Job hunting tips

Choosing a jobStarting outYou should start thinking about what type of work appeals to you. The more clearly youknow where your interests lie, what you enjoy, what your talents are and which skills andstrengths you want to use in your working life, the easier it is to recognise opportunitiesthat suit you.

Looking at job adverts is quick, easy, and a useful way to learn what jobs are available, butpresents a few problems as a starting point for a job search.

Firstly, adverts are not designed to help you understand what different kinds of jobsinvolve - they are for people who are sure of exactly the job they want.

Secondly, many jobs are not even advertised, leaving you to miss out on many options.Have a look at networking for information about unlocking these hidden jobs and makingyourself known to potential employers.

The good news is that just a bit of thought and research sets you in the right direction.

What jobs suit me?Ask yourself what is really important to you and what you are willing to do. Everyone hasunique motivations and ambitions. Yours may be different from people you know. Writingyour ideas down or having conversations may help you capture your thoughts.

Try what jobs would suit me?, a tool designed to assist you with the decision-makingprocess. After answering a series of questions, see which jobs might best match yourpreferences. Compare two jobs side-by-side or start by considering an employment sector.

Your friends and family may help you identify the key deciding factors for your careerplanning and may point out strengths that you take for granted.

Your university careers service has a wealth of resources to support career research andplanning. As well as talking to a careers adviser, you may gain insights from psychometrictests, which focus on aptitude, ability, or personality. Ask which psychometric tests areavailable or have a look at psychometric tests.

What do different jobs entail?Learning what people actually do on a day-to-day basis is a crucial step in your job search.Understanding jobs is the best way to ensure you make the right decision for you. It is alsoessential for writing strong applications, which persuade a company or organisation thatyou are a good fit for the job.

Get more details about jobs you are considering at explore types of jobs. Be sure to read

the case studies. Alternatively, you may start your job search by looking at all the relatedjobs in a sector at industry insights.

How do I use my degree?You may want to directly apply your subject-related knowledge and skills to the world ofwork.

Ask your university careers service for the results of previous surveys, which may providesome insight into what people with your degree have gone on to do. Visit what dograduates do? to view national survey results of what students on your course havepursued. Also, find out about options with your degree by looking at options with yoursubject.

Where to workGraduate Labour MarketThere are many suitable opportunities for graduates, but not all of them include ‘graduate’in the job title.

Some organisations regularly hire graduates into training schemes. However, since thereare around 18,000 such jobs available each year and over 260,000 new graduates, mostpeople are doing something besides graduate training schemes. Almost 14% of 2006graduates went on to further study, but the majority chose to move into work (What DoGraduates Do? 2008, HECSU/AGCAS, 2007).

The range of starting salaries for graduates is broad. Though some new graduate workersenjoy salaries over £25,000, the average is much lower at around £18,000, and manygraduates earn less (What Do Graduates Do? 2008, HECSU/AGCAS, 2007).

Graduate entrants should expect to develop quickly, with pay rises to match. As well asindividual employees’ skill and experience, levels of pay are determined by many factors,including:

• the nature of the work;• competition and popularity of certain jobs;• economic change and business success;• requirement for professional qualifications;• geographical region;• sector and industry.

Though the large employers may be more visible, small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs), with up to 250 employees, have become more important in the graduate market,offering variety, responsibility and rewards to rival the big names.

Types of employerFinding an organisation that suits you is as important as choosing the right occupation.There are pros and cons with any employer.

Large employersThese are often household names and traditionally key graduate recruiters. They tend tooffer structured career development and support through professional qualifications.

A whole cohort of graduates may be recruited together, with planned social events.Graduate entrants may earn high salaries and gain early responsibility. There may also bescope to experience different business functions.

On the other hand, the hours may be long and the work highly pressured. Some may alsofind their career development options restricted by the organisation’s long-term plans.

Small and medium-sized enterprisesSMEs may provide the chance to enjoy a wider involvement in issues affecting the wholeorganisation from the start. They may also offer variety of workload and flexibility ofconditions. In smaller organisations, you may get to know all of your colleagues.

There may be less frequent opportunities for advancement without changing employers,and starting salaries may be slightly lower.

Self-employmentSetting up a business or self-employment is likely to suit self-motivated and well-organisedgraduates who value autonomy. The freedom to choose assignments and makeindependent decisions is balanced by the need to take responsibility for all tasks, includingmundane or difficult ones. Find out more at self employment.

Whatever size of employer you prefer, there are three main sectors of employment for youto choose from, each with its own characteristics:

Private sector• delivering profits to investors;• operate in competitive markets;• higher salaries;• commercial awareness is valued.

Public sector• delivery of goods and services by or for the government;• exists to serve the public interest;• includes healthcare, education, local and national government;• may offer greater security of employment.

Voluntary sector (also ‘third sector’)• charities and not-for-profit organisations;• offers both paid and unpaid posts;• sector experience is very important for entry.

Geographical locationYour dream job is unlikely to be on your doorstep, so you may need to move to a newarea. Metropolitan areas have a greater concentration of businesses, offering moreopportunities. However, there are certain types of work or specialisms that are clustered inspecific places. For example, there are jobs in ports and airports which do not existelsewhere.

Mobility and transportLarge employers often require mobile staff. You may find yourself based at multiple sitesduring your training, gaining experience in various business functions.

When thinking about possible roles, take your commitments and preferences into account.Consider where you are willing to live and how far you can travel to fit your lifestyle. Takeyour commitments into account as well.

