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t u ' i r . l . , ' . ; . 1 , , ' . . . ; l j i l ' . i : . . . i ; ' 1 ' t : : , - . i . - ' : . : - t ' . 1 1 , , . . . ' , , ' 1 r 1 f i ; , ' 1 i 1 t 1 1

i t . i s t t t t , . s i t l i i t i t 1 . . ' e r ) , - , r l r : i r i i r - e r l r - : i t ' i t l e r i r e , ) f i i t e l i t t . r r t

, , ( ) l . l L l L l c \ t . r i l - I L r . r r r r . r . i t r r , : , r . f ] r i - r l l r i c r - f r r e t . r t i r i r t r : l ' r . r . e , , 1 c \ l t c -

. i e l i r ' o l l t hc s rn r r i , rn r ' ' ' t r t - t he . l r { - rh i t t c tL r rc t ( ) t l r . r t . r t ( ) f hc r

; r l . rn r t cc i Hur r i ! cn tc rs . . \ t l c i r t ron . r l l r . t hc i r r r c rp r c t - l uo l r l r . l s

somct i rncs I rccrr b;rse. l on t i rc prgl '11 ' r r .cr ' l . l i t - tercnccs i )c-

t \ \ 'e cn th c r rch i tcct l t rc ( ) a \ " i r . r co chrr p.un F). r . r r i c i l , r c . r l

i ' l L t l t t t t . t c l r t i t ' r ) s i t c - r . - rn r i r i t c : l l - . i t c : j i t - l oc l r i , ; r r o t - \ r i r . r c r . l c l t . r -

r - . i l i np . r ( ) r l t hc ro . l t i s . , r t c rn , T i r c ( . ' ons t rL i ( ' t i ( ) l r o i \ r i t ' l t coch . t -

l ) . i i ' n P . i . l l o " i ' , . ' \ . C l - . ' . \ . . 1 s i r ' J " ' e r - : O n r o l e t c c l . \ i l r e c " \ ' c , l ( )

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l t r v C i l t e . . i ; t t . - l : t l i i . . r , l - , , ' t r . ' , . i r 1 . . . ( . \ ' l i { ' C i . f ] i . . l t : . : t ' n t s r . t i i i -

PJr r c I l ) i ng u t - . t r - t t i i . i i . r i t . l r . , r c . i r L , i i . t D i c I r un ] u i l t e r i - - i t t . t i ls i tes, I wi l l give part icular atrenrion co rhe architecturalrelat ionships.

Nlarc . r Hu. rurachuco is thc prccnr incnt loc . r l r i tc . I t cor ' -ers approx imare ly z . -1 krn 'and is located l - r igh on a p l r tcar rrhat dominates th t : ent i re Huamachuco erea. I t is rnostr . r i r r t r r . is fo l r rs ln( ) l rL l n ic r r r r i . r rch i tq 'Cturc . i r h ic i i i r rc lu . lcs

nLrnrcroL l \ c - \ . I lnL) lcs r . r i r . t t L t l t rs ror ic r l bu i ld inqs. . { l ihor r g i r

bui l t using a dit- ferent and much rnore imprcssir, 'e masonrvstv le than r i r l r r :sed at V i rucochapanrpe. rhe br - r i ld ings ar thctu 'o s i tcs r rc i r r rn .ur \ ' \ \ . ' r \ ' \ r 'e rv s inr r l . r r . N i . r rc . i I - { l r ln r : r -chuco. i rou 'cvcr , i r , rs rnorc , " ' . r r r lL r r l r tv rn t l l c p l . rns o t - i tsbui ldings, including circuiar and curvi i inear as n'ei i :rs rect-. tngr,r lar bLri l , . l rrrqs. The sirc , .r ' . rs fbr-t trded l .rre irr the E.rr lv

l ' l t c r c s c : t r - i l t , , r r r . . ' i t l c i t t h i s l : i r " r r . l . , r s c , l h l s l . e t r t g c t r c r o t t . l v s t t l . -

; . ( ) f t c , - i l , i ' l i t c 5 r : , e r . t . i 5 c : i r i i - ' , i : i . 1 i l l : r . . , r r l i : j ' l l r ' : t ' . r t r i : ( . , r L r : r r : i , ) i - ( . l i r -

. t . j . r . i ) c r l n t ; : l ( ) r ) t ( ) e ( ) l ) r l , . r . t r i - , . i - t i r . l i . r , . \ . . , t \ , l r - . i n t ! ! i i . r ' . i : . l r r s i t f i r i , r

N , r c i o n . r i d e ( - L r l c i r r . r . L t r r r ; . . \ r r . r l r l . r r r , H t . i r ' l e \ ) t t l ) ( ' i n ) t r t i . r t r , r L r r . r r r t i r i r r

T r r - r 3 r l l o h a s l s s i s t e d t h c p r o l e c t r n ! n : r , n \ ' \ \ r a v s J s w ' e l l a s s e r v i n q a s r t s

n s p c L ' t o r . I . . r ' , r t r l . l c s p c c i , r i l r ' l r k c t o r h . r r r k r h c t t t c n t L . e r s o i r h c

[ - i r , t ' l n t . r c l t t r c o . { r t l l . t c t , i i , , l i ( ' - ] 1 i ) r ( r c a t - L ( ) l r : u l ! . t . n t r L l ) ! i . t L r ! i e r } t s . l ) c r t r v r -

. l n j i l ) t i \ , ' r r i r . \ t t t . ' n a . i l j r - 1 . \ r t i i ! u t . \ i l ( r \ c c r e . l ] . n t ' , ' , , , r k , t t t , l g r , r r r , ) u \

! r ) ( ) l ) c r . r t i ( ) ) ) t l t . i j c i . l u , , r k . , r , . t l t t l r ' l ; i c V e r i t . t V c l - ' . t t t . i , , r t e . l l 1 . ' r r r 1 t 1 t ' r ' t l .

c o d i r e c t e d b v T i r c r e s a L J n g e T o p l c . . r r r c l h c r c o n t r i b u t r o n s b o t h r n l n d o u t

o i t h e t l e l t l l r . r " e . r l . , r ' r l ' s l ' r c c n c r r . r c r r l t o i r s s r r c c c s s . F r r r r l l r ' . I u ' o r r l d l i k c t o

r i r . t n k t h c f . t , o n i c o t ' l l t t . : : r . t c i t L t c \ ) f , ) r \ ! i ! ( \ r l i l r { u s i r r t 0 i i r . i r t r ) \ \ r ) . r r r l l

r " i u n s .

I r t i c r t n c c l i . t t c l ) c r i t r . i . t t t t i o . c r - r ; , t c t i c r r r r t t t r t r o t t s i , , - t l r r o u ! I i r -( ) u r f l t r ' \ 1 l J . i l c I l , r r r z o n .

( . c t ' r , - r A r t t . t r t r . l oc l t r c . l _ j r - t s t L . c lo r r ' \ ' l ; t r t ' . t I - l r r l r n .Leh t reo .

\ \ ' . r s . r i so l i r r - rn . i cc l i r r rhc E . i r l i ' I n t c r r r r c . i i . r r c l ) c r roc l . L r r r r

n l ; r v n ( ) t l t . r r ' ' : 1 . e c r r e ( ) n t i t l L l ( ) L l s l v r - t r . ' 6 s 1 p i e c l r h r t > t r g i t o u r i i r c

\ i i , l . i j , , i i u t ' t . t i r r r . i i , . ' ' . t ' i l , , r r l i i : . ' l ' , . t . . i t t - r t c r ' . i t , i i , . ' 1 1 1 1 r . , 1 5 -

. r . r ' i i : l t , t ' . i i . ' . i . r l , i t . . i l g i i i " r t ! . . r i a , , i r i : . . i l r ' . L I : , : r r ' i : i : - ' \ L

t t , n l . i i l r c t l : i t r , i t : . r i t . i - r r t t t ( ) n ! . i i l r i . : 1 1 . ' ] i l r , - ' . t t l r . . ' i l , - ! , , ' . r 1

I ( r + j . . l ( ) + - - j r t j , . f i t e r c i s . r l s , ) s r ) t n ! ' I O D 1 1 1 1 r n r i c i . . ' i . i r - ' r r . . i i , r

. 1 l l . I S \ ( ) c i : t r t t t t t n ' i t i t U r p . 1 1 ' I l u r c l r . r . , . i l e g c t t r i . t t - \ ' , , \ ' ( ) t l i i l l t

. r s s ( ) c i . i r c c l , , r ' i r h n " r t c r l l ) c l f i s l r . C c r r o A n l r r l i i s r i r c , ; r r i r

s i t c i r r r h e . r r c l ' r r " i t i r . r p r p r r - e c i e L ' ' l e c ( ) l t c c n t r i t r i t l n s r , t t - F I u l r t

l - ' r ( ) t t c r \ : l r ch i rcc t r - r rc . i1 ( ) \ \ ' c VCr . i s p ( ) ( ) r i \ ' p rcscr r . ' c r ' l .

( - c t ' r o S . t z r t n i s I r r c : r t c r l n c r r r ' \ " i r . r c t ) c l t l r l - r . 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 u , u t d ' , \ ' i l s

F r o b . t b i v s c r v c r ' i l . r ' r i r e s ; u n c r o . r t i . I t r s . r L , t i i r r f i i c s l r r r e - ' r . z e

. i 5 \ - i r - r c , ' . i i . i i . . r r r r n . t i r u r l r . r . . r r i r L i t ' l r . l c r r s t ' i - ( ) L J ' : l ! . . l i i , ; l i .

f l r i r ' ' l i . ' ' , r ' , i : , t l : c ; i ' L r r t i i t i , 1 ' . r n r r q l i r c E . i l l r l ; r i c r n t . , . i i l : ,

l ) . i r . , . i . . r - L : l . i i i , - . - - 1 , . r l ) - . . L f f t - i l ' . , r i : . , ' , ' l r . . ' l i . ' ' - u : ] : . : ' . . : - t i : , -

the Midd le Horrzon. Some secr ions o i thc s i re were proba-blv reoccupied lare in the Middle Horizon, which involvedt l tc consrrLrc t ron o i r f c rv l . r rqc L .u i l t l inqs. A i though n losto i thc arch i tcc ture is poor lv preservcd, i t is c lc : l r r i rar r i rep ians o i bu i ld ings are s imi lar to both Marca Huanrachuco. l l l t l V i l ' . rcoch"r f r i l ln ' . . . l : t Ic l t t i ts \ ) t ) l - \ . ' s ty lc. l t , t ' , r 'c t 'er . 1s

p r l r c l \ I - l u . r r r r l c h u c , r .

T i r i s papc r r cv i c rvs thc c r , ' i dcncc t i on r c i r cse s l re s l l i i l i o rc

de ta i l . V i racochapanrpa i s desc r ibed a t l eng th and com-

percr i to ( ) thcr l - lu l r i s i tcs . rs ' " r 'c l l . ]s to thc locr l

I l r r . t n r . ' , c i i uc ( ) i r t cs . f hc F I r r .u l . )L l ruco > i t cs ' ' r r l i ' r r l e : . : . rn r -

t r tec { i r r t e rn l s o i i he r r . l l t i ng . chc . r r c i r r t cc tu r l l v l r i l t r on ,

arrc l cvrderrce ot- inrcr ; rct ion n ' i th Htrar i as rvel l . rs rv i rh other

tb rc iqn c l l i t u rcs . The t r r cc rp rc tJuon rh l r cn te rqcs rccoq-

nizes l mul t i tacete d re lar ionship betr , r 'een Huar i ancl

i l t t , i l t t . t c i t t i e , r : i t . l t i n : i \ . ' i t r r i . , i ' , L ' \ r ) i t ) u . r ) e ' t - q t r - r i t : r i . r ' r r l ri r . i es . lS , , . , ' , - ' 11 . i : t . 1e t ' j r . ' g t c . t l l i tCCr - . r , - . f i t r l l . i i l u . i t i - . i r j . .

\ T I R A ( J O C H A P . . \ N l P . \

/ i , 1 , ( g ' , , r i l i r i I t t . 1 . , t r t t , t t t o t t

V i r a c o c h a p r r n p : ] i s l o c a t c d a b o t r t : . 5 k n r n o r t h o f t l - r c

n t r ) . l c n r t ( ) \ \ ' n t r f I J u . r n r a c i r r r c o . T h c r r r o c - l c n r r c t l r c l l . c t u . e c n

l - { r r . i i r t . r i i i i l r ' ' I , r n t i \ . ' i i . r c . ; . i r . r . D ; . l n t D : t t . r l i , ; r V s . u t . l r r d i c l t f t i ) ( , t -

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V i r ; r coc i r . rL ra n I p l t . \ 1 r r c . r H r r . r r r r . r chuco .( - - - c r r , r S ; t z , r r i r F r S . r l . [ : r c l r L ) t ' r ] t c s d \ i t c \

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IFig . r Loc l r io r . rs o t - rhe ma- jo r s i tes c . i rsc r_rssc t js r ' c t ( ) r s ; r r i V I a r c . r [ { u , r n r l e l r r r c , r : , t

) ( _ - c r r r t V i c j o ., + j ( - c r r i r t i - ' l ( - . r s r i i ] o

path. As i t leaves Huamachuco ir cl imbs sreeply to a passlocated on the wesrern s iopes of Cerro Sazon and on lvabour joo m r,,vest of rhar site. Fronr t i ,re pass ,h; ; ; ; ;des.cends straight ro the south gate of the sire.

A long rh is dcscenr . rhc .o"J is f rankcd o. bor ' s ic . rcs Lr 'tu 'o lorv s : rndsronc hr l ls on r i , h ich can sr i l i L r . , . . , , ' r i r "

qLiarr ' pi ts t iorn * 'hrch most ot-rhe srone fbr the consrruc_t ion o f the s i te was obra ined. About ro m sourh o [v i racoc 'apampa's oL l rer * 'a r , c ros ion has rcve-arcd the rc-n la l rs o f ' r c rnar running rouqhr ' perpe ' r i icu lar ro t r reroad' Here, the ca'al has a sl ighriy ,rrp"roidar cross secrlon(abour 35 cm i 'v ide ar rhe rop, - r2 cm wide ar rhc borrorn,a 'd 3- j -4o cnr deep) . i r 'u ,as l i .ed on che s ides r , r , t rop ru l rhtabular slabs of sandstone. bur r,vas unri.ed on the borrom.This p ' r3p6 , f rhc cr ' l l i s s i ' i l . r r ro ( ) rhcr H.ar i c ; r .a . lsi , \1cE. , r - . r ' . th rs . ' , .o l r rnre : A 'c lc rs . thrs 'o lurnc) , but r .osrsrr 'r lar ro rhe cana.r at-f incamocco (scirreiber, this vorurnc)that is also unl ined on rhe borfonr. The carrar can be rracec.rups lopc f i r r l lmos t , r k i l on rc r c r t o r he so l r r r r c l s r . r s i r c t r r vcsarru 'c l thc toor . t - , r r r i i l . For i ' .s r o t - rh is c l is r l .cc i r islunco'u'e red and rhe srolte l ining is ntore roughly con_srrucred: rhe bot tom of the . . . ,1r is never r inecr . Ar , .c

rn thc Ht rarn lchuco , { rs . . Nrrmbcrs rc tbr ro thc: ; ( - -e r r r> . .1c los f_ lor r - i ics . , .1 ) ( .c r ro . ic l . rs \1r r r r i , rs .

point ir is crudely cut through a bedrock ourcrop ar astceper qret i ic t r t t l t . i l t r ror r r ra l : r long i ts cot r rsc . ExceVar ionsat cwo poincs along the ca'al sho,, ied rhar che ,r.r t ig.rphi.prof i le r 'virhin the canar rvas idenricar ro rhat oursidc thecrn ' r l ' T i r is sLrqscsrs rhar r r re i i . inq sroncs had bcc ' pr . rcedir r-rarrrow trc'ches b,r trrrt che criannei i tscri hacr 'cverbeen dug out ' There was no evidence that the canal wasever used, and in manv places i t appearecl that constr lrcr lonot fnc c. ir .r l l rvls sr i l l in proqrcss w.lren i t r"r. ;rs eblncjoncr. l .

Pcrh. rps re larcd co rhc car , r j consrruct ion were a tewpoorly preserved structures located along ,n" . .nrt roure,* 'h ich r ra l ' ha 'c horrsed rvorkers . Thcse wcre 'o t cxca-vared, and the tbrv surface ceramics did noc permir daring.

o t h e r p o s s i b l e s r ^ l c t u r e ! r c m a i n s r h ; r r l i c . i r r - . r d cVi . rcoch. rp ; rn)pr i rsc j t - ; r rc t \ \ .o q ,ac i r i rercrer c 'c ror r . r res .( ) re o i rhesc is rbour jo .1 , r , , . , , i .1" a 'd is locarcd abour'roo m 'uvest of the south"vest corner oithe sire. The other isJpp rox rm l r c l r ' : i b1 ,6 ; r n and i s scpa ra tec l t l on r t hc sou rh -\\ 'cst corncr orr l .u. br,. .r ro.rcl or ;r .rr lr r r rn rvidc. These

c 'c l .s t r rcs , r , r r ' h , , r ' . r r ' s t . r 'd i 'q rvar is , bur are oLr t i i 'ed bvpi les of srone rubble. No associated cerami., *.r . rb-,;Vi r;r c.ch l pe nr p x r.u,:.rs r-r rrclotr b tccl I r, :rsso ci a rccl,ri rh l rna_

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Jo r roJ t l r r t n r t i nq t i o r rh l t t c l s r r r . r t h t l r ro r rg l t t hc A t rc le r tn

ch . t i n . Thc r r r t>s r l r kc l \ roL l t c fb l i o r i c r ' l bv th i : r c , . rd n - , r s

l l o r rg t l i e ro . r c l t l - o r r r r r roc l c r r r Hu . r r r r . rah r - r t ' t r t ( ) t l r c soL r t l r

g . l r c . d ( ) \ \ ' n t h c n r . u n . l r - c n L r c ( ) t t h c - * r r e . l r r c i o r r r r h c r ) ( ) r t i r

g l te . An . r l re r r r . r t c roL l t c r v t r r r l t ' l sk i r r . r rou r r t - l t hc n ' cs t s i . l c

o i thc s i t c . . r s . r u roc l c rn F r " r th r l csccnc i i r r ! l t o thc l { i o C i r rn t l c

dc Hr - r . r r r r . t c l r l r cc t c locs . S r i l l . rno thc r p r1 ;5 r iL ,11 i t v i s . r p l rh th . r t

d i vc rqcs j t r s t so t r th t ' r f t l t c s i r c rnc l c rosses thc Rro . i c l es

Cucr ' . r s l r c r . l i r rq n t> r the r rs t : t h i : ; . . 1111 \ \ " l s . lF rp . ) r c l r t l v t l l c

Inca rou tc (Hvs lop I9S+) . T l ' r c rc i s l l so r i re t r ; t cc o i . r * ' . r l l

cx tend inq sou th \ \ ' cs t t i o r r r t he sourh rvcs t Lon le r o f t hc s t t c

r r .h rch ln rv rep rescnr sc i l l ; rno thc r l nc tcn t roac - I . I r i s q t r i t c

i i ke l v the r a r run tbc r t ; f pa ths o r ro r t . l s r l ' ou l c i h . r ' , , ' c l cd to

t h e s i t c .

A l rho t rgh V i r . r coch : rpa rnpa i s o r i cn tcd approx i r r ta te l v to

the c r rc l i n l l . l i r cc r ions . t i r r s o r ien ta r io l l n r . l v r . r ' c l 1 h l vc becn

c - i c t c r r r r i r r cc l r s r r r t r ch bv rop r r rq r ' . rph r ' . i s [ r r ' . l n \ ' ; ] t t e l r l p t t o

a l i qn ihc s i re s ' i t h thc c ; t r c l i r r . r l r ' l i r cc r i ( )ns ( c t . N IcCon ' r r

r 9 - 1 - i : : 6 7 ) . T l i c t i t c s t r ; r r l c l l c s . r i n r ( ) s t t h c t i r l l r v r r l t h o t ' . r

g c r r t l r s l o p i r r q p l . r i r r . T h i s p l . r i r t i : r , r t r s h l v t r t t r r q t r l . t r i r t

sh ; i pc . r v r th i t s b ; r sc . r t t he tu 'o s ; t r r c l s t t>nc h i l l s rn the soLr t l r

. i n .1 i t s . rpcx rb t>u t t k l r t no r th o f ' t hc s i t c . Thc p r l . r i n i s

r t ) l n p t ) : c r l o f l r r h i c k t i c l t i r s i r o f r - r i : i l ' s e , c i i i r t r c n t r r i t r r r . ) L . t b i e

] . r t . ' I - , - ' i ' t i . u - \ i ) r ' i - ' . i r - i r ( ] ' ; . t . L t r ' r i r . i r \ r i . i t . . r r \ ' L l ' i . i t i i i . ' , i - . 1 i t t

o i s ; r n r . 1 r c i . r r t i c t , o s r r c d l - , r ' n r r - r t l s l i t l e s r n t l t c I ) l c i : t i . r c c r r c . t t t i l

H o l o c c r r c ( ( i c L r r t s 1 r ; S t ) .

