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Intimate Partner Violence in Male Survivors of
Childhood Maltreatment: Review of the Research
Noémie Bigras, Ph.D. Student, UQAM
Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel, Ph.D. Student, Université Laval
Natacha Godbout, Ph.D., UQAM
Don Dutton, Ph.D., University of British Columbia
Marsha Runtz, Ph.D., University of Victoria
Caroline Dugal, Ph.D Student, UQAM
Stéphane Sabourin, Ph.D, Université Laval
Martine Hébert, Ph.D, UQAM 1
Introduction • Beginning in childhood and extending across the
lifespan, some men may experience violence inside and outside the home.
• Male survivors of childhood violence share similarities with women but also demonstrate differences in the consequences of victimization (Godbout et al., 2006).
o For example, men are less likely to disclose victimization and to access psychological and health services (Hébert et al., 2009).
• Untreated effects of child maltreatment (CM) may contribute to various psychosocial difficulties including Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) o IPV victimization and perpetration is more prevalent among survivors of
CM (Dardis, Edwards, Kelley, & Gidycz, 2013; DiLillo, 2001; DiLillo, Lewis, & Loreto-Colgan, 2007; Godbout et al., 2009)
2
Introduction • IPV is a major public health concern affecting numerous
families each year and generating huge costs annually
in Canada and USA (Statistics Canada, 2013; National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control, 2003)
Prevalence rates:
• Physical:
• 22-25% (Desmarais et al., 2012a,b)
• Psychological:
• 50-83% (Black et al., 2011; Godbout et al., 2009)
• Sexual:
• 3% physically forced sex
• 17-22% report verbal sexual coercion or being sexually violent
toward their partner (Hines, 2007; Lafontaine & Lussier, 2005).
3
Introduction
• Yet, despite the extensive literature on interpersonal
violence, research on male victims of IPV remain sparse
and the strength of the associations linking child
maltreatment to IPV among men is either unknown or
inconsistent (e.g., Hines & Douglas, 2009)
• Considering that IPV is a heterogeneous and complex
phenomenon (Langhinrichsen-Rohling, 2009), and that studies
examining IPV as an outcome of child maltreatment in
men remain scarce, a review of the literature of the past
decade was performed.
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Goals Main objective: Examine the strength and nature of
the associations between CM and IPV in men.
Objectives briefly discussed:
1. Identify gaps in the current scientific literature on the
association between CM and IPV in men.
2. Highlight the major findings and main conclusions of the
studies available thus far.
3. Put forward the needs for future research and propose
avenues for prevention and intervention.
5
Method Literature search: First step
• Articles initially selected using:
o APA PsycNET (psycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS) o PubMed
• Keywords: o Child* + abuse + men
o Child* + neglect + men
o Child* + maltreatment + men
o Child* + trauma + men
o Sexual + abuse + men
o Child* + violence + men (or boy*)
o Intimate Partner Violence
6
Selection of Articles • Language: English or French
• Published between 2003 and 2014 (last decade)
• Including data about the relationship between: o Childhood maltreatment and;
o Adolescent or Adult IPV
• Only men or results presented separately for men
• Including a comparison group (no-trauma group)
After reading study titles we retained: N = 1470 articles
After reading abstracts we retained: N = 268 articles
7
Search Results Organisation of articles by outcome:
o Physical health
o Psychological health
o Sexual health
o Couple adjustment
o Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
o Alcohol/drug problems
• Further reading of each article led to: o IPV: 15 articles
• Reasons of exclusion were either because there were (1)
no comparison group in the articles or (2) no statistics on
the association between trauma and the outcome in men.