A long commute or frequent stays away from home may be balanced by a great job, butthis does not suit everyone. More options may become available if you can run a car or

buy a season ticket.

Local informationLocal newspapers and their websites are a useful starting point for opportunities in yourarea or in a new area, if you plan to move.

After looking at the jobs section, read the news to get an update on developments in thetown or region, such as new businesses or successful companies expanding theiroperations. You might also learn about support organisations and events that may benefityou.

Local libraries and chambers of commerce may be information goldmines too, not just forjob seeking, but also for settling into a new area and making new contacts. You may beeligible to use your nearest university careers service. Have a look at your universitycareers service for contact details.

Finding vacanciesFinding employersOnce you decide your most suitable job role, sector and type of employer, make a list oforganisations that interest you, using the best vacancy sites and sources. The followinginformation is available at your careers service:

• local employers who are known to recruit graduates;• jobs and employers that graduates of your degree subject at your university have

pursued - destination information for UK graduates by subject is available at what dograduates do?;

• professional institution resources - they may publish a list of member companies andindustry vacancies;

• trade associations listing member companies.

There are several directories of graduate employers published annually, which containvacancies for the year ahead and background information on featured employers. All areavailable from careers services:

• Prospects Directory;• The GET Directory;• TARGETjobs Series;• Go Wales (http://www.gowales.co.uk);• gradireland (http://www.gradireland.com).

Commercial directories, which are often available in university libraries, may help you findorganisations in a particular sector. They also provide company information, such as staffinformation and financial turnover. Many directories have online versions, which may onlybe available if your library subscribes:

• Kelly's Directories (http://www.kellysearch.com);• Kompass (http://www.kompass.com);• Yellow Pages (http://www.yell.com);• LexisNexis Butterworths (http://www.lexisnexis.co.uk);• Amadeus (http://www.bvdep.com/en/AMADEUS.html);• FAME (http://fame.bvdep.com/).

If you already have particular employers in mind, visit their websites, which are likely toinclude all the details you need and an online application facility. Many organisationsrecruit through their sites, particularly in the technology sector.

Finding vacanciesThere are two main cycles of graduate recruitment:

Immediate vacanciesThese are vacancies generally aimed at graduates by organisations that recruit when theyneed to fill a post. Newly created vacancies with large employers and gap-filling vacanciesin major recruitment programmes may also be immediate.

Forward or future vacanciesMostly beginning in the autumn, these vacancies are offered mainly by organisations thatrecruit large numbers of graduates. They are usually aimed at new graduates andfinal-year students.

Vacancy publicationsVacancy publications are available from a variety of sources:

• Careers services often publish future and immediate vacancy bulletins, frequentlycontaining local and regional vacancies.

• Careers services also publicise employers who give presentations or hold interviewson campus - ask your careers services for details.

• Prospects Finalist is published four times over the year from October to May, availablefrom your careers service.

• Jobs and Courses is a fortnightly digital magazine with jobs, courses and news.• Graduate employer directories, as mentioned in ‘Finding employers'.

Other vacancy resourcesGo to my prospects - registration, this is a recruitment service that allows employerssearch your details to match the types of jobs they offer. You may also choose to have joband course vacancies sent to you by email or text.

National graduate recruitment fairs take place every autumn in Glasgow and London.Summer recruitment fairs are organised in various places, including Birmingham, in Juneand July. These events are open to graduates of any institution. Details are available atcareers fairs. There are also specialist fairs for law, teaching, postgraduates and workexperience.

Some national and local papers specialise in particular types of jobs on particular days.Most newspapers list jobs in a searchable database on their websites that you may checkregularly.

Specialist journals are a useful source for some jobs. Although their job advertisementsare frequently aimed at people with related work experience, there may be graduate levelposts as well. They help you identify potential future employers and keep up to date withsector news, building your commercial awareness.

Find out which journals are appropriate by looking at relevant occupations in explore typesof jobs and relevant sectors in industry insights. Your tutors or subject librarians may alsohave suggestions.

Jobcentre Plus (http://www.jobcentreplus.gov.uk) has a wide range of vacancies anddetails of training programmes, such as New Deal (http://www.newdeal.gov.uk). There areoccasional local or specialist programmes, sometimes run in conjunction with localemployers. Visit their website, contact Jobseeker Direct on 0845 6060234, or visit aJobcentre Plus office to access vacancy details.

When do employers recruit?Graduate recruitment has changed in recent years. Traditional approaches, like campusrecruitment visits, are still important to employers, but organisations are increasingly usingmore creative and diverse approaches to reach new talent.

Websites are the principal source of information about employers and provide the main, orsometimes only, route for applications. The pattern of deadlines has also changed. Youmay be able to apply at any time of year, but it is essential to confirm application dates ifyou want to avoid missing out.

Annual recruitment cycleLarge employers often have an annual graduate recruitment scheme, planned far inadvance, to meet operational and business development needs. This type of recruitment isaimed at both finalists and recent graduates. The latter may be particularly appealing toemployers if they offer additional skills or experience.

The process may be lengthy - every year there are deadlines as early as October for somecompanies. Many of these jobs begin the following autumn or summer. These are oftenreferred to as future vacancies. However, there are increasing opportunities to join trainingprogrammes at different times of the year.

Many employers now use online application forms, publishing graduate recruitmentbrochures exclusively on their websites. Some companies still use paper applicationforms, while some employers like CVs, and some prefer that an applicant provides both. Acovering letter is usually an appropriate accompaniment to a CV, but it is essential tofollow instructions carefully and submit whatever is requested.

