GROWTH SHELTER BASED ON GDS-BB PRINCIPLES FOR

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 211–221, Article ID: IJCIET_10_02_024

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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GROWTH SHELTER BASED ON GDS-BB

PRINCIPLES FOR MANDAILING ETNIC

SOCIETY IN MOUNTAINOUS AREA, NORTH

SUMATERA, INDONESIA

Cut Nuraini, Hibnul Walid, Saufa Yardha Moerni

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil & Planning Engineering

Institute Technology of Medan

Rahmad Dian

Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Faculty of Civil & Planning Engineering

Institute Technology of Medan

Suprayitno

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering

University of Medan Area

ABSTRACT

This research aims to provide an alternative design of core house and its

development by using GDS-BB principle for Mandailing etnic society in mountainous

area. This qualitative research is use the combine methods such as planning, design

and brainstorming. An analysis of the characteristics of the findings in the previous

study yielded two land alternatives for the proposed GDS-BB home design

development. Two types of land are proposed after analyzing each stage of housing

development in 24 growing house cases in three villages. The stages of development

and construction of each case study house indicated that houses which is grow static

but also developing dynamically, even extent of reaching three times the core house.

This phenomenon shows that there are two tendency of interest of society to its

dwelling, such as simple type (small) and big type. This finding recommends two types

of land to be developed into GDS-BB core house and its development, namely 1) land

type 1 with measuring 8 x 9 meters called pakarangan and 2) land type 2 with

measuring 9 x 13 meters called pakarangan bolak. For one type of land, there are

four design alternatives, while two land types have two alternative design of core

house and its development. The number of GDS-BB design of core house and its

development in each type of land was influenced by the tendency of more modest

grown houses (13 samples) compared to the vast growing house (11 samples).

Key words: Growth Shelter, Core House, Development, Mandailing Etnic Society.

Growth Shelter Based on GDS-BB Principles for Mandailing Etnic Society in Mountainous Area,

North Sumatera, Indonesia


Cite this Article: Cut Nuraini, Hibnul Walid, Saufa Yardha Moerni, Rahmad Dian

and Suprayitno, Growth Shelter Based on GDS-BB Principles for Mandailing Etnic

Society in Mountainous Area, North Sumatera, Indonesia, International Journal of

Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 10(2), 2019, pp. 211–221.

https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=2

1. INTRODUCTION

Basic research on Mandailing was reveals the initial data of two indegenious villages in

Mandailing Julu such as Manambin and Habincaran especially about the heirloom house floor

plan design. The previous research shows that vernacular dwelling as heirloom house in

Manambin absolutely using the GDS-BB principle when built the house (Nuraini and

Thamrin, 2017) [8]. In other research, Nuraini (2017) [9] supported Nuraini and Thamrin

(2017) [8] assertion which is to build the house for Mandailing etnic society especially in

Habincaran, it must follows the GDS-BB principle.

The studies about core house and its development or usually called gradual development

system concept has much been done by some researcher, such as research by Dewi and

Swanendri (2007) [1] which focus on design model of core house and its development for

urban society in Denpasar, Bali. Dewi and Swanendri (2007) [1] described the hierarchy of

space needs to build the core house refers to Maslow's theory adapted to the needs of the

Balinese. Other researcher, Murbaintoro et al (2009) [5] reveals that the design development

of core house for the people in Depok city has to accomodate the backlog and optimizing the

open green spaces. Murbaintoro et al (2009) [5] research is aims to build a vertical shelter

design development model towards sustainable housing development and its implications for

housing development policies for low-income communities in the city.

Two studies related to the model of residential design development which ever done more

intended for people in urban areas and only use standart or general theories about the house

design. Research on the model of residential design development with gradual development

system is more aimed at rural mountain communities and not only using general house design

theories, but more importantly using local philosophy.

The previous research found the new fact about core house and its development which is

using the GDS-BB principle with four characters. The four spaces character in the design of

core house and its development with GDS-BB principle have been used as the basis for

making alternative models of GDS-BB grown house design. The results of previous research

and a number of issues that have been described in the background formulate the research

problem as follows :

1. What does the experts and the Mandailing society think about the GDS-BB home

design alternatives that have been generated based on the character of the findings in the

previous research?

2. How or what is the GDS-BB home design or growth shelter development model

which is suitable for rural mountain communities in Mandailing?

