( YCry dry during the Inttlr part of the growing season whell only 2 illehes of rain falls in a 2middotl11onth period The gO(hl tree growth in lo(alitils 110t many miles lli-tnnt h-ing better soil is proof that the ehHIHlhr of the soil is the principal factor in the pO~ll site quality at Lak(itw More than 10()() progpny of the LnkeI(W partllts W(I( grcnnl III the tpst plantatIons

Thr-(gt PIOllIl shopd llO lfl((b of tIl( pOOl qllality or -he soil llPon whi(h illl Nd wa llly(ll)]lld In lwad rv(ry plnntntion in 1931 the LakLie toltk lqualtd )t lXl(ll]pd the nv(rag~ height of

G110WTH OF 1l0CGLS Ut TREl~S OF K)O) SEED SOUltCl~ 17

all iitocks leshl (table 5) In t1w Himilaw plantation where the hei~ht a erage ror nil lots was 211middot fcet 1TO La keview tJ(es anra~ed 220 pound(et III tile rind Ri(l 111( plantation the Lakeiew stoek aeln~ld 154 feet in heigllt wh(Imiddot~as tIl( plantation average WlIS

ollly Hl fN-t Tile (lata rOl tIlt Lnkede sLoek tlHldolC ~iw no basis rOl H belief that pOOl sill qualily of the HrCI1 upon whieh the palent grows Ilssens the igclL ilallSlllittl(l to the ploglny ~inec Bueh t1Ces as nov O((llY the StCilaCoom Plnll1S arc the ltlCseendnnts prolmllly not many gcn(lntions lellloelt1 of bCes on bette soils sCWlal jnilcs away Ulis finclin~ (lops not nmi(l the qt(stion whetller oyer a long period POOl si t ( qua lit 111 ight yeak(l1 tl1( shain

TIlLE -lIeirlhs of IIIOj(II1 froll I(I(UR IfIOWill[f 011 11Ir Ioor(Iolity okrricll 101 Rill COIIlI)()J(rl with IflN of 1111 jllOlelJI

------------~---- -----------

Ptantntion arr IInti y(nr or pant in

--__---__--- --- Fal Fut

~iu~lnw 1015_Ilml Hlwr

220 (plusmnOW) 21middot(

HIl[ Wfl

~noqllllhnil JUHL )rotIT t Howl-A

1nl5 I1f ~

)rollnt If(jod-ll 1llfi ]flit)

111 2 (plusmnbull11 15middot1 (plusmnj 1I 1 (plusmn82)

Il (plusmnIrl 1IIi (plusmnm

111 (plusmnImiddotl middotIn (plusmn25)_____shy

1t1 S JII 17 a fl I 66

fl I 51

~ I I~ (I (plusmn2Ul H S

Tile 5(((1 (olll((i()l1~ frOIll natC~ Orrg afloJ(]((l tl1l onl~ opporshytunity to (()IIIjlll( tilt oflllljng of ((Ial palPllt tl(( in tht allll 11l(alitT joillg Oil loil with nlHl without n 1IIgl PIopolti(Jn oj ]ock or the Gatl- IHlIPllb (((l(I eight ltIl growing Oil a roe H)I lind (light OtlllIwisl -illlibr WPI (I g(lwillg olla Hllldmiddot IDull oil PlogNIY flOIll tIte two gIOUpS (1( IllHlltld ~jdl 11 -idi Oil t1H J(Hk ~(()lIIt H()()d~B arpa OJ] tillt Itot andy day IOHIlI Yillll Hi(1 tIIH and on tlmp ill(IIII(diat(l glld( of ~oil Tahll (i ~i(s tlH heights of J11(l~(lly ftOIll (tell glOlljl Fol all 11It pl1I1tltions tog(tll(I til( IIPigitls of prog(IIY fro II I tilt lJemiddotky-()il glOllJl nlIt(( 13 fPlt lind th(Nof plOWIIy JIOIl1 tllP alHly-lotIlI--oil group uYlagpd nn fllt Till difJPIPIHP of OA foot dOl Hot how 1 hilt 011(1 glOUp j- nl1~ blttel thnn til( othpl Iwillg ll~- than tlil lx]ltlilllPntal (1IOt (OlllplIlion of til( rocky and Ioum groups Oil (11(11 plantation show~ lligbt di 11l1(Il((I in a PlO( Iwiht fa (lIing ~onl(ti nHS thp forme] lind iolllttinlCs til( InttCl nOli of tIll difltltIH( IJPing Inlgl (nough to indi(att n c1ifl(I(Il(P in ]HI(clital igor

SOIl( of till lo(aliti(s 11lt1111 ~Iti(fl H((I lIS (ol1petNlin this (IXshy

l)CIinHnt is (xtllIlI(ly dry Tho( hIin til( Itast Iaininll lt1ulin~ thc growing S(HROIl lIrc (la( lind Portland (ilOSP haying til( gllaht 11( Gallite ]inlls andDHlringtoll During July llld Augllit Gab~s and POltlalld I(((ie little JlHJIl (han 0) jIHh pl((ipitntion per

iflfliOQ-G--3

18 TECHNICAL BtLLETIN 53 i U S Dmr Qb AGIUCrLTtRl~

month whereas Darrington and Granite Falls receive more than twice that amount A growth comparison between the two pairs of st()ks was afforded on the Snoqualmie and Vind River plantashytion areas which are approximatcly alike in all rcspects except that the Vincl Riyer area normally receives only 2 inches of rain in June and 06 inch in July whereas the SnoCJualnlie area normally reshyceives 4 inches ip June and 2 in July The height growth of the Granite Falls amI Darrington (rainy-habitat) stocks was flom 3 to 35 percent aboc tWclage in both the Snoqualmie (rainy) and the Vincl Rin~r (dry) planting loenlities Thee stocks grew as well on the ind RiYer nrea as the Portland nlHl Gates dry-habitat) stocks Ol better Thc (hy-hahltat stocks grew well hoth on the Vind River alea nnd on the Snoqualmic alea (These compariol1s appeal latel in table fl)

11111 1imiddotmiddot-IICilllls of IJOf(II]J [mill IJ(II(IlI~ lIIwillJ 011 (OJlT(l81i1Il Oils (I Uo(w UII

Vrtg( I1ciglJl~1 in HI~I (~l prOenr (rom plnnt gTO ing OU

Pli1ntat ion ntll ~lnlI Ylltr (If lilanting

~UHl~ lonm soU 3

--__---Fal Fed

Siuslnw Hl11~ __ _ 191 (-0middot11) 190 (030) ind IHwr

JUl W2 (plusmnA3) 150 (plusmnP) lUlil 1135 (05) HA (5middot1)

FnoqunlJl)ie~ lHlfj_~ __ 22(1 (85) 231 (6) Moullt 1100lt1-

Hllii bull fil (plusmn3fll imiddotf blG) IUIIl 5Jj (2-11 5-1 (plusmn2l)

fOllllt Hoodmiddot II nnr_ iL7 (22) fi2 b13l JVW -14 (plusmn1i) 4-1 (plusmn21l

~---

A~rage 123 (plusmn2Ui 11 (--20r

1 ilUltl)(lr~ in pa(Cllll hc~(~ are -ottlutilnl poundtrrnr~ 2 ilutn nrc (Of IHOglll) of plr(nl~ ugtcl 17 to ~H) )lllf I Dutu nrc for Jlr()f_lU~middot o( S J1an~uts n~ld ilxr tu ~(lO ) (middotaf

Ptmiddoto~elly Or 1JaICllts gJ()-ing ill (1(n-e -tan(l with ll1lIOW (011

h~s thnn oll(-I hild the length of their sttIIl- and proeny of oplnshy(rown palln[ with wide-pnlHling crown (xending npnrly to tli( rollIH1 lIl incllltild in eHeh of thC 10t- of Ontts and Benton stock At I)(lUl pla(Js tIw open-grown lItHl erowdtl pallnt Ine- w(re fOllIld 10 IHnr toptltel thaI lhlY arC not like] lo h[lC (1iffCIpd in nnv reshysped otlHr thnn gJ()WiIl~ pa((The lHight of 200 progeny ~r()nl 4 opell-growll (TalCs sped trPts In all tlmiddott p1antatioIls combIned HnrngNl lUI f(pt (btblC 7) thnt of (iOO ploglny flom 2 ermnled Sl1lflll-(IoJHll On tp~ (pel tl(CS nyeraged 126 feet The eli ffelel1(c of (JT ioot do~ not j lid i(atC nil llad ica I sll plriltrity heing I~-s than Ill( CX)lCI InHlltaI elTor In (YClal plantations (table ) prog(ny from (lj)p])-gn)yn par(nls rca(h~(1 gleater aYC~age h~ight thnn j)J()lny frolll (J()wdlll paIP])ts 01 tlw 18UO saplll1gs of Benshyton parclltaglt thos( froJl1 -t olwn-gr()wn lJallnb Inlaged ] 17 fCet ill height aI1l1 thosp frOIH 3 ([olled palents llveragcl1 121 [Cet

GROWTH ob DOUGLAS FfR TImES OF KXOWX Sl~ED SOURCE 19

Here also the differenee is too small to indicate any hereditary influence

TABLE i-IfcifjhI8 of llrOfjCII rom OICIl-ffmiddotOWl l1HZ roll~ (101((1((1 JI(r(I1I~

I Average Iwighl$ I in HlH of proglIlY from ghun selrt ~()llnlSI

Pbutatioll nr(gt11 nnlttycar or plnnting Gntes Oreg pnrcnl-

0IlllI-growl1 2 (rowd~d IOpNlmiddot(rOWn 2 I (rocllt

Fal ~~-l-I-----1- j-- I l~~ (plusmnO~II)1 lH) (plusmnO8i)j 2~1 (plusmnO~)I 2110 (plusmnOOO)

Ih (plusmnlI) 202 (plusmnlIll 1 (plusmn8) IS5 (plusmn106) 1middotla (plusmnlilil oIIiOI [plusmn(plusmnIUmiddot(I 117 (plusmnIIJ) 1Jr (plusmnI00)217 CplusmnIIUJ I~ (plusmnS5J 215 (plusmn71)

00 (plusmnliI Si (plusmn7I1 1 [plusmn2ll 1 (plusmn38) 5S (plusmn2UJ middotIa (plusmn3Ii 55 (plusmnaul 5 (plusmn211)

1 lnl b22) fiS 1plusmniO 17 (127)1 iiS (plusmn50) 41 (plusmn27 middot1middot1 (plusmnliO u~(plusmn__a_-)I_al_i_(_plusmn_I~

121 (plusmn()

1 Xurnbrri In pnn~1lI hcs(lS nrc stnndnrd crror$ 2 I)ntn uro for pro-Nly from middott PHrLnts 1 Datn nre for prolNIy from ~ purpnts bull DnW nrc for progeny f[olll 3 purcnts

lI(lritability of dlds (If rllnguil illfcction a tested through the planting of seed (ollee(ed at Gates nnd Yincl Hhcl from trelS inshyfect((l with reel ring rot]l ancl hom similar uninlcCtec1 trles growing -ic1( by side with thelll In eaeh case the two lots of scCd wen hanshydled nIH] 1I1antNIin the Stlllll l1lflnnel and tlle progeny frOI1l inrecled t~ees e~middotc p1middot(ln (~ir(ctly bcside the plOglny from IIllillrected trees ~o slgl11flcant dlfIerenee has appeared between the two classes of progeny at any perioL1 frol1l the time tlte secel germinated Both class(s look the same and hae growll at the SHmc rute In 1931 the Gncs progeny from infccted parents aY(lltlgpc1 126 reet in hCight and those iIOI11 uninfeetecl parents areragrd ]27 fC(t in height These values are hoUI mcnns of eight inc1imiddotidual plantation Hernges They reprlslnt the heiphts of 17-1 prown~r hom 2 bacliy inf(ctecl parent tr((gts and 470 plog-eny from 3 llllillleetllI parent trees growing nearby hen a-elage heights Hre considered for each of tlH test plantations sparately (taLIc 8) it is seen that in sOllie tests of th Gates progeny thme Trom llllinJect((l tIws were slightly taller but that in otlwrs those from infecte(l trces wer( tall(1 In JlO easc werc the cl i fflences sign i ticHnt

In 19B1 the oflpring- jrominicctecl Wjnc1 Ringtr parents aWIageltl 11) feet in hcight and those frOIl1 uninflldecl Yill(l HiHr putents a-eracrcd 121 feet in height a diflelln(e that is less than the exshyplrjn~ntal errol and thercforc fails to indicate any advlntapc in healthy parentage_ These aV(gtrages arC based on 82 progeny from