Whatever the format, your application must be targeted to show that you meet theemployer’s requirements of qualifications, skills and experience for the post. Onlinesystems make it easier for recruiters to sift out unsuitable applicants on the basis of simplefactual information, e.g. exam results, if they wish.

Remaining applications are considered by recruitment personnel. They evaluate theapplication form or CV according to the criteria they have set for the role. Applicants mustaddress all the employer’s needs, providing evidence to indicate how they match thesecriteria.

For further information about applications go to applications, CVs and interviews.

Large employers’ recruitment processThere are likely to be several steps after the online or paper application as you movetowards securing the job. The order varies between employers, but you may facepsychometric or aptitude testing, a telephone interview, a face-to-face interview (there maybe more than one) and an assessment centre, which involves a variety of tasks.

Telephone interviews and online tests are not only economical for the employer, but alsoeasier for the applicant to fit in around work or study. However, you may need to travelseveral times over a period of weeks or months for selection activities. This may be verytime consuming, especially if you are applying to several organisations.

Smaller employers and immediate vacanciesWorkforce requirements change frequently, so employers recruit new staff whenever theyneed to throughout the year. Posts may become vacant when a member of staff moves onor growth necessitates the creation of new jobs. Smaller employers nearly always use ‘justin time’ recruitment, only advertising vacancies when they arise.

Large employers may also need to fill additional posts at relatively short notice, even ifthey have a graduate recruitment scheme in place. Any roles advertised after Easter andthrough the summer effectively become immediate vacancies, since finalists who apply arelikely to be available for work by the time the selection process is completed.

Speculative applicationsIt is sometimes possible to obtain a non-advertised job by approaching the employerdirectly with a carefully targeted CV and covering letter. Use options with your subject, tofind out about recruitment practices for jobs that interest you. Also see networking for moreinformation.

Recruitment agenciesSome employers contract out their recruitment to an agency, whether for temporary staffor executives with greater responsibilities. This means you may need to work withagencies to get into the organisation you want.

Agencies may help shorten the process for you, pre-selecting suitable candidates foremployers to consider. The flipside of this is that consultants may not tell you about a job ifthey have already found a suitable number of interviewees.

Finding a specialistMany agencies specialise in particular industries or sectors. Specialist consultants have agood grasp of current issues and industry requirements, and a wide range of contacts.They help new graduates understand the labour market and industry jargon. Skilled agentsmatch candidates with opportunities in new roles or with employers you may never evenhave heard of and might not find yourself.

The Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC) (http://www.rec.uk.com) allowsyou to search agencies by specialism and location, as does Agency Central(http://www.agencycentral.co.uk). Adverts in Yellow Pages (http://www.yell.com) andbusiness directories also usually indicate the types of work an agency manages.

How to joinAgencies normally ask you to submit your CV before they sign you up. Phone first to checkwhether they deal with your work sector. Agency contact is likely to be positive if you haveparticular in-demand skills that make you a good candidate. If you are a generalist or havelimited experience they may not be interested at all.

For best results, build a relationship with your consultant and keep in touch to remind themabout your skills, abilities and goals, so they represent you accurately. When you find agood agency, it is still important for you to keep track of all of your applications.

Remember that agencies’ main clients are employers, not candidates, so do not expectthem to do all of the research and work on your behalf.

Recruitment websitesOften known as job boards, these are an online equivalent to recruitment agencies.Recruitment websites have grown rapidly. They include well-known websites such asMonster (http://www.monster.co.uk). Candidates post CVs into an online template thatemployers search.

Agencies frequently post opportunities on these sites. The same job may be advertised inseveral places, but you should only apply once.

Quickly adding your details to many job boards is likely to be counterproductive. Limit thenumber of boards you post onto so that you can manage your details effectively.

You need to check and update your submissions regularly, which may be difficult if yousign up with more than four sites. Also, consider your personal security when decidingwhat to post on the internet. Giving your email address is safe, though it may attract spam.Guard your home address and telephone number carefully.

Maintain a formal approach when submitting job applications via the internet. Your firstcontact with employers deserves proper consideration and attention to detail. Write inproper English, checking your spelling and grammar. Think carefully about your strengthsas well as the requirements of jobs that interest you, and ensure you incorporate thesepoints into your online CV.

Many graduates are disappointed by the lack of response from agencies, both in personand through the internet. It is unrealistic to expect that just sending out or posting a coupleof CVs gets you a fantastic job - that would be extremely lucky. However, carefullyselected recruitment agencies and job boards may be valuable elements of your jobseeking strategy.

NetworkingEvery day, someone, somewhere, is offered a job that was never advertised, possiblywithout even making an application. How does this happen?

It is a myth that all jobs must be advertised by law. Open recruitment is considered bestpractice, but is not a legal obligation. Advertising is expensive and employers may preferto recruit internally by promoting or seconding a member of staff.

They may also draw on personal contacts to find suitably qualified candidates. This isparticularly true in niche areas, within small organisations, and for popular types of workwith a permanent supply of keen entrants.

The key to unlocking these hidden jobs is making yourself known to potential employers.

Speculative applicationsA direct, carefully planned approach can be effective. Remember, speculative applicationsare the principal method of recruitment for some jobs. The CV and covering letter shouldbe specifically tailored to the organisation and role, as it would be in response to anadvertisement, so research and preparation are essential. Recruiters easily spot genericCVs, which are likely to go straight in the recycling bin just like any other unsolicited,impersonal junk mail.