2. LITERATURE STUDIES AND RESEARCH METHODS

2.1. Growth Shelter

Growth shelter or as in this paper called the gradual development system is a concept of how

to build a house step by step. The concept of developing a growth shelter is divided into two

part, namely growing vertically and horizontally (Siahaan, 2013) [12]. Usually the concept of

a growth shelter or gradual development system is planned if the homeowner feels the need to

Cut Nuraini, Hibnul Walid, Saufa Yardha Moerni, Rahmad Dian and Suprayitno


prepare the house for the next stage of development, for example because of an estimate of

the increase in family members. Growth shelter or build a house with gradual development

system also must pay attention to various factors such as the possibility of building expansion,

adding floors, and supporting construction factors. Hindarto (2008) [3] was explained that

from the beginning, a growing house was planned with a complete plan and included with an

estimate of the extent to which this house could be built while still paying attention to the

health of the building.

Hindarto (2008) [3] also revealed that the problem that often occurs in the design of

growth shelter or a gradual developent system house is the lack of planning from an early

step, so that the houses that are built do not have health standards, structures and so on. If

only adding more space without careful planning can result in the loss of functional aspects of

the house. The main principle of the concept of growing houses is to grow or increase the

parts of the building by still being a healthy home and structurally also strong.

2.2. Gradual Development System Based-on Bincar-Bonom (GDS-BB) Principles

The history of the development of residential layout design/residence in the three village of

huta induk in Mandailing (Hutagodang, Manambin, and Habincaran) shows that since the

beginning of the construction of the house, the setting of each room has also applied the

bonom-bonom principles which regulates the place or space for each occupant. In the

beginning all houses generally consisted of only three large parts, namely pantar jolo (the

front), pantar tonga (the middle), and pantar pudi (the backside) with four rooms inside,

namely the living room on the jolo (front), one bedroom and the middle room in the middle

and the kitchen in the back side. At this stage, all cases have the same characteristics in terms

of the first number of spaces that has been built (Nuraini, 2017; Nuraini & Musani, 2017;

Nuraini & Thamrin, 2017; Nuraini et al. 2018) [8, 9, 10, 11].

All cases show the same tendency in terms of room settings for parents and children,

senior and junior, old and new, young and old. Every old room, strived to remain in the

bonom area, while new spaces are developed in the direction of the bincar. The GDS-BB

principle found in Hutagodang, Manambin, and Habincaran village shows that the gradual

development of each residential plan carried out by each heir is always adapted to the need for

space for each new family member but is always guided by the Bincar-Bonom rules

governing the location of the place or room settings for the occupants. Bincar is synonymous

with young, new and junior while bonom are identical with old, old and senior (Nuraini et al

2014a, Nuraini et al 2014b; Nuraini, 2017, Nuraini & Musani, 2017; Nuraini & Thamrin,

2017; Nuraini et al, 2018) [6, 7, 8, 9 , 10, 11].

Residential designs in the three huta adat villages were indicate that the application or

application of Gradual Development System Based-on Bincar-Bonom (GDS-BB) Principles

has the following characteristics:

a. Private spaces for seniors are located in the direction of bonom area, while private spaces

for juniors are in the direction of bincar area. The private space in this residential is the

bedroom;

b. Service spaces are in the inner area (backside) but the direction of development is in the

bincar area, especially for the kitchen room. The setting of shower room is located in the

bonom area;

c. Common spaces as family gathering are located in the middle and are more often used by

women, and have several functions, namely the family room, the gathering room and the

bedroom;




d. The public space is located in the jolo section (in front) and the main function is a gathering

place when holding certain events. The public space area that is mostly used as a living room

during the day, at night can serve as a sleeping area for unmarried men. The interesting thing

that was found in all cases was that every development from a growing house with Gradual

Development System Based-on Bincar-Bonom (GDS-BB) Principles always retained the old

spaces in the bonom direction while the new spaces developed in the bincar direction. This

finding will be used as a basis for the development of residential housing design models that

are in accordance with the needs of Mandailing people in mountainous areas.

The characteristic of a residential design with the GDS-BB Principle and room

arrangement with the GDS-BB Principle should be shows in figure 1 :

a b

Figure 1. (a) the character of a residential design with the GDS-BB Principle and (b) room

arrangement with the GDS-BB Principle

(Source : Nuraini et al, 2017; Nuraini, 2017; Nuraini, 2018)

2.3. Research Methods

This study uses a combination of research methods and design methods (Groat and Wang,

2002; Howel, 2013) [2,4]. The first step of this research was used a descriptive qualitative

research method with a data collection strategy (Yin, 2003) [13] through participatory

observation and structured interviews (based on previous findings) with purposive sampling

(heritage houses in the village with indigenous status). Deductive analysis is carried out to

form the design character. The second step of this research was designed the development

model of residential plan design based on the findings character and tested to the community

through a brainstorming method followed by the design of the final model of development

design based on brainstorming.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Design Model of Core House for Growth Shelter: The Alternatives

