YMONDF

process, it is necessary to of the

century vverc a

I !

l

=tevolt that process of ate may be ieclared an \urgundian

fairly inde­t fell under tan Empire. ntries were ritories had .he death of ! rule these 1dependent

nily around nd Zeeland. r ether lands, 1emberthat union. The

tization and b.ese central the Duchies [ainaut. The Jrporate the te complex.5

[oly Roman rder regions stical power ntrolled the ~cclesiastical )redecessors within these

=<air and heir 1e Habsburg continue to

•cess of state ts well as by ~d above, the endent state. rijssel (1528) 1ed with the

so-called Jhen (1543).6

that is gener-1e Seventeen

Dutch speaking

I

Map 2.1 The Low Countries in the Mid-Sixteenth Century

uncommon

dcnizations

MIGRANT

ountries~ I

JUntricsv In

' tual

0

8.0 0

16.9

ization were country

f-Iov.;rever,

1S

Table 2.2 Denizations and ]\Jaturalizations Place

1509-1560

Brabant 42 3

Geldcrland 31 22 Flanders 28 10 l:1olland 26 0

23 Utrecht 2 Zeeland 0 Friesland 4 3 Hainaut 2 Tournai 0 Artois 0

Total 171 99

48

France Paris

A

5

of Elders Dea.cons of the Dutch 1567-1585

Cleves Bremen

Bosch .Meter en

of Elders and Deacons of the French

Tournai Valenciennes Lille

1 12

9

i\nnenti(~res

Laventie Douai

of ;;.nd Deacons of the

Lessines Buzet

Artois

2/3

1567-1585

and Deac

Frorn

Table 2.6

I-I own mentionec

.67-1585

2 1 1

1 2/3

567--1585

2i3

568-1591

cities in 1t carne :es. Boersma

1567-1593

Brabant Flanders Zeeland Holland

of Iviernbers the Church the Low

3 Cleves ')'"' hL Ihinaut 2

4 Gdderbnd 2 Dutch 3 Artois

50

RAYMOND FA GEL

the church might be due to the domination of these positions by rich merchants and textile entrepreneurs from Antwerp and Flanders.

A total of 19 cities each provided more than 15 brides and grooms, including almost 60 per cent of the whole population. Apart from the above mentioned cities, we find !pres (33), Turnhout (24), Bois-Le-Duc (22), Maaseik (22), Utrecht (20), Menin (19), Emden (18), Courtrai (17), Roeselare (17) and Sandwich (17). Below this level we find 65 places with between 3 and 15 brides and grooms. The most important ones are Amsterdam, Maastricht, Nieuwkerke and Venlo with 13 each, Messines with 12, Norwich with 11, Hondschoote with 10, and Bergen-op-Zoom and Breda with 9 each. The domination of the cities of Flanders and Brabant within the immigrants from the Low Countries is thus obvious. Outside these two provinces we only find some cities on the river Maas/Meuse (Maastricht, Maaseik and V enlo) and, further north, only Utrecht and Amsterdam.

Table 2.7 Geographical Origins of Deacons and Elders, Brides and Grooms in the Dutch Church, 1571-1603- Top Six Places

Deacons and Elders Brides and grooms

Antwerp 20 Antwerp 310 Ghent 13 Ghent 175 Bruges 6 Brussels 131 Roeselare 3 Bruges 80 Courtrai 2 Oudenaarde 66 Oudenaarde 2 Ronse 35

When we consider the whole group of 85 places with at least three brides and grooms, the same pattern arises of Flemish and Brabantine dominion.24 However, in the north-eastern parts we find cities like Harlingen, Deventer, Oldenzaal, Arnhem and Zwolle. The county of Holland shows, besides Amsterdam, the cities of Hoorn, N aarden, Delft, The Hague, Haarlem, Dordrecht, Gouda, Gorcum and Leiden, but all of these cities together only account for less than 50 persons. More or less the same number can be found for the cities east of the Low Countries in this group, coming from Aix-la-Chapelle, Solingen, Heinsberg, Bremen, Dusseldorf, Geel, Neuss, Wesel and Emmerich. When we look at the whole group of all2,000 brides and grooms, the importance of the adjacent regions is clearly marked, albeit that Cologne and Cleves are much less important than the county of Jiilich, which presents us with almost 60 persons. The large group of more-than 300 places with one or two brides or grooms shows that migration was not strictly an urban phenomenon. It seems logical that the most important, and richest, migrants are to be found in the cities, but still a large number comes from smaller villages. We also find migrants from as far away as Danzig, Geneva, N iirnberg and Rouen.

Our last set of data in relation to London comes from the 1593 returns of strangers for the city and the adjacent territories. Out of almost 1,400 geographical denomina­tions (887 from the Low Countries), again Antwerp is clearly the single most important city. Interesting, however, is the large number of migrants coming from Tournai, even ahead of Ghent and Bruges. Brussels is the fifth city within the Low Countries to be found. Another interesting feature is the presence of Middelburg,

outnumber and Zeelan Flanders ar the Low G can also be

Table 2.8

Themo People fror city alongs another, ar nated Engl denization~ and within Holland, 2 both them enon. As tl in the Strar

In additior and Cantel may ment Stamford, l And even Countries Mortlake.3

Countries' And rev

in the Low he provide host com

in the 1593 PcrStH1S lvientinned

11 Hl

F

numerous,

from Hain; The most Armentiere

1 ~vr A

Armentieres. 43

Ivlocns 21

24

Colcb(

Met ere I-iollan

fo1 ScouJo EnE:ler

Goose. Nieuw

28 Moran adults

29 Some'

hl As earl of the ;

