Mind and Society

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RNI NO.CHHHIN/2012/46660 ISSN : 2277-6907

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Prof. Meeta Jha

Managing & Joint Editor

Dr. Basant Kumar Sonber

Editorial consultant

RNI NO.CHHHIN/2012/46660

Prof. Girishwar Misra(Vice Chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi

Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishvavidyalaya Vardha)

Prof. A. P. Singh(B.H.U. Varanasi U.P.)

Prof. A. K. Shrivastava(N.C.E.R.T. New Delhi)

Prof. R. N. Singh(B.H.U. Varanasi U.P)

Prof. K. N. Tripathi(Barkatulla University Bhopal M.P.)

Prof. Rohini Prasad(Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur C.G. )

Prof. Basheer HasanPt. Ravishankar Shukla Universicty Raipur C.G.

Prof. O.P. Verma(Chairman Niji Vishvavidyalaya Niyamak

Ayaog C.G.)

Prof. P. K. Rai(Dr. H.S. Gaur Central University Sagar

M.P.)

Prof. K. S. Mishra(Alhabad Centeral UniversityAlhabad U.P )

Prof. Abha Rupendra Pal(Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Universicty Raipur C.G. )

Prof. Mitashree Mitra(Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Universicty Raipur C.G. )

Prof. Priyambada Srivastava(Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Universicty Raipur C.G. )

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015

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Mind and SocietyA Refereed Research Journal in Humanities and Social Sciences

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Content

RNI NO.CHHHIN/2012/46660 Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015

1. Work Centrality of Development........

2. Ensuring Road Safety: New............

3. Adjustment in Relation to ..................

4. Does Life Skills help to ....................

5. Barriers in Agriculture as ................

6. Glimpse of New Women in .............

7. Sociological Significance Of ......

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Dr. Basant Kumar Sonber Shyamacharan Ogre

Dr. (Smt) Tanuja Birtharey

Smt.Babita SahuBenudhar Pradhan

Mayank kumar Singh

Miss Inez Rose Louis Dr. Vani Subramanyam

Dr .Mahesh Shrivastava

Dr.(Mrs.) Neelu Shrivastava

Dr. Oorja Ranjan Sinha,

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Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015

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Work Centrality of Development Personnel as aFunction of Valence Attitude, Subjective Norm

and Perceived Control

*Dr. Basant Kumar Sonber** Shyamacharan Ogre

*Asst. Prof. Department of Psychology, Govt. P. G. College Kawardha (C.G.)**Asst. Prof. Department of Anthropology, Govt. Danteshwari Girls College Jagdalpur

(C.G.)

Received15 Jan. 2015

Reviewed20 Jan. 2015

Accepted30 Jan. 2015

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of valence, attitude,subjective norm and perceived control in determining the work centrality of develop-ment personnel. Three hundred field level rural development personnel (i.e. GramShahayaks) working in different Development Blocks in Raipur region were selected forthe study. The questionnaire developed by Sinha (1990) was used to measure the workcentrality while other scales were developed in the present study to measure valence,attitude, subjective norm and perceived control. Individual data were analyzed employ-ing multiple regression analysis. Obtained findings reveal that valence has been ap-peared as significant factor in determining the work centrality of development person-nel. It was positively correlated with work centrality.

Introduction:Centrality of work is understood as the im-

portance given to work in the life of workers.Of course, the centrality is jointly determinedby job specific affect, cognition and activity.The job specific components lead to a globalview on the centrality of work. Centrality ofwork means work is in central position of work-ers life space (Sinha, 1990).

Centrality of work can be interchange-ably expressed as work commitment (Nevill

& Super, 1984); work salience (Super & Nevill,1986); central life interest (Dubin, 1956); workmotivation (Pareek, 1974); work values (Rao,1974); or work involvement (Kanungo, 1981);etc. Work centrality has been found as oneimportant factor to develop positive work cul-ture in the organisation (Sinha, 1990). For ex-ample, work centrality leads to strong com-mitment and productivity (Misumi, 1983);highly proactive, innovative and challengingapproach (Singh & Vinnicombe, 2000);

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015, Page 7 -15

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organisational commitment (Hackett, Lapierre,Hausdrof, 2001); Job related worry(Gorgievski & Marjan, 1999) and civicbehaviour (Cohen & Vigoda, 1998). On theother hand, organisations’ in which people donot feel work centrality leads to low produc-tivity, absenteeism, loss of equality and reducedworking hours (Levy-Leboyer, 1986); lack ofresponsibility (Misumi, 1983). Low level ofwork centrality also leads to rest and relax-ation without preceded by hard and exhaustingwork, indifferent attitude, procedure rather thanoutcome orientation, and the lack of consider-ation for others (Sinha, 1985); tangible gainattitude (Ganesh, 1982), individualistic decision(Singh and Tripathi, 1994); manipulation(Tripathi, 1981); and ingratiation ( Pandey,1981).

Several factors are responsible for workcentrality in the organisations. Some factorswhich determine work centrality or non workcentrality are work values (Sinha, 1985); bu-reaucratization, impersonalisation, political in-terference and the ethos of a welfareorganisation (Sinha, 1990); work ethics(Cherns, 1980); shift from traditional values(Inglehart, 1982); work ethos and work ethics(Bhadury, 2000); organisational membershipand organisational culture (Sinclair, 1993); So-cial and societal system (Bhadury, 1991); cul-tural and mythological heritage (Sinha, 1990)and feeling that work leads to a desirable fu-ture (Thorsrud, 1972).

Work behaviour has been central fo-cus for many researchers. They have tried toexplore its nature, and got success in develop-ing various model. Vroom (1964) explains workmotivation as a product of three factors: howmuch one wants a reward (valence), one’s es-timate of the probability that effort will result in

successful performance (expectancy) and one’sestimate that performance will result in receiv-ing the reward (instrumentality).

Another model in the context of attitude andbehaviour was proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen(1980) named Resoned Action Theory. Ac-cording to the theory, behaviour (to extent thatit is under volitional control) is determined byits intention, whereas intention is determined byweighted additive function of attitude towardsbehaviour and subjective norm. Attitude to-wards behaviour is the sum of evaluative(behavioural) beliefs about the consequencesof performing the behaviour. It refers to thedegree to which a worker has a favorable orunfavorable evaluation of performing his/herwork. Subjective norm is comprised of quali-tatively distinct belief about how other peoplewill view ones performance. Perceived controlis the third novel antecentdent which was notinducted in the Theory of Reasoned Action, andincluded by Ajzen (1985) in his new modelnamed Planned Behaviour Theory. Perceivedcontrol is defined as perceived ease or diffi-culty in obtaining success. It is a general stateof an actor’s mental functioning which refers topast experiences as well expected difficulties,and beliefs about control over behavior that he/she is able to overcome all difficulties and willget success through his/her efforts.