The analysis on the character of the findings resulted in two alternative fields for the

development of the proposed the growth shelter or GDS-BB house design. These two types of

land types were proposed after analyzing each stage of housing development in 16 cases of

growth house in two villages. The stages of development and development of each case study

shows that there are houses which are developing statically but there are also houses which

are developing very dynamically, so that the area reaches three times the core house. This



phenomenon shows that there are two trends of public interest in their occupancy, namely the

simple (small) type and (large) type of development. In Manambin village, there were five

cases of simple growth shelter or GDS-BB house design (C2, C3, C4, C6 and C9) and four

large growth shelter (C1, C5, C7 and C8); in Habincaran village, there were four simple

growth shelter (C3, C4, C5, and C6) and three large growth shelter (C1, C2, and C7) as show

in figure 2

a b

Figure 2. GDS-BB Growth shelter in Manambin village : The Simple and the Large (b) GDS-BB

Growth shelter in Habincaran village : The Simple and the Large

a b

Figure 3. Land type 2 with 2 alternative design of growth shelter based on GDS-BB principle

The finding recommends two types of land to be developed into growth shelter or GDS-

BB houses design, namely 1) land type 1, measuring 8 x 9 meters and 2) land type 2,

measuring 9 x 13 meters. For land type-1, there are four design alternatives, while the land

types-2 have two alternative design proposals. The number of growth shelter or proposed

GDS-BB house designs in each type of land was influenced by the trend of more modest

growing houses (13 samples) compared to houses that grew very broadly (11 samples) as

described above. The details of each design in each site are shows in figure 3 and figure 4.

a b




c d

Figure 4. Land type 1 with 4 alternative design of growth shelter based on GDS-BB principle

3.2. Brainstorming Study to the Experts

Four alternative design models for growth shelter on land type-1 and two alternative design

models for growth shelter on land type-2 then tested to the experts and the Mandailing

community. The first testing process is carried out to experts and then to the Mandailing

community. The process of testing to experts on six alternative design models of growth

shelter or GDS-BB house design uses three important aspects related to growth shelter design,

namely 1) the growing process in accordance with the principles of Gradual Development

System; 2) GDS-BB layout, and 3) occupancy related room functions.

The test was carried out after previously being labeled in the form of a model code to each

alternative in two types of land for ease of assessment. The three aspects used as further

assessment are weighted with a scale of one (1) to three (3). The labels of each alternative are

arranged in table 1 and the assesment in table 2 belows :

Table 1 The code of alternative model desain of growth shelter or GBD-BB house

No. The Alternative of Model Desain Type of Land Code of Model

1 Alternative -1 1 (8 x 9) m (Type-1) RA.1 – L1






Table 2 Assessment of three aspects of growth shelter or GBD-BB house

No. Assessed aspect The Value

1 Growth Process (GDS)

3 (Good); 2 (Quiet Good); 1 (Poorly) 2 Room Arrangement of Bincar-Bonom

3 Room Function

The phase of model test to the expert was carried out on August 10, 2017. Experts who

were invited to conduct an assessment of six alternative models that had been designed

consisted of colleagues from internal institutions, one person from another institution and two

people from the external, namely Indonesian Architects Association of Medan city, North

Sumatera.

The test material is presented in the form of structured tabulation sheets which are

equipped with the model name, land code, land size, land area, model code, three aspects



tested (GDS process; BB layout, and function), number sheet, comment column and

suggestion column. A detailed example of a tabulation sheet for the GDS-BB growth shelter

design model for experts and documentation of the model test process can be seen in figure 8.

Figure 5. Details of the tabulation test sheet and documentations of test process of the growth shelter

model to the experts

The results of the test to the experts on the alternatives of the growth shelter or GDS-BB

design model shows that: 1) for land type 1, alternative model three has the highest value

weight in terms of three aspects (growth process, BB spatial layout, and function); 2) for land

type 2, alternative model one has the highest value weight. Every alternative chosen gets input

from experts, especially related to two aspects, namely:

Roof Design

Since the construction of the core house until the home development process, specifically the

roof design must be considered the type. Experts agree to recommend the type of gable so that

the construction process is not much dismantled and does not significantly affect the growth

process in the development stage.

Material

The use of local materials is suggested to be an important part in the development of growth

shelter or GDS-BB design model. This not only relates to its location in mountainous rural

areas which is more suitable for using natural materials, such as palm fiber and bamboo, but

also concerns the local wisdom that is closely related to the growth shelter or GDS-BB design

model if it retains local material.

The test results of growth shelter or GDS-BB design model to the experts can be seen in

table 3.