To improve your application’s chances:

• Identify employers who recruit graduates of your degree subject or who might be

interested in the subject of your dissertation or project.• Prepare a general CV and covering letter geared towards a particular industry sector,

and then adapt it to target the organisation.• Your research may include company information, e.g. market position, key

stakeholders, suppliers, customers and business development. You need to gather asmuch information as possible about the responsibilities of the role you are aiming forand the team you would join.

• Get the name of the contact in your chosen business function or humanresources/personnel before approaching - this may take some perseverance, but isworthwhile.

• Ensure that your letter starts by clearly stating what you are looking for - a job,contract or project work, work experience, work shadowing - and include details ofyour availability.

• Focus on explaining what skills and experience you have to offer and what you couldcontribute to the organisation, rather than simply what you hope to gain for yourself.

• Follow up your letter with a phone call to show your genuine interest and try toarrange a meeting to discuss job possibilities, review your application or gain furthercontacts.

• Read applications, CVs and interviews for more information on making speculativeapplications.

NetworkingGraduates often find jobs through contacts. Some universities have found this is the topmethod by which their graduates secure jobs. Contacts might be friends, relatives, tutors,or people you have met through leisure interests, voluntary work or part-time jobs, workplacements, previous employers and even casual acquaintances. Combine contacts fromall sources into your personal professional network.

Even if these people do not directly help you, they might put you in touch with others whodo. They may help you find an opportunity or even get you an interview.

Remember to pursue networking opportunities yourself. Networking opportunities include:

• Temporary or part-time work to enhance your marketability and industry knowledgeand to meet people in your target sector.

• Voluntary work to build experience and show your commitment - be clear what youare offering to do and for how long.

• Professional associations, which may run networking events or useful training andconferences where you can forge new links.

• Careers events at university or elsewhere, speaking with representatives from manyorganisations in one place.

Further study, training and work experience certainly gives you an edge in the job market.

Activate your network by letting everyone know your ambitions and plans, so your contactspass on any information they hear as soon as possible. When you approach a newpotential employer, mention who suggested contacting them, as it will increase thechances of your application being read.

Work experienceHow you present your key information is a major factor toward increasing your appeal toemployers. But what might you actually do to make yourself into a more attractive packagefor recruiters?

You have to start somewhere, acquiring attributes that you develop throughout your

working life. Your university studies give you a sound knowledge basis as well as thechance to demonstrate and expand your transferable skills.

Transferable skillsThroughout your education and work experience you develop skills in one context thatmay be transferred successfully into another. Focusing on skills is especially helpful whenmoving into new fields where your experience is limited. Experience is important, but it ispossible to prove your suitability for a role with your potential and accomplishments.

If you do not meet all the requirements listed for a job that interests you, consider theclosest matching points you offer. Cite examples from your experience where youdemonstrate skills that are needed in the role. Employers are keen to see evidence of thefollowing attributes:

• intellect and willingness to learn;• teamwork and interpersonal skills;• self-motivation and initiative;• written and verbal communication skills;• drive and enthusiasm;• commitment and reliability;• flexibility and adaptability;• numeracy and analytical skills;• creativity and problem-solving ability;• customer focus and commercial awareness.

Review what you have achieved while studying and identify what each of youraccomplishments shows. For example, essays demand written communication skills,group projects test your teamwork abilities and laboratory work demonstrates youranalytical skills.

To help with your review, use course handbooks and assignments and see options withyour subject, which lists the transferable skills that each subject helps develop.

Remember to take into account all your other activities, including sports and societies,employment, volunteering and work experience, community and home responsibilities, andsocial and leisure activities. Everyone uses a vast array of skills each day, but we rarelythink about this and tend to take our strengths for granted.

Work experienceMany graduates find themselves in a very frustrating ‘experience trap’. You needexperience to get a job, but you need the job to get experience. Fortunately, there areways to put yourself in a position to enhance your employability.

All work experience is valuable - paid or unpaid, at any level, in any setting. Make the mostof your time by taking on a range of tasks that help you learn new skills and develop abroader understanding of your working environment. Get to know your colleagues, find outmore about their roles and learn from them.

Be flexible about the duties you take on. Basic administrative tasks like filing, compilingpaperwork and data entry show you understand and use systems effectively. At the sametime, the information you work with allows you to become familiar with the organisation’sbusiness and culture. Your increased awareness is an asset whether you aim to stay withthat employer or move on.

Employers are most impressed by relevant experience. Once you set your sights on a

particular job or sector, it makes sense to concentrate on expanding your experience.

TempingShort term contracts are the perfect way to get your foot in the door. Temporary jobs maybe a stepping stone to permanent employment, but there are other benefits too.

It is easier to get a job from a job. You are more likely to hear about new vacancies frominside an organisation. Success as a temp may get you noticed and considered forpromotions that may not be advertised. Also, if permanent contracts are rare fornewcomers in your chosen field, you increase your chances by gaining relevantexperience, even in a more basic role.

Taking a temporary job rather than remaining unemployed shows your willingness to learnand work, get on with other people and see a job through, even if it is routine or unskilled.All employers value this ‘can-do’ attitude.

Private sector employers routinely use agencies to meet short-term needs, such as holidayand sickness cover, or to cope with particularly busy times. For example, banks andfinancial institutions may employ extra staff near the end of the financial year.

Contracts vary from just one day to open-ended, and some temporary roles are convertedto permanent jobs. Temping offers flexibility, so you may gain experience in several typesof work and employment sectors quickly.