Singh (1993) has tried to integrate theVroom’s (1964) and Ajzen’s (1985) modelsand proposed new model. The model expectedany volitional control behaviour on the basis ofintention of the behaviour. The key constructsof the two theories were integrated using anassumption of rationality. According to Singh(1993) work intention is assumed to be a func-tion of four factors: valance, attitude, subjec-tive norm and perceived control. All these fac-

/ 9Work Centrality of Development.........

tors may have an important role in determiningthe work centrality of development personneland, therefore, may create a work centric cul-ture. Work centrality presents a synergetic workculture (Sinha, 1990, 1991), and may be as-sumed to be determined significantly by thevariables of valence, attitude, subjective normand perceived control. Thus, the present studywas designed to examine this hypothesis em-pirically. The specific problem of the presentstudy was to examine the role of valence, atti-tude, subjective norm and perceived control indetermining the work centrality of the devel-opment personnel.

METHODSample:

Subjects were rural development per-sonnel working in different development Blockssituated in a particular area. Subjects were takenfrom the same region because it controls cul-tural effects on the main variables. All subjectswere taken from the same level, i.e. village levelworkers called as “Gram Sahayak”. They arethe government employees working in differ-ent’ villages as an agent of implementation ofdevelopment programmes. Selection of the sub-jects from same level controlled some extrane-ous variables like power, authority, nature ofwork, and responsibility.

First of all, ten Development Blocks wereselected randomly from the Blocks of theRaipur region. There were about 40-50 GramSahayak working in each Block. Though, allthe Gram Sahayak (about 450) were requestedto participate in the study, and all of them wereagree, and therefore, they were administratedthe scale, but it was observed that some werenot sincere in giving the responses, therefore,then responses were not taken for the analysis.Responses of only 300 Gram Sahayak were

considered, and therefore, the sample wascomprised of 300 subjects.Tools:

There were, five scales used in the presentstudy. A brief description of the scales is asunder:

(I.) Work Centrality Scale: Centrality ofwork to life space of the subjects was assessedby the adopted measure of Sinha (1990).Keeping this view in mind the global nature ofthe centrality judgment, the subjects instead ofbeing asked to use a rating scale were pro-vided with a circle (of 47 mm. radius) in whichthey were to locate their work, assuming thecircle to be their life space.

The score for centrality of work was de-rived by measuring the distance (in mm) of thepoint of location from the centre and then bysubtracting the score from the maximum pos-sible score of 47 mm. Thus, the higher thescore, the greater the centrality. The possiblerange of scores was from zero to forty seven.

(2.) Valance of the job scale: There werefive items developed to measure valence of thejob. Items were, how much necessity do youfeel to complete your job ?; how much com-mitted are you to complete your work well ?;how much satisfaction do you get to completeyour work well ?; how much is it important foryou to complete our work well ?; and how muchobliged are you to complete your work well ?Responses on the items were rated on fourpoints scale ranging from very much, to veryless. A score of four was given to very much,three to above average and one to very lessresponses. Thus, a subject can score a maxi-mum of 20 and minimum of 5 score. Internalconsistency of the scale as assessed byCronback alpha was found to be 630.

(3.) Attitude towards Work Scale: A


single statement was framed to assess the atti-tude towards work. It was “for you to involvein work is.......” Subjects had to rate this at eightevaluative semantic differential type four pointrating scale ranging from very good to very bad,very beneficial to very harmful, very right tovery wrong, very much interested to very muchdisinterested, very much practical to very muchimpractical, very difficult to very easy, very use-ful to very useless and very welfare to veryunwelfare. In the scoring process a score of 4was given to the high positive attitude, 3 to av-erage positive, 2 to average negative and I tovery unfavorable attitude showing responses.Thus, a subject could score maximum 32 andminimum 8 scores. This scale has an internalconsistency coefficient (i.e. alpha) of .77.

(4.) Subjective Norm Regarding WorkScale: Subjective norm scale was developedconsidering suggestions and views of Ajzen(1985). The scale consists of two parts; part Ais related to measurement of importance of dif-ferent persons, for the subjects regarding theirjob. On the other hand, second part of the scalemeasures expected support or opposition ofimportant persons regarding the job. Items ofthe part one are: how much important are yourfamily members for you regarding your job?,how much important are your friends and work-ers for you regarding your job?, how muchimportant is your boss for you regarding yourjob?, how much important are your union mem-bers for you regarding your job?, and howmuch important are your neighbors for you re-garding your job? Responses of the subjectwere taken on four points rating scale rangingfrom most important to least important scoreone was given to very less, two to less, three tomore and four to very much response.

There were ten items in part second of

the scale. The items were: how much do yourfamily members motivate you to complete yourwork effectively?, how much aid or oppositiondo your family members extend to completeyour work effectively ?, how much do yourfriends and coworkers approve of yourcompletion your work effectively ?, how aid oropposition do your friends and coworkers ex-tend to complete your work effectively ?, howmuch does your boss coax you to completeyour work effectively ?, how much aid or op-position do your boss extend to complete yourwork effectively ?, how much do your neigh-bors like that you complete your work effec-tively ?, how much aid or opposition do yourneighbors to complete your work effectively?,how much do your members like that you com-plete your work effectively? How much aid oropposition do your union members give to com-plete your work effectively? Response on theitems was rated on four points scale rangingfrom very much to very less. Score four wasgiven to very much, and one to very less in thescoring process. The support and importancescore for each factor were multiplied on thebasis of the suggestion given by Ajzen &Fishbein (1980). Those scores for five factorswere summed up. The total score for a subjectwas considered as over all subjective normscore. Thus, a subject can score maximum 160and minimum 10. The internal consistency ofresponses on the subjective, norm scale wascalculated. The alpha coefficient was found .41for part one and .84 for part second.

(5.) Perceived Control Scale: Four ques-tions were developed on the basis of Shifterand Ajzen (1985) and Singh (1993) to mea-sure perceived control. Items were: how muchable are you to complete your work well? Howmuch acquainted are you to complete your


work well? How much possibility do you feelto be completed your work well by you? Andhow much difficulty do you expect in the wayof completing your work well?

Subjects responses on the first there itemswere rated on four points scale ranging fromvery much to very less, however fourth itemwas rated on the scale ranging from very muchdifficult to very much easy.

Score four was given to very much, threetoo much, two to less and score one to veryless for the first three items. In the scoring offourth item, score one was given to very much

difficult, two to difficult, three to easy and scorefour to the very easy. The total score of all theitems was considered as perceived controlscore for a subject. Maximum 16 and mini-mum 4 score can be scored by any subject onthis scale. Internal consistency of the scale asassessed by Cronbach alpha was found to be.55.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFor the purpose of examining the problem,

multiple regression analysis was employed.Obtained results are presented in the table 1and 2.