11 frfllllctr- 111t ot1wr cnmmOIl nnmpF fot whieh I1IP (onit l()t lill~-H(nl(1 ro honeyshyomb rot lInltl Iwd ood rot AClordlng to sludl(s by Boyce (2) tlti~ fuug-us causes 80 Jl~rlmiddotrnt of ull d(luy los$p~ In 111111 IJoug-laH fir

20 TECH~ICAL neLLBTlS 53i 1 -i ])EPT OJ AOlUCULTUHB

4 infeeted parents and 2l7 fronl ij uninfCetNl parents In fiC of the seC11 separate t(lst p1antations oJ Yind Hiel stock bette glmdh as made h progtn V from lin i ni((tC(l tteps J II tlte two 1llIlaining hsts 11OeYlr tll( anrnge height of progeny from inshyJCchd parlnts wus gnatll and onl in the Yind Hive ami the Mollnt H(]od-~ 10L) plantntioJls PIP tnCs from llniniected parshyPlItS significantly tallel thull thoe -ftom infpcted parpnts The planting at Vind HiYlr may llOt o1ler a Jail (oll1pmlson 0-1 the two typlS or s(((l sOUlee tllln SOllle of thC plOgelly from illireted trelS hapPlIll(l unlike un of ill( proglny from llnini(ded treps to)JP planted on n strip 01 soil that npptals to bp poor in fluality In the two (est planting wll(Il tlllIP llS a significnnt difference jn growth in fan)I of 1II1inic(tp(1 IHlIlllt t INS 1lIOI(OPI half the rows from inlltld pnrlllb tIP talkr than hnlf the rows -hom healthy palnb in (lUllI words whill ill IIll-(1 plllltings the 1II1inilctp1

parents tlS a glOIlP yipldld lwUPI J(lsults tban Ihe infcctlll pnrent n 1 grollpill (neil (asp illdiidlld pannisin thc infcltld group yitld((1 blttPI II-lilt thall cpriain indiidllal ill the llninfpctl(i group

TjlU S-~ 7rliflil~ J I(J[IIIII Iiill fJll)(IIS inI(et willi 1cd rill1 10 ((I( IIIIIII lIIill[C(I IltI(lI

Ibntatillil urea nnd Yllr of plwtllg )

[n[~rle(l ~ llIil[l(l~d J

rflt FI 1 Per Siuslnw ]nI~~ _ ~Ill U(~ ~lfl (plusmnOSlJ 21121plusmnOfUJ 21-1 fplusmnO50) Wlnlltlnr

WI i lal lh 1)-11 Iii S (1 fO) JKO (-1101) ( 171 (plusmn-51) WilL I Iil plusmn _~III JI) (plusmn17) la1 (plusmnI~~J) 1OIplusmnIOl)

ilnolluulrni( lOW 121plusmn11H 12 (plusmnIOI) 252 (plusmnl 20) 22U (tl~li) _Moullt lloot-

HH5 _n lt-1 121 I fI_S (121) bullbull 1 (tbullImiddot1) i n1l tplusmn2(jWIIl __ H ri + ti ~ I plusmn-42) 5S (plusmnbull iIiJ I 111 (plusmn3U)

ilfOtJlIlll()ori-U i JUI5 nr +11 flD (plusmn2s) I fgtn (plusmnIl)) fl3 (plusmn2i) IUJII __ ~ ~ I 7 (t +0 I 0 (plusmn4fl)

~--~-11~ Im -12 i-I1-12fi-[plusmn-~) 12 i (plusmn3) 0____ bull__

I rruuttln~ 7Jlnl lllllil(lfS in plrtnUWSt art -Jandard (rrors 3 Uain ortJ for prng(ny from i IlInn(~ in the LUfJ planWtioll nud progeny froUl 3 parents in tha Hlln

[Ilnlltnlion~ I)h Hri) for pro~Nty from ~ IHUmiddotIH- II Datn ure (or prollIr row 2 altlnt~ 6 Dntn lfl fur J1r()~ellr rullI ~ P~If(Ul

1middotFFImiddotlT OF _ITlTlm OF SEIIJWlltlL 1I1A AX 111-1 bull110 11 A1JITITUJgt OF PI~TINn 4HKA

Till SP(l(ll1(d in lile jllPSllt (splillwnt- was (oll(etpl at 12middot clifl(rshyenl altituclls lilllgillg frolll 100 to U-l)O fCet and slldlings from all ttl( spccl SOUIIP pn plnnt(lll al altitud(s or llno ~I()() 2100 111(1 middotUiOO -1((1 in IIlI till snllJP lnlitlltil 1111(1 at lm altitllde of 20()() 1(1(1 2()() II) i Itmiddot In rUHl lIorth flit I-lot II mndl bv stoek of gilIJl sl(ld--Olll(( altitudes whelt ]llanitd (lit lllm( of ginil aititudls is hOWll jll table D

lAIIIE 9-[cight middotin each test 7lanlation of trees derived from cach seed-source 10clIlily by alWllIie of ~ollrc( arca IIntl of 1Jmtation area

li01lfCl of ~(It1 ---1 I 1 ~-~ - -- Atr~lgl Iiliht 1 ill ItMl of tnp5lJl fh(~JlIlrll1lnlion~ nllien Hltituu~~ Cl

c ~

__~_ ~4 ___ _~ ___ ~~~ jnf(ut PrO~l~Ilj phultrd tr(lS rrom O (wl plnntn

-1011n1 110011-A (lllillldl gtfollnt Jlood-U (1lltitlHlc ~ whilll lHlll UrI(l III I Rllllnw 1 lIul I~~tr ~i(~I)(lIl)1l RnOl)llnlruil I-l2~OO fltl) serimiddotg of - J UOO feet) scries of

Alli- 50rll wnlt (lltillllt1e ) (altitutll I ~Locality IUti rOIl(middotted -- 2100flet) 1______ middotmiddot1 20110 f ell ----- I1 lUI I~li I ~Iris of JIll lJ1ii 1J1r I ~lrils of illIG 1Jlf) olili IHI5 19 IIi s f ~

-~ Ij oFat ~~ ~Il~llhcr Yl1ulitr bullYuml1T II Parnl J 1~~1l )urt 121 i Pat lil Paulli Ptrrtllt PtTCfllt Pa(cnt rf1nnHr- F~)11 bull middotIIM) 1 X 111 711 2 I III LiIl 4Jlfi U IbullI) IfJi II 11( In lin (H 21 II~ (iU) lllieplusmn)) 101 (plusmnfgtI)

1)rrinJton I oml 11 211 JIll IS(plusmnIJ) 1U7(plusmn(i) 1Il7(plusmnIIIIJ(plusmnJ) ml(plusmnM I~U (plusmn15) lIIi (plusmn20) U8(plusmn1On) o t

1II1I(r I[ ~~~g I I 2c~1 IrK) I ml (1101) 110 (12[) Hl2 (plusmnliil 111] (plusmn2 122 (-l33) ltrs (plusmn21 lO2 (plusmn2 ) IHi (1middot10) gt Ilkthw lilli S 20 7i11 lIimiddotI(plusmnI~1 Or(plusmn21 1(fIC-trUl1 OIl(middotHm U5(t251 115 (plusmnrrn 1110 (plusmn21) is (plusmn49)

(r

nut( 9[11 I 21 I nl 2111l tplusmnlil lIS (plusmn13) 109 tplusmnl5) I~~l(plusmn2tl) III (plusmn1 I 3S5 (plusmn~ll U2 (plusmnI~) SS (plusmnJ) i-=j gtshy

1 (i plusmnt9J 103 (plusmn21) 212 (plusmnJ9) i~ullhJ1l (~~~ I I~ I 5III sn ~ Ctl1) 12 (plusmn2II 21 I (plusmn11I O~ (plusmn24 I J1 (plusmn2m rOrl$ClrI 510middot1 ~tl 111) H Lt-~ii) III (plusmnlI) III Ltmiddot Iii 1 J (+1 lOa (plusmn1 I 11 (1551 IOl(plusmn130) UG (17) 1-3 Hlzl Q(Wmiddot1 II ~o middot7S(plusmn~) 11l(plusmnlI) IflI(plusmn711 ~i(+51 IIlfiLplusmnA51 I (plusmnbull 1gt1 lIl5 (plusmn(ili) SU (plusmn~8) ~ iIlIHiw llIHJil H~ 01 I~tplusmnI~J U~(plusmn~ll) l1(plusmn11l lSl(plusmnIII ~I(ll) ltIlfl (plusmnII lltl (I2U) ~

Hu(pTI~wk 2fl[ijll I hoi middot1IlllfKl(-j~(j) ~S(plusmnl2 )o(plusmnbull flJ (lmiddot1 qllU~l iflIlfl(-JImiddot1) Ilh(HU) t=

Hellion 1111 7 1111 Go 121 (plusmnIUl Ii Cel-Il II) LiU IIt (middot-121 70 HS) ~ (plusmnln St (plusmnI) SR (plusmnIO lorlllIl11 3rH) i a bull no I m 31JlI LtUIl Ull (plusmn ) )01( I 11 J Ilfi (plusmnl I 3 1( 1--1 7) HIli Umiddots) 80 (plusmnIifi) llti (plusmnSll) (riIJIl J I~~I__ ~~ middot110 no lOJ(plusmnI) 77 (plusmnIII) a~(plusmnl 711(+2) 1 (plusmn1V1 Ua (plusmn21) 3l~ (plusmn2a) r

C

----c~I~1 ~ n fi ~ fl l _Il(c~~llr~~J_~____f _ _ _J____2~_I_I___~i 111 I 11711 I flmiddot1

~ -~- ~~ ~~

c31 Ihe OVc-rlgl Ihtln tru d(flt1 hy (utnlHii jug the IIH1l1J IWiiht of llClI of till I~ Sltwk ill a Vhu plaut liulI a lrlginI tlw I~ HlPall Hlltl (oUCrl ing thl Olragc height of

e~l(h So(1 to n ptmiddotrrt1ntagtmiddot or thil a (fOglmiddot Jumh(r jll pnnntlllmiddotjlmiddot nro $ltllltlurtl error~ 2ignifilUllly lalltlr than thunnlrngl~ (If 011 ~tlwks in the oHmc Jlhmtntion bull ~ ~iJmHi(middotnntly ~horter thnn till nn~ragc of nIl ~tocks in tho smw plantationbull rim dl~i1ti(J1l (rom UYlwge height is helieved to be due in jJlri to sitcmiddotqunlHr vtlrtntioIl it hiH tht) p1intatioll 1laquo1 if

t= lltlct t=i Cl

if o r i n

t-)

22 TECHSWAL BULL1~TIN 537 1 S DEPT OF AGHlCULTUHl~

The Siuslaw al1(1 ~I0l111t Hood-B test areas offered the grent(st contrast in the climatic conditions that vary with altitude The Mount Hf)oc1 ar(lt has th(~ greatest Ilnltion 4(00 feet and has n mountain climat( TIl(gt Sillslaw a1((1 although not so low as the Yintl River area is tIY ]lear the coast and tlerdolc has IL climate mi1ltler than that of any of the other plantatIOn areas

titoek from the Salltinlll Xatiollal imest in the high Cascade RallpL thnt as plnnttd on th( Pgtills1nw coastal tpst arpa grew nt a pllltitularly slo rate In ln ]t was 22 percent beluw the avcrshyae hpiht for all sto(ks on that area llnIagilll7 1(1 fc(t as COI11shy

palpd ith a gClleral a Ylrngt of ~1h fept lhe gel1llal Iwight anrag( 101 this plantatioll was l10t matched by the anll1ge for the JJIogeny of eYln on( of the H Santinnl parents It aPlwared il11shyplobablc that th( poor growth of this stock resulted 110111 soil defieipllcy The Hvt)agps for thp Salltiam stock wen bustdupon 3(iH IlOlIIla1 proeny this is a goodly l1ullIbtl fo) these (pst 1)1I1poses as is showll b the slllall standard elTOI of o~s foot