Public sector organisations may also use casual workers. They often hire staff throughagencies. Larger organisations, like local authorities, hospitals and universities, may use acentral candidate pool. If your ambitions lie within this sector, contact the human resourcesdepartment of your target employers to find available vacancies, required skills and how toapply.

There is a big difference between taking on short-term and temporary contracts andstarting in a permanent role, then changing your mind. Moving frequently between jobsmay be interpreted as job-hopping, which employers may question, so it is helpful toexplain your working situation in applications. Temping successfully provides evidence thatyou learn new systems and procedures quickly and showcases your interpersonal skillsand teamwork strengths.

VolunteeringWhy volunteer?There are many positive reasons for volunteering. As well as the almost infinite variety ofinteresting opportunities available, giving your time freely to benefit others is intrinsicallyrewarding.

Even if you are not very altruistic, becoming a volunteer may be a necessary part of yourcareer plan. It is a prerequisite for some jobs and further study. If you hope to pursue acareer in environmental conservation, teaching, social work or the charity sector, forinstance, expect to demonstrate your commitment with unpaid work experience.

As in any other form of work experience, volunteering will enable you to test out the sector,make contacts, develop skills and obtain useful background knowledge.

If you are employed, but hope to broaden your experience and progress your career, just afew hours a week, perhaps evenings or weekends, is enough to make a real difference,both to those you are helping and to your personal development. This allows you to

explore an entirely different field, or to build up further evidence of your abilities to improveyour chances of promotion from your current role. Some employers support volunteeringstaff, offering flexible hours, so speak with your manager.

Voluntary work in the UKIf you are not working and you are claiming benefit, you must seek advice from JobcentrePlus (http://www.jobcentreplus.gov.uk)about whether volunteering is permitted and, if so,how many hours you may work without losing your entitlement. Whether you areunemployed, have been ill or have taken time out from work to care for your family,volunteering allows you to prove your abilities and build your confidence, making it a greatbridge to lead you back into work.

For help in finding your ideal voluntary role, see public and voluntary sector, for relatednews and opportunity listings. YouthNet (http://www.youthnet.org/) is a nationalvolunteering database that allows you to search by location, times you are available, skillsyou can offer and the cause you want to give your time to. Most towns have a centralvolunteer bureau or agency listed in the phone book. Also, try your national volunteernetwork:

• Volunteering England (http://www.volunteering.org.uk)• Volunteer Centre Network Scotland (http://www.volunteerscotland.org.uk/)• Northern Ireland Volunteer Development Agency (http://www.volunteering-ni.org)• Volunteering Wales (http://www.volunteering-wales.net)

Voluntary work abroadIf you love travelling, volunteering abroad might appeal to you. With a wealth of exotic,far-flung locations to choose from, you may find many types of work to suit your skills andpreferences.

Many schemes exist to place volunteers, but you need to research exactly what resourcesthey provide before making a commitment. It is not unusual for applicants to cover at leastsome of their own expenses, e.g. air fare, but you must be clear about what is provided bythe organisers and what you must pay for yourself. Fees and extra costs may mount up -check that essentials, like health insurance and visas, are dealt with properly.

Find out who is responsible for finding and paying for accommodation, flights to and fromyour destination, and travel expenses incurred while you are away. Speak with someonewho has been to the same location or with the same organisation. Confirm allarrangements in writing.

Get ready for your return before you leave. You may want or need to start working as soonas you get home, so you must think ahead. Check deadlines for any jobs or courses ofinterest and start preparing for applications, even if you just put together a basic CV anddiscuss it with a careers adviser. Emailing your CV and other important documents toyourself enables you to update them while you are away, as long as you have internetaccess. Make back-up copies of your CV too.

Also have a look at gap year and country specific information.

Further studyGaining additional qualifications may be an excellent way to boost your employability. Thetrick is to choose training that relates directly to your career or develops transferable skills.

Conversion coursesSome jobs require specific qualifications. If you have not completed a first degree in arelevant subject, you may be able to undertake a postgraduate or conversion course toachieve your goals. Be aware that admissions tutors may expect successful applicants tooffer relevant experience as part of the entry criteria.

Popular jobs in this category include:

• law (solicitor or barrister);• teaching;• social work;• psychology;• nursing;• information technology.

To find out the qualification requirements of any job and see whether further study is likelyto benefit you, read the relevant occupations in explore types of jobs. These profiles alsoinclude suggested vacancy sources. Browsing current and recent vacancy advertisementsis a useful part of your job seeking strategy because you see levels and types ofqualifications that employers in your field demand.

Professional postgraduate coursesSome professionally accredited postgraduate courses offer exemptions from parts ofprofessional qualifications. Such courses tend to have a heavy focus on the essentialknowledge and skills needed for success in the job, so they may be extremely attractive toemployers.

However, these additional qualifications are not a common requirement for entry. Thoughmany people choose to study out of love for their subject, many will be hoping for a careerboost. Research the destinations of previous graduates before making a decision.Postgraduates may receive a salary premium, but often find themselves competing forjobs with first degree graduates, who have just as much chance of success.

Broadening your skillsA short course may improve your skill set. Short courses may be full time, part time orself-study, so you may fit it around work and other activities. You might brush up yourFrench, study a new language, revise maths or learn how to use spreadsheets. Courses inlanguages, maths and IT skills are frequently offered at every level. Enquire about adulteducation at your local college, through Learndirect (http://www.learndirect.co.uk), or visityour local library to find resources that enable you to teach yourself.