Table 1: b coefficient and beta weights of independent variables in the explanation of workcentrality along with regression equation

Regression Equation:

Work centrality = 16.23 (constant) + (0.80 x valance of the job) + (-0.02 x attitude towardswork) 4- (-0.01 x subjective norm regarding work) + (0.39 x perceived control over work)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Multiple Correlation = V (0.060) = 0.245, F (4,295) = 4.72, p<0.01........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................***p< 0.001

Variables r, With work centrality b coefficien ?

Valence 0.23 0.80*** 3.52

Attitude 0.10 -0.02 0.06

Subjective Norm 0.11 -0.01 0.003

Perceived Control 0.18 0.39 1.81


Table 2: Summary of the ANOVA for the test of significance of different independent variables in explanation of work centrality.

Variable SS df MS F

Regression 1168.79 4 292.19 4.72**

Valence 1016.12 1 1016.62 16.44***

Attitude 0.003 1 0.003 0.001

Subjective Norm 50.38 1 50.38 0.81

Perceived Contro 101.79 1 101.79 1.65

Error 18245.46 295 61.85 -

P - <0.01, ***p< 0.001

A close perusal of table 1 reveals that thevalue of multiple correlation was found to be0.245 which was significant [F (4, 295) = 4.72,p < 0.01]. Correlation of work centrally withvalence (0.23) and perceived control (0.18)seems to be significant but obtained beta coef-ficients for the four independent factors tellsother things. Beta coefficients for valence (0.80)was found to be significant [F (1, 295) = 16.44,p< 0.001). Its beta value is 3.52, and itsmultification with correlation x 100 (3.52 x 0.23x 100 = 80.93) indicates that valence explainsabout 81% variances of work centrality scores.Contribution of other factors was found to beinsignificant Findings of the present researchsupported the hypothesis partially. Only valencefactor was found as an important factor whichdetermined about 81% work centrality of de-

velopment personnel.Positive b-coefficient of valence indicates

that increasing valence of the job increases thework centrality. Valence of the job refers itsrequirement for the development personnel tosatisfy their specific needs. It is an external fea-ture of the job (c.f. Lewin, 1935). When a per-son feels high valence of a region of life, hemove towards the region to get satisfaction. Ifan employee feels high valence of his job hewould move towards the job, or he makes hisjob more near to his life. Naturally his job be-comes more central in his life space.

Results regarding effect of attitude, subjec-tive norm and perceived control did not sup-port the hypothesis. Attitude is found to be in-significant factor for work centrality. Ajzen(1985) argued that specific attitude leads oc-


currence of the specific behaviour. Here in thepresent study, attitude was measured towardsgeneral involvement in the development activi-ties, and thus, it was not specific attitude. Per-haps this may be a reason of insignificant roleof attitude. Subjective norm was the secondpsychological variable which ‘ was not foundto be significant in explaining the work central-ity. It is observed that important others (thatmay be family members, friends etc.) are notconsidered relevant in the context of service

matter due to job security and governmentpolicy because of which subjective norm didnot play significant role in the context of deter-mining the work centrality. Another indepen-dent variable perceived control was also foundto be insignificant in this regard. Perceived con-trol was assumed to be related with processand results of action, therefore, it is expectedto be correlated with centrality of work but find-ings did not support it.

References:Ajzen, I. (1985), From intention to action: A theory of planned Behaviour. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmen

(Eds.). Action- Control: from Cognition of Behavior. Heidelberg: Springer.

Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980), Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice -Hall.

Bhadury B. (1991), ‘Work Culture: An exposition in Indian context’, Vikalpa journal of the Indian institute of Management. Ahmadabad, 16, (4, Oct., Dec.), 33-42.

Bhadury B. (2000), Managing the Workforce. Sage Publication Ltd., New Delhi.

Cherns, A.B. (1980), Organisations as instruments of social change in postindustrial societies.Organisation studies, 1 (2), 109-22.

Cohen, A. & Vigoda, E. (1998), The growth value of good citizenship: An examination of therelationship between civic behaviour and involvement in the job. Applied Psychology an Interna-tional Review, 47(4), 559-570.

Dubin, R. (1956), Industrial worker world: The central life interest of industrial workers. Journalof Social issues, 3,131 -42.

Ganesh, S.R. (1982), ‘Quality of life in Indian Organisation: An irrelevant view’. Indian Instituteof Management, Ahmadabad, W.P. No. 407.

Gorgievski, D. & Marjan, J. (1999), Job-involvement and stress in farm-couples. Gedrag&Gezondheid: Tijdschrift voor Psychologies & Gezondheid, 27 (7-2), 109-117.

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Hackett, R., Lapierre, L. & Hausdorf, P. (2001), Understanding the links between work commitment Constructs, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 58 (3), 392-413.

Inglehart, R. (1982), ‘Changing values in Japan and the West’. Comparative Politicalstudies, 14, 445-79.

Kanungo, R. (1981), ‘Work alienation and involvement: Problems and prospects’, InternationalReview of Applied Psychology, 30 (1), 1-15.

Levy-Leboyer, C. (1986), A psychologist’s analysis of the work values crisis. InternationalReview of Applied Psychology, 35 (1), 53-62.

Lewin, K. (1935), A Dynamic Theory of Personality. New York: McGraw Hill.

Misumi, J. (1983), Meaning of work life. Osaka: Institute for group dynamics, Osaka University.Nevill, D. D. & Super, D.E. (1984), ‘Career Maturity and commitment to work and homein college

Students’. Unpublished manuscript. Gainsville, Florida: University of Florida. Pandey, J. (1981),Ingratiation as a social behaviour. In J. Pandey (Ed.). Perspective on experimental social Psychology in India, (pp. 157-87). New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co.

Pareek, V. (1974), ‘A conceptual model of work motivation’. Indian Journal of Industrial Relation 10, 15-32.

Rao, T. (1974), ‘Work values-patterns of Indian medical students’. British Journal of MedicalEducation, 8 (4), 224-29.

Sinclair, A. (1993), ‘Approaches to organisational culture and ethics’. Journal of Business Ethics,12, 63-73.

Singh, D. & Tripathi R. (1994), Individualism in a collective culture: A case of coexistence ofopposites. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and application, (pp-123-36).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Singh V. & Vinncombe, S. (2000), What does “commitment really mean?” Views of U.K. andSwedish engineering managers. Personnel Review, 29 (1-2), 228-254.

Singh, B.G. (1993), Involvement research activities: An explanation based on valence, attitude, subjective norm and perceived control. Psychology and Developing Societies,5, 81-93.

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Sinha, J. B.P. (1985), ‘Psychic relevance of work in Indian culture’. Dynamic Psychiatry, 18,134-41.