I n c o n t i r r n r i r r q t o t h c t o p r o q r . t p l t r ' . r t - t l i r s p i . r r r r , r h c s r r c l t l s

a so lncu .h r t t rapczo ida l sh . rpc . b roedc r e t t hc sou th th ln a t

the no r rh . r . r rhc r rh r r r r r l t c r cc t . t r rg t r l l r sh lpc usu l l l v a t t r i b -

u ted to i r . McCou 'n ( r94_s : 267) , t b r ex . rn rp l c . g i vcs d i tncn -

s rons o t - - iNo n r c l s t - \ \ : cs t b i ' s6 -s n r no r th -so r . t t h . r i ' h i l c U l r i c

( f re l c . l r ro tcs ) q i vcs n rc ' JSL l rc !ncn ts o i 6 rS l r1 ' _ ; (16 n r . C )L r r

n r c ; r s r r r c l r l c l l t s . t l r ' r ' i v c r l t r ( ) i l 1 " r l r ' F 1 1 , ) t ( ) , l r l l f r l ) s f l t . l r p r , , h . r l r l )

i nco r f . t r r r r r c s ( ) r ) r c . i i s r c ' r t i t l r t . i r r c : n ( ) r l h ' , i ' , r 11 . s f r6 n t : s , r l t r l t. r ' , r l l . - i \ t n t : c l r s t \ \ ' . 1 i l . s r r t n r . u r r l \ \ ' c \ [ \ \ ' r i l . s : 4 n t .

i t l s \ \ ' o r th , , i , ' h i l c l c rh rs po ln t t o e \ . rn ru )c so l l r c o t - t l t e

dift-erences between our map (Fig. z) and that of McCown

( r945 : f i g . r3 ) . McCorvn ' s map was cons t ruc ted us ing a

compass rnd t l pc l ncasL l r c . u .h i l e oL l r s \ r ' as r r l ced t ron r a i r

photoeraphs and larer repearedlv chcckcd and corrected in

the f i e ld . Where he ac tua l l v q i ves rneasL l re rncn ts o i bu i l d -

i n g s . t h c v a r e l i k c l r , ' t o b c n r ( ) r c . r c c r l r r t e t h l r r n r c a s u r c -

n rcn rs r r kcn c l i r cc t l v t ron r c r r l ' r c r n r rp r . ; hc d in rcns ions hc

g ives to r the s i te , t o r examp lc , a re p robab ly based on

measurernents a lonq the sotrrh and east rval ls , and thev

eqrec , , r 'c l l rv i th or l r n lef- \ .

Thc u ros t de r r r c l l ' b r , i i l t - i i p . I f c : ] s o i rhe s i t c l r c chc rnos t

interest ing areas, but thev are also heavi ly overgro\ \ 'n r ,v i rh

th t r rnv h r rshcs r r r . ' l l i t hcu l t t o r r r . r1 ' ' . t ) t i c r r t ' c h l . . l t ( ) pc r )c -

t rate i l reas by curt ing smal l runnels in rhe vegetat ion ' "v i rh

macheres . and McCou 'n ( I9 -1 - ; : : ( r9 ) . l ppa rcn r l v h " rc i s i rn i l r r

p r o b l e n r s . T h r s i s n ( ) t : l r ) t r i c . t i s i t u . i t i , . , r t n t r r ' h r c h t ( ) J c c i l -

r a r c l v n r r r p i l s i t e . . i n c l n r A n \ - n r 1 r ) o r i r r c o r r s i s r c n c i c s b c r u ' c c t t

t he r r vo maps can be asc r ibcd to t i re edverse cond i t i ons . We

r rc i n tp resscc l bv the l cc t t r r ! r ' t ) f N ' l cCr tu 'n ' s n ' t> rk on . t l l

t i r c s r r c s r n t l i e H r - r . r n r . r c i r r . l a ( r . r r c . r . , r r r t i r c t c r r c l h r s n r ; l F S

, - , rn t i nu , r l l r . ! y ' c h . r vc l l l . r dc c i t . t t t gcs i r r t hc n rJ , ! r s t r r t / ) ' u ' he t t

rve teei just i f ied in doing so.

B v i t s V C r v n : l r u r c . . I n r e p i r ) L ( ) r l r r ) r ; I t t ' s , l t u r t - l i l r t l c q r c l c ' t '

r 1 1

u r t c r p r c t : l i i o r i . T l r c r r r . r i u r i r r r e r l ' r c t . r t i r l l i i r r c o r p t r r l l t c t l i r r t t r

t l t r ' t t c r r ' \ ' i r ; 1 , . ' , l r l t . t p . i t t t F l l l l . l F i s f l r . r f t i r c a t , r t s t r l t r ' t i o r r t l i

r h c s i r c \ . \ ' . r s n c v c l ' i n i r h c , . l ( f r r p r c . r n t l T r r p i c n . t i . b : T , r p . ' i 6 .

T o f . i c . " r n t l ( . . r r r r r r c h . r c l n . r i . ) . ( ) r r r h c n r r p . u ' . r l l s . r r c r n r i i -

c J t c r l . l s c i ) l t ) f r l c t c ( s t . r n t l i r r q r r r o r c t h . r r r . r r r t b o v c t h e

qr r ru r r . l s r . r r f ; i cc o r i nc t r rpo r ' . r r i nq . l ro \ \ ' o f co rbc l s ) , i nco r r r -

F ) le t c . o r . r s tbunc l . r r i ons o r r l r ' : r r ' . r i l s tha r appc : r r t o bc rnoc l -

e r r l . r re po r s i t . . t r r -p . \ 1cCor r " , r r ( r t 1q5 : : . 67 ) r i , as j r r sc i t i ab l r .

i n rp rcsscc l n ' r rh che Luurv o i -p l rnn rnq dcn ro r - r s r ra red bv the

s i t c ( c t - . Bc la i rnc l c Te r rv rg6 r ) . rnd . rc t imcs sccn ls ro havc

cx tendcd o r cx t rapo la rcc l r i ' l l i s i n con tb r rn i r v u , i t h p r inc i -

L - r i cs o io r rhoqona l p i . rnn ing . Ncvc r rhc less . bo th i n t c r rns o t -

r l - r c p lans thc r r r sc i vcs . rnc l dc ra i l cc l obsc rva t ions no f shou 'n

o r r thc n r . rps . rhc re i s r -e rV c losc ag rcc i t l c l . l t bc t \ \ -ec l t o r t r

w 'o rk anc l McCo\ \ ' n s .

O t r t t ' r a l D t ' s t r i l t r i o r r o / t l r t ' S r t t '

L )n thc r r cn -p ' r [111 . thc n r . r i r r no r th -so r - r rh : r r - cn r rc . n 'h i ch i s

. rn i n r f ' t r : r t . i n t t e ' . r t u r r ' t r t - t i r c s i t e . ; i ppca rs l css c l ce r l v tha r r o r r

McCon 'n ' s l r l ap . Th rs i s t l t r c to rhc t i r c r rh r r rhc no r thcn l

cn.1 oi thc . rvcnr-rc \ \ - . ls l ' lcvcr t ln ishecl . a l thoLrqh nrodern

t i c l c l n , . r l l s nou ' l i nc rh i s p ro r r i o r r . r rnc l rhc a rc r r i r roun( l rhc

n , , i ' t l t { . i r e i . r - . 1 r i ' i ' . i ' l r i t ' . i r r r t i t L ' . ) , , t ' , i t r r t i . r t t , r r - . i - l t r ' . i , ( . l t i r , - ' .

i ) , t \ \ . \ . 1 ' . . \ . l r r i l i l l l f ' , t i f . l t t i ' , r i l . l . i r ' l ' . t i l r , t l l l l i , i . r t t t ; , 1 : : l : , t . '

s i r c . s r r r c e i r r s o r i c r r r c r l . t i n r ' . r r t c \ . l c t l \ - , r l o n g t i r c . ' l r r c c r l i r r c

l c . t t l i r rq t r ' on r thc p r : s l ' , e t r r ' ccn t i r c i , , r ' r , s . rnc l s to r rc i r i i l s

sou th o i t hc s i r c : rnc l t hc . rpcx o t - t hc p le i r r i n rhc no r rh .

P le r rs o t - V i racochap . r tnp - ' . r . t l u ' avs g i , , ' r rhc t r l p ress i t rn th l t

t l t i s . r ' n ' c r r r , r c i s , : t f ccn tc r to thc wcs t , u 'hc rces r i r i s i l r rpo r t ; ru t

t r ;u rspor t r t i o r r ro t r te i s i . l c . r l l v i oca tcd u ' i t h in thc n - ide r( ' ( ) r r r c x t . . t r r J r t i : t l t c t o p o q r ; r p h v t ' r t ' t l r c p l . r i r r r l r . r t l o r c c s

n tos t t ) i rhc . i r ch i t cc tu rc o t f ro thc eas r .

N( ) ( )L rc l t i ng h rs L reu r r l c t t . r t r i r c sou th g . r re l t ec l l t se c \cJ -

r ' . r t i ons thc rc l nc i . r t rhc n ( ) r - r i r g l i r c reve : r l ed the r thc t i ' r . rn , - i r -

t i o n s r ) i r l r u s l r c L r r ; L r r i c l . l r v i i . r i ] c r o s s c . i t h c ; r v c n u c . l t l :

n lost l ikc ly ' c i rar rhcre ' rvouid havc been gaces at both ends

o[ the avenue and that these would have been somewhar

n: l r rower than thc avenLle i tsc i [ . There is a s l iqht . rnqlc in

the sourh u ' : r l l n r the qa tc . T l r i s l ng le scc rns ro res r - r l t t ron r

the tact that cor-rst r l rc t ion oi the outer rv: r l l s tarrcd at t i req r t c l nd p roccec lcd ton ' r r rd thc e l sc . Poss ib l r ' . c r - i us r r t r c r i t r r r

p rocec r i cc l r i qh t l rounc l rhc s i t c i n r r coL l i r re r c lockn ' i se d i re c -

t i on r , rn t i l t hc so r . r th q l t c \ \ ' JS reached ag ; r i n J t rhe l cve l o f

the second hor izontal segment (see "Construct ion Tech-

n iqucs " be lou ' , and T t>p ic l nc l Top ic n .d .a : f i g . S ) . Th is

scco r rc l ho r i zon r l l scqnrcn t r r ' . r s thc r - r ca r r i cc i e . l s r a r l eas t to

r i re sou thcas t co rne r .

The o r - r re r wa l l i s t . 8 m rv ide , bu r ra re l v s tands more

th r rn t . o i r r . rbove the g rounr - l s r - r r f -ace . I r i s d i r i i cu l r , rhe rc -

fbre. to know rvhethcr there were other entrances in the

u - a l l . I t i s p o s s i b l r ' t h r r t r n . r c l c l i r l r t n . r l e n t r . r r ' l c c f o t l t e : ; i i c

r r i i gh t l t evc e - r r s rcc i t r r rhc u ' csc r r ' . r l l , , r ' hc re l poss rb l c ro r rc i

i . r l r c rdv n rcn t ioncc l ) sk i r t s t l i . r t s i c l c o f rhc s r t c . I c r . , ' o l r i c i

har, 'e been reasonable co have rn e l l t r rnce in the c lst rval l . at

l c rs t c l r . rnnq c ( )ns tn rc t i on . to t . r c i l i t l r t c i r c i css t t t t hc c i t>scs t

\ ( ) [ r r cc t r t ' r , r ' , r t c r . rhe I l i o .1e l . i s Cuc t ' as ] cO l t ) t t t t l i c , : l r s t .

I n t cno r s i te w , ' l l l s dc t i nc sp . i t i . l l d i v rs rons o i g rca re r o r

lesse r s i ze and comp lex i t v . These spar ia l d i v i s ions can be

t ' l cscnbcc l i r r t c rn rs r r t - c r r c los l r r cs . b t r r l d i r l : s . l r nc - l . r cccss

Ht ra r i a r rd H t t i t r t t t i l r t r t o

r o L l t c s . l n r t r r r r . t h c s 1 . ; 1 1 i 1 l L r n r t s c o t t t b r r r c t o t i t r t n ; - r . 1 g 1 1 - ;

g roup \ . r r rd " . i r ch i t cc t ' . r r r l . r re l s .

T h c b r r s i c d i v i s i o n o i r h c s i r c i s i r t t o c r t c l o s L l r c s b v r - r r c . r n s

o t ' n - l l l s r h . r t . r r c l l o r n l . l l l v l c s s r i t e n : n r h i q h . T h c s . ' c n c l o -

su res do r )L ) t secn l t r r c r rD fo rn t to J I tV s r . r t r c l . r rd s i zc o r sh . rpc

J n r l . i r c r r s t r . r l l v q r r i t c c n r p r \ ' . O r t c r r t l j o r c r c e p r i o t r t s r i i . '

l a rqc cnc losn re a lonq the n - r i dc l l c o i t hc c rs t s i c l c th ; l t co r r -

ta ins tw 'o sn r : r l l , i so la red bu i l d inqs . I l o th o t t hese b t r i l d inqs

Jrc scverc lv ru inccl no\ \ ' . l inLl sr l rvev in t i re p lorveel f le lds

sn r round inq rhcm revea icd on l r ' t he occas ion l l . \ ' c r v

croclecl sherd. I r shor-r ic l bc r - roted ther t l - re enciosurcs ar

V i recoc l r . r ; . . l r 1 rp . I l r c r t ruch l css r i q i c l l \ ' ( ) rg . l l r i zcd t i r . rn rhc

enc lo -su rcs J t o t l )e r H t ra r i p rov i r r c ia l c r :n te rs ( see Anc ic rs .

Schrc ibe r , and McErvan . th i s vo l r :n rc ) .

A b r r i l d inq i s c l c f l ncc l as r sp . i ce cnc loscd b r ' . r s inq lc

uni f icd t lcade . rncl roc>t- . Thcre ; l rc t \ \ ' r ) r t r l jor tvpcs oIbLr i l , - l -

i n q s l t V i r . i c o c h l p r r l r p J : n i , - l r c r l h l l l s . r n r ' l q , r l l c n c s . T l r c s c

r i ' i l l be c l cscnbcc l i n n ro rc c i c t r i i L re l t t u - . L tu r r t l s \ \ ' ( ) r t h n t r r i r rq

. r t -e r l ' po in rs l r t l ' r i s r i n rc . C )n thc n r . rp (F iq . : t n i chec l l i . r l i s

. l p p c . l r . r s l l r g e r c c t . r r r g u l . t r b t r i l d i r r q s r i ' i r h r o r r r r L l c r l i r r r c r i t r r

co rne rs . T l r csc n i chc r l ha l l s . r r c J \ c rv s l - r cc i f - r c . rn t i t i i . r q r ro r r i c

1 - \ - p t ' r ) t L l t i r l . l i r r g i ' t : i ' F i g : l - - ' i i , l t t t l . i r r - ' i ' l r ' . t t ' i r ' : i l t l t t t p , , l ' r . t t t t

, ' , , i 1 : i : t i l . : r i . ' t - , 1 . ' - , ; - , ' : : : . , 1 ' , , ' . . ;

. . . : . ' . l i r . ' , . \ . -

rhouqh r r , . ' o s i r r r i l r r L rL r i l c l i nqs h , r vc r cccn r l v bc ln r cp ' ,e r rc t l . r r

F - l r r a r i i t s c l t - l l s b c l i . f . c r s o r t . t l c o t r r r r r u n i c r r r i L ) r ' l r . r h c L . c r r c r -

k r rou ' r r cc l r - r i r - l l cn ts o f rhc V i r . r coc i r l p . l n r p . l n rchcc ' i h . r l l s . r r c

. r t l ' j i k i i l . i c t . r ( r " r l cEn 'an , th rs vo lun rc ) . I u 'o r i l c l esc in r l r c rh . r r

thc rc ; t r c on lv t l f recn poss ib l c n rchcd h r l l c . i u rva len rs . r t

[ ) i k i ] l ac t ; r . u -h i l c rhc rc r r c r l i nc tecn n i che e - l h . r l l s . r i

V i racochap i ln rpa . Moreor , c r , t he n r l i n ; r r ch i t cc tn r r l b lock o I

P ik r l l ac r . r i s n r r - r ch l r r rqc r (abor . r t I .+ t imcs ) ; r t r c l rno rc dcnse l r '

bL r i l t r - rp rhan V i racochrp ' r . rn rp r r . I n con t r r s t . s t ruc tu rcs s in r r -

l a r to n i chcc l h l l l s " r r c re l . r t i ve l v co rn r r l on a t rhc s i te o iN la rc . r

H n a n r a c h u c o .

T i r c e . r l l e r r ' . t hc second n ra lo r t vpe o ib t r i l c l i ne , i s cha rac -

t c r r zcc l bv r t s "q rc l l t n r l r ro \ \ ' r ) css . g rea t he iqhc . : rnd ve rv

q r c l t l e n g t h " ( M c C o \ v n I 9 - f - i : - z - s : ) . A l t h o u e h M c C o \ v n s

r icscr ipt i r r r \ \ ' : rs nre rr l t ro lpplv co br-r i lc i inqs oi t1-re n ichcd-

h . r l l r vp . ' c . r t t hc s i t c o i Marca H t t : rn r ; r chuco , hc r ccognrzcd

th r r t t hc r vpc q r . r c l cc l i nco n 'h r r t I s o t r l d n ro rc s rnc t l r , ' . l e t l r r c

. t s g . t l l c r t c ' . . \ t \ , t i r . r cos [ .1p l ;1111 i r r q . r I l c r i cs . t r c t t s t t . r l l r - . t t l c ] s r

s rx t rn rcs l ongc r th . r r r t hcv l r c u ' i c l c . r r r , ' o s to r ies t . r i l . . r r - rd

, r r r , r r r r ' . ' ' , 1 . ) l - o l n r t l r l ' ' ' ^ ' - ; ' " ' " t c t r r ' l o s u r c . W h e t t t u ' . . - l( r l I L r r r i r ! L l r r l \ r L t l l ! r L l l L f ' \ r

r r r l L t l l V t . l l l

pcrp r '11 .11 . t r l . r r g r l l c r i es . rbu t . t he p ro i116 o i abu t tncn t i s sou rc -

t i n r c s l o l ' i l e , . l l r ' . ' . r . l r , r q . . r r r . r i c r i , - l r r . r l l l r n . l s r . r r r r c t i n r t ' s l . i . r

. i i i i , : i l i . ' . . ] i i t i r . I , . ' ) L i t c i - : . i l ] e l r r - ' : , ' r r i i : , : r , r i t . ' . , , l , r l

II It l

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N - - 1s t s to 'Y , . . . l l . , . l . , : l l l l : l/

- 2 d s t o r y

U r r r t \ . \ ' i ; r i r t t t ' i t e p , l l r t p . t .

Ur ! - -__ . ' :

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il

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John R. Topit

F ig . + Recons t ruc t i on o Ipa r t o iUn i t A , V i racochapampa.

rooms bu i l t pa ra l l e l t o each ocher and under rhe same roo f

(F ig . + ) . The c loses t con rpa r i sons tb r these d iagona l cnd

r , va l l s l nc - l pa ra l l e l roomcd ge l l e r i es i s aqa in a t P ik i l l ac ta

(McEr ,van . th i s vo lume) .

Access roLl tes inc l r - rde the nrai r - r avenLlc. corr idors, pes-

s . rqcwavs , l nd c loo ru ' r , . ' s . A l l t hcsc : r cccss roL l tes , c - \ ccp t

t l oo ru , ' : r vs , \ vc re p robab lv un roo tcc l . T l i c rc i s on iv one

main avenue. Corr idors are long hal ls provid ing access

bet"veen several different enclosures. There are few recog-

n izab le co r r i do rs . t he bes t examp le be ing loca ted jus t r ves t

o i Un i t A . Ano the r poss ib le co r r i do r l eads t ron r the n ra in

avenue to the no r thwes t co rne r o f t he cen t ra l p laza . Passage-

wavs a re tb rmed bv gaps be t rveen ad jacen t bu i l d ines and

al lor i ' . lccess bct . , r . 'een t* 'o cnclosures. Good exarnpies ot '

passagewavs are located in Uni ts A and B. A doorrvay is

any prepared opening in a r ,val l that a l lows access through

the wa l l . There r re numerous examp les o I door r , vavs a t

V i racochapampa tha r a l l o rv access in to and ou t o i bu i i d -

ings, between the rooms of a bui ld ing, and betr ,veen di f fer-

en t enc losu res .

By comb in ing enc losu res , bu i l d ings , and access rou res ,

larger archi tectr"r ra l groupinqs can be def ined. A pat io com-

p lcs i s : rn cnc losu re in r r ' h i ch bu i l c - l i nes sn r rounc l t h rce o r

tb t r r s rc l cs o t ' . and opcn on to . . rn un roo tcd spacc . An a rch i -

tec tu ra l a rea i s a n lo re genera l g roup lng o i severa l ad jacenc

cnclostrres rv i th st r l rc tL l rcs. Fol t r s l tch areas cen be dc-t lnc-d

rcntr t r , , 'e l r . .