Glasto Davies J abtYVi

.33 34

Backb< BacklH

C01DJ11t

1glish settle­ess between

rever, the best wdern period lockmans and Generals and . Darby (ed.),

thin the Low pendent terri-

to be a part of

the migration ions and natu-42 remains the

14 aliens in the hich 2,860 had srants arriving

.rt of a project ghout Europe

3. the reference is

Voorbeeld, pp. tch: Yungblut, ndon are some l,OOO reformed for the metrop­i2 from France, vised estimates

1e geographical 16 of the French

IMMIGRANT ROOTS

20 Moens (ed.), Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers, pp. 88-147. 21 Scouloudi, Returns of Strangers. 22 Boersma and Jelsma, Unity and Multiformity, pp. 209-59. 23 Moens (ed.), Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers, pp. 88-147. 24 With 8: Aalst; Belle; Heinsberg; Izegem; Louvain; Tielt. With 7: Cassel; Deventer; Eeklo;

Hasselt; Solingen; Valkenburg. With 6: Aix-la-Chapelle; Arnhem; Bremen; Horne/Hoorne; Middelburg; Naarden; Oldenzaal; Poperinge; Sittard; Sint-Truiden (Saint­Trend). With 5: Armentieres; Delft; The Hague; Steenvoorde; Zwolle. With 4: Arendonk; Colchester; Deinze; Dusseldorf; Gee!; Geraardsbergen (Grammont); Haarlem; Hazebrouck; Neuss; Valenciennes; Wesel. With 3: Ardooie; Comines; Diest; Dordrecht; Dover; Dunkirk; Eindhoven; Emmerich; Gorcum; Gouda; Harlingen; Leiden; Lier; Meteren; Oostende; Pittem; Tournai, and Vlissingen. Horne is both used for Hoorn in Holland as for Horn in Limburg; the name Middelburg is used both for a city in Zeeland and for a smaller village in Flanders.

25 Scouloudi, Returns of Strangers, pp. 84-5 and 92-3. Cleves 34, Jiilich 18, Cologne 12, Emden 7, Wesel 6. Scouloudi provides the complete list of cities and villages with fewer persons involved.

26 See Chapter 1 above, p. 11. 27 Goose, "The 'Dutch' in Colchester", p. 263. 1571: 177 Dutch; 1573: 431; 1586: 1,297.

Nieuwkerke and I pres seem to have been important places of origin for the immigrants in Colchester.

28 Morant, "Settlement of Protestant Refugees in Maidstone", p. 212. In 1585 there were 115 adults aliens, but for only some individuals do we know their place of origin. Nevele, Deinze and Ghent all point to the County of Flanders.

29 Hardy, "Foreign Refugees at Rye", p. 583. Most of the immigrants came from Dieppe. Some Walloons, Flemings and Hollanders appear in the sources. The only one mentioned with his place of origin is from W ateringen in the County of Holland.

30 As early as 1549, some 230 Walloon weavers came to Glastonbury to revive the economy of the area. This project of Protector Somerset was also an experiment to see how planted communities worked. After the death of Edward VI, they went to Frankfurt: Yungblut, Strangers Settled Here Amongst Us, p. 100; Cowell, "French-Walloon Church at Glastonbury".

31 Davies, Dutch Influences, p. 5; Bense, Anglo-Dutch Relations, pp. 101-3. See also Chapter 1 above, pp. 17-28.

32 Spicer, French-Speaking Reformed Community, p. 159. 33 EEer, Niederlandische Exulanten. 34 Lucassen and De Vries, "Leiden als Middelpunt". 35 Backhouse, Flemish and Walloon Communities (1995) 36 Backhouse, Flemish and Walloon Communities (1995), pp. 17-18. 37 Backhouse, Flemish and Walloon Communities (1991), I, pp. 27-8 and 46-8. The most

important places in the "Westkwartier" and the "Pays de l'Alleu" for the Dutch-speaking community were: Belle (94 ), Nieuwkerke ( 63 ), Hondschoote ( 46 ), I pres (29), Messines (25 ), Poperinge (21). Of the small French-speaking community we only have 39 places of origin, again predominately from the "Westkwartier", though Tournai was the most important individual city (9).

38 Backhouse, Flemish and Walloon Communities (1995), pp. 19-20. 39 Backhouse, Flemish and Walloon Communities (1995), pp. 29-32. 40 For discussion of calculations of the size of the Sandwich community see Chapter 1 above,

pp. 20-21. 41 Esser, Niederlilndische Exulanten, pp. 44-5, 49. It could be possible that the number was

as high as 6,000 between 1571 and 1582, but thousands of immigrants were killed by plague.

55

RAYMOND FA GEL

56

42 Spicer, French-Speaking Reformed Community, pp. 2-15, 21, 70. 43 Magen, Die Wallonengemeinde, pp. 43-6. Another calculation for the period between 1590

and 1627 gives some 1,000 strangers from 240 different places as brides and grooms in Canterbury: Cross, History of the Walloon and Huguenot Church, pp. 24-5. The complete lists can be found in Hovenden, Registers.

The refu foundm hand by: refugees of the co the-y~;[ to a freer refugees foreignet their fait 29 Janua ()fha;i~!

Seein§ who, mayc your' woulc here.' end an comrr their 1 r1le!rt