8
Meta-Analytic Results
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 9
Authors N (men) Trauma IPV Outcome Type IPV
Abraham & Jewkes, 2005 1368 Witnessing childhood parental IPV Perpetration Physical
Psychological Sexual
Daigneault et al., 2009 7823 CPhyA
CSA Victimization
Physical Psychological
Dardis et al., 2013 291 CPsyA
CPsyA,CPhyN CSA
Perpetration Victimization
Physical Psychological
Sexual
DiLillo et al., 2007 57 Childhood maltreatment Perpetration Physical
Godbout, Dutton et al., 2009
315 CPsyA, CPhyA,
Witnessing childhood parental IPV Perpetration
Physical Psychological
Gomez, 2011 1932 Childhood maltreatment Perpetration Victimization
Physical
Gratz et al., 2009 96 Childhood maltreatment Perpetration Physical
Herrenkohl et al., 2004 288 CPhyA Perpetration Physical
Hines, 2007 2084 CSA Victimization Sexual
Luo et al., 2008 1475 CSA Victimization Physical
Psychological Sexual
Millet et al., 2013 2709 Childhood maltreatment Perpetration Physical
Senn et al., 2006 451 CSA Victimization Physical
Taft et al., 2006 145 CPhyA
Witnessing childhood parental IPV Perpetration Psychological
Taft et al., 2008 164 CEN, CPhyA
Witnessing childhood parental IPV Perpetration
Physical Psychological
White & Widom, 2003 446 Childhood maltreatment Perpetration Physical
10
Results
Outcome No. of studies
Men population
size r
95%
z Heterogeneity
Q I2
CI Inf
CI Sup
IPV total 15 19 644 .149 .128 .171 13.56*** 12.94 ns 0.00%
IPV victimization
6 14 056 .145 .117 .172 10.22*** 1.04 ns 0.00%
IPV perpetration
11 7 811 .154 .118 .189 8.43*** 13.80 ns 27.55%
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Results by IPV Victimization or Perpetration
Outcome No. of studies
Men population
size r
95%
z Heterogeneity
Q I2
CI Inf
CI Sup
IPV Perpetration
Physical 10 7666 .154 .107 .200 6.35*** 18.87* 52.31%
Psycho 5 2283 .163 .132 .195 9.90*** 2.29 ns 0.00%
Sexual 2 1659 .119 .000 .234 1.96* 5.26* 80.99%
IPV Victimizatio
n
Physical 5 11972 .163 .127 .199 8.72*** 2.06 ns 0.00%
Psycho 3 9589 .154 .112 .195 7.11*** .10 ns 0.00%
Sexual 3 3850 .112 .029 .194 2.63** 6.94* 71.18%
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Results by Types of Childhood Trauma
Outcome No. of studie
s
Men population
size r
95%
z Heterogeneity
Q I2
CI Inf
CI Sup
Abuse Perp 5 1203 .154 .098 .209 5.334*** 5.51 ns 0.00%
Vict 2 8114 .152 .096 .208 5.213*** .36 ns 0.00%
Neglect Perp 2 436 .173 .021 .317 2.235* 2.56 ns 0.01%
Vict 1
CSA Perp 1
Vict 5 12124 .147 .103 .190 6.488*** 4.84 ns 0.00%
Witness IPV
Perp 4 1992 .133 .064 .201 3.755*** 4.04 ns 0.00%
Vict 0
13
Main Conclusions • Results showed that CM contributes significantly to
increased levels of IPV victimization and perpetration among male survivors (small effect; r ranging from .13 to .17). o Neglect seems to be the type of trauma with the greater
impact on IPV perpetration but the limited number of studies on victimization prevent any conclusions at this point.
• This review highlights that most studies of interpersonal violence including men have focused on their role as perpetrators of IPV at the expense of exploring men’s experiences of victimization --except for CSA.
14
Main Conclusions • Current results include general population or
student samples. They do not reflect the links between childhood trauma and IPV in clinical populations, which appear to be higher, for example: o Dutton and Hart (1992) found that 41% of the domestically violent
criminals experienced childhood physical violence
o 71% of 340 men arrested for IPV (recruited from a corrections probation department) reported child maltreatment, including witnessing IPV, physical or emotional abuse (Lee, Walters, Hall, & Basile,
2013).
o In men undergoing counseling for relationship difficulties or aggression, CSA predicted their use of psychological and physical aggression toward their partner, indirectly through attachment anxiety and more directly through anger-out(e.g., failure to express anger reasonably)(Brassard, Darveau, Péloquin, Lussier, & Shaver, 2014)
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Further research & limitations • The relatively small associations show that not all CM survivors
are revictimized in their couple relationship or become perpetrators. Thus, research needs to examine intermediate variables and to build conceptual models of the links between CM and IPV.
• Future research should: o Include systematic comparisons between men and women
o Focus on all types of child maltreatment and on both victimization and perpetration
o Explore the dynamic nature of couple relationships and reciprocal influences between the partners
o Explore different trajectories leading from CM to IPV
• Limitations of this review: o Still missing some potentially important articles
o Work in progress
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Practical Implications
• Findings highlight that male survivors might
struggle with relational difficulties in
adulthood, engage in IPV perpetration as
well as being a victim, whereas previous
literature tends to emphasize men’s role as
offenders by focusing solely or mostly on
women as victims.
17