Thc c l ca res t cx . r rnp lcs o t - J rch i t cc t l r r : r l . r re l s . r r c p - r1e$ .61 t '

Un i t s A and B . In thcse two r " rn i t s . access can bc t raced no r

on lv bc twccn thc i nd i v idu l l p l t i o comp lexes . bu t e l s r>

L rc tu 'ecn thc p rx1 i65 lnd so rne . r c l j r r ccn t cnc losu rcs . csp r ( j ( l i l l l v

r46

those immediate lv behind che n iched ha l ls . The ar ranqe-n lent o f pass: rqewavs between ad jacenr pet io complexessho'tvs clear similari t ies to the Moraduchavlrc secror rrHuar i ( lsabel l c t a l . , th is vo lumc) . The ar rangcnlenr o iea l ler ies anc l n iched ha l ls , hor ,vever . is most s imi lar to pr r rsof Sector r at Piki l lacta ( lvlcEr,van. this volurne). Toqeri. icr.pat io cornp lcxcs and "backvarc l " cnc iost r rcs assoc ia tedwith Units A and B occupy a considerable port ion of thes i te (z8, I90 m'or 8 .6%) and cont r ibute much of the impacto [ t he s i t e p l an .

Anorher area that enhances rhe rmpress ion of or rhogonalplanning conveyed bv the site map is the central pla.za.V/h i le we were unable to secure lv ident i fv doorrvavs open-inq onco thc p laza. we sL lspecr that both o f the larqe nrchedhalls were accessible t iom the plaza and, in addit ion, acorridor leads around the southern niched hal l to a series ofga l ler ies . Some of the bu i id ings a long the rvest s ide o f rhepla.za r,vere probablv also acccssible, while access to bui ld-ings on the east side of rhe plzza is more problematical. Thearrangement o f n iched ha l ls on oppos i te s ides oI the cenrra lplaza, is most srmilar to structure 3J-28 at Piki l lacta. Inaddic ion, the cor r idor lead inq to one corner o f rhe p iaza iss inr i i r r to s t r l lc tLr rc a9- :B r t that s i tc (NlcErvrn, rh is vo l -umc) . T l - re cent r r l p laze en. l b l r i ld inqs i rnnrcc ' l i : r tc lv acccssr -b le to i r occupy : r t lcast S"h o f the ro ta l s i te area.

Access pat terns are less c lear in the l . r rqe nor theast scctoro i rhc s i te . Th is . r rea inc l l rc lcs rhc larqe recter rgu l l r r r ichcc lha l l f lankcd br - the tw() snr ; r l lc r sqLrarc n ichcc l ha l ls i r r in rcc l i -a te iy east o i the p laza. A l i r i r ree o f these n ichcd ha l lsprobablv opcncd onto thc l . r rqe enc losure rv i t i r t rvo iso-l r tcd b t r i lc i inqs in thc nr ic l t l l c o f the crs t s ic ic o f rhc s i rc .

,t

- - - - - " - a n o Q" O C _ C , o o " " O " 3 " - " o

Huari df id Hi ldmachuco

Along rhe southern s ide of th is enc losurc are t \vo nrorcn ichcd ha l ls sc t in smal l enc iosures rv i th ad jacenr qa l lc r ics

that a lso seem to be par t o f the nor theast sector . F ina l lv ,there are three more n iched ha l ls in the area nor thcasr o fUnit B. Tr,vo oi thesc are se t in conrts and cief lnitelv opento rhc e rs t . r v i r i l c o r r c i s i so lecc r l i n l l a rqc cnc losu rc . rnc l i sr t o t . t l i g r t cd r . r ' i r l - r t i r c o t i r c r t u ' o . Th i s no r the l s r scc t ( ) r ,'"" ' i r ich r loes not includc rhe sai lerics and srnai l br-r i lc l inescast oi t i rc centr:r l plaza br-rt docs includc rhc trvo larqeenc losu res ( zS .S%) .occup ies 28 .8% o i rhe t o ra i s i t e a rea . I tseems to me that there is a dist incr similari tv between thissector and Sector 3 at Piki l lacta (McEr,van, this volume).

There are t 'vvo addi t iona l n iched ha l ls ar the s i te . One islocated in a patio complex rvest of the avenue and couldrepresent thc core o[ a f i f th architectura] area. The other isin rn cnclosure ofTrhc .s<;uthu'cst corner of the plaza. Theset$ro conrp lexcs occupr , ' on lv ro /o o l the s i re area. Approx i -nrarc l r ' _ i3% o i the s i tc is occupied bv rhe rcrnr in ing r 'n rp t \ 'enc losures. Th is leaves on ly about 5 .6" , / . as " f i l l c r "

architecture-gal leries, sometimes arranged around patios,corr idors, coLlrts, and so on-rhat cannot be clearlv relatedto thc major architectural r-rnits.

Each of the fbur major architectural areas consists of anassociat ion between large open areas. niched hal ls, and

ealleries. On a lr lorc derai led level, hor,, , 'er, 'cr, rhese ele-ments are conrbined into many dif terent iorms. Thcrc is .rtendency for the niched hal ls to occur in repeti t ive group-ings. but chey can be either ai igned end-to-end or opposedacross the central plazt. Galleries usuallv surround three ortbur sides of a patio unit , but mav either be combined rvitha niched hal l or tbrm a separate plcio compiex. Laree openspaccs nlav occur in t ionr of or behind niched hal ls, orboth. Doorways of niched hal ls can be oriented ro the easr.north, or sc' lr .r th but not. apparcrl t l \ ' . ro the \\ 'cst.

A un i t luc tc ' . l t r l rc r t V i racoch. rpamp.r t t r lV ] r r tVc becn ot -grcat in rpor t rncc in p lanning the s i te . Th is tc r r r , r re is a lonqmound on che wcst side oi the plazz, art i t lc ial lv raised :-, jm ;rbove the surrounding strrtaccs. Thcre rrrc tcrv strLlct l l reson rhe mouncl ; the n lost i rnpor tant is a srna l l , l ln rostsquarc , rve i l -const ructed bur ld ing r t 'hosc in tcr ior a lso . rp-peers to be raised bv art i t jc ial fr l l .

Thc ione i tucJ ina l a .x is o i the rnounc l . pro jcc ted to thc

Fig. ; Reconsrruct ion oI a n ichcd hal l i r r Uni t A, Viracochapampa ( the rooi ishvno the t i ca l ) .

e est . passe s througl - r thc centcr r . l f thc s i rc . Here , thc ccntcro i the s i te re ters to thc po i r r r o i in terscct ion o t - d iaeonalsconnect ing the corners o f the s i te (F ig . z , *2) . Whi le th ispoint l ies rvithin the plazt. rr is rrot in the cenrer oi rheplaza. Wlien thc centcr oI thc pl ' tza, is located in rhe sarncnrr lnncr bv i l rar i ' i r rq e l i . rgor r . r l l incs bctu 'cen thc corncrs(F ig ' . * -J ) . rhc lx is o i - thc nrounc l c : rn be sccn ro p . lssr l - r rouqh thc ccr r tc r o i the p laz: r . I ) r r r lccr inq rhc lonq i t t rd i r r . r laxrs t> i thc rnounc i t i r r rhe r e ls t . thc l ine apparcnc ly passesthrough thc doorrvav o i the l r rsc n iched ha l l f lankec l br 'trvo smaller niched hal ls east ot the plaza, (Fig. z, *+). Thisdoorr,vav is also located approxinratelv in the center of thescctor o i the s i te ly ing east o f the avenue. The ax is , r lsobisecrs the isolated room in thc east enclosure. Projectcd tothe r,vest the axis passes through the center of the sector oithe s i te ly ing u ,est o f the avenuc- (F ig . : . * r ) .

The : rpparent er is tcnce o i t i r is rx is underscores the rm-por tancc o i thc mol rnc l lnd i rs . iccornpru lv inq s t ructurc . I tshould be nored rhar rhis easr-\vcst l ine does not actuai l l 'bisect che sice as a whole, but does bisect the plaza intonor th and south ha lves. The on lv o ther apparent symmetrvivichin rhe sire creaced bv chis axis is that rhe number oiniched hal ls north of che l ine is the same as the numbersouth o i the l ine. Th is las t observarron should , horvever , bequal i f ied bv po inc inq or r t once . rga i r l that the s i re \ ,vas neverf inished and that the rnap mav shorv only a porcion oi rheintended architecture. The possible importance of this axiswithin the regional conrext of Huamachuco needs to beexplored bv turthcr f ieldu,ork.

An apparentlv much less inrportant north-south axis canbe created in a similar manner. In this case, a l ine connecr-ine rhe centers of thc trvo niched hal ls on the north andsouth sides of the plaza also passes through the center oithep laza end a iso runs . r long thc casc u 'a l i o f the enc losurcstb rn r i nq Un i t A . I r v r l l : r r q l r c bc lo * ' t ha t bo ih . l xes \ \ ' d reinrp- 'e11xr- t1 in l ; rv inq ouc thc s i tc .

The \ ichetl Hal ls orrd Callcr ies

Thc n ichec l hr l ls and q: r l lcnes are thc rnost inrprcssrvcbLr i ic i ines a t V i racochaparnpa. Thei r r . , 'a l is sonrcr inrcs arc l i r r: r hc- ieht o i6 rn . Thc larqest n iched h. r l ls f lank t i rc nor th anc lsouth srdc o t - thc p laza and nrc lsr . l rc I9 X . [ j n1 (McCor ,vn

r+7

Jtthn R. Topic

I94 j : 261 i ) ancJ abot r t r l t x -18 n] . respect i r , 'e l ,v ; Lunrbrcr ls( . rg7+: 169) seems ro have becn the f i rs t to rccoqnizc thclaree n ichcs in these bu i lc l i r rqs . T I - rc largesr cont l rnrcc l g . r l -lc rv nrersures ovcr 40 nr i r r lcnqr l - r , anc i nrost sccn l to bc:to f .5 nr s ' ide. The bu i ld inqs in Uni t A arc sonreu 'h l ts rna l ler but are the best docurncnted examples.

Using the i l lustrat ions oi Unrt A in Figtrres 3 to _i we canqenera l ize about the ch; r ractc- r is t ics o f n iched ha l ls and qa l -

ler ies a t V i racochapampa. The bu i ld ings ere ar ra t rsedaround a patio u' i th a sl ight slope to i t , r ,r ' i th thc lor,vcstpo in t in the nor theast . A l though i t seenrs rhat some pre l inr i -nary level ing hac-l taken place throughout the site (Topic

and Top i c n .d .b ) , t he bu i l de rs d i d no t t r y t o t o ta l l y ' l eve lthe patios. Several archirectural f-eatures ref lect this physicalreal i ty. The absolute hcighr of doorsi l ls, for exanrple, tbl-lows the srlme trend as rhc slope, br-rt rhe trend in doorsi l lhe ight does not r ig id lv para l lc l thc s lope. Corbc ls r re sonrc-t imes s teppec l c lou 'n to con iornr to changcs i r - r s lope. Th isad justment o f corbe l he ight ro gror - rnd sur tace is typ ica la lso o f Marca Hr . ramachuco, Cerro Sazon, ar td P ik i l lacra(McEwan. th is vo lunre) . The onc canal opening found inUni t A \ fes r lear the nor thcast cor l le r o ia pat io . suqqest ingthat i t nr iqht h l , , ' c bccn l c l r l in . No cv idcncc \ \ ' r ls to t r r rd o ibenches i r t pr1s ie5.

Doonv:rvs arc qir i tc conrrlon .rr Viracocltapanip:r. Nle;r-surab le doorrvav r ,v id ths r rnge t rorn I I+ to t f i l cn- r . The

two measurable doorwavs in niched hal ls rvcre at the upper

end o i th is range. Ground f loor doorwavs in ga l ler ies werein the middle of the range, and second stor,v doorrvayswere at the lower end of the range. A l rhough not pro-nounced, there may be a sl ight trapezoidal tendency to thedoonnvays. u' i th the l intel somewhar narrower rhan the si l l .Some door' ,vays had small nichcs (zo to 30 cm on a side) onthe intcrior, 20 to : lo cm from the jambs. These niches didr lo t have p ins in them but nrav have been in tended to servc

as barho lds to t ie on moveable doors , l i ke those descr ibedby Anders (personal communication) and Lumbreras( rg7+: i6r ) ac orher Huar i s i tes . These n iches are bestdocumented for two doorr,vavs, one in a niched hal l and theother a ground f loor doornvav into a gal lerv. The nichesmay also have occurred in second-storv doorways; i t isclear, horvever, thar not al l door"vavs had the niches. AsFigure 3 shorvs, most doonvays open onto pat ios .

In excavated examples, che distance between che doors i l ls and the nearest corbe ls ranged t iom: . f to 3 . -1 m. Inrhe one case for which there is f i rm data on the incendedroof height, the distance betr.veen the corbels and the roofis about 2 .5 m. The in tendc-d roof he ighc is based on chepresence of a rorv of niches high in a gal lerv r,val l (Fig. 4)that were probably rneant to hold the ends of rooiratters.The ra f ters r ,vou ld have been spaced about r m apar t . lndthe roof appeers to have : r s lope o i - io to Ioo ( i .e . . not ; rss teeplv p i tched as or le rvot r id c \pect tbr a thatched roof ) .

The oniy evidence fbr roofing materials comes t ionrtemporarv workers ' hor - rs inq in Uni t C and f rorn oneburned n iche in the n iched ha l l c l i rec t iv cast o f Uni t I l .S t ra ta over lv ing the l iv ing sur tace in Uni t C sr . rggesr thatrhe ro( ) t \ \ ' rs cor r rposcd of c ler ' . I I r t i t . r l ' ' t t l . t r p icccs o t 'c laystone. The mater ia ls t ronr thc burned n iche inc ludcd

r48

charred rrvigs .rnd qrass scel l ls ls r '" 'c l l as burned earth r '" ' i r i rimprcss ions of tn ' tqs , grass. anc i tex t i lcs . I t is noc c learu 'hcchcr t i re rcsr : l ts o f thcsc c \crvat ions can be . rpp l ied toqa l lc r ics anc l nrchct l ha l ls qcnera l lv . but t f so, c lar . or sodroots are indicatecl. We bei ie,, 'c that sod or cla,u- roots rverea lso tvp ica l o [ n los t nronLlmencai bur ld ings in the loca iHua rnachuco t rac i i t ion.

We presunre th: l t the nichcd hal ls rvere intended to be atleast part ial lv rooted in or. ler to prorect the nLlrncrousniches, :r l though u'e har,e no evidence for the form of theroot-. Ntrnlerous niches detine the niched hal ls, buc ir isthe i r par r icu lar d is t r ibut ion pat rern thar is spcc i f ic to th isbr,r i lc l ing type. Alrhouqh onlv one niched hal l rvas exca-vated, a l l the o thers were caretu l lv surveved. S ince theniches rveaken the u.al ls, niched hal ls are otten poorlyprcservcd. Observat ions o f the dcta i led pat tern o i co l lapse:rnd of the niches rhat are prcserve d in lrnexcavared e-xam-ples ind icate that thev are cssenr ia l lv s inr i ia r ro rhe exca-vated exanrp le . Perhaps the nr : r jor excepr ion is che group oIthree conjoined niched hal ls east of the central plaza. Herethe ccntral rectangular hal l secms to be rypical. but the t ' ,r 'osquare hal ls lack niches on the r,v:r l ls shared rvith i t .

F iq t r rcs j tc - r _ i i l l r rs t r r t tc n 'c i l rhe nr t r l r ip l ic i rv o t 'n ichct \ .pcs anc i thc i r orq .ur iz . r t ion. Pcrh. rLrs nrost t r "p icr i l rs rhcrrrarjqt ' l rrcnt oi three srnal l nichcs and a small n,rnclorv orthror-rqh niche in the conlcrs oi the bui ldings and in t* 'osectiorls of the back wall . Also tvpicai are the r lunlerouslarge niches that measure r m high and t m deep and have at rapezoida l f loor p lan ( r2o cn l in t iont . r35 cm in back) .These are arranged in at least trvo t iers, and sometimes ther,val ls separating the large niches have small niches. There issome cvidence that second:rrv burials (defieshed bones)were placed in the r,val ls at corners of niched hal ls.McEr,van (this volurne) rc'ports the interment of a numbero[ skr , r l ls under thc f loor o [ a poss ib le n iched ha l l a tP ik i l lac ta . Wal l tombs are a lso knor ,vn t rom che s i te o t -Marca Huamachuco, where chey occur in structures thatare probablv eqt r iva lent to n iched ha l ls . McCorvn ( rg+ j ':37) fcl t that these burials were actual lv placed in largeniches rt Marca Huamachuco, but r,ve have found no evi-dence that the niches were used for that purpose at eitherVi racochapampa or Marca Huamachuco.

Niched ha l ls rvere obv ious ly verv impor tant bu i ld ings.Ir is rvorth noting that niches in general are relat ivelyuncommon at Viracochapampa, except tbr those associated'"vich corbels (or iedges) and doors. Large niches are knorvnto occur in onlv one context other than a niched hal l . Thisconrexc is che n'esr wall oiUnir C, rvhere thev appear in thesecond s tory o f a ga l lery and are unf in ished. On the otherhand, two-srorv archicecture is chlracrerist ic only of gal ler-ies end normal lv not assoc ia ted rv i th larqe n iches.

C ot t slr t t t t i t t r t 7i ' cl rrt i qtrc s

The rv l l l s a t che s i tc ere qu i rc rnass ivc and ust ra l lv doublebattered. lvlost rval ls are abor-rt 90- roo cm thick nearqround levcl, .rncl taper to 6-i-7ocm :rc ,r heighr oi -1-_s nr.Thc site boundan. r l 'al l rvas t 8o cm thick, and che nichedhel is h . rvc rvr l is I fo- l jo cn l t l - r ick . The r " ' . r l l s r re br r i l tp rcdonr inanr lv o f qr - rar r icd s . rndstonc. Thc unshapcd sand-

Huari dn(l Huaftnduco

stone b locks are la id up in a th ick ( j -6 cm) bed o[ nrudmortar made f rom the loca l c lay . The hearr ing cons is ts o iacompact but unorganized jumble o i sandsrone and mud.The s ize o f s tone var ies great ly , but la rge b locks are rarcand s tones are typ ica l lv 2o-3o cn l on a s ide. Snecks orchinking stones are conlmon betlveen larger srones in thelace of a wall . Wall faces are usuallv relat ivelv even, bucstones in che rval l face have no parricular orientat ion. Thelack of orientat ion oI the [acing stones gives a dist inct ir , 'erandom appearance to the wall face which is tvpical ofHuari constructions everywhere. In contrast, local Huama-chuco architecture is faced with large rectangular blocks oistone completely surrounded b,v two to f ive rows ofsmal ler ch ink ing s tones, and has a coursed or semi-coursedaPpearance.

In al l excavated e.ramples, r,val ls were started belorvground surface in trenches as much as J m deep (for esanl-p le , a t the sourh gate) , but genera l lv rhese t renches appearto be onlv' t-2 m deep. The exc:rvation oi t i re trenchcsprobabl,v provided material tbr morrar :rnd some f i l l fbr theprel iminary level ing o[ rhe site. The Foundation rrencheswere only as rvide as rhe rval l to be bui l t and had vert icals ide rva l ls . Thc const ruct ion o Ichc rv 'a l l ins ic lc thc t rcnch isls lbovc, cxccpr that lcss c ; l rc \ \ ' ; rs t . rkcr r in t lc inq rhebelow-ground segnrcnt o f the rva l l . Aqain . th is constnrc-t ion in dcep trenches seems t,vpicai of Huari architccture: irrcontrast, Huamachuco br-r i idings ere alr,vavs set direct ly onbedrock, and rhe bedrock is often cut away somewhat toprovide a snrooth Footing fbr the wall .

The walls r,vere bui l t uprvards in stages, as indicated byseam l ines that usual ly run hor izonta l ly or ob l ique ly hor i -zonta l . At t imes, more than one hor izonta l segment wasbuil t inside the trench. General lv, the height of the horizon-tal segment varies benveen t and I. i In, and the seanr l inesextend at t imes to more than 3o m in lengt i r . Shor t ver t ica lseams sometimes subdivide a horizotrtal segment into trvoor more un i ts . Hor izonta l segmentat ion is again tvp ica l o fHuari architecture, rvhi le Huamachuco archicectLlre empha-s izes ver t ica l segmenrat ion.

The segmentation undoubtedly al lorved more men towork simulcaneouslv on the wall or bui lding. Work crewsmight have had about f ive men, one to mix mortar, two tohand up materials, and rr.vo to lay stones simultaneouslv onboth sides of the wall . Ir would be possible to have three orlour crer,vs at work on a single gal lery wall . In such asituation, horizontal segmentation, as opposed to consrruc-t ion in vert ical segments. r,vould also serve the purpose oihelping ro level lval ls across a large area. Horizontal seg-mentation might also be related to the use of scatTolding. Inthis case, horizontal seams rvould result t iom increments inthe number of levels of scaffolding. Since. horvever, thesearns occur belorv ground lcvel as rvel l as abor. 'c. i t seemsmore t ike ly th i r t i t re ia tes pr imar i lv to le" 'e l ing. In Uni r A,tor example, the var ia t ion t rom leve l o ia ro \ \ 'o icorbe ls -som long rvas less than + 5 cm, and these corbe ls occurred intwo perpendicu lar ga l lc r ies so thar leve l ing cou ld not beaccompl ished by s imple l ine o f s ight .