Funding your studiesYou may be surprised to hear that, despite many courses being expensive, the majority ofpostgraduate students are self-funding. Successful completion of your Masters or PhDdoes not guarantee you a job. You need to balance the cost, in terms of time and money,with the practical usefulness of the qualification. Learn employers’ expectations to help youdecide whether further study provides you with the right kind of long-term return on yourinvestment.

Some courses, including some teaching qualifications, accelerated social work degreesand courses for health professionals, attract a bursary or other funding. Many courses alsohave institutional funding attached. You may need a separate funding application whenyou apply for a course. Always ask about potential sources of funding when enquiringabout courses and see funding my further study for advice.

Many employers sponsor continuing education by staff members. This usually applies if acourse is directly related to work. Support ranges from flexible working hours to paying fora part-time or full-time course or a sabbatical from your job.

Lower-level and short courses are usually more affordable. If you are currently out of work,or need to improve key skills like maths, English and IT, you may be eligible for free orsubsidised courses

Staying motivatedYou may feel frustrated with your job search at times. Keep in mind that no one issuccessful with every job application - learn from each experience and move on. It isimportant to stay positive, especially when dealing with potential employers. Confidenceand enthusiasm help make a good impression, both in writing and in person.

A period of transitionLife after graduation is a big change. Initially, freedom from assignments and exams feelslike being on holiday. However, you may feel differently once the novelty wears off. If yourjob applications are unsuccessful it is all too easy to overlook your achievements and howmuch you have to offer.

Talk to family, friends and professionals. They may help you to consider your options, andwork positively towards your goals.

Job seeking is a full-time activity and an opportunity to review your situation and plan foryour future. For many people, work is an important component of self-esteem. The roleswe take on during our career affect how others see us too.

Organise your activities and structure your timeWhen you are studying or working, most of your week is filled with activities you have todo. While you are job seeking you need to create structure. Set short and long-term goalsfor contacting employers and keep records of all the approaches you make and replies youreceive. Develop plans for other activities, including some that will enhance your skills andexperience, as well as pure fun.

Making a schedule for your week will help you keep things in perspective and allow you tomeasure your progress. Each task you tick off your list represents another step towardsyour ideal job. Just be sure you devote enough time to your job search while you areenjoying yourself.

Social supportIf you aren’t able to maintain your student lifestyle, you will have to seek other ways ofmaking and maintaining contacts while job hunting. Being around positive people keepsyou buoyant:

• Volunteer some time to a local cause.• Join a club or society.• Follow up those interests you had no time for between your assignments.• Take a short course - perhaps you could learn a language or improve your IT skills.

Talk to graduates online - share experiences, ideas, and make new friends and contacts atthe same time.

There may be resource centres for unemployed people of any background in your area.Try your local Jobcentre Plus (http://www.jobcentreplus.gov.uk), and Citizens Advice

http://www.citizensadvice.org.uk) (CAB), to find out more.

Financial supportYour local CAB is a good source for information about benefit entitlements. Most benefitsfor people of working age are dealt with through Jobcentre Plus. Visit their website formore information.

You should register as unemployed with your local Jobcentre Plus as soon as you areeligible, usually at the end of the official academic year. You can also make a claim forJobseeker's Allowance (http://www.dwp.gov.uk/eservice) online through a service providedby the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) (http://www.dwp.gov.uk/). You can boostyour finances, as well as skills and contacts, by getting casual or part-time work, but this islikely to affect any benefits.

Living at homeMany graduates have the option to return to the family home on graduation. There arepros and cons to this, as both you and your parents have changed while you have beenliving independently at university. Parents may provide practical and emotional support,even if their worry on your behalf may create extra pressure. They may have usefulnetworking contacts, be willing to check written applications, help you prepare forinterviews and act as a sounding board.

Getting feedbackAlways try to obtain feedback from the employer or agency when you make an application.It really is a win-win situation, even if you hear bad news. While it may not be fun hearingabout weaknesses in your application, this information helps you improve for next time.Employers also easily find things to compliment about your performance that you may notrealise. This gives you a solid foundation to build on for future applications.

Case studyRussell (postgraduate student) attended career planning workshops and talked with hiscareers adviser to discuss what his best job seeking strategies might be.

'I believe that the workshops helped me clarify my career ideas and provided me withuseful tools to start my job hunting. I also think that talking one-to-one with a careersadviser in person was important because it made me feel more confident. However,people should remember that at the end of the day, it is up to them to build their plans andstart looking for jobs - the best experience is gained when going through real interviews. Iwould advise everyone to start looking for jobs a little early, rather than after they havefinished their exams!'

Changing careersA career change may be a very positive experience. As time goes by, you may feel theneed to move on for a range of reasons. It is not unusual for people to enjoy fulfilling workin several entirely different roles during their career. At the same time, it is increasinglyrare for people to stick with the same job for their whole working life.

Staying where you areWhen you fancy a change, the first place to look is exactly where you are right now. Whatcan you do to improve your current job? You may be able to take on additionalresponsibilities or projects that push you to develop new skills or give you chance to usethose you already have more often. This is especially true if you are underemployed andhave more to offer than your employer has seen.

Taking on moreResearch your ambitions so that you may talk to your line manager about them withconfidence. Perhaps your organisation is developing a new product line or working withnew customers that appeal to you.

Treat this situation like a job application and think about all the reasons why you might begiven a new opportunity.