PIO[CI1Y fioll1 tlwsc sall1( mountain parcnts grcw well ill the h i[h-a Iti tudc pIa Ilti Ilgs In the 1(Jl( plot on tIll )[OUllt Hood-B arpa at 4GOOI(ct altitu(lCwlHrC the elimatcis like (hnt or its lClCI-HlIll(C locality thl Santiam sto(k aelnge(l 2 p(J(cnt (al1C1 thall the aYCrage 101 nil stoks Thlls it was as lI1uth ub()(~ aela( nt hOIl1t n- it s 1)llloY anIngt away 110111 home This ~[Oll1t Hood avCragl WtlS blls((] l1]lOIl jl ])IOgllly 110111 11 palcmiddotnts On the adjoi 11 i ng plot pIn nlNl ill IHIJ whero 2TT Sa ntinm plOgCI1Y wert a ai In bit for hei[ht-glowth unnlysCs that grol p n lrngcd 3 ]lcI(tnt tall(I than till a(Ilge fill all ioeks On thl loer-altitllde ~r()lIllt Hood plnntttion nrpa at 2HlH) fept tht Santialll stock middotwas 11 ptI(tllt abo( til( ptIltrnl h(ight averHge here this stock (50G trCCs) a n)laged Ij f((middott wl1(l(n a II stocks a Yela[llt1 Gb fcct The DIG sllils on this plantntion Hlpa cannot be uStd for c(Jlnpnrisol1 bccalls( the San iam stolk plunted ill that year wns lln(NI in L

C(tion hlI( the soi I is not l1tnliy so goo(l as in the Hlttiom where rill lo-alti tlllp stra i ns Pre pIn ntN

A se(ol1d l1lollntain stock 110111 sounps fit 2)00 and 1000 1ept nltitlch IHHr Pallllll Oreg gnw ns well as the nyerage in the ((JHstnl Sillslaw plantation III nil plantatiolls the rows of lgtahncl -ot(l(k adjoillld thC ros of 8alltianl stodc YhlIcns tIll Santinm toek Oil thC Siuslnw area was ~~ PlI((nt slwlhl than the plot a PIa[C the PalllllI sto(k thll( 11-13 tr(es) waS 4 lWleellt tal h1 ihnll tIll plot flnra( (tabk (l)

At high altitudls tl1l PaIllIll -toek madl approximately the saIne growth ~lS till Snlltinlll sto(l Til til( ~[ollnt Hood-B 1010 planting nt middotLOOO rept nltitud( the Pallllel stoek (81 tr((s) was 1(j IWlcent tallel than the aelagp iol all t(lks In the adja(pnt l)i) planting the Palmer stoek (ITj tl(es) nbout equaled the anlap hcight fot all stocks Til tIll lfonnt Bood-A IHW plantation~ at ~HOO feet the Palmlr sto(k (197 (r((s) Wa 22 peleent (14 feet) above the lPlshy

aQp heiht 01 til s(()Cks Glowi Ill cloe to the Santiam stock the PalnllI stock ill tlw Mount Hood-A 19lG series was hnndicapped by the pOOl soil qnality J11(Il( iOlled prCYlollsly and its 1)001 gnnth is not considercd to lel)lc)Sent -fairly its inherlnt vigor In lmclal the stO(1e from Palmer grlW aR well as tIl( aVlllge at low altitud(fgt and bettcl than the HYlIage at high altitudls

GROWTH OC DOUGLAS Im TREES OC KNOWN SEED SOURCg 23

The third mountain stock was dCliycd from an altitudc of 2(jOO feet neal Race Track Rangel Station 1 miles from Wind River Like the Palmer stock it Ilew as tall as the tlvcmgc on the Sills]aw oastal test area At the mtermediate altitudes of YinCl Hiver and the Snoqualmie it did not gtOW so welt ns the average stock UnshyfortunateJy test conditions handicapped the llacc Track trees in three of the Mount Hood plantings so that the results arc 110t ClllU In the fOUlth the Mount Hood-B 1915 planting the HnCc Track stock nparly equaled the avernge height of all stocks

Ot the Jow-altitude stocks testcd that f1011l HellIon Oleg in palshyti(1111I has lxhibitNl vcry little adaptability to higheJ-altitude glOwshying sites Thil stoek eomes flOnl the ((I[istal hills in ICst(0ntTal Oregon (Jig 1) On the coastal Riuslnw lIta which has 11 Climate ~il1lilnl to that oi Benton the Iknton bCCs (Gi progeny flOIll I palshy(~1tS) (Ie +i ((1 OJ 21 PClc(lll tallel than thn HVPlagc (table 0) El~n the sholtlst gloup of plOg(I1Y bom any Olle Bpnlon parent wn 12 lielClnt tnlle than the nCIage 101 the tllIet TItiraquo (oastal stock IT( 111l(JPI the same tl-t lolHlition as the Rnntiam mOllnlnin stock hieh grpw so poorly jn the coastal plantntion-in fact it was diJletly adja(Pllt to -lpla1 row of the Sanliam mountaill -tock but tht oaslal tlceraquo aYPlaged 8 Jed talJer than t1H~ nealest IOS of 11l0ullta i 11 stoek

In Colltlast wilh it slIpcriol glowth dHn planted llClll hOllll the Bell ton slo(k mad 111(gt POOIEst gowth of H II sl (l(ks when pia nlNl on the l)IOllllt Hood ipst nlCllS III the lDliJ plant ing Oil the J[ollnl Hood-A tlact at ~HOO feCt altitucle tile Benton stoek wah onlY 70 ]I()(ClIt as tall as tl1(gt II yprage (tabl 0) wheltas tilt a nlage height fo all st(J(ks as (j f(Opt that for til(gt Hpnton toek was ony middotk5 itlL This dilJetI1(p is siunifieaniinaslllu(h as tlHle (1( Hl Hcnton plogeny all(1 I hp HtanltlaJd 11IOI 01 tlw aWlagp height was only OlH foot Eadt of the S((11 rows of plogpny I(plpsenting Benton palents ras -flom 22 104fl PCI(lllt hClow tht~ plantalion anlage fol all stoeks Thl lot~ of iIpcgt growing on (n(h tiide (If th~ Ikllion Htock wele IlllICh (aller Silllilaliy in the UJI0 sCliCs the Blnlon stoek ns II whole was only ~m J)PI(pnt as tall as ill( planhll ion an~llIg( TIll avclage l1(igltts of the plOg(ny of indiidllal Bpnhm palPllts lHngl(1 fIOI11 7 to H2 plr((nt of thpgpnplal plantalion l(lng(

(howilt of tilt Henton slodc on the ~r()lInt Hoocl-B tlnet at an altitllclt of middotUiOO f(pt was Inr bplow tilt aPIllgl fOt all Ht(l(ks l11plP In the IUl) sPlips the Blllon stoe1 (1-7 trNS) n(rngc(j 1(1 ])el((l1t Hholtpl than all sto(ks 51 feet ill cont Iast with OJ f(tt In thp npnlshyby lJHi spries tll( Hpnion stoCk aPIaged J2 pelC(llt Jess in height than all sto(ks but this 1ps111t failc(] to show significant inlpliolity be(llllsP thp lIliation among U1P 42 Hellion progeny was so glpat lis 10 give R standard pITC)) of 0 pllClnt bull

The data show (Ilnrly thaI till Bpniol1 stock js not suiha to the locality (If thc Mounl Hood plantations 1n thp Casead Ibngp on the ot11er hall(] they show if-gt as dearly that it isllL Hlaptld to the Jocalty of thl ~llIRlnw plantation Ileal thc spaCoast

The hpights of 11l( PalmCI I-antiam alH] Bellton sto(k in thp Mount Hooltl-B 1)l5 plantation and in the Sinslaw plantation are contrasted jn ligure +

The Carson Yash SCP(l-SOlirco loeality i nt low clevalion 1111cl has n relatively Illild climnte with ]light t(l11pelaturos in the (ady spliug months plllmps higher t11an those 01 any other of thp s(ldshysource localiti(s Iike the stock derived from Henton the Carson

SEED SOURCE NEAR COAST AT HIGH ALTITUDE NEAR COASTAT HIGH ALTITUDEo W 120 (PALMER) (SANTI) (NTON) (PALR) (SANTIA) (orNTON)

u~ ~e 100 ~

~j 80 110 ISO ~o

~ ~~ 0 w0 x

20

g~ 0 L-_L__--IL___-I-_ STOCK GROWN IN A COASTAL PLANTATION ~ ~ STOCK GROWN IN A HIGH-ALTITUDE PLANTATION

(SIUSLAW)(MOUNT HOOD-B 1915)

FJ()tHIl middot1-IIhts or Ilnl1(llIs iii Hillels [Iirlvel] fro 111 lI100nlnin Hiles 111111 flom II cOllstnt ~1fI III It plllntnUolI lit hijh lllIude IIIllI III II [OIlShll pll11l1lltioll_ IEllch of the h[ightvallirs showll was drIhcli liS folluws 1hl 1111111 hll~ht III floct or (litll of the 11 s(IIIIs ill It ~i11l 11111111111011 WIIH (OII1I1U(I thu 1l 1I1lIIIlH wer) 1lCrI(li 111111 the lYtln~~ lHhht o[ lldl stLwlt 1 ton~rt~tl to a PClqta~u or the tll~ragn uf th~ It 1J1ltlnr-)

stock grew uest on the SiIllaw l)lantati(lJ~ area (flg 5) rills was the ollly test area wlltIC It (t]llthd the hClgllt nY(rage of all stocks 011 the olh(1 plantation alpa on each of which so v aI hundred pog(~lIy from Carson W(Il glon the Carson stoel was invuriably inferiol to lltarly all other Even at rind ]liver only 7 miles

GROWTH OF DOUGLAS lnn rmm OF KNOWN mm SOUlWE 25

from their seed sOllrce the Carson trecs did not grow well this may be due to the fact thai the nights (luring the early part of the growing season are milch coldlI at Iiml Hicl than at Carson In the Mollnt Hood plantatiollS the Carson sto(k was significantly shortcl than the average of nil sf oeks III Ille )follnt Hood-A 1013 plantation where it YUS nj)[esentel by 3-t(j bres it was 16 percent bclow the avelnge height being only 54 feet high as compnred with un average of G- -fcet HlJc the progcny of only 2 of the 1( Carsoll pnrent trees eXCtlled the hlight typrage crr nil stoeIs In the neaJby HJ1G slries agnill the Canmn pIogCny were shod([ than the acIaW In the Hili) ]Itnt ing (In til( JliglHr rollnt Hood-B tract this stock leJesrnhd by 200 1t(lS was H plICent shorter than the avcrnge

SeyeLllI 8to(ks TrW eqnnlly w(ll ill Ilearly ((ry plantation that is to say in co111 1)11 rison wit h 111( anIuge for atl stcwk- they ranked al)()ut tirl same 110 maUpr hlIp tillY w(rp plant(d n lxample is (lll Granite Fall -(o(k fhps( Illl- IIP Iom ~ to 3fi ]JlIClltshytalltI thull JPIagp in lI(h of til( pight planlnlions (table D) At hiuh aHilllcpf till II(middot abolll liS pH as ttl( ~Ull(ialll lTlonntain st(wk and nt low nititncl(s tilt Ul(W bttipr than lllost lowland sto(ks The Glanill Fall- sltd2sol11(P lo(alit wOllld be classified as of low altittldl and or cornpalatinly llild dilllnlc From [1

eiimatie Fibl 11c1 poi nt tllPlc j-lno Obmiddotjoll- lxplanntion of the stocks adaptability to th ]rolln( Hood I(walil

A s(cond simi]] (xhibiting widl adnptauility was thnL from Darshyrington a loculil y ~O Illills nortlllns of Ole GlllI1tc Falls sceclshySOll1ce arca nnd at IlPulIy (]1( -IIIIP plpatioll Tlte J)allington sio(I elilt] not consistcntly nlJnup as tall lis tltp (irallill Falls ~tock iJllt it clicl JlOt show nl1) distill(t -igm of a elirnatj( handi(ap ill (hp mounshytnin plantations and it QT(W hlllpr I han nny O(]lll stock in the coasta1pia ntn tion At na iTi lllt 011 tllp d illlll h i~ m II (It mOI milll than at the ][ollnt Hood-H plantntioll sitl tirl llWl1I annllal hlllpelntlllU bling highpJ lrv (j() F TIl( blld~ ll~llllllybllrst JlHllC than a month (allilJ at DalTingtoll bllt thut tpl1dlIl( did ]Jot l(mlpr thl Darringshy(on stock sllbjCctlollltt spring floit llill11uge on the MOllnl~ HooLlB arCa A thild stoek pxhiLJifing tll( nI1JP lP]ativc 811(((188 at high and low clevatiollS WllH that from PIIIlllll r(snlts with which nrc descriued on page 22