Corbels (stones ser into the ,,r 'al l and projcct ine ontbe,vond thc tace) rvcre used ro suppor t thc i loors o isccor td

stor ies . Ar V i racochapampa these s tones were somecimesquarried but r,vere nlore conrmonlv r iver rol led. Sand-srone, rvhich is too t i iable. u'as rarelv trsed for corbels;l imestone or quar tz i te is prefer red tbr th is purpose.Corbels average I3 cnr th ick by z+ cm wide and procrudet l i cnr from the rval l tace. On average they are spaced i rc rn apar t . Somer imes a ledge, formed bv rh inn ing rhesecond-s torv wal l , was used as a f loor suppor t insread ofcorbe ls . Corbe ls and ledges a lways have a row of smal lniches immediatelv above them. These niches were proba-bly designed to receive one end oi a bearn, while the otherend rested on the corbels. They are about 2j cm high, : :cm rvide. a,nd z7 cm cieep.

While similar corbel (or ledge) and niche f loor supportsystems rvere used at other Hr-rari si tes, I have the impres-s ion that they were not f ,s s tandard ized or evo lved as thoseat V i racochapampa. Andcrs ( th is vo lurne) comnlenrs thatthe corbcls at Azanqaro were nrac-le oi rock too t i iable tosl lpport much rveiqht, , ,vhi le at Piki l lacta (McEr,van, t i r isvo lume) rows of corbe ls z igzagged and curved a long therval l tace. As mentionecl above, at Viracochapampa thecorbels rvere nrlde oi totrqh r iver-rol led rocks, a practicen lso ibund . r r Ccrro S; rzon. r rnc l rverc p laced in near lvhor izonr . r I rou 's t l t l t n -crc on lv occ. ts ior t l l Iv s tcppct l c lorvnto . lccornmodatc chanqes in thc natur : r l ground s lope. apract ice para i le led l t both M:r rca Huanrachuco and CerroSazon. I t is nrost l i ke ly that the more s tandard ized andevolved corbel-and-niche technique at Viracochapampa isdue to the fact thar sinri lar supports had long been used inthe local Huamachuco architecture.

The earl iest examples of corbels at both MarcaHuamachuco and Cerro Sazon date to around A.D. 4oo,and ar that t ime they 'were used to support roofing beams.Later they were used to suppor t the f loor jo is ts o [mr- r l t is tor ied bu i ld ines, and at Marca Huamachuco thevwcre sometimes conrbined rvith holes in the i ,vai l . Thereare examples t rom th is per iod o [bu i ld ings rv i th corbe ls onone u'al l rvi th a rorv oi holes on thc orher rval l , as well asbui ldings rvith corbels on both rval ls with holes immedi-ately above the corbels on eirher one or both walls. Theseholes were always dug into the wall after the wall wasconstructed, while the corbels were always bui l t into thewail during the construction. I t is obvious thar one end ofche joisr was inserted into the hole, since we st i l l f ind theends of beams in the holes, while the other end rested onthe corbels. I t seems then thar nlore corbels were bui lc incothe ,,val ls than were actual lv necessarv to support the f loorjo is ts . s ince the spac ine o i ho ies and, therefore, o f jo is rs

w:rs I to 3 m apart, rvhi ie the spacing oi corbels is onlvabour Io to 20 cm apar t . At V i racochapampa, preparedniches take the p lace o[ the unprepared ho les and. l ike thccorbels. manv rnore arc bui l t inco rhe rval ls than rvcreabsolr.rcelv l lecessar\r. At both thesc srtes. rvhenever f loorslrpporr ieatures rvere bui l t into the rval ls during init ialconstruction rather thrn knocked in "rt ter

' ' ,val l consrruc-t ion. manv were strpert luous. This similari tv berrvcen thet rvo s i tes , on a deta i led leve l o i r rch i tec t t r ra l p lann ing andconsrrLrc t ion organizat ion. re f lcc ts the fact that both resu l tt i o r r r r hc s . r r nc r r r d i t i o r r .

r19

John R. Topit

The niches associated r,vi th corbels have sometimes beenvier,ved as evidence for che use of scatTolc-l ing durinu con-s t ruct ion. As nored above, the use o i hor izonta l segmenrsnright also be vierved as evidence of scatTolding. I f-eel,horvever, that in neither case is the evidence very good.Hor izonta l segment seams occur a t or be low grot rnd leve lwhere no scaffolding rvould be necessary. Holes do notoccur in a l l monumenta l bu i ld ings at Marca Huamachuco,arc not known at ai l at Cerro Sazon, and seem confinedonly to the end o[ the Eir lv Intermediate Period. When

holes or n iches occur a t anv o[ che s i tes in Huamachuco,

the i r locat ion is cons is tent ly a t the same leve l as corbe ls . At

Marca Huamachuco and Cerro Sazon, the verr ical spacingbetween rows of corbels, or a row of corbels and the top of

thc wall . varies berween z and 6 m; the exterior faces ofu'al ls :r t chese sites are often more than 9 m tal l ;urd have no

evidence of holes, niches, or corbels. T,vi"g in scaf foldingto the wal l a t z m incerva ls would be prudent , whi le

bui lding scaffolding up 6 to 9 n1 between t ic- ins would

seem very imprudent indeed. Cer ta in ly ho les, n iches, or

even corbels nrighr have been used to t ie in scaffolding, btrt

thc rea l quest ion is rvhether sca l fo ld inq was used l t a l l . I I i ts 'crc uscd, I rvould r-xpcct to f ind ;r nrttc]r lnorc t icqucnrc l is r r ibut ron ot - ho lcs on both i t t tc r ior and cxter ior u ,a l l

thccs, rncl these holcs rvor.r ld not havc to be al igncd rvith

ro ' . ,vs o i corbc ls ; rhey could , e t rer a l l , be eas i lv p lastcrcd

over later. Something l ike the rosectcs that McEwan (rhis

volume) describes at Piki l lacta might be evidence for scaf-tolding i f they are frequent. but I am unaware of similarteatures et anv of the sites in Huamachuco. In short, I donor t-eel that r.ve can vet answer the qtrest ion of lvhether

scaffolding r,vas used.Snral l niches, l ike those associated ' ,virh corbels, had

l inrc ls and somet imes s i l ls tormed bv a s ing le srone. Largeri in te ls , l i ke those o i rhe large n iches in the n ichcd ha l ls or o f

doorways and windows, r.vere forrned by a number ofstones held in place only by mud mortar. These largerl intels had to be supported while the mortar dried. Thistenlporary support took the tbrm of a sol id nrasonry rval l .

Thus, when bui lding a doorway, for example, the work

crew f irst bui l t the si l l , which consisted oi a number of

s tor les la id to prov ide a smooth upper face. The doorjambs, again cons isc ing of a nurnber o f s tones, were then

constructed uprvard, along with the rest of the wall , unti ll inrel height was reached.

It is l ikely that the temporar,v support \ ,vas constructedand removed in a ser ies o idef in i te s tages. On top oI the s i l l

they laid in a bed of clay about 5 cm thick. then began tof i l l in the doorway with the temporarv masonry rval l .

Ho'uvever, since the doorsi l ls rvere almost ahvavs con-structed belorv qround level in the trench, the nrasonrvsupport rvas often init ial l" ' bui l t onh' to gror-rnd level. Thisleft the doorrvav clear to al lorv rrccess across t l-re trench andalso prov ided a temporary br idge across i r . When the ' "va l lsurrounding thc doorr,vav had bcen constructed to theheight o f the l in te l , the ten- rporarv sLrppor t u 'a l l ins ide thedoor , ,vav rvas br . r i l t up and cont inued r iqhr in to the l in tc l .At ier rhe l in te l had dr ied, thc sLrppor t u ' t>Lt lc l be re t t rovcc lent i re lv or a t least down to qror tnd leve l , leav ing a smooth

I { O

s i l l and jambs br - r t a rouqh l in te l . I t has been poss ib le toreconstruct this rechniqr.rc because we have many exanrpleso[ par t ia l ly cornp le ted doors , inc lud ing one in which cheent i re temporary suppor t is s t i l l in p lace.

Large niches rvere bui l t the same way, but the sides andbacks o[ the niche, as well as the f loor, rvere apparentlvgiven a rough coat of mtrd plaster. In one niche we tbundtexti le impressions in the plaster on the back wall . In thiscase, the piece of cloch may have served as a marker, so thatthe niche would not be damaged by workmen tearing outthe temporary support nlasonry. Again, the incompleteniches in Unit C confirm that rhis was in facr the method o[constructing l intels.

Lintels constructed in this manner are very weak pointsin the structure. In Viracochapampa's niched hal ls alonethere were more than I , ,soo large n iches, and a l l the l in re lsseem to have col lapsed. This inherent rveakness mav ex-plain why so few doors and large niches have been recos-nized at other Huari si tes; i t does not explain why thiscechnique was used. Similar l intels were used, at least onsome large n iches, a t Marca Huamachuco, but I would seethese as result inr l fronr Huari inf luence. Earl ier niches anddoorrvavs at Mercr Hl ranrachuco usual lv have s tonc s iabsas l in tc ls , u , i r i l c la ter bu i ld ings use e i ther po les, s tonc s labs,or both po lcs and s labs.

An incercsting technicei detai l relares to rhe consrrucrionof canal openings through the walls. We found three suchcanal openings. Al l were apparently meant to be belou'thefloor, but none had actual ly been connected to a canal. Al lwere bui l t using kaol in clav as the mortar. These are rheonly places where we f ind kaol in mortar, and i t was proba-bly purposely used to better seal these canals.

Walls rvere bonded onto each other in a number ofdi i ferent wavs. There is onc example of a " long-and-short-

n,ork" corner. This tvpc oi bond, t1'pical o[ the ]ocalHuamachuco archicectural tradit ion, provides a decorativeexternal corner on a bui lding. I t is constructed using rectan-gular blocks of stone that are longer than normal. The longaxis oi the block is alternatcly oriented vert ical ly and hori-zontal ly. At Viracochapampa this technique was also usedin the jambs of the niches in Unit C, and at other sites inHuamachuco i t is sometimes used to mark orle vert icaledge of each bui lding segmenc. More common ^tViracochapampa is the overlapping of horizontal segmentsto create a "f inger bond" or an actual interdigitat ion ofindividual stones to provide a [rue bond. While the truebond is also used in the Huamachuco area, the f inger bondappears l imi ted to V i racochapampa.

Al l three o i rhese ind icate more or iess contemporaneousconstruction of the bonded walls. A fourth technique indi-cates pre-planning for the boncl ing-in of :r larer wrl l . Thistechnique invo lvcs i i rsc bu i ld inq one rva l l . but a lso prov id-ing a ser ies o is toncs pro ject ine in a ver t ica l l ine on the rva l lface. Larer a second r,r,al l is abutted onto the f irst and r iedin to the pro ject ing s tones. Th is techniquc is comnron inthe local Huamachuco tradit ion. . ,vhere i t rvas used espe-c ia l ly to t ie toqethcr l ser ics o I ver t ica l bu i ld ine segnrents .Thc vcr t rca l rorvs o f corbc ls c lescr ibed bv McEr ,van ( th isvoltrme) mav serve a similar function.

LI t t ui tt tt d Ht t t1t t t t1 ( I I t t t' tt

In tcrcst ingi 'u ' . u 'c l t . t r .c no t obscrr , 'cc l . t t Vi r ; rcochrtp- '1 1110.

t h e u s e o i o r q a n i c i r r l t c r i . r l s t o s t r c n g t l r c n u ' . t l l c o r n c r s . . r

r r . u r r h r r t o c c L l r s ; t r l c : r s r . i r H r . r a r i : l l t r . l [ ) i k r l l l c r e ( s c c

. \ l cEn ' r r r r . rh i s vo l t r i : re ; L r - r rnb rc r . r s I97+ : r f i : ) . \ \ ' i r oc ' l cn

po le s : l r c son rc r in re s i nco rpo r : r t cd i n to r v r r l l s J t Marca

Hnanrachuco , and th i s seenrs to be a bo r ro * ' i r r s { t i ou r

H u a r t .

Evii lettct' Thnt tlrc Sirc /-s L'n-firt islred

I havc men t ioned se , , ' e ra l t i n res tha t V i recochapampa

\\ 'AS r)ever f in ishcd. This interpretat ion u,as becr-r nrore

t i r l lv docr. rmenrcd e lse u 'hcre (Toprc and Topic n. d. b: Topic.

Topic, ancl Clrnr ichacl n.d.) . br-r t i r is r ' , 'or t i r rvhi le to br ic f l r '

rer- icrv part of thc evidencc. This cvidence incl r - rdes thcqeo loq ica l s t ru r ig ruphv o i the s i te . de ta i l ed obsc rve t ions on

rhc ccc l ' rn i t l ues rnd scqL lencc o l t co r rs rn rc t i on . r r r c l t he p . r t -

r c rn ing o i . r r t i t r r c t t r l l r c t i r sc . Hc rc . I s ' i l l on l . . ' r ev rc \ \ ' so l l r c

of thc obscrr , ' l t ions rn;rc lc by ' lVlcCor i 'n.

Thc re lat iorrs l ' r ip ' r benvecn the archi tecturc anci thc gco-

l o q i c a l c l c p o s i r s o i r c c l s a n c l v c l a r ' ; r r r h c s i t c c a n b e c o r r t u s -

inq . N lcCorvn ( r9+ - i : 3 : -1 ) r ccoqn izcc i r l t e t t hc rc n -c rc on l . . '

t i i r t c p r . . r s s i l ' t l c . ' x l - . i . r r r l r t i o r t s t , r r r i r t ' r ' c l . t t t , r n : i t i p l , c r n - c c r t t l t c

rcc ' l c l . r v l nc l t hc ( ' ( ) l r s t rL lL t i ( )n : , . I I f i ooc l i r rq I t l c l r i cpos i t cc l

r r . r ss i vc c iua r r t i t r cs t r t ' c l l v r , r ' i r h r r r t he i l n i s i r c r l s t ruc t l r r cs : ( r )

t l r c c l l v h a c i b c c r r c a r r i c c l r n b v h u n r l r r J q c n c \ ' . r t r c r c o n -

s t r l l c t i on . o r ( : ) t hc s i t c r , va l l s were co l l s t ruc rcd in r r cnches

duq do rvn in to thc na tu ra l c lav depos i t .

Thc f r r s t poss ib i l i r r , ' i s cas i l v c l i scounred : thc . r c i s a n r rno r

. l n loun t o f e l l uv ia i dcpos i t i on in Un i t C and in son rc o f thc

sou the rn rnos t enc losu rcs , b t r t t h i s i s cas i l v recogn iz lb le

bccausc o f the sand ic r t cx t l l r e o i rhc c - lepos i t .

I ) cpos i t i on b r . ' h r r r r r . i n . r r - { c l ) cv l s l l l o re . l i t f i cu l t t o r ccoq-

n rzc ( )n r l t e - su r t : r cc . Wc I t : r r . c . l t t>u ' c r ' . ' r . been lb l . ' r o i c le t t -

t i i i ' r he q round su r thLe conr r |npor . r r v r r ' i t i r t i t c u l l l c r - r r r -

st ruct ion in most excavauons. Thrs surtace is marked by a

layer of angular sandstone pebbles that are foreign to the

red-c lav mudsl ic le deposi t . These engr: lar pebbles r ,vere

undoub tcd lv b rokcn o i f t he bu i l d rng s ro r l cs anc - l t roc iden

in to the g round su r face du r rng cons t ruc r ion . Ovc r l v ing

thesc pebb les and the na tu ra l dcpos i t i s a va r iab le a tno t tn t

o i thc r cd c la r ' , o . , ' c r l r rn bv hunr r - r s : rnd r " ' a l l ra l l . No c \c f , \ ' e -

r ron has sho'uvn evidence o[ deposi t ion bv hunran agency

belo, ,v the construct ional ground surface.

McCor,vn's th i rd a l ternar ive. rvhich hc considered un-

i i kc l r , . wes th r t t he s i te r va l l s were bu i l r i n t renchcs . Our

excavat ions have c lear ly shorvn rhar rh is rh i rd a l rernat ive is

correct . Wal l tbundat ions are rvel l belorv the construct ional

ground surt -ace, and the l inc o i the t rench alonq the tacc oi

the fbunda t ion i s c lea r l v v i s ib le i n manv excava t ions . O I

.o r l r sc . i t h l s . r l so been shorvn th r t o r i r c r HLr . t r i s t r cs h l ve

t o u r r d l t i o n s c o n s t r L r c t e d i n r r c n c i r e s t S c h r c i b c r n . d . . : 9 ) . I n

ta i r r - ress to McColvn, at Viracochaparnpa urterpret l l lq the

s r r r t i q raphy as , r resu l t o f cons t ruc t i on in t renches i s i l l og i -

, ' , l l r l r / t ' , t , ' i i c L { ) n r p , l l t i . ' . 1 l . } ' t i t e i r r r c r p r e t . r t i t > r r r i r . r r t h c s i t c i s

t r r r t j n i s l ' r ed . Exc ru ' . r t cd cx . rn r f . l es i t i on r Un i t A ) o t - rhc l og i -

c l l problerns are c- loors i l ls rs mucir f ,s I . - l nr below' . . r t rc l

q rou t rc l f l oo r ce r l i nqs l css th ln 6o c t t t . t b r r r - c . t i r c cons t r l t c -

tior-r su ri.rcc.

O t l r c r l u rcqu ivoc r l cv i r l c r r cc to r rhc r - r r r t l n i shcc l nJ rL l r c o t\ ' ' r r l coc i r . rp rn lpu c . rn b . ' c i r cc l : rhc sL rb t loo r c ln . r l s \ - s rc r r l\ \ ' . t s n e V C r c o r ) l t c c t r - t l . p l l i s f c r t 1 , t . t r s \ \ ' c r c n C V c r l . r r d . i nso lnc c " l scs t cn lpo r i r r v n r . l son rv sL lppor t s tb r rhc l i n rc l s o t -c ioo rs and l r i rqc n i chcs \ \ ' c rL - ncvc r r cn rovcc l . . rnd o rhc rt i n i sh inq to l r ches a re l ack inq . Morc i r r rpo r ran t , c -n r i re w 'a l l s

and poss ib l v s . ' l - ro l c sec t ions o i the s i te ren ra ined to be bu i l r .

I sho r - r l d emphas izc r i r r t r i r e i n t c rp re ra r ion i s no r bascc l o r r

the sca rc i cv o i re t r - r se a t V i r r cochapanrpa (McClou 'n r9+_ i :

3 - : - ; ) . I ndeed . ; r l rhouqh rhc l ac t rha r rhe s i te i s r - rn f l n i shed

hc lps ro exp le in rhe lack o i ce r ta in t vpes o f re tuse in son re

co l t tex ts . so r I . l c re tuse shor r ld occ r l r l l t con tcx ts . r ssoc ia tcd

u ' i t h thc ho t rs ing o t ' r , r ' o rk c revv ' s cngaqcc l i r - l cons tn rc tn lq

rhc s i tc . We have rr l rcaciv n lcnt ionecl that sorne oi the rr , ,ork

c rc \ \ ' l l r i l \ ' havc bcen houscd in sn ra l l rooms a long t l i e

course o i t hc un t in i shcc i cana i so l l t h t> i rhe s i te . I r i s q t r i r c

l r k c l v r l t : t r ( . e r r o S . t z t - r t s c r v e d . l s t l t c n r . U ( ) r s t r q i n q , r r c . r t t r r

rhc co r rsc r r t c r i o r r o t ' \ ' i r r coch lp r r r rp ' ' . t ( scc be iou , ' ) so rha r

o t t l r ' . t i c n ' p c o p r l c r n t q h t h . t v c b c c n h o r - t s c d w ' i t i - r i n

V i r . r cochap iunp ; r i t sc l i d t r r i nq thc cons tn l c t i on s t : l gc .

V lcCou 'n ( r r2 -1 , i : - i : - l - . l r _ i ) n r ; i c - i c tou r cxc r rv ; r t i ons t r l

\ \ ' h i l t \ \ ' c ce l l Un i t (1 . Un tc C i s csscn t i l l l r , l i p r r r i o co rnp lc - r

r i i t i l , j r l l e r l c \ . r l ( ) l ) { . r l l t i , r r r * ' . r l l s . [ r r r r l . r , r ] r r l r c q : r l l c n c s

.u r r l r i r c p l r i o i r l vc bcc r r s t rbc l i v r . l cc l l l t r u t . t r vp i c " r i l t ] : t nne r

n r t ( ) s r n l l l r o o l n s . n o \ \ ' \ ' c r v p ( ) ( ) r l t ' ; r r - c s c r v c d . N l c C o u ' n ' s

c \c . r vJ t i o r l s \ \ - c rc n rc l tn t t o t cs t rhc l r vpo thcs is thu r rhcsc

br , r i l d inss rep rcsc r l t cd a l a t c r cocc l rp l t i on o f thc s i re ( rq+ j :

r7 l ) . l n . ' l t hc ' r ' p roduced h i s l a rges t ce ran r i c co l l cc r rons

t ion r thc s i t c 1 r94_S: j : -1 ) . McCorvn ( r9 .1_5 : )72 ) te l r t i r a t rhc .

res t r l r s o f h i s excavar ions hc rc wc rc no t conc lus i ve . bu r he

cotr ld t lnc i no reason to consider t i re srnal l bt r i lc l ings not ro

bc conte rnporar\ : u ' i t i r thc resr of thc s i re .