• What do you know about the plans?• What needs to be done?• How might you prove your ability to do the job?

Many employers have regular reviews for staff, which are the ideal opportunity to putyourself forward for new challenges, but you may make a proposal any time.

TrainingFind out what kind of training is being offered that may help you extend your professionalhorizons. Large employers offer a range of in-house training topics, but you may also lookat local colleges, distance learning providers and self-study routes to learn something new.

Moving onWhen you feel it is time for a change, you should think about exactly what you would liketo be different. It may be that you want a change of scenery and a similar job with adifferent employer is all you need. More often, the itch for change comes when you needto do something more challenging and move upwards, not just sideways.

Positive changeIt is essential to communicate positive reasons for moving in your application. Identify whatyou anticipate might be an improvement from your last job and focus on these points.Even if you are really unhappy, do not criticise your current employer when looking for anew one. Think about running towards a bright new future rather than running away fromyour past.

Finding the linksEmployers need to see a link between what you have done in the past and what you hopeto do in the future. The good news is virtually any experience or activity has connectionswith your new job.

Analyse the description of a new job and match up your skills, personal qualities,knowledge and strengths. This allows you to present the links clearly.

Handling redundancySometimes changing your job is not just your decision. Redundancy is difficult, but mayturn out to be the best thing that ever happens to you. Many doors may open at this time.You should be fully informed at all stages and supported by your employer.

Seek free advice on all employment rights issues from the Advisory, Conciliation andArbitration Service (ACAS) (http://www.acas.gov.uk), or try your local Citizens Advice(http://www.citizensadvice.org.uk) (CAB). If you are a member of a trade union, contactyour representative for support and advice.

Planning aheadMoving to a new job is a significant change and deserves proper planning. If you areunhappy in your current role, it is especially important to look ahead and clarify what youwant, so that you may avoid feeling the same way in a few months’ time. Think aboutthese issues:

• What are the best elements of your current role?• What is missing from your role?• What do you need and want from your new job?• Which of your skills and strengths do you want to use in your new job?• Do you need training to secure the job you want?• Do you need to relocate and, if so, how far?• Do you have additional expenses?• What are the disadvantages of changing jobs and are they balanced by the benefits?• Who can help you to research your new job and what resources do you need?

When you can answer all these questions you will be in a great position to move on.

For more advice and tips on changing your career visit A Career Change(http://www.acareerchange.co.uk/).

Action planWhen do employers recruit?Graduate recruitment has changed in recent years. Traditional approaches, like campusrecruitment visits, are still important to employers, but organisations are increasingly usingmore creative and diverse approaches to reach new talent.

Websites are the principal source of information about employers and provide the main, orsometimes only, route for applications. The pattern of deadlines has also changed. Youmay be able to apply at any time of year, but it is essential to confirm application dates ifyou want to avoid missing out.

Large employers’ recruitment processThere are likely to be several steps after the online or paper application as you movetowards securing the job. The order varies between employers, but you may facepsychometric or aptitude testing, a telephone interview, a face-to-face interview (there maybe more than one) and an assessment centre, which involves a variety of tasks.

Telephone interviews and online tests are not only economical for the employer, but alsoeasier for the applicant to fit in around work or study. However, you may need to travelseveral times over a period of weeks or months for selection activities. This may be verytime consuming, especially if you are applying to several organisations.

Smaller employers and immediate vacanciesWorkforce requirements change frequently, so employers recruit new staff whenever theyneed to throughout the year. Posts may become vacant when a member of staff moves onor growth necessitates the creation of new jobs. Smaller employers nearly always use ‘justin time’ recruitment, only advertising vacancies when they arise.

Large employers may also need to fill additional posts at relatively short notice, even ifthey have a graduate recruitment scheme in place. Any roles advertised after Easter andthrough the summer effectively become immediate vacancies, since finalists who apply arelikely to be available for work by the time the selection process is completed.

Your action planYou need to devise a plan of action that suits your needs and takes you from where youare now to where you want to be. You have natural strengths in some areas, but may needto make more effort in others.

Taking all the following points into account helps to ensure you do not miss any vital stepsalong the way. Learn something from each strategy and activity that you use in your jobseeking, so you keep identifying new information to develop your personal action plan.

Know yourself• Think about what is important to you and prioritise all the different aspects of your

ideal job.• Work out why they are important.• Determine what aspects are essential or non-negotiable.

Most people consider their skills and strengths, personal values and motivations, the rangeof tasks involved, the physical environment and location and existing commitments outsideof work. Gather evidence of all the times you have demonstrated your best skills andqualities, so you are ready to discuss them in applications and interviews.

As well as things you are good at and want to learn, you need to include things you enjoy,or that contribute to a good work/life balance. It doesn’t matter whether you write it down ortalk it through, with friends and family or a careers adviser, as long as you keep it in mind.

Know the jobs• Continue researching possible jobs. Your careers service has information on roles

and sectors that you may consider.• Check how well each role meets your needs and preferences.• Ensure that you meet employers’ requirements.• Determine whether you need to gain skills, qualifications or experience to get into your

chosen kind of work.

As you build knowledge about the realities of different job, you may want to add newpreferences and priorities to your personal list. Reading is the easiest starting point, butyou may also want to conduct information interviews with people in your chosen line ofwork, or seek work shadowing or work experience opportunities.