1)1 VIIWIII 1 0( ~T(l(K FII()~I r 11I(lS 10( Jrrns

Although Bllclt pound1(101)- (on(PIning tIl pnrCnt trpe II ag( soil rainfall glowing 8pa(( lInciiniP(tioll sIHlpd no (](d on the height growth or til(gt IHogIlY i1 til is (IXI)(IilIHnt tlw IHiiI grOlyth 0 stock- from onl IO(BlltIPS Wfllgt (llllHJ~tlntlY SUjltllOl to that of stoeks from otlWI joeni i ties The oiJs(JTecl l1 i IP1(Il((S in growth r(sulting flom fuctOlS 01 eOl1Jbinntinns of faetolS that hayc not be11 idCnlmiddotifipd clistingllilh wha(1l1n~ be tellllPc1 loCulity stmins

111 (v(JT plantntiol1 til(gt uYCragp height of thl Grunite Tiall~ sUnk was gr(atpJ thn11 Ihl a(lrngn IHig1Jt of all lo(1s In the Slmlnw planlation it was 110 P(Jc(nt of tlIP llHan of all stock aYllages (tnble 9) 240 fpc al (oll1parlc1 with 21 f(et HpJC the stock wus rcpreshyRlllt(d hy 102 JlIOP(J1y (](linll frolll R pnlellt trees lhat the superishyOJity of Grallite Falls stock wascOJlsilellt among the progeny of

26 TECHlUAT~ BULL]~~rIN 537 U S DEPT OF AGRICULTUHB

c1Hferent parents is indicated by the fact that the tandunlerrol was only 19 percent III the Vincl River plantation of 1915 the stock ot Gmnite Falls parentage avclacred 35 percent taller than the average of all stocks This remarkable supcliority may have been clue in patmiddott to better soil conditions where the Granite Falls rows were located than ncarby where the other stocks were tested In the 1016 plallting on the same (met the Grallite Falls stoek was slightly taller than the a etllgt On the lIount Hood-A atea at 2800 feet altitude the Orllnite Falls stock in the 1915 planting us H percent ta]]cL than the average In the corresponding 1916 planting the Granite Jalls stock failed to show so dear a snperiorlty Hero it a-veragll1 j 2 petcent ta Iler tha n all stocks but the large variation among indiyid ua Is madt it c1011btfu I t1wL the an~rage was significant On the higlllI lJount Hooltl-B test al(a the Granite Falls stock in the ID1- plantitg LY(Iaged 16 percent taller than the average of all stocks In the COLlCHpOl1(ling 1916 planting the 11light of the Gmnitt Falls stock wa RlighOy sllperio) to the averl1ge of all stocks In the SnoqualnJit plantation this stoCk WIlH 13 pel((nl tallcL than average Thlll is 110 1I0tlut that in gel1eml the Olanile Falls parshyents ])IO(hlltl(l till 1lI0Hr vigorol1H progeny tested jn th i expeLiment

The Rreond mORt vigorollS st-oek w1s hat elllived IlomDallingshyton This stoel shmYld mlllked suplIiolity in fOlll plantations and elsewher( was slightly uettll than tlwncrage In the Siuslnw planting the height of th( Dnllington 1rles (Hi- plogeny flom 11 parents) WllH 12H pellent of the avelafc for all sto(kR 273 feet as (ompalltcl wit h lLmiddot~ fppt Growth of adjacent rows gaye no indicashytion that thl 1I11l1snal heiltrltt growth of tht Dalrington I-(o(k ill this l)lnntation YaH due to any (xllH-good soil Conditions wlwll the Darshyrington progeny grew On the Vind Hivel test a 1(11 the 1915 Darshyringtoll stock yas 7 pelc(nt tallpl than thl aWlage of all stocks Again in bot-h the ~n()qllall1lio nnd thl nJount Hood-A HJ1G plantshyings the Dalrington tlelS were signipoundicnntly tullet than thl avcrage In thc 191G Vind HieL ancl1D1ij Monnt Hood-R phllltntions the Dal1ington stock was t-a11er t-han the nvclagt but the (Ii fII(11re was 110t (1(fIll significant hCrHllse of ilHntriation in individual heights indi(aitd by tIl( stnndald ltIIOt In the l[ollnt Hood-A 1D15 nnltlllolint Jl()()(l-B 1916 pla11lIngs thc DalllIlgton stork wus no bethl thnll thf awrnge of nn stocks It was hnndieappec1 in the httcr plantatioll hOW(lI by poor growing (omlitions Clearly the Dnllington s(ock pospss((linlwJent qunhti(s that cnllsed it to excel the growth a PIage of the 13 stockR tcs((1 ((n where itii (Ilvironment WtlS greatly tlifl(lfn( fJom that of the palcnt trecs

The stikingly snpcliOl gLOwth of tIll Gmnite Falls and Darringshyton stocls is not a result of testing thcsf stoe]s in climates better suited to thl1ll thnn to otlwr$ On Igtpwld tcst arens wlwm both of them excelltcl otllll stocks in growth1 the climate wns no 1110re similar to those of the localities Iloril which tl1PY were derivcd than to the l1ative climat(s of the Gatts Fortson Bmwl or Vind Riwl stocks

In extt(Il1P contrnst with the good growth of the Granite Fnlls and Dnrrington stocks is the PJY pOOl gJowth of the Carson stock As table D 8hoWI- the height of tIll- (alsoll stoCk (lid not comc within 12 percellt of the height of either the Granite Falls or the Darrington

GROWTH OF DOUGLAS JIIt TREES OF KNOWN smm BOURCE 27

stock in any of the plantings In the Snoqualmie plantation the Carson trees averaged 8 feet shorter than the Granite Falls and Darrington trees As is brought out under altitudinal cffects the climate may have been too cold for the Carson strain in all the plantation localities except the SillS]UW Whatever the explanution of the poor growth there is no doubt that this particulur stock the test of which included progeny of 17 trees scattered over a range of three-quarters of a mile wus not desiruble for planting pmposes

The rank of all 13 stocks in height growth as determined by av(lshyaging results in seveu test plantings is shown in figule G bull

~ 120

~~ ~~ 100

~ j 80 ~~

~~ eo ~ i3 40 ww rr 20

~ 0 ~--~~~~~~L-~__-4--~--~~~__~=-~__~~~~ ~ ~ GRANITE DARRING- LAKe PALMER GA1E3 FORT- ANT- HAZEL WINO PORT~ BENTON RAce CARSON ~ fALL TON VIEW ~ON I RIVER LAND TRACK

SEED - SOURCE LOCALITY

FIGUllFl G-Helghts or thl ]1 DO1glas flr stockR t~Hfltl In j plnnllngB (Ihl lronnt ITontl-ll lOW pinuflllg WIIS (XChHIl11 h(ellu~l Shllll sloel In it hnlt1 bPI1I lt1P~fIOYld hl flrp)Elich of I] heightmiddot IIIlut-s showlI wns (1(gtIIYl-ll II~ follows (I) Ihc 111(1111 Jltlgllt or CII(]l of tlt( 1 stocls In jet III It iv(m plutllll WIIS 1lltpl1IIlncd (2) the 11 1I11111lH were 1l1tllIg(i1 un the 11111111 hcl-ht of elllh stock WIIS eonlcrtld to It pClccntn)e or thl nYIm) ohlttillcll in step 2 (4) the pcrcltIItng(s for It glYen stocl( lu the 7 pluuttltiulISWCIC ulcllIged

SllgUIOJUIY OF IN [)JIIlUAT lARENTS

Comparisons of incliviclllUT parents hl tIl( sume locality as to quality of offspring were madc as foJlows (I) Tho In(an height of thc piogeny 01 eaeh pUlent was com]llltecl (2) the 11IranS 101 all parents ina given locality wen- avelllged and (3) each of the means derivecl in sIp]) 1 was expresspcl as a perelntnge of the (orrespon(ling mean dcrived in str)) 2

The greatrst llmnbel of parent trees in anyone locality tested in this cxpclimrnf was 21 and wHh Iwo exceptions the ]rusl was a (table 1) The lwight elata failed to show that Ihe progeny of any parent trrc ranked in a11 plantations either fiinificantly above or significantly below thr aVltlnge for progeny of all trees in the SUllie locality The progeny of only 12 of the 120 parrnts rankrc1 signifishycantly abovc or below frvera~e in threefourths of thc plantationsIt was cone]uclecl that the thffercnce in transmissibl~ YlgOI among individual parents on caell ~ttd-(ollection ulea of the expelil11rnt was 110t so great but that thoroughly reliable aVllnges rewlsentillg Jocality stocks eonM be obtuined by using as few as seven parents

per secd-collection arca MORTALITY

Analyses were made to show the eiflct on mortality of climatt and se~ela1 other fnctolS such as age of purent infection of parent seed-source locality und dcnsity of 1)1lJent stand

28 TBClINICAt hULLBT1N 5J 7 U S ])BPT OF AaRICULtuitl~

On rugged burned-ovcr uncultivuted forest lund not evcry tree in a given pluntution hus un cqual chance to survive the first year owing to non uniformity of planting technique and of surface-soil and shude conditions Unequal mortality in a given plantation during the first year might obliterate a relationship bctween source of seed and mortality in later yeiumiddots Also replicative test plantations as widely scattered as those in this experiment may di frer widely in seedling losses during the first year owing to diflcrences in weather before during and after planting Because of these inequalities in this study the data for first-year mortality wcre analyzed separately They showed 110 relation between mortaUty and sonrce of seed Accordingly first-year mortality data were ellminated from the comshyparisons MortalIty percentages were computed from the number of trees alive 1 year after planting llI1cl the number alive in 1923 after which year little mortality occurred Progcny destroyed by fire rodents wind breakage snow brcakage falling trces and other factors clearly not related to theitmiddot inherent vitality were eliminated from the mortality compilations

The mortality percentages given in table 10 show no signjficant difference in the ability of the various stocks to establish themselves and survive on any of the test-plantation areas Low-altitude stock from a coastal climate survived well on the highest-altitucle plantashytion area and high-altitude stocks lived as well as the other stocks in the low and mild-climated plantations

~eAnLE TO-Morlolili in tile csmiddot pf1nlntirllR fro III lite ~cconrl 11C(l1 aflcr 11l(wtillf to 1J2J inclmiddotltsivc

1lortllliLy- of trc(ls in given lJlnntlltinns at givell 1l1tittHlu-Roureo () f seed

inilllilcr Rno lIOllntlloml-A Mount Ilooll-B RillS (1100 feet) series IUIII (~SOO feet) ~litlS (4f1IKJfeet) series Inil of- lIlio of-- of-

Alit IIrlo (2 IDO (2000LOIulit) (feci) (eet)

series (eet)I of 1)15 In 111i (~fnI~1 HIr Will 1115 lHIfi

-- --middot-lperce71~middot Pcrre~- Perc(1It ~ Percellt ~ - Dnrrington bullbullbullbull_ _____ bull__ 00 5 7 I I la (J 1 a I~ ]oorI80n __ 500 middot1 I I 0 0 I 5 JO Hnzel ______ 000 4 8 0 0 5 i 2middot1 3 Granito FuIl8 __ 100 5 middot1 I Ii 2 [l 8 1 Illkevicll bullbull _ _ 100 5 H 1 ~I 2 11 S 3 Wind Hiver __ bull ___ 1100 5 r I 7 2 I 7 Hllceirnck 2 UOO a i 10 0 ll ICllrSOI1___ _ ___ bull__ 400 0 I I middot1 a 10 I I

PnlmeLbullbull ___ bullbullbull __ bullbull _ __ ff811g middot1 2 I I

Portlnnd_ aool 10 0 0 1 0 10 GuLCS __ _ 010 oj II I middot1 I J 2 7

SUlltiUlll ___ U~~ I I 0 9Bentoll ___ 700 17 J 1 2 -- shy~~middot~middot5 r~~-~L_~~Imiddot--~middot-~-middotHmiddot i 1

I Excillshmiddotu (If thllt cllllsod ill Ilceidcl1t

GROWTH m DOUGLAS Fm TUBES Oll KNOWN SEED SOUUCB 29

Parent-tree factors such as age and infection showed 110 effect on survival

The plantations differed little as to mortality 1rom physiological causes even thongh there was such a wide rangt ill the climntts and soils that striking differences occurred in growth Despite the gleat difference in environmental conditions between the Siuslaw area and the ~fount Hood-B area for example the plantatiolls on theSlt two a~eas differed in mortality by only ~ percent The greatest mortality chflerence between any two plantatIons was 6 percent