Excer ' : r t ior) \ \ ' : rs carr icd ol i t in thc srrra l l roorn l lonq the

r . , ' cs r s i c le o i t hc p r r i o o t 'Un i t C l . rn t l t hc occ l rpa t ion c loes

\cc r l l t ( ) bc conccn- lpo r r r v n ' i t h cons t ru rc t i o r - r . i c r r r - i r r ' . T l re

rvest wai l , . ,vhich contains the larse unt in ished niches,

s tands 5 .2 j m above g round leve l (McCown rg45 : 27 r ) .

On rhe o the r hand . thc ees t r , va l l ba rc l v r i scs above thegro t rnd s r - r r tace . In sp i ce o i such rna rkcc { l v uncqua l he rqh rs .

thc easr and rvest i .vai ls are c lear lv mejor eal lerv lval ls . The

north : rnd sourh , . . , 'a l ls , horvevcr, g ivc t i re appearance ot-

bc ing l l t c d i v i s ions o i t hc qa l l c rv r r ) c : -u - r t t o p rov ide a she l -

te r l v i t i r a s ing le s i red roo t ; t he rops o t bo rh o f chcse rva l l s

s lope dorvn, ,vard f rom wesr to easr. Ac the rvest the tops ot-

r i rese . ' ,val is are located jusc above the height oI che ledge-

n iche l i nc . so tha t the ledgc ' i n thc r ves t r va l l co r , r l d have

bcen used to support the roof beams. In rhe east , rhe wal l

tops are at che same level as the r- rnf ln ished easr wal l of the

gal ler ' , , ' . The room had a t ranrplcd c lav t loor rv i rh inch-r-

s ions o t -pebb les and sma l l cha rcoa l f l ecks . Thc f l oo r r , vas

loc . r t c , , ' l Jbo l r t : u r L rc l , rw ' t i r c l edee on t i r c s ' cs t u ' . r l l . Thc

to r rnc i : r r i on t l i r hc sourh n - : r l i . l i kc rhosc o i rhc r r , ' cs r , rnd c l s r

rval ls . n ' . rs duq dor, r . ' r ' r inco compact srer i le c la,v belou' rhe

l l oo r . On lv the sou thwes t co rne r o i t he exca 'u 'a t i on rvas

carr icc i tc ' ' t i re b.rsc ot- rhe rval ls ; rnd shon'ccl t i - r . r t borh rhe

rvest lnr ' l sor-r th n ' l l l t i r r - rndat ions extenclcd ro thc s.rnrc

l cve l . n lo re than _5o cn r be lo rv rhe t l oo r .

Unir C-- : r lso prcscnrs or)e cxl rn ip le o i l r partcr l t th: l t occl l rs

in o thc r u reas o t - rhc s i t c . I n Un i t s A . l l . . rnd C l . . r s w 'e i l r r s i r r

I J I

John R. -fitpic

one pa r io un i t r ves t o i t hc r r venLrc , q . r l l c r i es occ l l r i r r r vh i c l r

onc long . , va l l i s n ruch l r . r r vc r th l r r t hc o r l - i c r . l n l i l t hcsc

c rses , one r i , ' a l l hes a i ro r i zon r . r l ron o i co rbc l s . o r son rc -

t i rnes a l cdqe , usec i t o sL rppor r rhc t l oo r o i rhc seCOnt ' l s to r \ ' .

u . i r i l e the pa ra l l e l , , va l l i s n ruch less tha r r o r l c s ro rv r ; r l l o r i n

s o n l c ' c r . s c s n o t v i s i b l e o n r h c s u r t a c c a r l l l . M c C o u ' n ( r 9 + _ s :

:7 t ) r vas conv inced tha r e r , ' en i i rhe pa ra l l e l u 'a l l , , vas no tr . ' i s i b le on the s t r r tace i r n r l r s t h rve ex i s t cd a t one t i n rc . anc l

a t t r i bu tec l i r s absence ro des t ruc r ion bv p io rv ine o r cu l t i va -

t i on . In Un i t B thc re re rna ins rhe poss ib i l i r v o i such dcs t ruc -

t i on , bu t oL l r e \ cava t ions in Un i t s A and C ind ica te tha t tb r

che mos t p ; r r t t h i s s i t u : r t i on r csu l t s no t t rom the c - l cs r r r . r c r i on

of one u-al l br , r t t iom the tacr rhat i t w:rs not f in ishccl . T i ' rc

r- rnf i r t ishcci ' ,vr l l -s ; r rc sonlct inres j r - rst tor . rndat ions, now co\r-

e red bv a th in l ave r o i so i l , b l r t o t i r c r t imes chev s tand - l ocm, I rn . o r I . , j n1 abor , ' c thc q ro t rnd su r f i ce . In n ran l . c : r scs

i t i s c lea r tha t thc . l r ca : r r ( )L rnc { thc u . ' a i l has ne , , ' c r bcen

t r r rmcd anc i t ha r thc u 'a l l has no t j us t t opp led ovc r . Th is i s

. rppare r ) r bec lusc thc rc i s no p i l e o f t a l l cn s ronc o r J l t v

rnd ica t ion tha t s toncs \ \ ' e re ren roved tb r use in rno re n ro t l -

en r cons t rL l c t i o l t s . I n t ' i e r ' , ' o i t hcse da ta , i t bcconres c l c l r

r h a t r t t l n v o i r h c g a l l c - r i c - s . r s u , c l l i l s r h c l o u ' c n c l o s r r r c

r r ' . t l l s . t r r t i cvcn thc s i r c i ro t r r r i l . r r v n ' r l l . \ \ - c rc n ( ) f r l cs t rovc r l

b r r r r r n f i r r r s l r e t l .

Thc no r thc rn p . l r t o i chc i i ! ' cnL lc ' " r ' . r l l s p rcscn ts : rn cvc r i

l n o r c c \ t r c n ' l c s i t t r e t i o n . N l c C o r v n ( r 9 - 1 ; : t i q . r 3 ) l . r b c l c d

rhese n 'a l l s as "c l cs t roved to thc fbunc ' l a t i ons . " As o l r r i r r r c r -

p re ta t i on o i t he s i te u 'as dcve lop ing (Top ic and Top ' ' i c .

n .d .b : f i e . t ) r , vc charac te r i zec l t hese , , r ' a l l s as hav inq on l r .

rhe fbundat ions completed, a verv minor d i f fcrcnce. I t rvas

no t un t i l t 9 l t 4 . r vhcn \ \ ' e wen t to l r l spec t the damaqe causcd

bv the bu i l c l i ng o f a ncu ' sch t to l bc t ' uveen Un i t B end thc

i l ven l l c . t h l t r r , ' c r ce i i v l ookcd a t thcse s ' : r l l s . I n tha r l r ca rhc

: I venuc n 'a l l s havc r ro tb r , rnda t ions a t a l i . T l i cv a re l l s t r

* ' i de r t h ln o thc r i l vcnL lc n ' . r1 l s . . r re csscn r ia l l r . t rn t l i ccc l . e r r r l

have a p ropor t i on o i rno r ta r and s ronc tha t i s d i f t c ren r

f rom the other wal ls at Viracochapampa. Final l ,v , thev are

topped b,v cacr i . The people u 'ho bui l r rhe school to ld Lrs

rha r the i r "g rand la the rs " had bu i l t t he rva l l s to keep ; rn i -

mals f ronruvander ing into the t rc ids, and I see no reason to

doub t t i r i s . A l though thev l i nc 'd up the ne rv r va l l s r v i rh thc

; ]venue u 'a l ls tbr csthet ic reasons. ther, ' recoqnize c le:r r l r '

t ha t the nc rv r va l l s a re o t i n t c r i o r cons t ruc t i on to rhc o ld

rval ls , which they descr ibe as pi rca inrernacional .

They : r lso said that the stone for these recer l t rval ls came

f ro rn rhe L -shapc 'd enc losu re sou th and rves r o f Un i r B . rh ; r r

the stone r ,vas loose, and chat no rval ls rvere destroved to

obtain i t . This part oF their s tatement is unver i f iable now.

bu t rhe t i c t t ha t the re i s qu i r c - a b i t o t - l oose s tone p i i cd on

top of ancient wal ls at the northwest corner o[ the centra i

p l . rza strqqests th;r t th is stonc as n 'e l l . ts t i r l r r - rsccl r lonS rhc

.rvcr ' ruc c lcr ives t rorn c le.r r inq the rc l i . rccnt cnclosr , r rc: tbr '

aqrrcul ture. The Llnans\ \ -erccl c l r . test iorr is u ' i rethcr l rchr tcc-

tu re \ v ; r s des t roved d t r r i ng thc c l c r r i nq o r u "hc ' thc r t . - r r l r '

F ) r l cs o t - l oosc s ro r )c . h . r r r l c . . l i r r t i o r t t rhc t l r r . r r r i cs i n . r r r c i c r r t

t i n r c s i n p r c p l r a t r o n t o r b u r l d i n q . , , r ' e r c r r t o v e d . F r r r t h c r

cxc f , \ ' a t i on n r igh t se t t l e th rs q t resnon . r l rho t rqh rvc do

know ' o t ' one cx ; rn rp l c . r f s tockp r led s tone . i nd i c l r c r l r )n rhc

rnap (F i t . : ) by the i r r tg r - r l : r r ova l cas t ( ) i U r - r i r C .

I 5 2

Togcther, the er , ' idcncc tbr tenrp-res11y l ror . rs inq in Unir C.

rhe s tockp r lec i s tone eas t o t - Un i t C , and poss ib le s tockp i l es

o i s to r rc r )o r th \ \ ' cs r o i t hc p laze ; rnc i so t r thu , ' es r o i U r r i t B

suqges t tha t t i r c t t l c r - r s o i cons t ruc t i o l l a t t hc t i u rc o iaban-

dontnent o i Vir ; rcoch.rparnp'ra r r , 'as in the northr ." 'cst qr-racl -

ran r o f rhe s i re . Cc r ra in l v thc rc : r re t rn f - i n i shed bu i l d ings in

thc o the r quadranrs o i t he s i te , bu r cons r ruc t ion in those

q t tad ran rs had p rocccdc -d t l r eno t rqh to p rov ide us w i rh anidea o [ rhe in tenc lcd p l l n . [ n con r rasc , we do no t have

enough in iorrnat ion on the norrh ' , , r 'est quadrant even tospecu la te on the in renc led p l : rn o r dens i r v o f a rch i tec tu re .

C o n -s t n t c t i tt t t S e ty t e t t t c s

The cons t ruc t i on scq l l cncc tb r anv ' , va l l i s s r ra igh t to r -' ' " r 'ard. The tbundat ion t rench' , , 'n 'as dug and then the wal l . ,vas

b t r i l r f rom bor tom to top , a l l os ' i r r r l f b r cana l open inus , door -\ \ ' evs , bonc { inq s toncs tb r aL ru r t i nq rva l l s , sccond s to rv sL rp -

ports. sccond stor \ i c loors . r i rc ' l r , r ' inc lor , r 's . ancl roof ing iea-

f l l rcs as nccessrrv. Thc s i ruar ion is nrore conrplcx r , l .hcn cvena s ing lc comp le tc p . r t i o u r r i r i s cons ic le red . In such a case , o l l en 'a l l o r bu i i d ing rn iqh t bc conrp le te l v b t r i l t , r vh i l e o the rr i ' a l l s , , r ' c re on lv s r . r r t cc { . : r r r c l so r r r c [ r l c ] no t ve t bccn s tu r t cd .

( ) r r t h c o n c l r . i n . l . t l r i s s i r r r . r t i o r r r c H e c r s t h c c - r i s t c n c c ( ) t . r

p l . rn . Thc t . r c r rh . r r onc bu i l , - l i nq c r r - r bc co lnp lc rc , c . \ ccp if i l r r l r r i s l t i r r r r r . r , r ) r k . u ' l r i l c . i r r t l t l r c r h r r i l , l i r r , ' i r r r h , ^ 5 ; 1 p y g

pat io r - in i t is barc l r ' s tarrcc ' i . rc t l r . r i rcs a detai led r- rndcrstand-

ins of ho, , r ' l l l rhc parts r rc going ro f i r rogerher. Pat io

lavo r . r c , t he rou t ine o i can l l s , and rhc de re rm ina t ion o ic - l oo rs i l l he igh ts . second s to r \ : he igh ts . anc l roo ihe igh rs a l lhad to be kno lvn in l dvancc .

On the o the r hand , con rpa r i son o f the d i t f e ren t s taqes

rcachec l u ' i t h in pa r t s o i r p l r i o r . rn i t o r i n scc ro rs o i t he s i te

shor r ' s tha t no r i q id scc lucncc o f cons t ru rc t i on \ \ ' JS io l -

l ou ' cc l . Sch re tbc r (n .c l . : _s9 -66 ) has ou t l i ncd . r t bu r -s raqe

sc r iue r )ec o t - co r rs t ruc t i o r r :

I . p re -cons t ruc t i on p iann inq and lavour

: . tournc- lar ion rr 'ork

I n 'a l l cons t ruc t i on , p roq rcss ing t i o rn the ou te r bound-ar1 ' rvai l , ro major roorn block (enclosure) rval ls , rorn ino r room b lock u ,a l l s . t o n r ino r ' t " r ' a l l s

+ . t i n i sh inq . i nc i r - r c l i ng con ip le t i nq cana is . l av rnq t l oo rs .

bu i l d ing benches . and p las te r inq .

This sequence appl ies ver,v rvel l to Viracochapampa, exceprr l ' r l r a t l eas t rhe second lnc i t h i rd s faqcs rve rc go ing onsinrulcaneouslv on di f terent u 'a l ls o i the same bui ld ing, and

the var ious parts of the th i rd stage rvere being performed

on d i t f e ren t pa r t s o i thc s i ce . r c rhc sanre c in rc .

To ref- ine r l - ie sequence. rvc u 'ould need rnuch more

c\c.rvat ion c- l . r t l and a bct ter ic lc . r o i , ,vh:r t thc f inal p len oi

t l i c s i t e \ \ : JS n rc i l n t t o l ' r c . S t> r t r c obsc r r ' . r t i o l l s on the : c -

qL lence o in ' . r l l cons t rL rc r lo r r i n cc r t J rn scc to rs o i rhe s i te c ln

be rnadc . h t>w 'cve r .

Abr . i t rncn ts . l t t hc sourh q . r t c . t i r r cx r rn rp l c . i n r i i ca rc rh r r t

t i r c b , ;u r rd l r , , ' u ' ; r l l \ \ . as s te r rcc i bc fb rc thc l venue u .a l l s . I r rt l c r . i t . lF rpcJ rs rh . r r r i re b< - r r . rnc le rv w 'e l l s ' l s bcgun l r r i r c

\ ( )u t i r q :1 tc , cons t ruc tcd in J c ( )L l r t r c rc locku ' i sc l t 1 : l nne r

l t ro t tnc l t hc cn t r r c s i re . l rnc ' l t ha r o r rc co rnp le te t l r rn o t - t hc

Huari artd Httamdchuco

boundarv rva l l had been const ructed bctbre thc avenl te

r r ' l l i s u ,erc srar tcd.

S imi lar lv , i t i s l i ke i l ' rhat thc rva l ls o f m:rnv nrcher l ha l ls

\ \ 'e re completed, except ior f in ish ing c le ta i is . be iorc nearbv

eel ler ies were completed. Th is sequc l rce is besr docu-

mented in Uni t A, where por t ions o f the rva l is o i n ichedhal ls s tend 4 to 6 m above the door s i l l s , bur ga l lery rva l ls, ,vere sr i l l c lear lv under const ruct ion. The map suggesrs

rhat this sequence also applies to the central plaza area, rheiso la ted western pat io complexes, and par ts o f the largenortheast architectural unit . I t is not clear r,vhether theniched hal ls in Unit B and in rhe extreme northeast \ ,vcreconstructed faster than the associated gal lerics. [n general,though. there seems to have been an enrphasis on earlvcomplet ion o f n iched ha l ls .

The re la t ionsh ip bet r .veen n ichec i ha l ls , pat io un i ts , anc lcnc losure r ,va l ls is s t i l l less c lear . I t is poss ib lc thar rhcniched hal ls rvere bui l t f i rst, then gai leries u'crc :rc1dcc1 rotorm pat io un i ts . and f ina l lv enc lost r rc rva l ls la id our . Th isscenar io f i ts the area around Uni t A, : rnd poss ib lv r r ruch o ithe northc-esr and ccntr; ] l plazt architectural :rrces. Irr thcscirreas t l ' lc enclosure r, , 'al ls otten fai i to .r l iqrr c.xlct lv rvi t l rpat io r 'n ' . r l l s . r r r t l t l ' rc re tbrc t i re l rvout t r t p . r r ios c loes r ro tsccnr consrr ; r i r rcd b , , ' thc c . r rs tcr tcc <t i pr ior c r rc ios t t rcs . l -hcs i tuat ion is reversed to son le c \ tcnt i r r Uni t B. . rnc l cspe-c ia l lv i r - r the iso la tcc l wcstcrn par io un i ts t l r . . . , lc scenr ro f i t'uv i th in preex is t ing enc losurcs. Enc losurc 'uva l ls thror . rghoutthe s i te a t ta in rpprec iab le he ight on lv rvhen thcv are a lsobuilding rval ls.

In summary, thc boundarv wall . ,vas establ ishecl cerlv br-rtnot f in ished. I t rvas s tar ted at the south qate and bu i l t in ecounterclockrvise spiral. The avenue ,,val ls rvere begun .rt--rer the botrndarv r,vai ls but -,vcrc also never conrplcted. Insonle par ts o f the s i tc , n iched ha l ls mav havc becn br - r i l rbc tbrc orher l rch i tec tura i c lemcnts . l t rd in thesc s iunc i l rc : rsthe layrng-or.t t of gal leries atrd othcr br-r i ldings mav preciatethe laying-out of enclosures. The consrruction of enclosurewal ls per se was not emphasized. Thr" rs V i racochapanlpedoes not contbrm to the general Hr"rari col lstruct ion se-quencc outl incd b.v Schreiber.

Based on this sumnlarv and the earl ier observatiorl th: l tthere ere recognizab lc east -west ; rnd norrh-south aNcs . l tthe site, we can corl t inLle to speculacc nrore ger-rerei lv aboutrhe sequence of construction throughout the site.

The east-rvest axis is the pnmarv exrs. I t is deflned bvtour po in ts : the center o f the s i re , rhe centers o f rhe tu 'oporr ions o I the s i re lv inq rvest anc] cast o f the avenue, andthe center o I thc cenrra l p laza. Assumir rq that survev inqu'as done bv l ine oI sight, the t lrst thrce cer]ters cor"r lc- l belocated on lv a t ter the corners o i the s i te and the locr t ions o fthe nor th lnd sot r th qr tes had bccn cst " rb l ishcd. b t r t bc tbrcother b t r i id inqs b locked thc v ic rv r lc ross ihc sr re . I r is l i ke l r .rhe n that thc tbuncl:rt ion of chc bounderv u, 'al l rvas l l ic i t i rstend that i t rvas r ro t i r r tended to bc . r per tcc t sq l rare b t r tr r ther to take lc lv ; in t lqe o f t i rc topoqr : rphv o i thc p l . r rn .Aqain . the locarror - r o i thc nor th lnc l so l r th qatcs w 'as l ikc lvc le te rnr ined bv t l i c ropogr . rphr ' , lnc- l rhc to t rnd; r t ions o i rhc. r \ -cnuc u ' . r l i s nr lv h . rvc bccn s t t r tc t l c l t r lv in rhc r ' t ) l rSt r l lC-t l()n seqrlL'nce.

Logic . r l lv , rhc ner t scep w'ou ld bc co dctermine rhe centcrof the p laza . r lonq the cast - \ \ ' csr ax is betbre obscur ing rhcl inc oi sight r. , . ich rn.r jor bui ldings. The norrh-sor-rrh a.xiscouid t l - r t rs be la id or - r r bv bu i ld ing a t least rhe toundar ions ofrhe t rvo larse n iched ha l ls on the nor th ancJ sonrh s ides o i rheplaza and the easternmost rva l l o f Uni t A. Thc nc 'xc sragc ot -const ruct ion was to tur rher so l id i fv these axes by conrp le t -ing the ' ,v.r l ls of the trvo niched hal ls f l lnking the plaza,bui lding the long low mound along the east-r,vest axis andperhaps the bu i ld i r )q on that mound, and const rucr ing rheconjo inec i rec t : rngu lar and square n iched ha l ls easr o i thep laza and the smal l bu i lc . l ing in the eastern enc losure.