Sinha, J.B.P. (1990): Work Culture in tile Indian, context. New Delhi: Sage publications Ltd...

Super, D. & Nevill, D (1986), The salience inventory.-Theory, Application and Research. PaloAlto, California: Consulting Psychologist Press.

Thorsrud, E. (1972), Policy making as a learning process. In A.B. cherns, ET. al. (Eds.), SocialScience and Government. London: Tavistoch.

Tripathi, R.C. (1981), Machiavellianism and social manipulation. In J. Pandey (ed.), Perspectiveon Experimental social psychology in India (pp. 133-56). New Delhi: Concept publishing Co. Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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Ensuring Road Safety: New Legal Trends

Introduction:The existing criminal justice delivery system

has failed to satisfy the society in maintaininglaw and order mainly due to over emphasis onthe right of defense of the accused being a con-stitutional right under Art. 20, 21 & 22 of theconstitution in court proceedings. The victimsare left to suffer physically, mentally and finan-cially under the crime committed against them(Dharmadhikari, 2010). The perspective ofrealization of justice is central not only for thetheory of justice, but also for the practice ofdemocracy (Balakrishnan, 2010). Mathemati-cally stated - abstract law plus morality or eth-ics is equal to justice (Varma, 2008). But hap-penings are different.

In Parmanand Katara vs. Union of India1989 4 SCC286,a division bench of the Su-preme Court admitted an application filed un-der Art 32 by a practicing advocate along

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015, Page 16-19

The following study deals with the emerging new legal trends not only from JudicialActivism but also activism of the Executive ensuring the safety on roads. In this study theinitiatives as well as the activism of the Supreme Court of India along with the opinion ofsenior advocates, High Court and Supreme Court judges and the views of the Hon’bleGovernor of the state have been analyzed. Resultantly it has been found that there isample scope for reform as the road traffic accidents are still increasing.Key Words: Road Safety, Judicial Activism.

with a news item entitled. “LAW helps the in-jured to die” published in The Hindustan Times,New Delhi, as a Public Interest Litigation,(Anand, 2008). The court may assume an ac-tivist role only for public good and under cir-cumstances within the legal framework (Lahoti,2008). Constitutionally courts do not have anymachinery for implementing decisions of theirown. The petition filed by the State of Punjabagainst the accused Sourabh Bakshi , enter-taining the petition , the bench comprising Jus-tice Deepak Mishra and P.C.Pant said that leg-islature shall review section 304 (A) of the IPCand enhance the sentence particularly in thecase of negligent rich drivers .1 Secondly, theSupreme Court had constituted a Road SafetySpecial Committee to look into the increasingnumber of road traffic accidents presided byP. Radha Krishnan which demanded reportsand suggestions from the state government. 2

Received01 March 2015

Reviewed05 March 2015

Accepted10 March 2015

*Dr. (Smt) Tanuja Birtharey

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Legally speaking – “Ignorance can bespared but not negligence”

A Proverb says – “Road Indicates the cul-ture of the nation”, but it is the nature of theroad users that contributes more as comparedwith the road to the culture of the nation. En-suring safety on the road enriches the culture.Legal and physical awareness is must for ev-ery road user and everyone concerned. In mostcases of road traffic accident pedestrians in-cluding children and old people are prime vic-tims. In the light of above points, it was de-cided to conduct an analysis with an objectiveto find out the efficiency of Judicial Activismand Administrative System along with the needof reforms in curbing the increasing number ofRoad Traffic Accidents and thereby ensuringRoad safety . It was an assumption that thePresent Law and Justice delivery system arecompetent enough to combat Road Traffic ac-cidents.

METHOD The present study was based upon the

analysis of the initiatives of the Supreme Courtand Hon’ble Governor, being the executivehead of the state, published in daily news pa-pers. Supreme Court cases, Articles of Na-tional Seminars, books, News Paper have beenconsidered for qualitative analysis.OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSION

It is noteworthy to mention here that pre-cautionary guideline must be followed to pre-vent or minimize the road accidents.

(a) Guidelines:1. Be care full while crossing the road.2. Cross the road only at the zebra crossing.3. Walk only on the footpath.4. Where footpath is not available, walk on your right facing the oncoming traffic.5.You will be safe on the traffic island, when

vehicles are passing.6. Take the help of traffic policeman.7. Be cautious and alert ,do not tease8. A two wheeler is for two persons only, not for too many.9. Watch out pot holes.10. Do not throw fruit peels on the road.11. Footboard travelling is dangerous.12. Road is meant for traffic—Play grounds are meant for play.13. Law says that you must not use the horn between 11:00 PM to 06:00 AM in built up areas if required flash head light (Hyderabad Police, 2015a).(b) Stopping Highway Code: says, leaveenough space between you and the vehicle infront. A good driver should not only know hisstopping distance at various speeds but heshould also be able to judge pretty accuratelythe terms of the length of the road as he is driv-ing . Then this must be applied in deciding howfar he should be behind the vehicle in front forknowing the proper way to stop in an emer-gency (Hyderabad Police, 2015a).(c) Stopping Distance: Its knowledge is amust for safe driving .It depends upon five fac-tors

1. Speed2. Level (up hill , down hill, Plain)3. Weather and the state of the road4. Conditions of the brakes and tyres, and5. Ability and efficiency as a driver.(d) Efficiency of driver: It depends upon

thinking distance and braking distance. Think-ing distance depends upon how quickly youreact. Speed has even more effect on brakingdistance. Passing of the driving test and issu-ance of valid driving license show that the in-gredients of safe driving are known to the driverbut very often these standards are dropped

Ensuring Road Safety:...........

18 / Ensuring Road Safety:...........

while driving because safety attitude of mind isleft. Legal Provisions:

Section 16 of the Motor Vehicle Act pro-vides for the withdrawal of the driving licenseof the driver if by reason of disability, diseaseor infirmity the driver is unable to drive themotor vehicle properly and safely. Section 279of the I.P.C. deals with rash driving on a publicway.Suggestions:

In the light of above considerations somesuggestions can be made as under:

1. The situation of the justice delivery sys-tem is grim as 61300 cases are pending in Su-preme Court, 41, 53,000 cases are pending inHigh Courts and 2.64 crore cases are pendingin Trial Court of India; the cases of minor of-fences under the Motor Vehicle Act instead ofbeing sent to the courts be sent to the honorarymagistrates, after their establishment (Tankha,

References: Anand A.S. (2008),On Public Interest Litigation as Aid to Protection of Human Rights ,

National Seminar on Judicial Activism, dtd.3-4 Feb. 2008 Govt DKPG CollegeBaloda Bazaar Raipur(C.G.). P-31.

Balakrishnan, K.G. (2010), “Speech on Right to Health” National Seminar on Human RightsDtd.9-11 Jan. 2010, Govt. D.K.P.G. College Baloda Bazaar Distt. Raipur (C.G.). P-16.

