Leiden University

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Report�and�presentation

Second�meeting:�Academic�honesty,�citations,�and�EndNote

Leiden University. The university to discover.

Brendan�Carroll

Academic honesty- Along with fraud (e.g., cheating), plagiarism is

a form of academic dishonestyUniversity and Institute policies define - University and Institute policies define plagiarism and its consequences

- These policies are general, so some clarification will be provided here

The clarification does not constitute official


The clarification does not constitute official University or Institute policy. When in doubt, ask the relevant examiner!

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Why is this important?- In the general sense (for you): plagiarism robs you of

the educational experiences involved in research, thinking, and writing. By plagiarizing, you are thinking, and writing. By plagiarizing, you are avoiding the critical thinking tasks that are essential to higher education.

- In the general sense (for all): academic communities are built on ideas and thus require demarcation of intellectual property rights


- In the specific sense: you can’t say we didn’t tell you!

Sources of Official Policy- General university policy:http://www.regulations.leiden.edu/education-

students/plagiarism.htmlstudents/plagiarism.html

- Institute of Public Administration policyhttp://campusdenhaag.leiden.edu/publicadministration/students

/pre-masterstudents/regulations/plagiarism.html#course-and-examination-regulations-

(Article 6.5 of the Exam Board rules)


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Definition of Plagiarism

“Plagiarism is understood as presenting, intentionally or otherwise, someone else’s words, thoughts, analyses, argumentations, pictures, techniques, computer programmes, etc., as your own work.”

(from the general University policy)


Presenting someone else’s work as your ownExamples (not limited to the following)- Copying text without quotations and citationParaphrasing without citation- Paraphrasing without citation

- Inadequate paraphrasing (even if properly cited)

- Failure to attribute authorship of tables, figures, illustrations, computer code, etc.


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Intentional vs. unintentional plagiarism- Intentional plagiarism is knowingly presenting

someone else’s work as your ownUnintentional plagiarism is unknowingly - Unintentional plagiarism is unknowingly doing so, but it is still plagiarism


University policy Dos and Don’ts1) Cite sources when copying texts, pictures, graphs,

etc. and follow thesis rules when doing so (these rules generally follow APA guidelines)rules generally follow APA guidelines)

2) To reproduce others’ thoughts, considerations, etc. in your own words without using literal quotes (paraphrasing), make it clear whose ideas these are (cite!)

3) Avoid copying texts from unknown authors, even if


you mention the source (e.g., Wikipedia)

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University policy Dos and Don’ts4) When partially copying texts, do not change their

meaning by omission or rearrangement. If you rely on someone else’s reproduction of an original text, on someone else’s reproduction of an original text, make this clear.

5) If others have contributed to your work (experiments, illustrations, etc.) acknowledge this work. Does not apply to thesis supervision or proofreading.


6) Submitting the same assignment twice is often considered plagiarism (autoplagiarism). So is copying from your own (submitted) text into something else without citing yourself.

University policy Dos and Don’ts7) Composing a thesis largely from acknowledged

quotations is not, strictly speaking, plagiarism. But this is usually not considered ‘original’ enough to be this is usually not considered ‘original’ enough to be accepted as a student’s own work. Very long quotes may violate copyright.

8) In group work, make every attempt to identify the author of distinct contributions.

9) Plagiarism can also occur when writing computer


programs.

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Consequences of Violation (PA)Article 6.5 of the Public Admin exam board rules- Examiner/lecturer may declare invalid a clear case of plagiarism and must inform the chairman of the plagiarism and must inform the chairman of the Board of Examiners

- Examiner/lecturer may decide that additional disciplinary action must also be taken against student (e.g., in addition to declaring the work invalid), and will contact the Board


will contact the Board

- In case of suspicion of plagiarism, the Board may choose to hear the examiner/lecturer, the student, and other parties

Consequences of Violation (PA)Possible disciplinary actions:1) Declaring the essay, paper, thesis or research

assignment invalidassignment invalid2) Excluding the student from participation in the

assignment for a maximum of one year3) And/or exclusion from participation in one or more

other examinations for a maximum of one year4) In the event of serious fraud, the Institutional


Board may choose to terminate the relevant student’s enrolment in the programme

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Consequences of Violation (PS)- In a case in which fraudulent practice is suspected, the examination

committee will suspend the assignment of a grade pending investigation of the suspicion. The examination committee will appoint a review committee consisting of three members that does not include those who committee consisting of three members that does not include those who have had direct supervision of the administration of the examination or the grading of written material from a course.

- The review committee will sollicit testimony from all relevant parties, but will in any case hear testimony from those who had the respective supervision (see section 1) and from the student who is suspected of fraudulent practice.

- If the review committee determines that a fraudulent practice has taken place, the results of a test or of written work will be declared invalid. In


place, the results of a test or of written work will be declared invalid. In addition, the examination committee may exclude a student from participation in any or all tests or examinations for a period up to a maximum of one year.

Quoting

You must contribute quotations to the original author and the source that you used.Do this via in-text citation- Do this via in-text citation

- Include the complete citation in the Works Cited section


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What is paraphrasing?Paraphrasing is more than simply rewording original material!