Alchoueh not al i br.r i ldings on the central pl lza \\ 'ere com-p le ted. thc foc i o f const ruct ior l then sh i f ted to Uni t A and atlcast rhe soLl thern par t o i the nor theast arch i tecrura l r - rn i r ; inboth these r lreas. the primarv t ircr,rs r,r , 'as the construction ot 'nicl-rccl h.r l ls. tbl lorvcci bv other archirectr.rrc and then c-nclo-surc n ' l l l s . Aq. r in . cven though chcsc r l re ' ; rs wcre not ent i re lvcorr rp lcrec l , cor ls t ruct ion was ncxt beqLln in Uni t B and inthe isoiatcd r, , 'est patios. In chcse i lreas. the sequcnce ot 'cor rs t ruct ion o icnc losLrrcs . par ios . and n iched ha l ls is d i t fer -e nr . . t l rnosr thc rcvcrse of thc o thcr p . l t tc rn . r r t in r r iqr : rnqtuc t . \ \ c . r c t t r . r l l v h . r vc r r t \ / i r r t c r reh l ; ' , 1111 t . , r hc p l i v r r c r l c v i -. lcncc tbr thc cvo l r r t i t ' tn t r I thc r rq i . l p r lann i r rq . rnd constn lc-t ion sequ. 'ncc perccpc ivc lv recoqnizec l bv Schrc ibcr (n .d . ).rn. l bcst cxcnrpl i f iccl et Piki l lact l (McEr, '" ' ln. t i r is voh-rrnc).

I t is untbrtunate r irat thc northwcst corncr oithe site r,vasrlever f inishc-d, since this r,voulcl have made the evolr: t ion-;rrv sequence nrlrch nrore obvior-rs. Sti l l , the concentrarionof s tockp i led const ruct ion mater ia is and rhe prescnce ot 'n 'orkers ' hous inq in rh is sccror o [ the s i re a t the t ime o[abandonnrcnt demonst ra te thar const ruct ion rvas in prog-rcss. Exact lv t 'h r , - rhc bur i ldcrs movcd in th is d i rccr ion.ironr thc ceri ter to thc sor-rrh rncl c:rst. :rnd then to rhe northlnd rvcsr . is a c l i f tc rent qucst ion. I r nrav s i r r rp i r -bc rhat a t tc rdefining the axes, the btr i lders chose to concenrrate f irst onthe areas closest to the sources of materials. stone f iom rhesor:th and r,r ' l ter t iorn the easr. Such .r srrateg\ ' , rvhi lein i t ia l lv speeding Lrp const ruct ion, r ,vou ld la ter resu l t inbui ldings impeding rccess to materials. Ir seems. in f 'acr,that the oppos i te s t ra tegv r ,v ; rs used at Azanqaro (Anders ,rh is r , 'o l r - rme) . Another r .nuch n lore specula t ive poss ib i l i t i ' i schac there was sonle r i tual signit icance to the sequence oiconstruction that might also account tbr the counterclock-rv ise sp i ra l o f the boundarv rva l l .

O T H t , R H U . \ R I C O N S T R U C - T I O N S I N H U A T 1 A C H U C O

In Huanrachuco. threc o ther rna jor conrp lexcs \ \ :ereprobablv const ructed bv the Hu. r r i : La Cuchi l la , l maiorearrhr r 'ork ; J . set t r i s torcroonrs r r Cerro Arnr ru : . rnd . r

l - .ossrbIc nr . tuso lcnnr ar , \1 l rc l Hu. t r t tacht rco.Thc pcop le o iHuan rachuco be l i c ve cha t Le C r r ch i l l a 1F iq .

t) scrr ' . 'd as r ire irqLrcrluct ibr V' ir ;rcochapernpa. NlcCor.r 'n( r y+ i : : 6o ) t c - i t t he t t hc c . r r t hu -o rk r r r i qh t h : r ve L -ccn c i r hc r . rt l . r rn f , r Fr rcvr r l t Hooc l ing o i the p .unpi l o t r n-h ich che nroc lcrnto \ \ ' l t o i Hrrar r rachuco is lOc. r tcd ( ) r a c : lusc\ \ ' i lY to cross thc\ \ \ ' . l l l l f r v p . l l t t p . l . ( ) t t r t t i t t t . t l t ' p r i 1 1 1 , , t t ' T , r p l . . r l l t l l r p i c ' l t . , i . . i :

r 7 ) w ' a s r h : r t t h c c r r r t h r v o r k \ \ ' : r s r l n l q r r e c l t r c t b t r t t h a r i r d i d

r 53

Jolm R. Topit

e ' ! ? l --

F ig . 6 P lan and pa r t i a l recons t r l l c t i on o I a s to re room a t Cer roArnaru. Therc mav har.c bcen as nranv as twent\ ' - tbur of thesebui ld ings arranged in ro 'uvs on three or tb l t r terraces, bur tew'non'su rv i vc .

not rc iarc ro V i racochrrpanrpa. Th is op in ion , ,vas basec l onthe obscrvlt ion t l tar . t c;rtral crossing the aqu.-dlrct , ,vor.r lc- l

h ; r , , 'e i rs in takc r l rnost :oo n ' l h igher and t racc 'a course: rbout

-s kn- r lonqcr rhan . rbso l r " r tc lv neccssary to supplv V i racocha-p:l inp;l . More rccr 'nt lv, u'e bcgan to consider the possibi l i t l 'o i l p ressur ized n 'arer svstern. Such a svsten l rvou ld f i t n ' i thche h igh locat ion o [ La Cuchi l la and rhe se lcc t ive r - rse o fkao l in c lav in the c : rna l openings at V i racochapampa. Wirhthis in mind rr 'e beqln ro rrace rhe l ine oithe canal sor.rth ofV i racochapampa, lnc l i rs t ra jec torv f l ts . ,v i th the course ot - rcanal c ross ins La Cuchi l la . As a l readv ment ioned. th is canalwas never conrp lcred.

The earthr ' , 'ork is abour f ioo nr long and has an S-shapedcurvc in i t . The rop o i the car thn 'ork r r ra in ta ins an approx i -mate iv leve l course across the pampa, in sp i te o f the fac tthat thc pampa is r verv sha l lor , r ' c lepress ion. La Cuchi i lairas reccntlv sr-rt-fcred nruch destruction bv bul ldozers, butMcCorvn ( rq+-s : r j9 ) rcpor ts a rnax imurn u- id th ar i rs basc-of t - j n r and l nrax in tunr he ieht o i6- ro m. Thesc n l r lx l l l laarc reachct- l near the middlc of thc aquedr-rct. and rhere rs aqraclual t : lper co borh cnds. I l r-r l ldozer cuts reveel that thenronnd $ ' : ls constntc tcd o f a rn ix ture o i rock rnd e: r r th .u ' i th thc rock o t tc r r l . r id up es cr t tc ic rerarn ing or cr i l rb inqu 'e l ls t i r r the e l r th i l l l . The on lv s i rn i l ; r r H l r l r r cor ls t r l lc r ror )o i 'uvh ich I ln r urvarc is rhe l l .L rmic lo lqa u 'a l l ne l r P ik i l l l c t , r :McEu, 'an ( th is vo l t rnre) po in ts oL l t chat the Rumiqolqe islocated be lorv P ik i l lac ta and could not have suppl ied thatsire u' i th water.

The second comple. r o i probable Huar i arch icecture oc-crlrs at Ccrro Amartr and consists of a series oi rorrndstorcrooms. We (Topic and Topic 1984: +5-5o) have a l -readv described the storcrooms and the site general lv. Fig-urc 6 serves to i i lns t ra tc rvhr t the sroreroonls nr ight havclookcd l i k c . An imp r l r t . t n r f c r t u re o i r hesc s to r c roon rs i sthe prcsence of r:r ised f loors rvirh venti lat ion belor.,- , r i 'hici-rrve hyporhesized would al lorv storage of seeci crops. Tir ishypothesis was confirmed recencly by phycol ich analysis(Chisrve l l n .d . : t I I - I r3) . rvh ich showed the presence ofnra ize. The phvto l i th lna l lus is a lso sLrggests chat the roo iu.as thatched * ' i th iclrrr grass. There may have been aslnanv as t \ventv- tour s torerooms, but no more than sevenor eight norv rc-nrain. Associated rvith the round store-

itv

/ :a,-'/,';

F is

r 5 4

A p o s s i t r l c H r r r r r r r r a t r s o l c r r r n l o c : r t c d , r r ( - c r r r - t l c l r i s ( - o r r l l c s . : \ 1 ; r r c l [ - l u r t r t t r r c h t t c c t

Htt,tri tutd Huanrachu co

roonls rvere also at least t \ \ 'o rect: lnqular strt tctt trcs of

unkrrorvn function. Since' . ,ve have no local preccdents for

sml i l separated round s torerooms in Huanr : rch l ico, we

rentar ive ly cons ider rhese to be o i Huar i a t f l l i ; r t ion. The

nlost sinri lar structures are t\ ,vo Huari storeroonts at

Jargampata ( lsbe l l rg77: 3-s-42) , the rooms in the cent ra l

sector a t Azangaro (Anders , th is vo lume) , and sonre Inca ic

s torerooms f rom Huamachuco (Toprc and Topic r984: 6o-

6r ) . A l l these s t ructures might have had ra ised f loors ,

although thev are also al l rectangular rather thln round.

After a period of use, the storerooms at Cerro Atnartt

rvere burnt. The architectural shel ls were then renrodeled

into rvhat were probably domestic units. TWo charcoal

samples were dated (a .o . -goo + 6o and A.D. 680 -+ 8o) . The

f i rs t sample probably der ives f rom burned const ruct ionmaterial from the original structure, r,vhi le t lre secotrci date

probably re la tes to the reoccupat ion.The rh i rd comple.x is a poss ib le mausolcun i (F ie . 7) . t t is

located on Cerro de los Corra les, onc of the lcss dcnselyoccupied areas of Marca Huamachuco. l t is heav i lv lootcd,

ancl bcc:ruse oi this rve have nor vet tr ied ro e.\ca\ ' ; l re thcstn lc t r l re . The he ie l - r t o f thc nround or mausolcum is ap-prox in te te l l ' : n r (McCou'n Ig- l , j : : -1 l i ) . and ho lcs dr rq rnthc cnds shou, t l ' rat there ,,r 'crc interior chambers. Themausoleum is set r ,v i th in a square enc losure, lbour 60 m ona s ide. rvh ich conta ins severa l rooms and courcs. The on lvreason we tee l th is complex might have a Huar i a f f i l ia r ionis that the masonry s ty le is more s imi lar to V i racocha-panlpa than co Marca Huamachuco. [ t appears char rh iscomplex had been bu i l r over the ru ins o f an ear l ie r c i rcu iargai lery.

A rarher s inr i la r mausoleunl thet we excavaced at CerroArnaru produccd impor ted Huar i pot terv as wel l as o thertbre ign s tv ies (Topic and Topic rq8+) . Thar mausoleum,hou'evcr. wes col lscructed in rhe Huamachuco masonrvsty lc . A ser ies o idates on r ,vood charcoal probably a l l re la tero thc or i r l in ; r i const ruct ion o i the mausoleum (n.o . 33o

-+-

r o j , A . o . 3 i i o a ( r 5 , A . D . 4 o i t t 5 . . { . D . 5 9 o t 6 S ) . T h eceramics fbund in rhe matrsoleum postdate the constrt tc-t ion but predate che burn ins o f thc s t rL lc ture.

Fig. 8 An Ear iv n iched hal l atupper fiont rvall.

lv larca Huamachtrco. Thc root n 'as drained throtrqh s lots on the

('

Y

Fig. 9 A Transi t ionr l n iched hal l . r t Mlrca Huamachuco.

r 5 5

John R. Topic

H U . \ i \ { A C H U C O A R C - H I T E C T U R E

The s imi lar i tv bcnveen rhc nra jor bu i ld ing tvpes f ,cVi racochapanlpa, che n iched ha l ls and qr l le r ies , rnd thcnra jor bu i ld ing tvpcs a t loca l Huamachuco s i tcs is s t r ik ing(McCor ,vn I9 . t5 : 267) , dcsp i rc thc t ic t thar d i i tercnt ma-sonry styles were uscd. The rrvo locai si tes ' ' "vhere archircc-tura l preservat ion is be s t are Marca Huaniachuco andCerro Sazon. Both o f rhese s i tes have long and complexarchitectural histories that st i l l need nlore studl ' , but re-search bet '"veen t98t and r984 iurnished signif icanc infor-

mat ion about rhe loca l arch i rectura l c rad i t ion.

trIatt , t Huamacltt tco

Niched hal ls are a relat ivelv conlnlon archireccural rypeat Marca Huamachuco, where they were apparent lv bu i l tover a period of about -5oo years. Refleccing this longdevelopment , the n ichcd ha l ls a t Marca Hu;rnrachuco arer lo t as un i torm in arch i tcc tura l deta i l rs thosc at

Viracochapanlpa, and variat ion in architectr-rral style r,vas

ser iared inro a pre l inr inarv sequence (Topic r986) . lventvexamples f iom Marca Huamachuco were err-rploved andfor-rr chronological groupines oi bui ldinqs \\ :ere clcf ined:Ear l r ' , Trans i t ion; r l , C lass ic . . t t tc l Latc .

Fisure l l i l lustrares an Earh' r) 'pe of nrcheci hal l et MrrcaHuamachuco. I t is locatcd in the par t o [ the s i te ca l led

Cerro Viejo and is r larrower and shorter chau l ,r ter cxam-ples. The most diagnostic architectural tbature is the place-

ment o f dra ins just above the corbe l leve l . Th is impl ies rhatthey drained a relarively f lat, packed-clay root-. Similardra ins are common throughout th is sector .o f the s i te , burare rare in orher sectors of the site. A curvi l inear gal lery at

Cerro Viejo with sin'r i lar drains was shorvn by carbondat ing to have been adandoned about A.D. -+oo (Topic andTopic n .d .b : tab le 3) . In addi t io t ' t to ch is example. t rvoother bu i ld ings be long to the Ear ly groL lp . None oI these iswell preserved, and i t is quire l ikelv that other Earlv bui id-ings have becn dest roved.

Figure 9 i lh.rsrratc-s one of rhe six Transit ional nichedhal ls . Ther , ' a re son lc t imes set on a low ter race and havelaree n iches a lonq the rvho le length o I the back r ,va l l , andusual lv have at least some n iches a long the in ter ior o I thetiont rr" 'al l . The exanrple i l lustrated is located along oneside o[ the large plaza at Marca Huamachuco, andMcCor ,vn ( r9+ j : :37) repor ts that Uhle found rva i l tombsin thesc niches. Wc have not found evidence tbr rhe use ofniches tbr brrr ial pl lrposes, br,rr there is some evidence fbrthe incorporat ion o f bur ia ls r ,v i th in rhe wal ls rhemselves, a tleast in bu i ld ings o i rhe Class ic phase. Th is n iched ha l l a lsohas poles incorporared into rhe heart ing of i ts walls, fromrvh ich we secured a date o f a .o . 78o * 65. Spec i f ic s imi lar i -t ies co the niched hal ls ar Viracochapampa are the overal lshape (abour- lo X ro rn) and rhe use of a s imi lar techniquein the construction oi niche l intels, although pole l intelsa lso occur . The exarnp le mosr s inr i la r to rhose atV i racochaparnpa is probably thar tbund on rhe SW s ide o irhe Gal lerv IJ sronp at Marca Huamachuco (McCownr945: t ig . 8 , iand g) , t rorn which rve secured a sample o [apole l inrel tbr carbon dating. The original analvsis (Topicand Topic r983: tab le 3) ind icated a dare o f abour 4ooo 8.c . ,br . r r r t oLr r reqL lest r l lo ther p iece oI the sarnc po lc rvaslna lvzcd. rcsr - r l t i r rq in a c le tcrminat ion o i a .o . 6-1o t 8-s(John Noakes, personal communicat ion) .

The Classic groLrp oi sevcn bui ldings includcs r,vhatMcCor,vn retbrred to as Galleries A (Fig. ro), B, and G. lnthese examples, rhe niched hal l , measuring abour ro x 60m, is located on the second stor,v. Niches are found only onthe back wall and have pole l intels. Poles are also fre-quentlv incorporated into the rval l heart ing of the Classicniched hal ls, while only one of the niched hal ls in theTiansicional group has poles in the wall . Also diagnostic ofthe Classic niched hal is are decoracive, scepped niches onthe exterior t iont rval l . Four carbon dates trom three bui ld-ings ( , r .o .67o + ( - l j , n ra in p laza; A.D. 75o + 6o, Gal lery A;. 1 . o . 8 7 5 - r 6 0 a n d . l . D . + 9 j t r j j , G a l l e r y B ) i n d i c a r e aprobable Midd le Hor izon : date tor the Class ic n iched

r 5 6

F iq . ro A C lass ic n i chcd ha l l . r r IV la rca Hu l r r r ; r chuco .

Huari and Huamachuco

halls, but there is l i t t le or no styl ist ic overlap with bui ld-ings at Viracochapampa. The only possible similar struc-

rure at Viracochapampa would be the gal lery with second-

srory niches under constrLlct ion in Unit C.

In my (1986) ser ia t ion o f n iched ha l ls a t Marca Huama-

chuco there is a fburrh group of four Late bui ldings thatneed not concern us here, except that this group would

continue the niched hal l tradit ion into the latter parr of theMiddle Horizon.

Specif ic construction similari t ies between the nichedhalls at Marca Huamachuco and other Huari bui ldingsoccur only in the middle of the four-phase architecturalsequence. A similar l intel construction rechnique was usedat both Marca Huamachuco and Viracochapampa, whilethe use oi organic marerials in wall heart ings occurred atMarca Huamachuco and other Huari si tes (but not atViracochapampa). These two attr ibutes are confined ro thelate Transit ional and early Classic examples. The l intelrechnique is confirmed in only three examples (rr,vo Transi-t ional, one Classic), while organic marerial in the wallheart ing occurs in one Transit ional and rhree Classic bui ld-ings. Only one bui lding, the late Transit ional bui lding inFigure 9, has both attr ibutes.

The Transit ional and Classic bui idings were typical lvar ranged in groups around two or three s ides of a pat io :this is somewhat similar to spatial organization at Viraco-chapampa. The niched hal ls around a Marca Huamachucopatio, however, were probably not al l bui l t at the sametime, suggesting a much longer t ime depth for the MarcaHuamachuco patio groupings. Moreover, in rhe clearestexamples al l the bui ldings on a patio are niched hal ls.Small , above-ground masonry tombs were constructed inat least two patios. The niched hal ls were probably publ icbui ldings, but their context at Marca Huamachuco sug-gests to me that rhey served a relacively restr icted public,perhaps one defined in terms of kinship through a numberoi generarions.

Galleries are also common in the local Huamachucotradit ion, and some architectural detai ls paral lel changes inthe niched halls. Although there are earlier galleries at othersites, at Marca Huamachuco the earliesr galleries seem to belocated on Cerro Viejo. These gal leries were probably onlyone story tal l , with f lat earthen roofs supported by corbelsand surrounded by a parapet. The rooi formed a terracethat could be used for outdoor acrivir ies. Roof drains identi-cal to those shown in Figure 8 drained off rainwater.

The gal leries at Marca Huamachuco are exceedingly long.A single bui lding with mult iple internal rooms is com-monly several hundred meters in length. They are typical lycurvi l inear rather than rectangular, and individual ly orjoint ly enclose large areas. Thus gai leries, or gal leries andwalls, enclose the enrire area at Cerro Viejo and subdivide i tinto two sections. One section at the top of a hi l l wasentirely enclosed by gal leries and walls in a roughly circularconfiguration. The other section is a roughly tr iangular areaextending northwest from the base of the hi l l ; in this area rhegalleries and walls enclosed the perimeter by fol lowing a

natural cliff. Within these two areas there were smallerrectangular bui ldings. Some oF these also had roof drains

and sometimes were arranged informally around parios.The main occupation ar Cerro Viejo probablv ended aboutA .D . ̂ +oo (Top i c and Top i c n .d .b . : r ab le 3 ) .

By about a .o . 4oo four major rypes oF arch i tec ture,perimeter gal leries, circular gal leries, niched hal ls, andsnall rectangular bui ldings are recognizable and closelvassociated spatial ly at Marca Huamachuco. The niched hal lprobably developed out of a special ized segmenr oI theperimeter gal lery, and the earl iest example is closely associ-ated with small rectangular rooms.

Later development at Marca Huamachuco saw muchmore spatial separation of these architectural forms. Laterniched hal ls are found on the higher ground in the center ofCerro del Casti l lo, while circular gal leries are almost exclu-sively located in rhe Cerro de las Monjas and Cerro de losCorrales sectors of the site. The circular gal leries general lyenc lose large pat ios , and numerous doorways open ontothe patios. These pacios have sm:rl l rectar-rgular bui ldingsinformally arranged around smaller parios. The circulargal leries gradually became mult istoried, although this de-velopment is nor well dared. Ir is clear, however, thatcircular gal leries were bui l t chroushout che end of the EarlyIntermediate Period and the Middle Horizon. Sonremultrstoried circular gal leries have iroles in one r,val l insteadot, or in addit ion to, corbels to support the second-storyf loor; this technique is probablv an antecedent of thecorbel-niche rechnique used at Viracochapampa.