Dharmadhikari, D.M. (2010), “Human Rights of Victims”, National Seminar on Human RightsDtd.9-11 Jan. 2010, Govt. D.K.P.G. College Baloda Bazaar Distt. Raipur (C.G.). P- 9.

Hyberabad Traffic Police (2015a) A B C of Road Safety for Children issued by HyberabadTraffic Police Hyderabad (T.S.).

2015).2. A public Interest cell is established in the

state legal services authority for observance ofthe orders and directions passed in the publicinterest by the high court’s (Sharma, 2015).

3. The traffic on the road be not stoppedwhen the VIPs move on the road as ambu-lances get struck in the jam or stopping (as saidby Hon’ble governor of the state of C.G. ShriBalramdas ji Tandon) 3.Conclusions:

1. Safety standards, rules –regulationspresumed to be known on passing of the driv-ing test and issuance of valid driving license areoften dropped because of the mental attitudeof carelessness leaving room for sensitization.

2. Courts are overburdened. 3. Directions of High Court and Supreme

Court are followed more in breach rather inObservance by law breakers, showing the

need for reformations.

1. Patrika (A daily news paper), Bilaspur edi tion, dt. 31-3-2015, P-5.2. Patrika (A daily news paper), Bilaspur edi tion, dt. 02-4-2015, P-2.3. Lbid.

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Hyberabad Traffic Police (2015b) Tips for safe Driving published & issued by HyberabadTraffic Police Hyderabad (T.S.), P- 57.

Hyberabad Traffic Police (2015c) Tips for safe Driving published & issued by Cyber badTraffic Police Hyderabad (T.S.), P- 17-18.

Lahoti R.C. (2008), Constitutional Obligations of the Courts, National Seminar on JudicialActivism, dtd. 3-4 Feb. 2008 Govt DKPG College Baloda Bazaar Raipur (C.G.) P- 12.

Sharma, S.K. (2015), “Adesh file mein, samasyayen yathavat” Patrika Daily News PaperEdition Bilaspur (C.G.) dtd 11-04-2015, P- 6.

Tankha, V. (2015), “Jimmedar to sarkar hai” Patrika Daily News Paper Edition Bilaspur(C.G.) 07-04-2015, Page No. 6.

Verma J.S. (2008), “Constitutional Obligation of Judiciary” ,National Seminar on JudicialActivism, dtd.3-4 Feb. 2008, Govt DKPG College Baloda Bazaar Raipur(C.G.) P- 23.

Ensuring Road Safety:...........

20 /

Adjustment in Relation to Creativityand Socio-Economic Status

The present study focused on the adjustment in relation to creativity and socioeco-nomic status of graduate student of Sambalpur university Odisha .The data were collectedfrom two hundred students of Sambalpur University by using the Wallach Cogan test ofcreativity constructed and standardized by Wallach and Kogan , the adolescent adjust-ment inventory prepared by N.Y.Reddy and socio economic status scale constructed andstandardized by S.N.Rao The data were analyzed by using the statistical procedure threeway analysis of variance was applied to interpret the data .The result show that boys andgirls student did not differ significantly in their adjustment capacity .The high creativestudent were more adjustable than the low creative student .Student belonging to highsocio economic status and low socio economic status did not differ in their adjustmentcapacity .




*Smt.Babita Sahu**Benudhar Pradhan

***Mayank kumar Singh

* Lecturer in Education College of Teacher Education, Rourkela, Odisha.**H.O.D Education, Confluence College of Higher Education, Rajnandgaon,

Chhattisgarh.***Assistant Professor Confluence College of Higher Education, Rajnandgaon,

Chhattisgarh.

Introduction:Among the animate and inanimate things man

is considered as the supreme being. It is onlydue to his power of thinking and reasoning .Oneof the important aim of education is to help theindividual for the better adjustment with his en-vironment .It lead to happiness of the individual.Development and progress in various field ofnational life depends on creative children .Wemust try to develop creativity of the students.So that they may excel in their field of interest

and can lead the nation ahead .Though the col-lege is a mini form of society .The boys andgirls having different nature and social status.Therefore, they are different in their adjust-ment, creative potentialities and different so-cioeconomic status in the society .A creativeas well as adjusted human being perform animportant role in the society .Both of these fac-tors fully depend on good socioeconomic sta-tus of an individual. So a well adjusted and cre-ative person should have good socioeconomic


/ 21Adjustment in Relation...........

status in the society.Etymologically, the concept of adjustment

is originally biological as propounded inDarwin’s theory of natural selection and adap-tation .The concept of adaptation was bor-rowed by psychologist and name as adjustment.

Adjustment as to be understood as a means“to fit “, to adopt, or to accommodate .Gatesand Jersild as well as Crow and Crow takeadjustment as a signal of harmonious relation-ship between a man and his environment .Onehas to fit himself in the prevailing circumstances.For this a person change his nature in order tofit himself in the realm of nature .Thus the pro-cess of adjustment is a continuous process.

Lindgreen (1959) defined adjustment as theact or process of establishing a satisfactorypsychological relationship between the individualand his environment. Gates and Jersild (1973)defined adjustment as a continual process bywhich a person varies his behavior to producea more harmonious relationship between him-self and his environment .

Pathak (1970) studied the sex differenceamong school children in the area of adjust-ment and found that boys were emotionallybetter adjusted than girls.

Yamamoto (1960) has remark that creativ-ity is like an elephant which blind man, havebeen touching and describing in their own eyes,but agreement is lacking about it meaning andnature.Srivastava and Srivastava (1977) studycreativity as a function of adjustment and anxi-ety to find out the individual differences in cre-ativity levels. He found that more creative per-sons were less anxious then the less creativeone .More creative person are better adjustedthan less creative man and good adjustmentand low anxiety levels are necessary for highcreative abilities .

Pareek (1966) study the development ofcreative thinking at different age levels and tostudy the relationship creative thinking and otherfactors and he found that there was no signifi-cant difference in creative thinking betweenboys and girls of different age ranges.Lalithamma (1973) conducted study of highschool adolescent .They were tested for selfconcept and creativity . No mean differencewere found among the group in self concept,but over achiever are more creative .Kauser(1986) conducted study on children curiosityand it relationship to intelligence, creativity andpersonality, found that curiosity was a combinedeffect of the variable intelligence, creativity ex-traversion and neuroticism .Mehdi (1986) inhis study found that the correlation betweencreativity and intelligence are significant butconsiderably low. Both boys and girls wereseem to be sociable .Raina studies the com-parative performance of boys and girls .Theresult of this study showed that males are morecreative than females on the figural test and onthe part of the verbal form .The finding of thisstudy are corroborated by the findings ofPrakash (1966).