Make your plan• Devise a plan according to what you have learned.• Decide which job is your first choice and consider alternatives too.• Note down the steps you need to take for each option. The next step might be to

apply but you may need a few intermediate steps and further research.• Remember to include all the information sources you consult, including people, as

well as books, events and websites.• Think carefully about what is in your favour - do you have relevant knowledge,

transferable skills or useful experience?

If you have weak spots, focus on what else you offer to make up for something you lack.Set specific targets in your plan and keep a record of all your job seeking activities.

Tackling applicationsRespond to interesting adverts, following instructions carefully. Whether you arecompleting a form or submitting a CV and covering letter, concentrate on the employer’scriteria. If a person specification and/or job description are supplied, build your applicationaround them. Check your draft carefully before finalising and sending it.

Your university careers service may be able to help, and you may ask friends, family andprofessionals for assistance too. Reading your work aloud is a helpful way to spot errorsthat you can easily miss when proofreading.

Make speculative approaches too and get in touch with employers you would like to workfor by sending a CV and covering letter, clearly indicating what type of work interests you.

Look at applications, CVs and interviews.

ReviewCheck your progress regularly. Job seeking is a project, like any other task you might takeon. While sticking to a plan makes sense, even the very best plans need to be flexible inorder to be practical.

Reviewing what you have achieved and what has not gone as you hoped is the key tosuccess. When you achieve a step, evaluate where it leads you to next. If you do notachieve a goal, look to your alternatives to find the next best option and move towardsthat.

ChecklistHave you:

• Developed clear ideas about your strengths, skills, interests and motivations as wellas practical needs?

• Gathered enough information to understand different jobs?• Systematically weighed up pros and cons?• Drawn up a list of contacts and prioritised who to approach?• Activated your network?• Investigated support and resources available through your university careers service?• Explored relevant professional bodies and sector journals or websites?• Discussed options with significant people (partners, parents, dependents) and

impartial helpers, such as careers advisers?

Contacts and resourcesPublicationsThe following Graduate Prospects and AGCAS publications should be available in youruniversity careers service.

Graduate Prospects publicationsJobs and Courses, FortnightlyProspects Directory, Annual Sept.Prospects Finalist, 4 issues/yrProspects Postgraduate Directory, AnnualWhat Do Graduates Do?, Annual

AGCAS publicationsThe Assessment Centre, AGCAS Video,Big Opportunities in Small Businesses - Graduates in SMEs, AGCAS DVD, 2005Can I Have a Few Minutes of your Time?, AGCAS Video,

Careers and Further Study for International Students, AGCAS InformationBooklet, BiennialFlexible Working, AGCAS Information Booklet, BiennialLooking Good on Paper, AGCAS Video, 1996Using Your Language Skills, AGCAS Information Booklet, BiennialWhy Ask Me That?, AGCAS Video,Your Degree... What Next?, AGCAS Information Booklet, BiennialYour Foundation Degree... What Next?, AGCAS Information Booklet, BiennialYour HND ... What Next?, AGCAS Information Booklet, BiennialYour Job's Online, AGCAS Video, 2003

Other publicationsCRAC Degree Course Guides, Trotman Publishing, AnnualThe GET Directory, GTI Specialist Publishers (http://www.groupgti.com), AnnualTARGETjobs Series, GTI Specialist Publishers (http://www.groupgti.com), Annual

WebsitesAdvisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS), http://www.acas.gov.ukAgency Central, http://www.agencycentral.co.ukAmadeus, http://www.bvdep.com/en/AMADEUS.htmlBluefire Consulting, http://www.bluefireconsulting.co.ukBritish Trust for Conservation Volunteers (BTCV), http://www.btcv.orgA Career Change, http://www.acareerchange.co.uk/Careershifters, http://www.careershifters.orgCitizens Advice, http://www.citizensadvice.org.ukDepartment for Work and Pensions (DWP), http://www.dwp.gov.uk/FAME, http://fame.bvdep.com/Go Wales, http://www.gowales.co.ukGradSouthWest, http://www.gradsouthwest.com/gradireland, http://www.gradireland.comHigher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), http://www.hesa.ac.ukJobcentre Plus, http://www.jobcentreplus.gov.ukJobfit, http://www.jobfit.co.ukJobseeker's Allowance, http://www.dwp.gov.uk/eserviceKelly's Directories, http://www.kellysearch.comKnowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTP), http://www.ktponline.org.ukKompass, http://www.kompass.comLearndirect, http://www.learndirect.co.ukLexisNexis Butterworths, http://www.lexisnexis.co.ukMonster, http://www.monster.co.ukNew Deal, http://www.newdeal.gov.ukNorthern Ireland Volunteer Development Agency, http://www.volunteering-ni.orgOpen University (OU), http://www.open.ac.ukRecruitment and Employment Confederation (REC), http://www.rec.uk.comSKILL (National Bureau for Students with Disabilities), http://www.skill.org.ukVolunteer Centre Network Scotland, http://www.volunteerscotland.org.uk/Volunteering England, http://www.volunteering.org.ukVolunteering Wales, http://www.volunteering-wales.netWindmills, http://windmillsonline.co.uk/interactiveYellow Pages, http://www.yell.comYouthNet, http://www.youthnet.org/

(c) Content copyright of or licensed to AGCAS (www.agcas.org.uk)

Written by Alexandra Hemingway, University of Surrey, Spring 2008.Edited by Ryan Offutt, AGCAS, Spring 2008.

The work of writers and editors is gratefully acknowledged

To view the terms and conditions for the material provided in this publication, please seehttp://www.prospects.ac.uk/links/disclaimer.

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