The corbel-hole technique is also used in some perimerergal leries, where two radiocarbon dates on joist ends (4.o.

45S t 8o and A. D. jo5 * 6o) suggest rhat the technique wasused briefly towards the end of rhe Early IntermediatePeriod. Most gal leries, both perimeter and circular, useonly corbels to support the f loors of upper stories. Dateson charcoal from the primary occupations of t \ , 'o exca-vated perimeter gal leries and associated architecture (4.o.

4o j t I 9 j , A .D . 43o * 60 , and a .D . l g5 t 65 ) sugges t t ha tthe exclusive use of corbels was the earl ier rechnique. Datesfrom pole door l intels from trvo circular gal leries (4.o. 675-r

75 and A.D. Io5o :r 6o) show that the exclusive use ofcorbels came back into fashion after brief experimentationwich sett ing one end of the joist into a hole.

Based on current dates, after n.D. 4oo new perimerergal leries were constructed almost exclusively in the Cerrodel Castillo sector of the site, where rhey defined the bound-aries of the sector and usually followed natural clifG. Therypical shape of the perimeter gal lery was a large horse-shoe, and the majori ty of doorways opened inro the inte-r ior of che horseshoe. The hol lorv of the horseshoe wasfi l led with small recrangular bui ldings, sometimes mult i-storied, arranged informally around patios.

Our l imited excavations have not yet documenced theconstrucrion of perimeter gal leries after about A.D. 5oo.Two of the three excavared areas, ho'uvever, sa'"v repeatedreoccupation of the gal leries and associated archirecturethroughout mosr of the Middle Horizon. These reoccupa-t ions seern domestic in nature, and frequenr f inds of im-ported or imitat ion Cajamarca pottery suggest some aff iu-ence. One gal lerv ac the extreme southeast end of the sirewas del iberately f i l led in to create a roughly circular

r57

John R. Topic

mound. Dates suggest that this mound was constructed atthe end of the Ear ly In termediate Per iod (4 .o . S5o t roo,A .D . 545 t g j , and n .o . 56o t r oo ) . The da tes ag ree w i rhf inds of Recuay pottery probably deposired as offerings inthe f i l l . Also deposited in dif ferent parts of the fr l l were f iveobsidian project i le points that suggest inreraction with ar-eas much further south.

This brief summary touches only on some of the majoraspects of planning and construccion techniques ac MarcaHuamachuco. I t is clear chat on the eve of the MiddleHorizon, Marca Huamachuco was a vibrant si te with con-tacts to the north and south. I t aiso had a weil-developedarchitectural tradit ion that emphasized the same types ofbui ldings that occur ar Viracochapampa. V/hi le detai ls ofthe configurations, contexts, and masonry styles oi thebuildings are dif ferent, the two sites share ideas about thedivision of space and the relat ive importance of dif ferentbui lding types. At boih sites, space was divided intosmaller "patio" areas defined by perimeter bui ldings. Theseindividual patios consrituted toci, and bui ldings were de-signed with mulr iple entrances to faci l i tare access into andacross the patios. In contrast, access into or out of the parioarea was less emphasized. At both sites too, the mostsal ient bui lding type, in terms of location and labor in-vested in irs construction. rvas the niched hal l .

Cerro Sazon

The architecture at Cerro Sazon is less well preservedthan that at either Marca Huamachuco or Viracochapampa,due to looring of bui lding materials for modern Huama-chuco, cult ivat ion of eucalyptus trees, clearing of agricul-tural f ields, and some Pre-Columbian destruction. Surfacesurvey and very l imired test excavations permit only aprel iminary discussion of the site, since most of the bui ld-ings are l i t t le more than long mounds of rubble.

Galleries aopear to be the principal bui lding cype. Therewere some curvi l inear gal leries, but rectangular gal leriesarranged around two or more sides of a patio appear to bemore common. McCown 09+S: f ig. +) has published aplan of the best-preserved example. I t is not ciear whetherthis bui lding was mult istoried. A well-preserved section ofthe bui lding has corbels on both walls, but there is also onepossible roof drain preserved just above the corbels. The

structure was burnt, and two dates from the burned level,which may represent construction materials, are consistentwith rhe early dating implied by the roof drain (a.o. 4zo +

r ro and A.D. 45o t 8 j) . One other well-preserved rectangu-lar gal lery also had roof drains.

Test excavations were conducted in another large rectan-gular gal lery thac was very poorly preserved. This bui ldingmay also have been constructed at an early date, but was

cercainly occupied during the Middle Horizon. I t had alsobeen burned, leading to the carbonization of an enormousquanti ty of maize. The maize had been shel led and onlyone cob was recovered. Much of rhe maize seemed to havebeen stored in large ceramic vessels, and the maize andceramics were mixed wirh burned canes, poles, earth, andplaster in a depos i t about I .5 m th ick . The quant i ty o fburned earth and plaster suggest a second story and an

r s 8

earth roof. We found no corbels, however. Some pieces ofplaster were painted white on one side and had molds ofcanes on the other, and probably formed the cei l ing; otherpieces of plasrer had the molds of larger poles, whichmight have been joists or beams. This excavation producedpieces of a bott le painted in Huari style as well as ceramicsthat were probably used in chicha producion. They includehuge rectangular basins made of slab ware and toasters seton pedesral bases. Original ly chese were probably locaredon the ground floor. There are rwo dates from this struc-ture (a .D. 43o + 2oo and a.o . 7zo + 65) ; the ear l ie r datecame from within the burned deposit and may representconstruction marerial, whi le the later date is from a polefound on the f loor and relates to rhe occupation jusr priorto the fire.

A third excavated gal lery had also been burnt, andyielded a date of a.o. 505 t rzo. This gal lery was curvi l in-ear in form and had two occupation levels. The earl ieroccupation, ro which the date appl ies, was associated witha iarge amount of deer and camelid bone. These bones mayrepresent joints of meat hung under the cei l ing of theground f loor or stored on the second story. After the f irethe bui ldir" lg rvas reoccupied, leaving fragmenrs of ar leasttwo bott les rvith Huari designs in red, white, and black.

In addit ion to the gal leries, there are also some smallrectangular bui ldings at Cerro Sazon. The only well-preserved examples are near the large gal lery i l lustrated byMcCown. They are arranged in groups of two or threearound patios. There seems also to be a straight srreet orcorridor running through these to the large gallery.

Niched hal ls probably also occur at Cerro Sazon, but wehave located only two possible examples. These are locatedon a single large terrace on the northwestern side of the sitewhere they overlook Viracochapampa. Only one wall ofeach niched hal l is well preserved, and McCown (r9a5: pl.r4c) i l lusrrates one of rhese. In borh examples, the hal l islocated on the second story, but there is an extra, thirdstory above the hal l . Each hal i faces onto an enclosure, butit is not clear whether there are any other buildings sur-rounding the enclosure. There are no indications of tombsin the enclosure. These niched halls do not fit easily intothe sequence from Marca Huamachuco, but I (r986) havetentacively correlated them with the verv end of the Tiansi-tional group or the beginning of the Classic group in theseriated sequence. Although this was the time when Huariattributes appeared in Marca Huamachuco niched halls, Ihave not found chese attr ibuces ac Cerro Sazon. One possi-ble "niched hal l" may not have niches at al l , which wouldlavor a Late dating. The Cerro Sazon niched hal ls areprobably constructed over the ruins of earl ier bui ldingsand, i f so, are certainly dared relat ively late in the site'shistory.

Cerro Sazon appears co dare primari ly to the late EarlyIntermediate Period, but i t had a Middle Horizon occupa-tion of uncertain duration that left a few Huari pots. Thereis evidence for the storage of maize (probably used forproducing chicha) and also for probable meat storage.There is more emphasis on gai leries and less emphasis onniched hal ls than at Marca Huamachuco, and the gal leries

Huari and Huantachuco

are usually rectangular. The niched hal ls are not as elabo-rate as those of Marca Huamachuco and may postdate the

Huari occupation. The location of the site makes i t an ideal

staging point for the construction of both Viracochapampa

and La Cuchil la. The Huari ceramics at Cerro Sazon, espe-

cially those associated with the chicha-making area, fit well

with this hypothesis. Sti l l , there are relat ively few Huariceramics at Cerro Sazon, and construction of the site pre-dates Huari influence.

The location o[ the site would also make i t an ideal

sropping point along the road, and I suspect that i t was

buil t by Marca Huamachuco for that purpose during theEarly Inrermediate Period. The only real evidence lor thisassert ion is the greater recrangulari ty of the gal leries andthe fact that they do not have smaller bui ldings within theirparios. These attr ibutes suggesc to me a much more im-posed and art i f ic ial plan for Cerro Sazon. In this sense,Cerro Sazon is similar to, though a less emphatic statementthan, Viracochapampa. Some bui ldings, in part icular thepossible niched hal ls, may posrdare Huari inf luence, but ingeneral the site seems to decl ine in importance sometimeafrer Huari contacc and rhe abandonment of consrructionattempts at Viracochapampa.

Cerro Amanr

The architecture at Cerro Amaru is poorly preserved, andthe most important features of the site-the wells, store-rooms, and mausoleum-have already been mentioned.

Significantly, Cerro Amaru has the greatest concentrationofexotic material ofany site in che Huamachuco area. Muchof it is Huari in origin or shows heavy Huari influence(Thaccher rg7z, rgTT; Topic and Topic r984). Al l diagnosticpieces date to Middle Horizon rB, and the iconography is

rypical of rhe secular Chakipampa style rather than the more

ceremonial Huari styles. Other exotic ceramics show theinf luence o[the central or north-central coast, the Callejonde Huaylas, and Cajamarca (Topic and Topic t984). In

addit ion to the ceramic material, lapis lazul i , seashells, and

obsidian are all present. In one part of the mausoleum alarge quantity of cut Spondylus shell and chunks of cal (lime)

were used as a floor. While the exact source of the lapislazul i is unknown, the obsidian probably came from either

Quispisisa in Huancavelica or an unidentified source near

Cuzco (Burger and Asaro rg77), and the Spondylus shell was

imported from far northern Peru or Ecuador.The site was founded during the Early Intermediate

Period, and some exotic materials may predate the Huariinfluence. There is every reason to assume, however, thatcontact with Huari resulted in a f lood of exotic goods aswell as increased prestige for the site. The presence of

Huari storerooms may indicate that Huari underwrote cere-monies at some sort of shrine associated with the wellslocated there. The imporcance of the site seems to havedeclined rapidly after the period of Huari influence.

.4 .NALYZING THE HUARI-HUAMACHUCO RELATIONSHIP

In order to arr ive at some idea of what the relat ionshipbetween Huamachuco and Huari was. I will discuss the

dating and duration of Huari inf luence, rhe exrent ro rvhichHuar i seems to have exp lo i ted Huamachuco 's resources.and what the patterning o[ the Huari presence in Huama-chuco might imply.

Dating the Huari Presence

Neither the ceramics nor rhe two radiocarbon daces f iomV i racochapampa (a , . o . z5o + 8o and A .D . r t 30 + r8o ) he lpto date the Huari presence at that si te. The ceramics fromViracochapampa are probably intrusive in Huamachuco,but they are nondiagnostic. Similarlv, che few Huari sherdsfrom Cerro Sazon do not al low precise chronological place-menr. Diagnosric ceramics from Cerro Amaru, however,indicate a styl ist ic date in Middle Horizon rB (Thatcher1972, rg7s, rg77; Topic and Topic 1984) . In fac t , Midd leHorizon r B is the only period wirh good ceramic evidencefor Huari inf luence in Huamachuco.

The architecture ar Viracochapampa has proven to bemore useful than ceramics in dating that si te. Fol lowingdetai led comparisons of the architecture at a number o[Huar i s i tes , Schre iber (n .d . : 173, 233) ser iared Vi racocha-pampa early in the sequence of Huari expansion. Ourresearch, which has concentrared on underscanding Viraco-chapampa within the local corl text rather than in a pan-Andean context, supports her posit ion in three ways:

I. The principal bui lding types at Viracochapampa haveantecedents in the Huamachuco rradicion, but thus farclear antecedenrs in the Ayacucho area have not beenrecognized. The most logical hypothesis at present is roassume that gal leries, typical of many Huari si tes, andniched hal ls, which probably occur at Huari andPikillacta, are derived from Huamachuco rather thanAyacucho antecedents. The chronological implicationof this hyporhesis is thar Huamachuco and Huari werein contact very early in the Middle Horizon, and cer-tainly before most Huari provincial centers wereplanned.

2. Following from the first hypothesis is the further hy-pothesis that Viracochapampa irself was one of the f irstprovincial centers to be planned and built. As I havepoinred out, the planning of Viracochapampa is not asrigid as that of Piki l lacta, Jincamocco, or Azangaro. I tis also quite l ikely that the idea of bui lding enclosurewalls before interior buildings actually evolved duringthe construction of Viracochapampa. Finally, the basicplanning unit at Viracochapampa and other Huari si tesis the patio group, and this has antecedents at MarcaHuamachuco and Cerro Sazon.

3. Last, though the radiocarbon evidence cannot be con-sidered to give a very precise date for Huari influ-ence, a large number of dates from al l the sites dis-cussed indicate a general dating between a.o. 5oo andA.D. 7oo. Not al l dates conform to even this generalr ime period, of course, but i t represents our best est i-mate. This period is early enough that we cannotreject the f irst two hypotheses (cf. Isbel l 1983: tabler ) .

r 5 9

lolur R. T'. , l , tr '

Hu ari Lab tt r R c.1r i l r ' l l r ' l r- i

The r r ra jor resoLl rcc th . r r \ \ 'e knou ' Ht r . r r i exp lo i rcd. d i -rect lv or ind i rcc t l r ' . rn Hul rnr ichuc i t n 'as Ioc . r l labor torcor ls t r l lc t ion proJccrs . I t is poss ib le to cs t inra te the rmoLl r l to i labor . The nra_1or nronLl l l renr , V i racochrprnrpr r . u ' i i l bccons ic lerec l f i rs r . Throughout . i r is . rssunrc t l r i r . r t thc n 'orkdav i l s t s on l v t l v c hou rs !E r l s rnus I 96 i ) . I t i s . r l so . r ssL l r ) r cdthat mcn u 'e- rc thc L . r - r i ldc- rs bcc. rusc conrp;J1s1r 'c u 'orkt iqures . r re based on . r t lu l r nr l lcs .

Wc- ca lcu l l tc th . ] r rhc Lror . rn i . ' l l r r - n 'a l l i s : .3 t : tn lonq l thc.rnqle in the solrrh rr ' .r l l c;ruscs rhe lengrh of rhe boutrclarr 'u 'a l l to be sorneu ' i r . r r grcr rcr rh ln the sum o i the nreasure-mcnts q i " 'cn ; rbovc l . . ] l t r l rhe r r r i ic r ' , r ' . i l l s h : r r -c . t contb inc. llcnqth o i t - i .S9o nr . T i rc toun. - l : , ' t l ( )ns tbr thcsc, ' r ' . t l l s u 'c rcduq to r - l r io l rs t lepr i rs r r r r t ' l sccr . r r qencr . t i l v to bc dcepcr in thcsouch then rn thc nor th . Ustng round t igures, a tout rc la t tontrench z m rvide and: nr deep tbr the boundary wall and r m'"vide bv I. j m deep for rhe orhcr rval ls lvould require io,o8imr to be excryarcc l . Er r rsr t t6s { ig6_ j : :8r ) fb t rnd rhat i r manr i , ' i th r d iqqrnq s t rck c . ,Lr l . i cxc . r r -e tc l . ( r t t t i i t t . t f i ve-hor : rdav. Coles ( tq l l : ; -1) rcporrs th . r t Genera i P i t t -R ivers andanother man excavated chalk and flint with primitive toolsat the rate of r mr per three man-hours. The sandy clay acViracochapampa is quite hard. the trenches must be exca-vated r,vi th vert ical si .1cs. ;urd rhc nraterial nlust be i i f ted outo i the t rench. To bc on the s . r te s ide. I es t imete that thet rer rches cor" r id bc. iuq. r r thc r r tc o ione nran-dav per cubrcmeter,

"vhich gives a f igure oi3o,o,83 nran-clavs.

The rva l ls h lve ; r h igh prop ' ror t ion o i s tone to nror tar .cven inc lud ing rhe 1- rcr r t ing. I es t inr : r rc th l t 9oo lo o i thcvo lume o i the u 'a i ls is s ronc. The vo l r - r rnc o i rva i l ac tue l lvcompleted is . l i f f icult to escimrte. The irverage oi theheights of the boundarv s' ;r l l .r t thc north and sor-rth qates isrbout z rn. This is the sanle a: t i re csrimate oi rhe :rveragcdepth oi the foundation and reflects rhe facts rhat theboundary wall is little more than a foundation and that thedeprh of the foundation was senerouslv estimared. I est i-nlate the volumc of the other rr, 'al ls as 2. j cimes the founda-t ion vo lume. These est inrares prov ide r to ta l vo lunre o t6 r , 336 mr . o f i , vh i ch 5_ ; . : o : r i s s tone .

This stone was quarried t iom the hi l ls south of the siteusing r iver-rol led l imescorle or quartzite boulders and cob-b les, and perhaps prv bars . The sandstone is eas i i ; - quarr iedby undermining a tace. Using one oi r l ' re quartzire bor-r lderson an exposed thce. I r , . 'as .rble to qurckl l ' dctach a largevolume of stone, bur I did not quanti tv this experiment. Iest imate, though. that a cubic meter of srone could bequarried in about rhree hours. Quarn' ing rvould requirc :rto ta i investment o i abour j 3 . I l I mat r -davs.

Heul ing the s tone to the bu i ld ing s i te is the nrost labor-in tens ive aspect o i the ent i re pro, jec t . The sandstone rve iqhs

lbou t : . i oo kg pc r c r - rb i c n l e r c r . I t h . r c l t o be c . r r r i cd l t raverage distance of about 7-io nr to t i lc center of the srce,but tbr tunate lv rh is t r ip was a l l dorvnhi l l . Erasmus ( r96-s :

:S: ) for rnc l r l r . r t r nran coul .J i rove lbo l r t - ;oo kq ( f t s tone " ldav over th is c i is tancc. Haul inr l che s tone in" 'o l r , 'es a to ta l o i253 .9 - l t man -davs .

Water also had to be hauled to che buildinq site to mix

r6o

thc mor t . r r . Assunrrng that therc \ \ :as no funct ion inq canl iec rhc s i tc . th . 'nc . l rcs t sor l rcc o i \ \ ' : r rc r is the Rio de l , rsCuc, , 'as . lbo l r r r )oo nr t io r l the ccr t rer o i rhc s i re . Aboura). I_l+ rnr nrort lr n-lrs rrccdecl. ancl nri .r inq onc p,]rt \ \ frr t :r torhrce pr r ts e l r r l r rcsr r lcs in a rcqt r r rcntcnt o t ' : .o -1-1. (167 kg ot 'wrrce r. I c]o rror knorv ht>rv t irrs watcr \ \ ' ts carr ied. bur ha't 'e. l \ \un)er l t \ \ .cntv kg l r . r . r . ls . u ' i rh each l t )Jn c t r r \ - r r rg f r t recnloads l .1er ' . Th is rcsu l ts in o . f i r6 nran-davs.

Er ; rs l t r t ts ( r9r r - ; : :9 ' ) rcpgrrs thar tV lar ' : t scopcnt tso l tsbr,r i ic- l rr ' l l ls .rr thc rrtc oi .rbout tbur man-clavs per cr,rbicr l rc tcr . I dor - rbr rhat rh is t iqurc . rpp l ics ro V i r : rcochaprnrp l .but knou' of no conrp;rrrrt ive t igures tbr 1, irc, l construction.I est irnrte' rhar t l ' re n'al ls of Viracocirrpanrpl could be laidr - rp l t the r r tc o t onc cubic nrc ter pcr mJn-r lJ \ ' . once . r l i rhcnr l tc r i . i l s \ \ 'L ' rc . l r hure- i . I t ' th is is l rc . rson. rb lc esr lnr r re .rbout 6I . - l - l6 rnan-davs \\ 'ere reqr-r ired.

The rotal labor requirenrent tbr the consrrucrion ofV i racochapampa is on the order o [385,287 man-davs, buta more meaninetu l idea of the labor requi rement can beo[ ' r r r incd i f u 'c ' . ' rn spcc i fv r l re s izc o f - rhc crc \ \ ' . Bv spccr t \ ' -rng t l-re size oi thc crcn' \ \-c can cstrnrate cire durl t ion andthe deqree o icoerc ion rnvo lved in che Huar i presence.

We can make a rough estimate of crew size by consider-ing the quarries. There are about rS-zo different quarryingspots on the hi l ls ides south of rhe sire. These are concaveshal lor i - excavat ions o i varv ing s ize, bur average perhaps ,srn rcross. I i u'e est irnatc that :rbout rhree men rvorked incach qu l r rv and that a l l quarr ies were worked s imul ta-neousir ' . thcre could irave been about t i t tv quarriers. Thisn l rnrber o f quarr iers cot r ld have completed rherr n 'ork in66: d: 'rr-s. I I the rest oi t i re rvork rvas bcing donc simr.r l ta-neolrsir ' . che burlders r,voulcl have needed about 38.1 men tornove the stone. tcn nren to carrv water. tbrtr ' - t lve rncn todig toundations. ;rnd ninetr '- two rncn to bui ld rvrr l ls. Thisadds r-rp to a crew size of 5t i t men.