The term socio economic status is broadlydefined to include the ,social ,educational, pro-fessional and economic status of the parents.Good defined socioeconomic status as thelevel in distractive of both social and economicprivileges of an individual .Raina(1968) stud-ied creativity and socio-economic status . Hefound significant difference in socio-economicstatus of high creative and low creative highschool students’ .Motto (1971) conducted astudy in Kurukshetra University to find out thedifferences of adjustment of different level ofgeneral intelligence and socio-economic statusamong urban adolescent boys and girls. He

22 /Adjustment in Relation...........

found that there was no significant difference inthe social adjustment of boys and girls at middlehigher level of intelligence

Chopra (1969) studied the relationship be-tween the socio-economic background andachievement .He found that higher socio-eco-nomic group students were significantly higherthan those of the student’s from the middleand low socio-economic groups .This studyreveals that there is a positive relationshipsocio-economic background and achievementin English mathematics and science.

Adjustment of student in college level de-pend upon their socio-economic status ,cre-ative potentialities, impact of family environ-ment ,impact of the environment of educationalinstitution and so on .Therefore a person hav-ing high socio-economic status may be rich inhis way of thinking and reasoning by which hebecome well adjusted in educational institu-tion as well as in the society .That the investi-gator got tempted to take up such a problemin which he want to study whether the adjust-ment of an individual depend on his creativespark and socio-economic status or not .Ifyes to what extent it depends on those factors.Objectives of the Study:1 To study the significant difference in the adjustment capacity of boys and girls.2 To study the significant difference in adjustment capacity of high creative and low creative Student.3 To study the significant difference of students belonging to high socio-eco nomic status and low socio-eco nomic status.4 To study the interactional effect of sex, creativity and socio-economic status on adjustment scores of the student.

Hypothesis:1 There is no significant difference be

tween adjustment scores of boys andgirls students

2 There is no significant difference between adjustment scores of high andlow creative student.

3 There is no significant difference between adjustment scores of studentsbelonging to high socio-economic status and low socio-economic status.

4 There is no significant interactional effect of sex, creativity, and socio-economic status on adjustment scores ofthe student.

METHOD

Sample:The population of the study constituted all thestudents of various colleges affiliated underSambalpur University. The present study theinvestigator selected a sample of 200 graduatestudents of Sambalpur University. The samplewas drawn by random technique of sampling.Tools:The investigator selected the following tools forthe present study.1 Adolescent Adjustment Inventory by

N.Y Reddy.2 Wallach-kogan Test of Creativity.3 Socio-economic status scale by

S.N.Rao.

The investigator has taken the statistical tech-nique such as mean, standard deviation, threeway analysis of variance and t-ratio


RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONTable – 1

Summary of 2x2x2 ANOVA

Sources of variation df SS MS F Significant level

Sex 1 9.9 9.90 1.64 NS

Creativity 1 29.1 29.11 4.81 0.05

Socio-economic status 1 14.47 14.47 2.39 NS

Sex Creativity 1 50.91 50.91 8.41 0.05

Sex S.E.S 1 13.11 13.11 2.17 NS

Creativity S.E.S 1 4.99 4.99 <1 NS

Sex Creativity S.E.S 1 14.0 14.04 2.32 NS

Error 192 1161.49 6.05

Total 199

Table -1 Reveal that the null hypoth-esis is not rejected at 0.01 level of significance.It is signifies that sex as a single main variabledoes not show any significant difference on theadjustment of graduate boys and girls. Thereno significant difference in adjustment amonggraduate boys and girls. Creativity as singlevariable show significant differences on the ad-justment of students.Inorder to interpreted theadjustment among high creative students andlow creative students mean score were calcu-lated.

Table -1 Indicate that the mean scores ofhigh creative students were more than the lowcreative students .It mean that high creative stu-dents are more adjusted than the low creative

students. Srivastava and Srivastava (1977) alsofound the same results in his studies, which ap-prove our findings. Socio-economic status asa variable which does not show any significantdifference on the adjustment of graduate stu-dents. It means that there existed no significantdifference in adjustment among graduate stu-dents coming from both high and low socio-economic statuses.

Table -1 Indicates that ‘F’ ratio=8.41 forinteraction between sex and creativity is sig-nificant at 0.05 level. This means that there is aparticular combination between sex and cre-ativity where the mean adjustment scores arethe highest. This significant F- ratio has beensupplemented with t-test.

24 /

Groups Mean Score t-ratio Significant level

High creative boysv/s High creative girls 100.03 v/s 97.20 5.34 0.05

High creative girls v/sLow creative boys 97.20 v/s 91.59 11.45 0.05

Low creative boys v/sLow creative girls 91.59 v/s 99.06 16.24 0.05

High creative boys v/sLow creative girls 100.03 v/s 99.03 1.90 NS

Adjustment in Relation...........

Table-2Showing Percentage of Students response on high and low economic Status

With respect to Gender and High and low creativity

Boys Girls Total

HighCreative

LowCreative

HighCreative

LowCreative

High socio-economic status

98.18N=22

93.55N=33

100.57N=21

100.73N=33

98.01N=109

Low socio-economic status

102.28N=18

89.19N=27

94.25N=24

96.55N=22

94.89N=91

Total 100.03N=40

91.59N=60 97.20

N=4599.06N=45

N=200

Table-3Mean and t-ratio with respect to creativity and gender


Reference:

Ai, x. (1999).Creativity and Academic Achievement: An investigation of gender differences.Creativity Research Journal 12, 4,329-337.

Asha, C.B (1980).Creativity and academic Achievement among Secondary School Children.Asian Journal of Psychology and Education 6, 1-6.

Chopra (1969). A study of relationship of socio-economic factors with environment of theStudent in the secondary school .Doctoral Dissertation Lucknow University.

Feldhusen, J.F (1970).Prediction of Academic Achievement with Divergent and Convergent Thinking and Personality Variable. Psychology in the school 7, 46-52.

Gate, A.C and Jersild.A.T (1973).Educational Psychology .p 614-615.

Goyal, R.P (1984).An analysis of relationship between creativity and academic achievement of Eleventh graders .The Educational Review XC, 5&6, 84-87.

Due to the significant difference betweenthe adjustment score of high creative boy’sv/s high creative girls, high creative girl’s v/slow creative boys and low creative boys v/slow creative girls bring significant interactionaleffect of sex and creativity on adjustmentscore on students. High creative boys weremore adjusted than the low creative boys andhigh creative boys were more adjusted thanthe high creative girls.