DIFFERENCE AMONG STOCKS AS TO DATE OF nUnSTING nUDS

Observations were made on the Vind River plantations in the springs of 1933 and 1934 to detelmine whether the different stocks difFered inherently as to date of beginning growth The plantations were examined when about one-third of the trees had burst their buds lt1n(l it was possible to distinguish three classes of trees-those with all their buds open those WIth some of their bllds open anel those with no buds open Each t1(e was carefully inspect-cd and classifie(l Wiele differences apl)(llr(gt(] between some of the stocks as is shown by table 11 When examined in 193B more than (ji) percent of the trees frol11 Lakeview Carson and Portland eed had bmst their buds so that the needles were out and the new shoots were noticeably elonshygated In contrast ]lOt llIore than 5 perCent of the trees c1ClivCl frolll Darrington Hazel Fortson and BCntoll had burst their buds

rAIILEl11-Strtles of bud 11l11slillfl ill lite Willd Rire plaufalion8 lillie fl 11133

Progell~ withshy

SeedsourlO loealit~ cedles out I ITlIl(l~l~~lrstl All buds tight

---------------1---[----1---_ I~crccllt 3 PerCCllt 3 Pacrlll3

Oranite Fnlls _ 22 (plusmnJ Uj) 29 (plusmn90) 49 (plusmn120)Darrington 5 (plusmn2H) 27 (plusmn8J) 08 (plusmn80) Palmer _ - __ 22 (plusmn7ll 5a (plusmnOO) 25 ~plusmn(lMJnkeview _ __ bull _ _ (in (plusmn115 20 (plusmnOO) 1middot1 plusmn67l Oates __ __ _ ___ __ l8 (plusmnO2) 45 (plusmn50) 17 plusmnfgt5)Snntiull __ __ ____ ___ 33 (plusmnIOO) middot15 (plusmn128) 22 (plusmnS8) Fortson __ bull __ ___ _ _ 5 (plusmn50) 13 (plusmn12li) 82 (plusmn119)Hnw __ _ _ ____ _ 0 23 (plusmn112) i7(plusmn112) Wind Hh-cr _ ___ bullbull _ 22 (plusmn90) 34 (plusmnIIO) H (plusmn1O5)RnceTrack __ _ aO(plusmnIJJ) a2(plusmn112) l2(plusmn144)Benlon __ _ _ __ 2 (plusmn20) a5 (plusmn7fil n1 (plusmn73)Portland __ ___ __ ___ _____ 87 (plusmnll) ll (plusmnl1) () Oarson _ __ _ __ il (plusmn8S) 21 (plusmn5i) Ii (plusmnmiddotI4)

-- ----~~- -- _----- ~~- Amiddoterage _ __ _ _ ____ 11 I ao I au

1Needles sproull out on cntire tree ami new shoots noticeably clollg-ntcci Buds bursting on Illost but not nil hramhcs (hurls on luwer hrnnlllCs usunlly olen Inler) needles not

entirely (ree frOIll the elTects of being compacted wit hin the hud sheaths so thut on the grelltcr purt of the tree they 111110 not spread outin a Illaturc hrushlike arrangement

3 rIle percentage of progeuy in each slage WIIS computed sepllrntely for cllch puren) lind the vnlues for dll parents ill [l given locality nveraged Numbers in parentheses UfO standun errors

To simplify cOInpiumiddotison of the different stocks the percentages for each seed-source locality were assigned weights as follows Needles out a buds burstillg 2 all buds tight 1 When the three weighted percentages for eHch stock were added the stocks were

30 TEQHXICAL HlLLgTIX 53i LT S ])f~lT OJ AUlUCLLTUltJoJ

found to rank in the following ol(ler as to time of bud blllsting ill 1)3a and 1034 the stmin bursting it buds eadiest being placed first

1)S8 lfJJmiddoti loltianu Wind llill1 ( alsoll Wind Hirel (JISOI1 ( Ia nitc Imiddotalls lOlt1an( OllIlIil( Wali Ltlpjcw Henton l-lIHicw lJa lIing-toll (lItC Da Irillgton Ua t~s Helltoll Hantialll FOllson SUlltialll Ioltson Hap lllIek Hazli Haec TlIlel Hazel 1tlmcl I HIllier

That thr ol(ler waS 80 nearly icl(ntieal ill the 2 yeals is especially ~ignjfi(ant for the reason that the ~lowil1g season in thc Vind River plantations bCgall 2 Y(lks lah thall IIOIma I in 1l33 and 2 wcels (arlier than l1olmal in 1)34middot The pplccntage of trees with open or blllsting buds for all stocks averaged (j1 on J ulle H IV33 and 43 011 Iay 3 IV34

COllipl(tl weathcr data arc available fol only (j ()i~ thc 13 localishyties in wllieh secd was collcet(c1 but kllowled~p of (athcr cOlldishytions in loealities sirnilal to 1I1OSP for which instlllmcnt llcOI(ls are laekillg lllakN po~sible athcr depcndable colnparisolls of all seed 501IlC( as to spling tClllpelattllcs Vllcn the nnlolls sloCks wcre diid(lt into thlcc classcs accordin~ to charaeteristiCs of th( spring clilllatl at the Heed sOllrcc a dose rClation was fOllnr1 betwln that elillwt( alHI the progl(ss of bud bUlsting at Vind HinI The first cIa i~ joll1llcl (d tock 110111 (ow-aJtitIHI( plains and ndlCys haying nlatiyply wall11 sprillg days and ni~ht the s(coIHl of stock JIOIU high altittH[(gts where both dnv and lIights IIC lold IIntil late in th( season and thl thild ofsto(k pound1011 foothill alleys hcrc in spling thl day arc wallll hilt owill~ to cold-ail drainagc the ni~hts are (old Fol thesC thll( cln~(s thC prollOltioll of tlees ill the rind Hinl plantatiolls havillg all tlwil bllds still elosccl Oil June V 1033 i as follows

Pr((I1ncof CC8 willi tIpound

bn(s tiyilt1 HIl11 RllIing day and lIig-hts] 011 IUlld __________ _______ ~ o (_II~(11l middot _ __ 4 _____ ______ _ __ _ ___ _____________ _ (i

La kfgtil__ ______ __ --- ------- - ---- - ----------------- 14 2 Cold -plillg dars IIHI Ilighl-

Hnlllinlll ___ ___- ___ _________________ bull ____ - -- ---- -- - - lalll)(I_____ _____ __ -- ------ - --- - ----------------- 25 Haec rlnd___ _________ _ --------- ------------------- 32

l nllIl -plil1g dayraquo alld ellid splillg lIightsGa 1 (gts _____________________ __________________ ---___________ ---__ 17 Viml Hivll _______ ___ ___bull ___ ___ __ _ __ ____ bull _________ 4-1 Grallil( 1falls______ _____________________________________bull _______ oil) HpI1101l ____________________ - _ ____ - ____ _ ____ _-_ -_______ G1 l)nlrillltoll ___ ____ _ __________ ___________ ---- ----- -- --- US IInz(l ___ bull _____ ______ ____________________ --___________________ 77 FOItSfJll ______________________________________________________--- 82

It is eidenl that tlw stocks in group 1 wel( the first to open their buds those ill gloup 2 followed and those in ~roup 3 with one exshyception we1( last This stl(((ssion is shown also by the 19M data

In their natin lo(alitils the sto(ks of gloup 1 have been obselved to (1(1(11 theil buds abotlt 3 WPlks eadiel and thos( of glotlp 2 about ) weeks later thall natin Douglas fir stock at Viml Hivcr In the

GHOWTFI OF DOrGLA- IH Tm~I~ OF 1)OW)I ~gl~1) SOllCg 31

localities where the stocks of group 3 are native Donglas fir opens Hs buds at about the sallie time 1 at Viml River

To verify thc di1lereJl((s in date of IJud bursting OhHClYlt~d at VintI Hiwt the Mount Hood plantations W(gtIC examined in 1033 actordinp to the saIne procetIulc On the i[OUllt Hood fireaH the seasOIl of growth begins l1ter becaus~ of thc hiphel e1evatiolls HO thiB eXalllshyination was made 3 weeks later thall the Vind Hiel examination Xone of the trees in the plantings nt 4GOO feet elentlion had Jullr (xposed thcil ]lC Jlcedles alld 87 pcrcent of the trces in thoe plantshyillps as n middothole had not btpun to burst thtil buds HowcclJ1Iore than 40 pcrcent of the tr(cs of the Calsoll 1111lt1 rOltlnmL stocks wel( ill the bud-hlilsting stage substantiatillg Vjn(L Hicr evidencc as to the early bud-llulstinp habit of these Rtock8 In the Mollnt Hood-A plantinp at 2800 felt (Jcvation alJOut 90 pClcent of the tlce had fully expoHed th0i I mld Ips and tltt lemain(lcl were bl1rst iug their bllds Herr the lioltson Hazpl Dallinpton and Benton -loeks (gtJO

the last to opell t1wil hllds holing the salllC tardy repOfle to spring (011lt1 it ions as t1HV showed at Ti nd l~i yel

]n IwitlH1 pail of ilollnt Hood plantations at thc timc when they weI( txallIimd a- glOth in the I)(sl stage oj adnneel1lent to indishyate (Itad~ till dilltlll1ctH lJtt ((1 I sto(ks ]n the plantations at 4GOO 1l(t too fl tnes had blln- flIPil bllds Ind in thC plantations at UiOO fl(t too many had alrpad 1lltaHl tlwil needl(s and cIonshygatp(l thcil shoots 11 both eas(s till III I III lit I of trpes in ClCh of the thrle stages ot blld bllrsting wns inHulitient to pelmit (olliplete llU 11J(Ii (a I co III pali-ons among all stock- The glel t intclal bet cell the calliest and the latcst Oll(llinp of bllds was l 1101(gt(10 (lell1onshystlatllt1 yel clea Jly

TaJ(liJl(s~ in b(rnn ing nn11l1H1 growth d icl not 1(8-en a I1tocks chancc of makin[ the saine It(ight glowthns L I1tock hwing all eady start Of the f(llll sio(ks that bedlll IIOyth Inttstin the season tIll Darshyrington and Fortson sto(ksYl 1( aJmp aVtIape height and the Haztl and Benton stotks WCIC onl) clip-htly b(lo a Crapt One of tlte stocks lHllsti1g theil buds (flll that derived from CalS(JI1 mudpound Y(IY pOOl hClght fowth (tabl( D)

Thp gleat sipnificaJ)(e of un inlltrit(J t(lHlen(y fOl ll-toek to h(gill growth ypry pall)in tllP sem~()n li(ls in tilt dnnpll or danwge LJylatc spring frost ObS(ITal ions hpfol( a nel after a la ll spli II) flosi on the rind lier plalllation 1IC1 yiplded (onsid(Iabl( dnia 1(I-al(ling the rclation of wcathcl to bud lJulstinp anel frost injury in the varishy(HIS stocks

An examination on ~Iay 31 1933 showed thnt the Calsoll and Portland plOgeny were the only opes the buds of which had opened to uny great extent thai many 01 Ul(se trees lwd begun to elongate their shoots and that others lul(l not blok(1l tIm bud sheath few scattercd indimiddotiduals of other stocks h1d blgull to OPCIl theil buds hut in llcarly all ease th(se cfllly-openinp trees were less than 1 percent of tll( total Illlmher DlIling tht night of )Ia 31 19a1 the (ooperathe Veatltt1 BU1Cllli station nt rind Hjel rc(ol(Ild alninishymum tcmpeltltille of 21)deg I Xo [empclHtul( hss than HGo had preshyyiously been recorded since )Jay 10 aud 101 the lalt S tbys in May

32 TJCH)JCAJ 13ULLETlS iia i ( - HEIT Ol~ GJUUl~LTtlU~

the llwan mnXillllllll tCllljJcrntlll(l wns )DO and the menn minimum ~~o hcn(( thl W lilinillllllll Oil ~ay H aHhollh it was onl jO

bel( ilPling- was all allllIpt chang rhe efl(ct of that su(lclcll (hange 011 tl1l lIlClllltnt IllW shoots 01 the Cal1-ion stodc wus V(lY

lloti(eabllill thc aitllnoon of )1111(1 1 110t more than 1J hours arhI the flclzi llg The lll- shoot s J)OrllJa Ih a lig-ht-g-JIPl1 (ole) lwei tUII1NlY(llo In another day (hpJ had 1)((Ollle Ipddish bron

On June 1 and ~ ss(cmatic notps wcre made on all tlPCS that had been Trostp( Mllst (1 thl bllds lhat wcn only partly open had beell injllLpd whilt most of those that eL( eithlL eiosed 01 cntircly opel1 hid es(pc(1 inj llly The CalSOIL stocle lwd been most susceptible to tbe flOst 01 a II (11( Ca Ison tl((S wit It IHW l1ped Ics exposed 40 percent wPle jlljlu(d ~[o~t of til( fllshly injured trees bore (kad blOml tufts of partly d((lojllc1 1H(dles eidellcc of fLost injury in ])1eshyyions ycan A fl t ilS froz(11 in ID)a Hhowed no signs of previous injury and SOIlH tl(llH IJ(HIing till lllHlks of freellingin fot111er years (Ie llot 110(11 j 11 Utl3