If we now take this crew and its productivity and use itto bui ld La Cuchil la (r3,4oo mr), the srorerooms at CerroAmaru (-18o nrr), and the mausoleum at Marca Huama-chr . rco ( r .76o rnr ) . i r , , r 'ou ld rake them another r69 days. Soour rough est imate o i labor requi rements amoul r ts to e l -mosr a ha l t -mi l l ion marr -drvs, based on a crew o i 58rworking tbr 83 t days.

These are not heavv labor demands, and their effect onHuamachuco can be analvzed briet iv. In t567, onlv a tervvears .rt tcr Cieza de Le6rr had larnenced the grear loss ofpopuiat ion in Huanrachuco caused bv the conquest andcivi l r , ' r 'ars, the province st i l l could muster 3,r28 tr ibutarios(Espinoza r97+: 8 t ) . I t seems thar che prov ince ofHuamachuco in Middlc Horizon t imes rvas about the samesize as the lncaic and earlv colonial province. at leasr iuternrs oi rerr i ton,. Thc labor to bui ld Viracochapampa andthc o thcr s i res u 'ou ld h . rvc rcqr r i red on l r ' . r t iacr ion. pcrh lpsl t i t t i r . o t - thc t i l x -pav lnq popr- r lar ion. Er : rsntus ( t9 f ) j : :Sr )has a uset-ul discussion on the relat ion betr,veen rhe numberof davs per vear u 'orked in corvc le svsrems and r i le dcgrec, r i roCtr ' l r ) l ) 1- ' r1-g5. t , , . Fr r r tv r l . rvs fer vc . l r rc t l t r i res l r r r iccocrcion. u' lr i le r _so de., 's i l verr or more rvas epparcntlvconrmon in teudal s i tuet ior rs but d id requi re somc cocr-cion. Based on these rates of service, al l the construction

Ht ta r i i t t d H t td tn t t t l r t r t 0

c o r - r l d i r r r . ' e b c e n c o n r p i e r c t l l n i . \ t o : r v c e r s b v o r r l , , ' o n c -

t l t t h o f t hc nu rnber o t t . r rp r j l ' g15 p rcscn r rn the s i x t ccn rh

CCII IL ITV.

Huar i i n t l t t ' Lo ra l Cor r r t ' x r

The ro le o t 'Ht rar i in the locr l Hurnrachuco contc \ r c : rnbe evl iueted bv c\: ]nrini l lq , ,r 'hcre Htrart int luenct- occLlrs rnHuanrachuco. .rnd hos' t i rar int lucnce ;rtFccted thc scctuenccoi ioca l de vc lopnrent .

Therc rs i ict lc- Hr,r:rr i int lnence ac !1arca Httanraciruco.;rnd rvhlt int luence r ircre is is :rrchirectural rather thanceramic. A tbu' Hurrr i construction te chr-r iques \\ 'crc:rcloptecl. specif icai l . , ' l nret irc.rd oi burldine l inrels lnd thci r tcorporr t ion o t - r ) r {J r ) i t ' n r l rc r t l l 11111t ' , r l i l I te . t r t i r rq : . T l r riact that these t\ \ 'o tcchniqr,res co-occl lr in onlv one bui ld-ing suggests that chev r.vere adopted sequentiai lv, u' i th thcl intel technique adopted f irst buc quicklv rejected. The useoiorqanic materials in rr 'al ls rvas .rdopled sl iehtlv later. .rndi ts r - rsc pcrs is tc t l bcvon. i rhc pcr iod o f d i rcc t Ht r . r r i in t l t r -cnce. One impi icac ion o i rhcse l rchr tccrur l l c ross t rcs isrhat monumental bui ldings rvere probably constructed atMarca Huamachuco in the local style at the same time thatViracochapampa was being built. In addition, monumentalbui ldings were certainlv being constructed at MarcaHuamrchuco soon after constrLlct iol l had been tcrnrinatcdrt Viracochlparr-rpa.

Another aspect o i Huar i l rch i tec tura l in f luence at MarcaHuamachuco is the possrblc' constrt tct ion oi a tnausoleunrof Huari-stvle masonrr ' . Thrs rnalrsolcum inrpl ies the pres-cnce of r hiqi ' r-ranking indi. , ' idual or qroup in thc are.r. Thatthev were al lo"ve d to brr i ld ; l maLlsolel inl r t MarcaHuamachuco indicates that t i rev s.ere in a t ivored posi-r ion. The mausoleurn, hor.,-cr. 'cr, is located in a rather iso-lated part of the site near the largely abandoned CerroViejo sector and more than a kilometer from the Cerro delCasti l lo sector. This location does not suggest dominancebv l toreign presencc.

Hurr i cerun ics occr l r f , t vcrv tcs ' s i tes . Thc snre i l cerarn icrssemblage f rom Vi racochapanrpa seenrs inr rus ive but in-cludes no recognizable Huari dc'coration or shapes. Thelimited refuse iound can be rrccounted fbr b;" hvpothesizingthe presence oi a f tw Huari cngineers or architects. TheHr. rar i a lso seem to have used Cerro Sazon. a preex is t ings i te on the road to V i racochaparnpa. A l though there is on lva minor Huari ceramic presence there. the site nrav haveserved as the main staginq area for the consrruction otV i racochapampa and La Cuchi l l ; r . I t is unc iear , horvever ,rvhetirer thc u'orkers \\ 'cre houscd end fed bv the Huari orbv t he Marca Huan rachuco e l i t es . Tha tchc r \ 1972 : I s7 )reportcd thrce Hueri shc'rds t ionr a sitc lbour 7 krrr c ' lst ofV i r lcoch lL ' ' ,Jnrpe. but hc d ic l i ro t , - i r ' scr ibc or i l l r " ts r r l rc rhcnr .

Thc ccrarn ic : rsscrnb l . rqc t ion i Ccrro Arnaru c l isp lavs thcheav iest Huar i in f lucnce. Ar th is s i te . Chak ipampa B e le-n- ]e l r ts occL l r or t vcssc ls ' . r ' i th both loc : t l rnc l i t r tpor rc t l

i r . l s t ( \ . . i l t t l t l t c s e ( ( ) - ( \ L . L : r ' . , , i r i t , l t l t , - r c \ ( ) t i c r ' c l ' i r l l i i e s . l s. . r -e i l . r s s r t i r l oc l l \ \ - J rcs . l Jc . . r r - r sc o f rhe cc rcn ron iJ l i r r rpo r -

tance oi the s i te, thc Huar i (and other tbreign) presence

might be accounted for by pi lgr image or delegat ions and

r r t fc r i r rqs ro rhc s i r r i r rc . Thc tacr that Hr- rar1 cor" lSrnrCrcr is t o r c roo lns r t r l oc , r l shnnc suqgcs t s .u r Jc t o t r csFec i r l t hc rthan domrnl t ion. The srorcrooms. i rou- . ' r .er . rnrp l r . thetHuar i i r rd lccess to loca l lands tor agncul rura i producrron.Thc most l ikc l r ' locat ion tor these lands is on rhe norrhu-estslopc of N' lrrcrr Hu.rrnachucrr. u'here nr:r izc can be easi lr-qro\\-n. . \ l t ier lo \ lei lr ' . * 'ho h;rs surr, 'cr-cd r irrs lrcl . ln-tornrs nrc th . r t therc Jre rcmni lnrs o i rer races and poss ib l i ' . rs rnr l l Hu; rn cnc iosurc .

Thc ct lect th:rt thc Hueri prcscncc h:r. i on 1<>c.r i . levclop-n lent can be s ta tec- l conc ise l r ' . Huar i prescnce posrd l tcs . rpc'r iocl ot- m.rssir-c qrorvth lnd erpandine povu'er lr MarcaHurnr lchuco. JS s 'c l l as ln incr r ' ls inq leve l o i in reracr ronbc-t\ \ 'cel- l th,. ' Hulnrrchuco arcr in gcncral .rnd ncrgirborrnqrcg ions . Thc Hu r r l p resc r l cc i r se l i r vas b r i e i l nd ap ,pa ren r l vinvolr 'ccl onir ' .r snral l nunrLrcr oi people. Dr,rr inq thar prcs-ence son-le Huanrachuco labor rvas involved in bui ldingVi racochapanrpa and other const ruct ions in Huar i rnasonrvstv lc . r , , 'h i le . l t l r -as t sornL ' Hrramachuco iabor cont inucd tobc usct l to const r l lc t nron un le l r t r l L r t r i l c l ings . r r iV l . r rcaHuamachr. lco ln the local srvlc. Trede rr, ' i th Hr-rarr as rvel l asrvith other u'rdely scatrered centers probably also reachedits peak. Following rhe Huari presence, there appears ro bea decl ine in rhe importance of Cerro Sazon and CerroAmaru. Tradc- corl t inuecl. but ar a decreased level. MarcaHuam;rchuco. hon 'ever . co l l t i l lued to command labor torlr)onLlrncl l t ;r l construlct ions, lnd some of the larqcsr L- ' 'Lr i ld-ings postdarc rhe Hr-rari prescnce.

( . O N C J L U S I O N S

T h c r e l a t r o n s h i p b e t r v e c n H l r a r i a n d H u a m a c h u c o n ' a s

brici but mrense . Durinq rhis relarionsl-r ip there n'ere cer-tainlv somc Hr,rari peopie l iving in Huam:rchuco. tradereached a peak, and ideas were exchanged in both direc-tions. What mechanisms can account for this relationship?

A Huari mil i tar_v conquest has been most frequentlvc i red. Thar inrerpret r t ion is based, horvever . on the ideethat V i racochapanrpa \ \ /JS Jr ) in t rus ive adminrs t ra t i . , 'e . s tor -. rqe. and/or mi l i rar r , ' tac i i i rv that a l lo rved Huar i ro exp lo i tnorthern Peru rhrorrgh i ts control oi Huamachuco. Corol-larv interpretat ions held thar Marca Huamachuco was cl-ther ear l ie r or la ter in date chan Vi racochapampa. or ar leastd id nor exerc ise indepc-ndent powcr dur ing the Huar i domt-nat ion. Th is paper shorvs that lVtarca Huamachuco exer-cised porver conrinuouslv betbre, during, and atter rheHuari presence in Huamachuco. Moreover. t ionr the localHuamachuco perspecr ive. V i racochapanrpa rs not . r tora l l l 'i r r r rus ive s i re rvpe: the pr inc ipa i bu i ld ing rvpes and somc o i

the p lar rn inq concL 'p ts der ivc loq ica l lv t iom Marca Huama-chuco and Ccrro S: rzon. At besc. V i racochap; ]nrpa can becorrsiclcrc. i oni v J hvb r i . l Htr.rtn lchttco-Hu;rrt si t ,-- . Finai l r ' .\ \ 'h ; l te vcr i rs in tcndcc l t i rnc t ron. V i racochapampa \ \ ' : rs ncvcrconrp ic ted.

I i r l iqht ,x - rh is ne \ , \ ' ln torn t . t t i ( )n . thc i r r r i i rJ . r \ ' a { )nr lucstir ir . ' r f ' l rct.rnt, ir \ \ ' t )LI ir l i r . tr-c t . .r r- icLrcvlcl t)n c\ 'rr- lc 'r ' rce'tbr rhc co-( ) l - i t i ( )n Ot- l t rc . t i s i fus ro scrvc . ls f i te . tc lnr inrsr rac iVc. s tor lqc .and mil i tan' taci i i t ies during rhe construcrion oiViracocha-pampa. There is l i t t le ev idence that Marca Huamachuco

t 6 r

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I

f

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Ittlm R. Topit

i tse l f was co-opted. b t r r one coulc i argL le that Ccrro Sazonand Cerro Amaru \\ 'ere. I t is cl i i f icult . ho,,vevc-r. to conceiveo ia Huar i admin iscrac ion of Huamachuco that depended onsecond-rank, special ized srtes, rvhrle the primarv center wastunctioning and l i t t le aft tcted bv the Huari presence.

The current evidence supports a much more balancedrelat ionship betr,veen Huari and Huamachuco. I t also en-r-phas izes two par t icu lar t ice ts o i rhat re la t ionsh ip : t rade andre l ig ion.

The concentrat ion oi Hr-rari i rnervare ceranrics lc CerroAmaru is the best er,- idence oi the roie played bv rel igron.Signif icantly, the Huari ceramics .rre characterized bv a lowideological content and co-occur rvi th other foreign styles.Clearly, Cerro Amaru \\ 'as an important shrine in i ts ownright that attracted inf luence, and probably pi lgr ims, from arvide terr i tory. Durine the late Earl l ' Intermediate Periodand Middle Horizon. Cerro Amaru may have been as impor-tant as the better-kno.,vn Hu:rmachuco oracle, Crtequi i . r .vasdr . r r inq the Late Hor izon (Pr imeros Agust inos r9r8) . Thehypothesized associat ion of the shrine'"vith Urpav Huachac,horvever. mav indicate l borrou' ing t iorn the central coastor the cent ra l h igh lands (Rost rvororvsk i r 973, 1983: 86-89) .

Tiade is also a main tacer of rhe relat ionship, althoughthe mechanisms of exchange are unknown. This facet isemphasized not only by the trade goods themselves, butalso by the obvious efforts to complete construction of anew faci l i ty along the road. Although there is l i t t le evi-dence that trade goods originating in Huamachuco wereimportant ro Huari, obsidian, ceramics, and possibl ir lapislazul i f lowed lrom the south along rhe road, while eoodsfiom the norch included Cajamarca potterv rnd Spondylusshell from Ecuador. This trade began befbre the MiddleHorizon and continued after the Huari presence inHuamachuco. l t is impor tant to rea l ize that mainta in inqthe road and increasing traff ic on i t was as beneticial toHuamachuco as i t was to Huari.

Tiade and religion have often been emphasized in inter-pretations of the initial, Middle Horizon rA or rB, Huariinteractions with other cultural regions (. f . Lumbrerasr98o :79 -8 i ; Menze l r p64 : 2 .66 -73 ) . Now tha t i t i s c l ea rthat Huari interaction rvith Huamachuco also took placeearly in the Middle Horizon, ic is reasonable to expect thacsome of the same mechanisms inferred for interactionsbetween Huari and Tiahuanaco or Nasca also applied co therelat ionship between Huari and Huamachuco.

Coercion can accompany crade and rel igion and mavhave been another facet in the Huari-Huamachuco relat ion-ship. Evidence of mil i tarv coercion is often sought in theclassic realm of mass burials, burned-out bui ldings, andrapid abandonment of si tes. We have tbund no evidence oithe f irsr, but the other t \ \ 'o tvpes of evidence do occur andhave been noted. Surprisinglr ' . there is l i r t le evidence oIHuari coercion. There f,re two bui ldings at Cc-rro Sazonthrruvere br,rrned prior ro rhe Hr-rari occup:rt ion, although i tcannot be determined that rhese u'ere burned in response tothc Huar i in t rus ion. In concrasr to th is poss ib le cv idencc ofHrr l r i to rcc . r l i c s torcroonrs l r rd nrausolc t t rn J t CcrroArnaru rvcre burncd c iur inq or l t rer thc l { t r : r r i ( )ccupl l t i ( )n .

the chicha-bre'uving bui lding at Cerro Sazon 'uvas burned

I O :

dunng che Huar i occupat ion. and one bu i ld ing at V i raco-chapanrpa s'as aiso burned sometime afl ter i t was con-s t ructed. Moreover . the abrupt terminat ion o f const ruct lonat V i racochapampa suggcsrs . r rap id and unplanned Huar ideparture. Huamachuco mil i tary force mav, in t 'act, bemore importanr to the relat ionship than Huari force. espe-ciai lv in terminaring che relacionship. Whv rhe relat ionshipr,vas terminated remains unclear.

The role ot coercion in the relarionship betrveen Huariand Hurmachuco rvi l l rernain unclear unti l r ,ve understandberter the economic relat ionship. I have already poinredout that l i t t le coercion was probabli ' needed to provide rhelabor required tbr Huari constructions in che area. Ar pres-ent. in facr. rve are not even sure r,vhether this construcnonwas sponsored direct iv bv Huari or rvherher ir rvas super-vised b., ' some Huari personnel but underrvrir ten by MarcaHuamachuco. The question is which pol irv was responsl-ble lor recruit ing, teeding. and housing the labor tbrce. [ thas a ln 'avs been assumed that Huar i sponsored the labortbrce but. again. that assumprion is based on rhe interpreta-t ion thar the s i te was an in t rus ive, Huar i -p lanned const ruc-t ion. Since the site is not total ly intrusive, nor r igidlyplanned, nor even complerely Huari in inspirarion, there isno reason to assume that its construction was solelv aHuari undertaking.

One approach to resolving this problem is to examinethe maize-gror,ving lands on the northwest slope of MarcaHuamachuco. Ar present lve have verv l imited data con-cerning this possible tbcus of Huari agricultural exploita-t ion. Wirh turrher rvork, however, ic wi l l be pcssible toconfirm or reject this aspect of exploitat ion and to estimarethe amount of maize that could be produced in the area, aswell as che amount of chicha that could have been brervedfrom the maize. I f the amount is small , as I suspecr, i t rvasprobablv used only to underuvri te ceremonies at CerroAmaru rvhile Marca Huamachuco underwrote the majorconstruction projects. [f the amount was large, it wouldhelp to provide evidence that Huari, rather than MarcaHuamachuco, underwrote the construction of Viracocha-panlpa. In eirher case, we ,.vould have a much clearerpicture of the relat ionship between the two culrures.

While many questions remain abouc the relat ionship be-tween Huari and Huamachuco, we now knorv that therelat ionship was not one-sided, but rarher mult i faceted andcomplex. With thrs basic understanding, continued researchlvi l l be able to develop more real ist ic models of rhe processesinvolved in the growth and decl ine of the relat ionship.

POSTSCRIPT

Continued research ir-r Huamachuco since complerion otthe f inai draft of this paper ampli f ies and general ly supportsthe conclusions drarvn here. Horvever. in pcrsonal conrmu-n icat ions. both Mar tha Andcrs and Pat r ic ia Knobloch havcpointed our that sorne of rhe ccrarnic marerial t iom rhenr luso leunr l t Cerru Anrar r r datc 's to Midd le Hor izon :A.This r l .r trnq. w'hich \\ 'c ircccpt. contradicts chc strtenlcrl t i r lth is pr rpcr rhat r l i d ieqnost ic rnecer ia l c l . r tcs to Nl idd lc Hor i -zon tB, but does solve trvo problems that arose by l imit ing

Huari and Huamaclwcr't

the per iod o [ Huar i -Huarnachuco conrxcr ro Midd le Hor i -zon IB. The extended period oi conract f i rs rvel l r .virharchitectural evidence t iom Marca Huamachuco charshows two d is t incr r ra i rs (a l in re l consrrucr ion rechniqueand incorporation of organic matter in ' ,val l heart ings),probably of Huari origin, were borro'uved sequenrial l i r . Theextension also f i ts rvel l r ,vi th evidence ior conrinued conracrbetr,veen Huari and Cajamarca during Middle Horizon :.The ceramics t iom rhe mausoleum, oi course, have nodirect bearing on rhe daring oithe init iat ion or rerminarionoi construction activir ies ar Viracochapampa, and archirec-tural evidence sri l l indicates rhar consrruction acrivi t iesthere rvere probably l imired ro Middle Horizon rB.

Other recenr developmenrs include support fbr rhe ideathat the major norrh-sourh road exisred bv rhe end oi cheEarly Intermediate Period. A large number of serr lemenrsoi that date rre located alonq rhe road.

'S/e have also con-

f l rmed that a smal l compound bu i l r u ' i rh Huar i -s rv le ma-sonrv is prescnr in thc maize grorving area belo'uv MarcaHuamachuco. I t is located in the midsr o f i r regu lar rer racesthat might have been irr igared from springs, but the com-pound was apparenrly never finished. Thus, chis presenrsno evidence that Huari controlled any significant agricul-tural production in the area, bur does give further evidenceof an abrupt break in relat ions between Huamachuco andHuari. Interestingly, only about z km awav and in the sameagricultural zone there is a small Huamachuco-style "ad-ministrat ive center" associated with a fair ly extensive sys-tem of well-constructed terraces r,vi th spring-fed irr igation.We have conducted onlv a brief surf-ace investigarion oithese sites so far. In r988 we excavared about one-quarterof the possible mausoleum shown in Figure 7; we found noevidence that i t was used for human burials nor rhar i t wasrelated to Huari in any r,vav. Final lv, excavations at whatMcCown cal led the "Cahuadan Round Fort" have shownthat i t dates ro rhe late Purpucala Phase (ca. a.o. 3oo) andrhat its plan consists of large gallery-like buildings ar-ranged around four sides of a rrapezotdal patio. This srteprovides another example of archirecrure which can beviewed as a precursor to rhe rypical Huari compound.

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