Table 3 The test results of growth shelter or GDS-BB design model by the experts




The model test result shows that alternative-3 land type-1 represents the design model of

the growth shelter or GDS-BB design model of standard/simple type GDS-BB while the

alternative 1 type of land-2 represents the design model of the growth shelter or GDS-BB

design model type dynamic/development. There are several important notes added by the

experts related to suggestions for improving the selected design model, namely:

1. Consider the layout and width of the secondary entrance to the building that is strongly

influenced by the standard door size.

2. Consider the placement of frames in the initial stage to the development stage to avoid

dismantling the frame.

3. A good growing house is one that does not experience demolition, but naturally is built

according to needs and considers the structure and construction accordingly.

4. The position, location or setting of the bedroom which refers to the Bincar-Bonom principle

must still consider air circulation and direct sun exposure at certain hours so that the

occupancy function is more perfect.

3.3. Brainstorming Study to the Community

The design test process to the community was also carried out on six alternative models of

growth shelter or GDS-BB design model by using three important aspects related to growing

house design, namely 1) the growing process in accordance with the principle of Gradual

Development System; 2) GDS-BB layout, and 3) occupancy related functions. Model testing

to the community cannot be done simultaneously due to the time constraints of each

respondent to provide design input. Therefore, the model test to the community is done

directly from house to house according to the willingness of the respondent's time.

Test results to the community on alternatives of the growth shelter or GDS-BB design

model shows that: 1) for land type 1, alternative-3 has the highest value weight in terms of

three aspects (growth process, BB spatial layout, and function); 2) for land type 2, alternative-

1 has the highest value weight. Every alternative chosen gets input from the community,

especially related to four aspects, namely:

a. ROOF DESIGN. People like the shape of limasan and saddle roofs and avoid over-roofing.

People like the shape of a simple roof.

b. MATERIAL. People tend to like modern materials rather than local materials, because they

are considered easier to obtain and easy to maintain. However, the community does not mind

using local materials, provided that the material is easy to obtain. The material that is

currently difficult to obtain is palm fiber roofing material.

c. SPATIAL. The community likes the inner spatial structure in every house. This shows that

the design of a growth shelter with the Bincar-Bonom layout is very familiar with the



community. This fact also confirms the sustainability of the community's understanding of the

Bincar-Bonom concept in the Mandailing community's spatial layout.

d. ORIENTATION. Most people prefer the orientation of the building to the north-south,

compared to the east west. This fact also shows the sustainability of the Bincar-Bonom

concept that the east and west directions are the direction of growth, not the orientation of the

building, because the eastward assumption is only appropriate for the orientation of the great

building or building for the king.

Figure 6. Documentation of brainstorming process of the growth shelter model to the Mandailing

community

4. CONCLUSIONS

The results of the analysis of the growth shelter based on GDS-BB principles to the experts

and the Mandailing’s community showed that the model of the growth shelter design

proposed based on the findings character had the potential to be developed in the commercial

direction. This can be seen from three supporting aspects, namely the growth process, spatial

planning and function. The first research question about how expert opinions about the

growth shelter based on GDS-BB principles was answered. Experts consider that the growth

shelter based on GDS-BB principles has a strong character in terms of its spatial layout and is

at the same time a major feature of the design model of a growth shelter for rural

communities. Selected design models must still consider a number of recommended things,

namely: 1) roof design, and 2) building materials or materials. Experts agree, that the gable

design can be an alternative choice that can accommodate changes or growth in space, while

the use of local materials is strongly recommended in order to maintain local wisdom and

value of buildings.

The second question is what kind of design model for growth shelter based on GDS-BB

principles that matches the character of the findings has also been answered. The growth

shelter based on GDS-BB principles consists of six alternative designs that represent standard

(simple) designs and development designs. Six alternative proposals were tested and

analyzed, indicating that there were two selected models which each represented one type of

land, namely the type of small land and the large type of land. To improve the design model

from the core house stage to the development stage, corrections and improvements are needed

in several parts, so that the principle of demolition-free housing growth can be reduced or

even avoided.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research is a part of research on housing design model based SABB that adaptive to the

environment for rural mountainssociety and is funded by the Ministry of Research and

Technology of Higher Education (Kemristekdikti) Directorate of Research and Community




Service of Higher Education (DRPM) through the University's Higher Research Grants

PDUPT) for the fiscal year 2019. The researcher expressed his gratitude to:

1. Ministry of Research and Technology of Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) of the

Republic of Indonesia, which has provided grant funds;

2. Directorate of Research and Community Service (DRPM) Higher Education (Dikti)

Indonesia which has provided an opportunity for researchers to conduct research on PDUPT;

3. All the villagers of Singengu, Manambin, Hutagodang, and Habincaran, as well as local

community leaders who can not be named by researchers one by one. Thank you for all the

information that has been given to the researcher.

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GROWTH SHELTER BASED ON GDS-BB PRINCIPLES FOR