The Carson S(ed-SOUILP loCllity ami the Wind Ril1 plantation loshycality arc ollly T lllillH npalt by ail lim but CaLson is TOO f(et hmcl Calson lips ill till COllllllbin Hi (1 norg( here the pnniling wcst winds lwp hl( IHlSSLI and IhlIlfon Ita-flw calm nights with cold ail settling IlOlll tlllhillH aho( The middotind Hinl arpa lies ill a Jeyel ntlllj ltelp (old a il H(tt1(S from high Sll nounding hills on (aim pril1~ Hight Till 110lll1al l1Han daily minimum tempcrature for )fay is IT F at Calsoll and a)O at the ind Hi(l plantation arpa An aY(1H~( dillPI(J)(C of H in lllinillllllll t(ll111)(Iatllle is hiOhlysi~l1ificallt lsjweially IHa1 tlt( 10WlI elllplratUle (xtl(l11e at lich tl((S fllnctioll Bud of thc latin stolk at Carson burst from 3 to 4 weekH ellllit than bllJ of natin Hiock growing n(ar the ind Rier plHlItatiolls Frost following lllilsting of tlH bllds sddolll ocCur at Carson ~H lYiJl(1 Hiwl a SIIOI( 1)(Iiolt1 of a 1111 wath(I apploxishymatply eoillcidillg with the ])(riod of blld bUlsling Hi Carson plobnbly is sldiiei(nt to stal growth in Ihl Call-on --iock Thl first wanll period oftllI i foII Owd by (oldll (nthlI with llo--t at night

At Port lund tillt spring elinwtl iH J1(nrly the anle uS at Carson and ])ollgla- (iI IHIIb ib buds at nbollt till HllllP tilllC lIoe(I the Portland siock ai Yillcl Hi(I in tile Sllllll stage or gn)tit as the Carson sto(k tlld -ilililall (xpospd was not 110(11

Oc(asiollt I tlPPS fl(JIlI high-nli it Ildc HOIIIe(s had Cxpos(( their lll~(shydIeH unci IHCn IIOln 111(-( tl(( IHld u((n injuI(d hv frost in plCshyyiOllH YlHIS tI-oIlw fpw il1ltliiltlllals of hig-h-nltittidl ltocks that hnbittlalh 1J1l1~t Iwil 1)[I(IH lad ill tile Vind RiPI plantation it aplltalS ~II( as sus((ptihll to flo~t aH tile low-altitudl Calsoll Htoek

A fc of til( natin Vind JUnl [Iec ~I()jng neal thc plantat iOlls had bmst thli l IHldH and Vre i 11 the SaIne stagc of glowth as tlHl Calson stock but on 110 native trccs wcre signs of (Ullent frost jnjulV llotiec(1

Obllnltjons in ID lG 011 1- nnd 2-yeal-old seedlings of thc experishymental stock IPllwining in tll(gt l1111SlIY showed that frolll )O to 100 pClCent of thogt( of ll~Y se((1 S()~ll(l (1( damaged by seere fall frosts that OC(ullpd bdolC the lltCI bncls had mailll((l h~ll11)(rRshytnresof2Ho 2i a1ld WO l beill~l(e()l(led on thllC SlicetHsiYe nights No sign i fiell Ilt ditcrcncein susceptibility to frost was observed among different stocks

onOWTlI 01 DOlJGLAS FIR THEES OF SOWS SEED SOtftCB 33

DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTATIONS

Aside from the findings as to compurative growth of stocks differshying in provenance this Cxperiment for(ls a basis for studying the comparative annual height growth 14 of plantations identical as to origin of stock on lands differing in site quality Data on annual height growth of til( plantations alC given in tnbl( 12

As was statCd previously the site qualities of I hp plantation areas are approximately asfollovs Siuslnw II Snoqllalmie II Vind River III Mount Hood-A Hr ~1()nllt Bood-B V The nurse)y stock was outplantCd ill the springs of 1915 and HJlG as 2-ycal transshyplantsh17- by 7-fooC spncillg alld was 111Casurec1 in the antumns of 10 ddfe)Cnt years from 1Vl5 to H)31

At the poundilst llwasulpment in tIl(gt fall of the yeal in whi(h they were outplante(l til(gt tJPtS tvelwpd 01middot loot inlwiht in ewlY plantashytion LiLtIC or ~10 lliflmiddotIpnc(gt ~S fount alllOllg height uvpingCs for different plantation until nitel tlil third glowing s(aSOIl TI1ltn the site II and Rite III plnntings wpIe a ]ittl bllpr than the site V plantings By thC (nd of th( fifth year th( ~ite II plantingH wel( Iout 2 Jeet tnIl hi( t11( siLl l~ allll sitp Y plantings (1( only flDout 1 Joot tnll In ~ Y(lIS 11 0 J( Ih( sih n plantingH W(Ip nead 4 ept tall whil( thp sitl lY and site Y plantillgs (1( (111) half us tall At thC end of 10 seasolls in flip filld fhp sile IT plantings aY(rag((l 7 jppt in Iwighl and tlip siLl IV and sitp Y plnntings nn less than half IS tnll At t11nt (illl( thl silt ITI plmtillS W(L( 2 ieet leHs in ]Highl than the sifp II planlings

At the Just 11l(gttslIlpnl(nL in l)~1 on sitp II III IV anll V Ow heights of the IDl sIjps or planting a(lagld n IGn GI and 61 feet lCsp(ctivlly find tlw hlights of t11l1 1J1() slri(s ith 01H Ipss ypars growth aV(laglC1 1S9 Hi GA and 4~ -(t respectively On a Icndnnrl nl(a of sile qllalit~middot If alpl 17 YPlIS in 11)( fi(ld many Il(es WllP 3i 10 middot10 flll tall nnd WlIp gt to G inches in (liameter at a h(ight or middotLi iCpt abon~ 111(gt ground In plantatiollH of I hp samp age on the 811( V slope at 4GOO r((1 aliitndl pry f(middot tll(S erp mor(~ than 10 fNt tall and lillltes in diallwtpl Trpes on the site II HIpas WPI( mol( than tlllCP tinHs as tall as those on tI1l S1( Y nl(a Consi(kling th(s( 1(slIlt- from anolwr nnghmiddot II spasons of glOwth on Rite n ((1I11Ip(1 17 Hasons 011 site V 13 10 1) on sit(gt IY and 11 on Rite lIT allcl 8 ~pas()ns of glowth 011 itp I IT (Illnl((1 11 un site IV (HP(w(n ~itl Ir and itc Y not ll1uch glowlh cliilpl(ncp appeared 11111 il anC1 til( (middotIe(nth yCaJ Yeady t1atn for comparisoll 11( not availnbhmiddot 101 anylnllI p(lio(l)

The (lain alo Rhow tlH prognss of stn11l1 clCwlopnlCnt on orclinnly wild lands in W(~IlIn OIPg(1I alld w(stLIn Tashingtoll lffOltsh(1 by planting On til( site n HlNlS th( tI(PS nttailllmiddot(1 ~lI(h size n seasons aft(I outplanting that the stand wa bpginnillg to (081 and the branches at a h(ight of fj feCt abov(gt the glolllld w(Ie dying A stand in this stngC of ltleveoprnent is shown in figlll( I Oil tIle site III area whicmiddoth is (omparable to mlllh of till malginal farlll lal1(l l10W being abandoned in cstCll1 Oregon and (sterll Yahshy

11 Durilll 111( first II ~(Ull of Ihl Iif of 111( pIllllll1liollH nllhnm1I (II plnllllliiolls (11( HoL middotJilt(11 e(I~ yllUI t1n(n 011 HllltllUI hCig-ht gIowtll -W(~l1 obtnltHd by IP()I(IiIlJ Ill e(it loi11111111 IIICIlHUrlmiddotII1lIt 1101middot only 1111 I ull1l IUi1I1 I 111middot tT hll I 1111111111 (1111 i 1111 I growth

-- --

7-1

34 TECHXICL IWLLETIX 537 r - PEFr OF CilUlTLlTHI

- shy ~

-shyshy

-f ~

-

- --

- J

- - -i 1

= ~ - r

- - r 1

f - t

i

shy~I~

= 1 --

GROWTH OP DOCGLA~ FIR rRBER OP KXOWX SEED S01middotncl~ 35

ington t good protective cover of 6-foot trpcs was obtained within 11 years The latger trees are now closing up so that they arc shedshydin their 10wer branches Land of site quulities IV and V is proshyduclIlg wood yolulI1e Yely slowly The test plantations on land of these site qualities required 17 years to reach a size offering mateshyrial plotection to watClshecl values

1IlIU 7-H(tlLlII vI ~llIHIII IJluntuilon In 10middot1 III YlarH llrtlr cstnbIi8hlll(IIi

IIIfASUllgIlIENTS AND GEHIIIINATION TESTS OF SEED

l)(n till- H((lt1 jol this lxpelilll(nt was collected in the fall of 101~ (xt(lnie 1l)(aSUl(llllnts and tests wcre made in onlel to disshyCO(I nny pOhsibl( intlIIplatioIlS among bcc type (UIlt yillcL ((Jill

siz( s(Icli sizto nUlnbl1 of S((lel pCI (one seCd yinbility and r-izl of 1- nnd ~-vlal-()Id cP(IIinfs TIle llsults have alIpady b(lln (IHJIt(d in cOllsicierabll dCLail by Willis (lL Vi II is and HoflllHnll (8) and KIfllbll (j) so they will nl(~I(ly be slImrnaliz((l very bricmiddotf1y i1(le

TIlt glpa(lst nurnb(lrs of (ones wel( plodulc(1 Oil tttmiddot JOO to WO yellls of HIlt 01 ~ to ) f(lt in diamd(ll on land tlf~()ocl itl quality HlHh il(tmiddotS bon about 4 bushels of cOlles each upen-glOwll tlees ploltiucmiddot(middot(1 5) p(rcellt IllOle eones each than dtnsl-gl(J~n tnmiddot(middots Th( largest eOIHS (11 found on the trees showing til( grrai(t CUIltnt glowth of blaneilts and shoots On any giYln tnp th( larglst (onts wen~ found Oil th( lHOst yigorolls branches and the smallest conps were found all slow-growing -nl PPI(ssfd IJIanchls Young tl(cs yieldld lurgll (OI)(S than old tl(~es Cones from trees 15 yealS old a veaged 100 P(I bwi1(middotI a nlt1 (OIHS from tr(es (iOO y(als ltlid u(1_

aged 10 Hi 1)(1 bushel I-urge (on(1S u~llHlly contained larg(r s((ds and greatel nllmbels oi ieeds than small cones Seed from the

36 TEOHXlCAL nULT-l~TI~ 5J i U - Dl~Pl OP AGRICULTURE

largest (Ol1es averaged 35000 lX1 pOll nel n 11(1 seed from till smallest averaged 57000 per pOllnd Germination tests or elelUlcd seed showed that the number or viable fileds PlL bushel of conc was nearly the samc for lal(te as for small eoncs

Gelmination tests of eicaned see(l nwltie in OllttlOOl nnrscry beds during (j ucccssil YlIUS inltlicatlClno consistent efllct of provenance IIpon viability of seed Neithel the folm age site quality (olHlition as to jnrecLion 11OL locality or thc tree ShOWNl any appreciable corshyrelation with gelmination of its secd Similarly slllall and ltugc seed did not cliifll as to g(ll1lination

Seedlings from lurgc slcd ICIC slightly taller at the end of the first eason than seedlings from Sinal sled bllt by tho end of thc second season the two lob w(rC 01 ltqllal height No othcr Beedshysource factOl was fOlilld to have afrcctc(L thc hlittht trrowth of the ~-ycar-old seedlings h Igt

DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION OF RESULTS

This experiment the Iirst of its kim1 made with Douglas fir oifers CvidCI1(p of whal llIay bt Cxpldtl whell ~Nd of the Pacific coa~l forlll oi Dougla~ fit flOIlI various localities is lIsed 10 g(lIllate a fOlcst in WlstellI Olegon or westelll Vashillgtoll The results show that if good growillg eOllditions arc provided wed f101l1 allY one of several types of ptuent iTClS will plodllce ii fast-growillg stalld of yOUIlg trets