Both sex and socio-economic status donot cost any impact on adjustment. Creativ-ity and socio-economic status also do nothave any significant effect on adjustment.Sexcreativity and socio-economic status does notseem to show any significant interaction onthe adjustment of graduate students. Conclusion:

From the result it is evident that creativity

and socio-economic status are essential forthe improvement in adjustment of a student.A creative person is well adjusted in a soci-ety .For the well adjustment of the students,the creative potentialities in them should beidentified, so that the individual may be en-couraged to adjust himself in the society,home and educational institution. The rela-tionship between sex and creativity showsthat there is a interlink between them. Thisimplies that teacher administrator and par-ents should give proper and adequate stresson creativity and create condition for goodadjustment of students so they may have bet-ter socio-economic status in the society. Cre-ative students both boys and girls should beencouraged through our educational systemand they inspired them to come forward fortaking the nation ahead

26 / Adjustment in Relation...........

Habibollah, N.H. (2010).Relation between Creativity and academic achievement: A study ifGender differences. Journal of American Science 6, 1,181-190.

Kaile, H.S. (1987). Intelligence and Creativity as predictors of scholastic Achievement in MotherTongue and Foreign Language at different level of socio-economic status. Ph.D Dissertation Punjab University Chandigarh.

Karimi, A. (200).The relationship between anxiety, creativity, gender, academic achievementAnd social prestige among secondary school .University of Shiraz, Shiraz.

Kauser, F. (1986). Children curiosity and it relationship to intelligence creativity and personalityPhD (Psy) Madras University, Chennai.

Lalithamma, M.S (1973). Self concept and creativity of over normal and underachievers among Grade X student of Baroda City, unpublished M.Ed Dissertation, M.S.University Baroda.

Lindgren, H.S. (1959).Psychology of personal and social adjustment (2nd edition) NewYork American Book Company.

Mehdi, B (1986). Correlation between creativity and intelligence, Abstract 304, 3rd SurveyReport in Education, NCERT. (ICSSR, Financed)

Motto, B.K. (1971). Adjustment differences at different levels of general intelligence and socio-economic status among urban adolescent Boys and Girls .Ph.D Thesis, KurukshetraUniversity Kurukshetra.

Panda, D.N. (1977).Impact of creativity and adjustment on academic achievement. TheEducation Review, Vol.1. (11).

Pathak, P. (1961).Exploratory study of creativity and intelligence and creativity and schoolachievement proceeding of the 48th Indian Science Congress, Part IV, 570-571.

Prakash, A.O. (1966).Understanding the Fourth Grade Slump: A study of Creative ThinkingAbilities of Indian Children. Master dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Pareek, S. (1966). An investigation to creative thinking of the student at different age levels andthe relationship between creative thinking and other related factors .M.A. Dissertation,university of Rajasthan.

Raina, M.K. (1968). A study of correlates of creativity in Indian students. Doctoral DissertationOf Rajasthan university, Jaipur.

Srivastava, Ramji & Srivastava, B. (1977). Creativity as function of Adjustment and Anxiety.Journal of Educational Miscellany, Vol.II (July, 1977) (June, 1978) P.21.


Teivedi, K.and Bhargava, R. (2010).Relation of creativity and educational achievement inAdolescence. Journal of Psychology 1, 2, 85-89.

Yamamoto, K (1965). The role of creative thinking intelligence in high school achievement,Research Memorandum, BER-60-10, Bureau of Educational Research, College of

Education , University of Minnesota, 1-245.

Yamamoto, K. (1960). Creativity – A blind man’s report on Elephant, Journal of CounselingPsychology.

28 /

Does Life Skills Help to Cope withWellbeing ?

(A study on Tribal students of Surguja District in Chhattisgarh)

The present study is conducted on tribal adolescent students of Surguja district ofChhattisgarh state to find out how they use their Life Skills to cope with their Well –Being. For this purpose three tribes Oraon, Kanwar and Gond were chosen by the inves-tigator and the tool used for the study is a self made Life Skill inventory, that is, “Aninventory of conventional adaptation to life skills in tribal students”, developed forwhich, 10 dimensions of Life Skills were taken they are; (1) Seeking Social Support, (2)Problem Solving, (3) Self Blame, (4) Keep to Self, (5) Tension Reduction, (6) Conflict, (7)Social Action, (8) Spiritual Support, (9) Physical Recreation, and (10) Professional Help.PGI General Wellbeing Measure scale developed by Verma and Verma is also used tomeasure Wellbeing. The result indicated that the dimensions of Life Skill, ‘Keep to self ’,and ‘Conflict’, ‘Social Action’, ‘Spiritual Support’, ‘Physical Recreation’, and ‘Profes-sional Help’ are influencing the Well – Being of tribal Adolescents. While ‘Seeking socialsupport’, ‘Problem solving’, ‘self blame’ and ‘Tension reduction’ are not affecting Wellbeingof students




* Assistant Professor, Seth Badrilal Khandelwal Education College Durg, C.G.**Principal, Bhilai Maitri Mahavidyalaya, Risali Bhilai,C.G.

*Miss Inez Rose Louis** Dr. Vani Subramanyam


IntroductionIndia is a country located in Southern Asia

with over 1.2 billion people, and has 29 statesand 7 union territories. One of the Indian statesis Chhattisgarh which is the 10th largest stateof India, with an area of 135,190 square Km.Presently the Chhattisgarh state comprises of

27 districts. For the present research work theresearcher choose the Surguja district ofChhattisgarh. Surguja district is located in thenorthern part of the state and its headquartersis at Ambikapur. Surguja District is extendedover plateaus, plain lands, high lands, and hills.Enormous portion of this district is covered by

/ 29Does Life Skills help...........

forests and the climatic condition includes hotsummer and even distributed rainfall in the mon-soon season. According to census 2011Surguja district has a total population of2,361,329 in which 11, 95,145 are males and11, 66,184 are females. Tribal population is nearabout 13, 00,628 according to census 2011.The Scheduled Tribes

The term Scheduled Tribes first appearedin the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25)defined scheduled tribes as, “such tribes ortribal communities or parts of or groups withinsuch tribes or tribal communities as are deemedunder Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes forthe purposes of this constitution.”. For thepresent study investigator chose the followingthree tribes i.e. Oraon, Kanwar and Gond.

The Oraon tribe also spelled as ‘Oran’ or‘Uraon’ they are tribal Aboriginals inhabiting invarious parts of India and in Chhattisgarh state.

Kanwar tribes are believed to be the de-scendants of the Kaurava’s in Mahabharata.They are the scheduled tribes inhabiting in manyparts of Chhattisgarh mostly in Jashpur, Raigarh,Surguja and Korba districts, the researcher haschosen the tribe from Surguja district. They arealso called Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur, Cherwa,Rathia, Tanwar, Chattri etc.