1) It must be almost entirely in your own words. You must use 1) It must be almost entirely in your own words. You must use new synonyms and new phrases. Only technical terms should be repeated.

2) Any exact words that are retained should have quotation marks around them.

3) The sentence structure should be yours, not the same as in the source.

4) Do not add ideas, interpretations, explanations, or


4) Do not add ideas, interpretations, explanations, or assessments.

Paraphrasing accurately without plagiarizing takes practice!

What is “Common Knowledge”?- Information that is easily observed – the sky is blue,

but not a detailed explanation of why the sky is blueCommonly reported facts – Adam Smith was the - Commonly reported facts – Adam Smith was the founder of modern economics, but not the information that economists and historians have to say about Adam Smith

- Common sayings such as proverbs – “Look before you leap”, etc.


Common knowledge does not need to be cited, but be sure that what you are using really is common knowledge. When in doubt, ask instructor or cite!

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Avoiding Plagiarism- Organize your reference materials- Ask instructor for assistance when you have

questionsquestions- Practice writing correct citations every time- Take careful notes and put quotes in your notes in

quotations; paraphrase carefully- Obtain a style guide (e.g., APA)


Questions


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In-Class Exercise


Citations- Cite using American Psychological Association

(APA) formatAPA is a format guide- APA is a format guidefor many aspects of social science writing

- Most important for usis the citation guidelines


- Different journals usevariations of this, check journal style guide

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Citing References in Text

- APA uses the author-date system, allowing the reader to find cited sources in an alphabetic reference listreference list

- In-text citations include author’s last nameand year of publication

- Direct quotations include the page number as well


Examples- As Gray et al (2005) note, the annual data at best

suggest that their relationship appears to be contemporaneous.contemporaneous.

- However, executive and legislative entrepreneurs also have powerful incentives to monitor their constituents’ concerns (Wawro, 2000).


- As Baumgartner and Jones (1993, p. 190) note: ‘the mobilization of interests changes over time, and with these changes come differences in the likelihood of certain issues to hit the public agenda’.

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Reference List- Purpose is to help readers find your sources

and thus should be as accurate as possibleAll citations should be listed except personal - All citations should be listed except personal communications and classical works

- Ordered alphabetically by first author’s last name, multiple works by the same author listed chronologically


Reference ListEach reference contains at minimum the

following:Author name or names- Author name or names

- Publication date- Title of the work- Publication date


Brandt, P.T. and Williams, J.T. (2007) Multiple Time Series Models. London: Sage.

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Other Reference List Considerations- Cite the most recent version of the work you

citeInclude journal number and page numbers- Include journal number and page numbers

- For websites, include the access date. If you didn’t record this the first time, go back some day to ensure the information is the same and use the current day.


Final Comment on Citations- The intricacies of proper in-text citation and reference list creation are numerous, enough to fill a bookto fill a book

- There is no need to master all these subtleties if you learn how to use reference management software like EndNote!!


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Questions


Introducing

- EndNote is one piece of reference management softwareOther reference management software is - Other reference management software is available

- Advantages of EndNote: widely used, (mainly) user-friendly, and tremendous capabilities; a free (limited) web version is available


- Disadvantages: cost, frequently updated- LaTeX users should consider Bibtex (EndNote does not work on LaTeX)

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What is EndNote?

- It's a database for references: organize and store your citations into databases called libraries. libraries.

- It's a citation formatter: automatically create references, footnotes, & bibliographies in your written documents.

- It's a search interface: search online catalogues


and databases directly from Endnote

EndNote Library

Introduction to an EndNote Library- An Endnote library is a collection of references

(or citations)(or citations)- Each reference in a library is composed of different fields, such as author, date, journals, etc.


TIP: add all your references to a single ‘master library’

TIP: add a reference whenever you get an article

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Adding References- Manually- Download from a database (e.g., from Web of

Science or from a journal’s website, Google Science or from a journal’s website, Google Books)

- Search for references within EndNote

TIP: always check that the added reference is


accurate and includes all relevant information

TIP: use lowercase letters except for proper nouns

Tricks When Adding Manually- Include the author’s full name if available- Place each author’s name on a separate line

Avoid leading and trailing spaces- Avoid leading and trailing spaces- Place a comma at the end of an organization’s

name


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Cite-While-You Write- In MS-Word- Select the output style

Adding page numbers- Adding page numbers- Excluding author name- Automatic formatting of reference list


Workshop


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Advance Topics in EndNote- Using EndNote to store pdf’s- Downloading, creating, and adapting style

filtersfilters

http://endnote.com/downloads/styles


- Collaboration and EndNote: Travelling library- EndNote for footnotes (as in BJPS style)

Sources- Lecture material copied and paraphrased from the official policy (see above) and

the following sources:

http://www.slideshare.net/wordsmithgz/plagiarism-lecturehttp://www.slideshare.net/wordsmithgz/plagiarism-lecture

http://grad.msu.edu/researchintegrity/docs/Plagiarism_Avoiding_Unintentional_Plagiarism.pdf

http://mannlib.cornell.edu/workshops-instruction/tutorials/endnote-tutorial


Documents

Leiden University