S(lpd t IC(lS of diifercnt ages wee foulld to be equally good parents () inl as growth of tht plogelly was cOIl(erllPL III all OVClIlIaturc stalld of Douglas fir lIsually tlHIC ale seattelcd groups of youllg trees that ale too slIlHll to be cut at a plofit Such (T((S will produ(c jUiit as vigorous seedlings as any othcls in the shUld fhey should be ldt and prolellpd as i-iel(l trees Sinlilaliy all old lIlisshapln lr((s that would noi return more than the cost of loggillg should be left if they ale sced producers

Ilees Iowing Oil pOOl silpS if t11ly al(~ widely spaced are oHclI cOllvelliefl( SUIII(eS of s(ld 01 piHntinl PllIp(ISt- III this pXlwrinwnt it has blell (itlIIonslmtecl by marc than 1000 progeny derived from the pOOl Laevi(w sit ( that the quu Ii ty at the si te 11(1(1 t hl parent WI did nol ufle(t the inlllr(llt vigor of t1w progelly It is belilvld lilat thl parenls were from onc of the first flW genelntions developed Oil the Lakeview sih iOIIIIlly tlnollfolest((i glacial olllwash pIa in possibly Ovel a l(JII~PI perioct hcreditary deficiellcies wight develop liS a r(suH of poor Sltl qllallty

The difr(IPIHes ill quantity of precipitatioll bpi ween JlIost so-cnllltl tlry and w(t loeulails in w(stern Oregon and Wlstlrn ~ashingshyton probably are not great enough to cause the development of Douglas fil strains dentanding (lithel wpi or 1l1Y sites 1111( tesb indicate thai no difrlrential standards of rnoisiuJe requirements need be asslIl1I((l for DOl1llns iii indivi(lnals growing in (liJilrent localities in the Collllllelcial timber zone of westCln Oregon ancI western Vashington

Slld lrNs that 1111( growll in PIY l1(IlSP lInll in V(Iy open stalHls plo(lll(( (Iqllall VigOIOIiS proWIIy Op(ln-growll IIPl with wide bushy (rowns pro(llll( Inrgp qlluntiti(s of (OlItS within easy Reccss and IIIC oilln tiJll 1Il0~t COIIfrtilnt 0111(( for Hl(d (ollldioJl There is 110

apparellt reasoll why Reed 101 plalltillg should not bc taken 1rom isoJatpd OPPI1-glOWIl trl(s Clowded tl(lS with their small CIowns (10 not produce so llluch Plcl m 0pNl-gIOWI1 tnts FIOlll tllP heledity stHndpoillt pit her densely glowll 01 open-grown trees Illlly be left to restock cui-ovet land but gllat(ll 11 1II1 lbell of d(llselv IPoWJ trees will be required in ord(r to ploduce the same amourit of seed

Of Pry gleat intCrcst to iolet(rs is til( qlllstion 11 eth (gtI it h safe to leuve trClS jnflCh(l with reel ring rot 10 Iwrp(tuate the shlnd Lumb(IllIel1 ale willing to leave suCit 1ICPS bpcHus( Ottll till wood is so perllHuted by Iot tllllt the tne is wOI-thllss 101 111l11bel It has sOllwti Ill(s btl1l cOlltlndld that tl1l PlOg(llY of sl1eh ttlPS nn~ sickly slow-growlIlg and 11 II ltipsi Ill bit On thl olIIPI hand it has bCl11 said (I) thai lil( fllngus wOIks only on til( old inaltfi( tisstlP alld may (x(ICisl no illfltl(IHe on the hcpl vital il1nctiom H(lfmiddottofolp no signifiellllt tests ha ( blC1l made to settle tire (jupstion wilpther initdld tll(S should be left as seed tnes In t1w plpsellt (lXPlIilllent tl(gt(S (1(Iind from palpnls inilctld with rpel rill rot ha( glown just as l1l as tilose from sound healthy palpnts Atnbout 20 )(als of age they sllow no signs of poor Iwitlth 01 d(dilling igor

It IIlar 1)( that slight inhlIpnt (lifrcIlnC(s in ehpillical or physi(ltl st lu(lltte faol themiddot plnetmtion of ilInglIs hyphae in on( tlll moll than ill another This point (allllot be tlste(l on the heledit v planshytatiolls unti I t hl Iwoglny dpveJop hla Il wood and bra IIth-stub H(nUps of entry to it Ulld(1 till damp shade or a (1011 (anopy where conditions are faolable for dpCJopnwnt of Ipel Iing rot In examining old-growth stands Bo)(( V) fOllnd pruetieally no red ring rot in trCPS IlSS than If)O years of tgl alit in sNondshyI()th stalHls SfliOliS rot J1(td not be alltieipaled 1)(101( tilat agl Flol1l the standpoint of nltlHlging a new stand of tinlb(l dCCay after lilO refllS dms not greatly mattlI tPCs older than jiO ~(als lose tlwil rHll1ing pOl 1 and til managed i0lest8 of the futllle will probably bl (ut b(fore lhl Itaeil that age

It is obvious that to eliminate fUlIglIS disease spolel from the oellllatllll- ionmiddotsts of tilt Pneific NOlthwest is quill impossible so that the IlHying of (onky s((1 tll(S can haye no apPIpciabll (1f)Pel 011

fOJ(st hygi(J1(gt in the rltgioll In yutting opelatiollS wlHn conky trees are PIPSCllt and art lHPckd to I slpd pllrposps they ~i1ollld be left sta nd Ill not Cll t and Ilft to rot on thc gro11 nd

Rlstoeking a rOtpst by plnntill usually il1olves (ollCctillg seed where it is pltntiful (en though tl1e- s(middoted-supply locality is at It conshysidPlable dIstance froll1 tite planting site Blinging seed froll1 alien habitats involves chances of misfits III a legion middotwith to])ogmphic and climatic variations as great as those of westCrn Orcgon and western middotYashin~ton trpes derived from the wurlll(st part do not thrive in the colclest part accor(ling to results in the prlsent experishyment in which tests werl made with some 11000 trees deliypri trom 13 dilrerent localities Altitllde 5(re5 as a cOlwenitl1t 111(1 ronghly accuratc n1taSllrc of clillwUc dilcrellces bltYCln to localities for whieh aetnal weather records are not anlilable bllt is not entirely reliable as a gage of elimate in sCaCoast Statl middotwhcle dimnte at 11

given altitude diffels aceoJ(ling (0 proximity to the ocean The test plantations sho clearly that it lS llot safe to USe seed from a warm coastal Qclt 101 planting in the high-mountnin climate of

Oregon anl Vashinlton and t ha t sOllie Rloek deli ld flom 11 igll altitlldeH IIOWH poody at low altitudes On till otllll hand tll~lS ltItIintl i(OIIl ((Itain lo(ulities at lelatiYlly low al itutlp- hayp dOlIP wpH at hilh altitudes These HlOle adaptable strains arc vely useful 101 planting in years when the seed crop is not l1(aY in alliocalitits If seed is sought 101 planting in 11middot lo(ulity YiWIt late spring frosb

ale poundI((lIlent it is unwiit to collect it from a locality thnt does 110t

han laltmiddot flo-ts Enn if the SOIlI(C of SlNI is within a Jpw milts of Ihe planting site (old-ail (Jlainlllc lIIar enUSe ent ilply diflel(nt (ollditions at tht two pla(ps lltllillg spring nights ant the S(ld Illay (onsecIIPnllV lw ill atiaptpd to the plantation sit(l Tht ploollnl or Jlosl dalilalt eannot Lw solld lntilely by II--ing hilh-altillldt tlilk Ihl hiih-altitude stock in I(sponse to the first warm cHther of splini lIlay Optl its buds too (all~r with till result that t IH all lallI flOzcn

Houl1ti Iu I sP(d llOPS () I DOlIllm fi I IISlIa 11r (J(CIII only OlllP in H CIaI lt11- BtwC(1l the Illay--tcri-elO(J ypars wl](1l satlsfadOlY 11Ipplips of slld 110111 0111( IO(trlit ip alp not availnbl( tlH plallt1 i liktlv to lw ItlIlplld 101 (xaillplp to IIH loal-ital to(k at Itigh altitucl(s Ol hilh-altitllclt l-itolk in tl]( wallll tiinlatc of Iht S(1HOast In gtmlal he (Il1llut sufll 1Il1 sPld IIntil Itt kllos it 0111(( and tlH (Iilllalc at tlwt HOIII(t TltplI Ill l-ihould match his ~(Ild-(Jur(e ana 10 his plHlltin al(a 011 titp iJUSiH of (Iilllatl lIlllps h knows 110111 aeillal tets tha II l((lain s(I(d nlthomil nati1 to a difftl(nt cliIllHIl is flIit(l(1 nll-iO to that of his plant ill 1 IlI

011( 01 Iltt 1I10 illlpolfunt (ollsidelutionsin plnllting a IOI(st i- the possibility of Ieitdilll a sllain (]( Iaet of fllpS mOlp igorolls than thai nali to thl plantinl Iilt 10 fto(k aiIIOlI illl I~ t(lttll in this lXlwlinllnt (xhibittd ollistalldillg hliht-iloth vigor ((n 1ll1l plantld in all aliln lllyilollnllnt TIll( lxlllltnt lllains (holl of tilt tl(lpS flOll1 witich s(ld was (oll(cied at (hanitp Falls Wmiddotnh and i)nllinlton ~ah (an be plalilcd with HI((lSS at any altitudl in W(ltlI1I OI(lon and wpstcm Wahinpton flonl the ((Justal hills to middotUiOO f(pt abon (a 1((1

Oinu to till nallOW limits of tite HlpaS OPI whiCit palll1t trces W(It saillplt(l t h( IlOlIIltIllips of tit( t Ipas O((lIpi(d by tilt lil 1Hli 01 Iilaills III 1101 kllown This (lXIWIiIlI(lIt pl(wld 0111 litat sto(k flOll1 (PIlaill pal(11l1 1I((s ill lo(alili(s a ](ttll tltall st()(k f101l1 (PIlaill palPlI1 II(PH in 11 otlllIlCl(alitils rnfollllnatlly it waH not ]lossihl( to jlIPSPIP 1111 tflitprl llllpnbfol lattI (x]lllillHlltul u-p nlo-t of IllllIl had I)(ln (lit and th( id((Jtily of the remainder was lost

If till PXIHII( of plalllilllis jllstifiP(1 (PItaillly till Illtll PdIH (XIWII( I(qllind (0 obtaill s(ld flolll PII)(Cially hildHplality SOIlI((i i- jlltifilll UIoing sto(k thaI pJodu(Ps ]0 pel(PIlI more wood than dolS li(()(k 110111 alloUItI s(l((1 SOUIel lIIay bring lxlla IP IIIn 100 tillllS tilt (xlla (ost of till Iepd

jlll llIolldity data takl1I in tltis (xpPIil1lpnt indilatt l thnt D(JIIIshylas fil lpd flOnllilY palt of till (OIllIll(Icial tilllblI ZOIl( of W(HtpllI OIPltrOII alld 1(ltIn alitillllolI 11IOtllll tnps tltal will lilllinin Hllyrotltll l(Ctioll of this tpl(itoy wilitin thp Ialll( of (olHlitions t(sld Nol tll tbt StOlili will IO thliftil in allllIdl pla(PH ]lIt in spil( of influ(lIccS in sOllie localities temlilg to slunl tlt(il growth all will -lItivc

GHQWlI( OF lJOVGLS 111 THEE~ OFJXOX -1E1l -0 l( I 39

The records of anllunl alld periOllie height growth on fllenS diJrclshying in site Cilln lity show tlint plant ing 101 wood prod lICtiOIl should be clolle on the IJciRt sites first If yoillme growth is proportional to height growth 1 year of idhnlss for a site IT a(le is n grcater ecoshy1l00ide los than 3ycal of idlegtnl~s Tor a site IV 01 sitegt V~aele

On land of itl cllality II ill the PIClitllt zone of lumbering opershyations west of tllt Cascades in Oregon unltl 1VHtihington the Umber glow(gtr may (xIWc( a ClOp of ChJiHtmas trees in 10 relus ancl in 20 pal 01 so n tIOp of post ana mine PIOj)S

Tn OI(]Pl to Il-- h(Ip(liwIT t(gtJ1(](lIrirs of the Pn(ifi( (ont COIm of Douglas fil (Jgt8((O811I[ i(uifoill (Lnmlell) Britton) seed was (ollect(gtlt1 ill till filii of 1lJ2 ill 13 dill(lpnl lo(alit i(middot in w(slplll Vmilshyingtoll and Wl-lrn OI(OIl within till tl(PS (OIlIIIIlI(inl llIl1ge The hp(s IIom which Hmiddot(d WIl-- (ollC(tld nlllltl)(~lill in aU 120 W(Il~ --o ehoPIl that in llJJ-t of llH l3 IOltilipc tlll uflindld (Ollita in indiyidllnl ehaJHe(tIisli(s COllljHuablp ((Jlltmiddotdians (gt1( HIn(J( fJom youn(t and oldtI ttmiddotp(s fJol1l lltps Iowin on HIPlS of ood site fllmlity altd IHIOI itt qllnlit flollJ cJpCn-gl()I1 alld clowclccl t1((s from fllngll -illf((middotted and Ilnildp(jld (I(ts~ llHd 11011 tl(tgti nt highand low nIl Iludts

COIJ(gt lind ~(ld I(IP llllaSlllPl nll(] Hpc1 was CstlllOI grlrninatioll The fPfd WH- -011 ill 1l1l1ClI lgtt(] in tilp SPIill of W13 find HlH The tlll ~1ClWll flolll itll tlIIl~plnllt(l within tllC nlllHI at tIl( age of 1 ~pat and (1( l1ipl ill til( spmiddotil1gs or IH15 and lHG at the ag( of 2 )(almiddots to pitaiJlih ](pli(ati( tlt plnntntiolls Nth (ontainshyillf PI0fPlly of PI palPII II(P TIlPs(gt plalltation IPI( IOlatp(l on blllj)td-o(I lIl(lIltinltpd fOlmiddot~t InlHl ill rOUl lo(uliti(gts Hnt at foul diilCIClIt nILitlltPs All tIll t(I-plantatioll I1I(n likl tlI( spd-eolshyleclion tllpa- Wll(l within ltl plilltipal Inl1( of till PHCifie (Ollst

f01111 of Dougln iiI The plalltltl t1((- (IP ohclYptl and mcasured in 10 (liflptpnt YPH] flOIll 11li lO ]f131 In ill( latlp] PHr the SUlshydying JlI1)P(Il~ II 1111 IIJPlpd nl)lJllt ~i()n Oil 111111 lfl]) plumiddotlllatioll nnc1 nlHJIlI 2kOIl 011 filII 1OIG plnntati()lIs Findings (tmiddott as follows

Th( ngl of till palvlII t 11( til( qlltllit~ of it glowing -it(l it~ It-illg 111(1 Illd it (()Illitioll n to fllnlI iuJp(tion hall JlO (f1((r

UPOIl thl hpigl( gCo1 of I II [l10fP11 OIH st(wkf rOIll n hlh alUtlldp Illud( IlltHh 1[1 1()Ilh 11m]] thp

nPlugP of nil t(wir- ill th(middot (l]unblC ltlillllll(l of Ih ()IPOll (oalal Itill~ but I(W 1l11lh lHttlImiddot tltall tIf IIPIi( at a hih nltitudp in dH Cuscaill Hnllp Jll (OIlIII-t U (CHk llolll tlIp OIP()ll toutnl 11ills ma(lp 1p-s gJ()lh than thl nnlug of nll stock- ill til( highshyaltitude plaJlntioll btl gl1 IJi1Ieh Inltp[ [hun IIlP IlUl in tllP (oata1 plantation 8((Imiddotnlt ()(middotk IPW ltl]lla lIy wpl L in comparison with thp aYPIngp on ltacll of tIl( tn plnnlfltlOn nnlh

lgtopPny frolll two r(Pltl-sOIIl(l lcJtalitit~ I1lnltl( ollttnndinltly gooc] height glowtil 911 lt1IPlY Illlalltl~i(JJl HletltheV (x~l(ldldthlc heightshygrowth ItIHgl i01 a t()( - -111(( 110 c IllladtIliii( 01 t 1( pal(nt I p(s a~ individuals was fOllnd to pxplain it t hi olltstnllclinQ Iowth was atttmiddotjbuild to inlwlilublp ior dlllltlCtPIi-tie of a --tlnill ()J rlCp within til( VHlily

40 TECHNICAT~ nlJT~LgTIX 53i u S lllUT o~middot AOUlCUlJrUlt8

Little cliilcrencc was obS(lvetl between the llverage height growth of the progeny of a given tree aml the llVCage height growth of the pro-cny of a11 pnl(nt tr((s in the same locality

~fol(lllity in the plnlltatloJ1s WlIS not aflectcd by SOUlce of seed MlIkcd diLrer~nces in the dltCS at which progeilY fronl seed trees 111 (hiterent localIties bUlst tbell leaf buds ele observed in theVind River und Mount Hood l)]ant~tiolls in the springs of 1933 uncl1934 In 1934 a yeur when the glowmg sen son began about 1 month enrlier than in 11)33 the olll(l in whiclt t1(~ valiolls stocks burst their buds in the Yinel River plantations as ]l(ndy the same as in 1933

One of the stocks thnt burst tlwll buds early in the season on the Wind Rher arCa was badly flo7Cn in the spjmiddoting of 1933 during a single night whell the t(l1l p(laitllmiddot( fell to 29deg If ttiter a series of lelativtly warlll (lays and lIihts This lo(k had been fro7en in prcvious years also Anoth(I sto(k on this area that had openeel its buds was nol afl0((ed by the rot

Trees on plantation areas of site quality II grew as tall in 9 years as trees frOlll th( snn1l p(l1(nts on a plailtation area of site qlialityY gr(w in 17 years On a good-qunlity lowland site aiter 17 yeals in the HeM many trllS WClC 15 to 40 feet tall ana were ) to () inches in diameter at a-height of +5 fr~t above the ground In plantations of the sume age on a P()01~ rocky slope at 4GOO feet altitucle very few trees were morc thun 10 ittt tall and 11 inches in diameter

No parent ehuladcristics wele obselvecl to lULl affected signiHshyeantly the yiabilitv of lIe seed The largest cones Hnd seeel were -rouncl on the young tT(eS aml 011 the mostvigolollS hranches of any given trec S(edlings -from lare seed were slightly taller during the Ihst year than seedlings from smull seed but during the second year the difterence disappeared

LITERATURE CITED (1) J30)tCE J s ~ ~

JfJ27 ImCAY 1) SKEI ~rllIES 1 TIn DOCOI~AS pm mGION Jour Foiestry ~ 25 HJ[i~Sm

(2)lfJ32 lJIWAY ANn OJl1lcrt TOSSES IN nOtTGTMl flit TN WESTEllN OIlFGON Nl)

ISIIIgtOTO 1T4 l)ppt ~l l~cth Bull ili 00 ]lV illuH ~ (l) IWsGl~X ~r and i1loCII E

Jl2l JI U~ STIIl(rumJ 1W IWl OF 101lE81 IllIms (gll~lisl1 translation hy I Jll(IllPtOIl) Bd 2 middotI~j lll illl1-~lw York J

(4) 1HOrIIlNOTT)[ E H 1BU) UOlorAS lTII A STIJ)Y (W TJII~ pACIFIC COAST ANIl nOOKY MOUNT

FOIl1gtIS P H D(I Agl FOlest HpIY Cilmiddotc 150 38 ]lp iIlus (5) KnMmu C J

1017 CnOOHINll TIII~ llI~sr THEI SEEDS TO1I Heredity S 483-402 (0) ItOSEIl J Tn

]fJ2() Tlll~ UlPOHTNCE OF SEED ROlHOE AND TllT POSSfBILITIES OF FOREST TRE IlHKlJlNl1 Tullr FOl(stry 24 38-51

(7) Wnus C P 1017 1l)C1HEltllAI lIESCIrs m A STUny OF DOUGfAS FIR SEED IN THE PACIFIO

NOHIlIWES1 Jom llllcstry 15 flfl1-1002 (8) -- aIHI IJOF~rNN J V

JHl5 A SIUDY ill lOOmAS FIR SEEf Soc Amer lorcsters Proc 10 141shy)04

(0) ZON nll)lg IWlliCI (W SOlJCg O~ HmD UION TUEl GUOWTH OF DOUGLAS FIR

VOlesUY QUill 11 middotjI)0-502 11 S GOVERNMEttT PRHlTUtG OfFleEt 1936

101 ~1I1 by till ~1I1ltrJJJIu(hllt of J11llUIIIlUtH W1~lllll~lII U ebullbull - - bull lllca 10 cellt~

t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~

Technical Bulletin No 537 December 1936

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WASHINGTON D C

GRO~TTH OF DOUGLAS FIR TREES OF KNOWN SEED SOURCE

B~ THOItXTOX T lll~XGln (lirccor nJlll VI1IIAM O ~rOimIS (8~i~( Itt ~iILiclIlshyIlirisl Pa(jfic S(1rllllr(~t Pocs RpoundlCIilll(lti StatioH POlcst SCIliC(l

CONTENTS

Puga Introduction _ Hsults-rontinuCrl Experim~lltul JJrocNlure ami (ondflions Mortality ___ 27

~~lrlLion of jlllrrnt treCs nnel (oilcNion of DifTorcneo nmong stocks as to dule of ~eed ___ ~ bullbull ~ 0_ ~~~ hursling burls_ W

Sowing amI plnlllin( 1)o-clopment of pluntatlons 33 Planting nr~~ lIensurcmcnts nnd fCrmilllltion t~middotts off

rnro of ptnntlltionlt 10 seeeL ali Periodic eXllnlinutions bull 10 lJisrllssiollllnrl llpplintioll of results lli Damnge to plantulions Ii) 8luumllry_______ _bullbull _ 31l

Ho~ult~ II JifOrnluro cited ______ _ __ middot10 lIcight growth of vurious storks 11

INTRODUCTION

i y flY S()()I~ aTter the nntional forests of thf Pncific X olthest ere

llt 1111((1 t(lblliClI lllHllagellHllt an(~ artificial leiOlestation vas (gun on tI lll~ quetlOn~ bfgan to anse as to the sped provenance hat wou](1 rive best reslllts in both natural and flrtifipinl reforestashy

~on Doug as fir (l)8(Urot8U(j( t(llolia (Lambert) Britton) being J(lC all-plc-ailing and outstandillg trCe oT the lOllllllercial til1lbel

zone of western Yashington and psteen Oregon the problem here ~entered in this one spceics The natnlnl range of this tree is very reat pxtenlling frolll sea level to altitudes of 5000 feet or so and

lJldllrling sqils varying from rich lonms to almost sterile gravels Yide nlria~jons exist also in the age health and crowll c1e-elopshy1l1ent of Ihe seecl-benrillg trees It seell1e(l probable that sepel from certain loCalit1ps would show hereditary traIts that would render it espPcially suitable for regeneration on some sites but unsuitable for some other sites It seemed probable also that for a ginn locality the quality of the seed and of the seedlings grown therefrom would vary somewhat with the age health and crOWll denlopment of the parent

Astlldy of Douglns fir seed anel its hpreditary characteristics was therefore one of the first plojects U1Hleltaken bv the Yiml River Forest Experiment Station1 of the Cnite(l States FOlest Service




































121 17


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MOUNTAINS


























SOWING AND PLANTING







PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~




































121 17


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- 950 FT Cl - 2800 AND 3850 FT ( - 700 FT -

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R E G 0 N I I I

I


MOUNTAINS


























SOWING AND PLANTING







PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~
























121 17


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41 - i 100 FT I

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2600 FT

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U lt) FT

) u 4600 FT ~ 2100 FTU f

- 950 FT Cl - 2800 AND 3850 FT ( - 700 FT -

i r I I

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R E G 0 N I I I

I


MOUNTAINS


























SOWING AND PLANTING







PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









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121 17


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41 - i 100 FT I

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2600 FT

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U lt) FT

) u 4600 FT ~ 2100 FTU f

- 950 FT Cl - 2800 AND 3850 FT ( - 700 FT -

i r I I

I I I4

R E G 0 N I I I

I


MOUNTAINS


























SOWING AND PLANTING







PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~




121 17


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R E G 0 N I I I

I


MOUNTAINS


























SOWING AND PLANTING







PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~






















SOWING AND PLANTING







PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~






PLANTING AREAS













7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~










7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~





7-Oi()O-tn--



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









---

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JOI6 I











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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~



CAnE OF PJANTATIONS















RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~








RESULTS




M~TIIOJ)S OFAXHYSIS
















i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









---

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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~













i ~~f111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111m11111111 1111 11111111111 1 ~ 10 15 20 25 30 3$ 40 -4~ $0 5$ eo 0$ 70 7~ 80 85 90 95









---

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17-100 1111- II S middot1 [) S -I 11(11- I 0 l 11








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t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~
































t~__~=- ~-- 11-- ~ ~






















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Documents

Growth of Douglas Fir Trees of Known Seed Source - AgEcon