Gond tribe are aboriginal tribe of Gondwanaarea and are given official status under an ad-ministrative scheme called Scheduled Tribes ofIndia after independence. Gond tribe is the larg-est tribe of India basically found in the states ofAndhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, MadhyaPradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Orissa andWest Bengal.Life Skills

Life skills have been defined as, “the abili-

ties for adaptive and positive behaviour thatenable individuals to deal effectively with thedemands and challenges of everyday life”(World Health Organization, 1997a, p. 1). Tomanage the personal affairs it is important tobehave in an appropriate and responsible man-ner and which can be attained through the LifeSkills. According to the World Health Organi-zation (WHO), skill based health educationfocuses on developing the knowledge, attitudes,values, and life skills that young people need tomake and act on the most appropriate andpositive health – related decisions. Individualswho possess these skills are likely to adopt andsustain a healthy lifestyle during their schoolyears and throughout the rest of their lives. TheWHO stresses that skill – based health educa-tion has been shown by research to achievethe following: Reduce the chances of young people engag-ing in delinquent behaviour and interpersonalviolence.Delay the onset of using alcohol, tobacco, andother drugs.Prevent peer rejection and bullying. Teach anger control. Promote positive social adjustment and re-duce emotional disorders.Improve health – related behaviours and self– esteem. Improve academic performance.

Life Skills act as a tool with the help of whichan individual can live a better quality of life. Itincreases the potential and helps to accomplishthe ambitions of a person in a more refined andbest way. There is particularly no definite list oflife skills; it depends upon the circumstances ofone’s life, culture, beliefs, geographic location,age, sex etc. The most important thing is that

30 /Does Life Skills help...........

Life Skills is nothing but the ability to learn, onewho has learned the life skills is able to under-stand the world in a better way. It increases theunderstanding of person to live a life in a moreproductive manner and make his/her life morefulfilling. The life skills are not always taughtdirectly but it is learned indirectly through thecircumstances of different life situations andexperiences. Life skills are not just a mare liv-ing a life in an easy way but it is also a tech-nique with the help of which a more controlledlife can be lead. Life skills influence an indi-vidual to learn and adopt the better things in lifewithout any outer force.

The investigator chosen to work on 10 di-mensions of Life Skills and studied the responseof tribes on these dimensions they are: (1) Seek-ing social support,(2) Problem solving,(3) Selfblame, (4) Keep to self, (5) Tension reduction,(6) Conflict, (7)Social action (8) Spiritual sup-port, (9) Physical recreation, (10)Professionalhelp.Objective of the study:

The objective taken for the present study is:· To study the effect of Life Skills on

Well – Being of Adolescent Tribal students.Hypotheses of the study:

The null hypothesis formulated for the presentstudy is:

There would be no significant effect of LifeSkills on Well – Being of Tribal Adolescents.

METHODSelection of Sample:

In the present research investigator has cho-sen a sample of total 518 students includingboth boys and girls. All the available tribal stu-dents of the three tribes (Oraon, Kanwar andGond) were selected from different schools of

Surguja District of Chhattisgarh State by strati-fied purposive sampling. Tools:(a) Life skill Inventory:

The tool used for the study is a self madeLife Skill inventory, that is, “An inventory ofconventional adaptation to life skills in tribal stu-dents”, is developed for which, 10 dimensionsof Life Skills were taken they are; (1) SeekingSocial Support, (2) Problem Solving, (3) SelfBlame, (4) Keep to Self, (5) Tension Reduc-tion, (6) Conflict, (7) Social Action, (8) Spiri-tual Support, (9) Physical Recreation, and (10)Professional Help. The self made inventorycomprises of 60 items based on each 10 di-mensions mentioned above with any three pos-sible responses that is ‘yes’, ‘no’, and ‘don’tknow’. Cronbach’s alpha reliability quotient is0.75.

(b) PGI General Wellbeing Measurescale:

To measure the Wellbeing of tribal studentsthe tool used is PGI General Wellbeing Mea-sure prepared and standardised by Dr. SantoshK.Verma and Ms Amita Verma. Reliability wasmeasured by K.R. 20 – formula and was foundto be 0.98 (p<0.01) while test – retest reliabil-ity was 0.91 (p<0.01) for the English versionand 0.86 (p<0.01) for the Hindi version.

RESULT & INTERPRETATION

Following result is obtained for the proposedhypotheses –

There would be no significant effect of LifeSkills on Well – Being of Tribal Adolescents.

To study the effect of Life Skills on Well-Being of tribal Adolescents ANOVA is calcu-lated and is shown below:

/ 31Does Life Skills help...........

From the Anova analysis it is understoodthat the dimensions, Keep to Self, Conflict,Social Action, Spiritual Support, PhysicalRecreation, and Professional Help are affect-ing the Wellbeing of Tribal students. This meansthat due to elusive and introverts nature of tribalstudents they are not used to interact with thepeople outside their community and thus it isaffecting their physical and mental health. Notdisclosing the personal issues and keeping prob-lems to self increases tension, moreover creat-ing a state of confusion and conflict. Social ac-tion is also a factor that is responsible for thepersistence of tension as it is creating confu-sion between the activities of their communityand outside their community. Spiritual supportis also influencing the Wellbeing of tribal stu-dents because they are religious and performcommunity festivals and rituals. When they arein school they are in contact with every personcoming from different communities with whom

they may be restricted in their community forinteraction, this is affecting their wellbeing. Herethe dimension spiritual support is helping thetribal students to adjust in both the situationsand keep themselves happy. Physical recreationis also helping the tribal students to keep them-selves healthy and fit by engaging themselves inphysical activities like games, dance etc. to re-duce their tension and anxiety. Professional helpis also affecting the wellbeing of tribal studentsbecause they are helped by professionals liketeacher and other personnel for seeking helpoutside their community at the educational front.From ANOVA table it is clear that Life Skills(total) has significant effect on Wellbeing of tribaladolescents.Conclusion:

Life skills are a source through which a per-son can learn how to adjust with the challeng-ing situations of life and stay happy and satis-fied. Life skills can impart the tribal adolescents

S o urce

D e pe nde ntVa ria ble S S df M S F S ig nific a nce

S ee k ing so c ia lsup p o rt 11 .6 4 0 1 11 .6 4 0 2 .3 6 5 0 .1 2 5

P ro b lem so lving 0 .9 3 6 1 0 .9 3 6 0 .3 6 9 0 .5 4 4

S e lf b la me 1 0 .6 3 3 1 1 0 .6 3 3 3 .2 5 5 0 .0 7 2

K ee p to se lf 2 0 .5 5 0 1 2 0 .5 5 0 3 .9 8 4 0 .0 4 6

Tens io n red uc tio n 1 2 .1 6 1 1 1 2 .1 6 1 2 .9 1 7 0 .0 8 8

C o nflic t 4 1 .2 6 4 1 4 1 .2 6 4 6 .2 2 6 0 .0 1 3

S o c ia l a c tio n 4 6 .3 3 2 1 4 6 .3 3 2 7 .2 4 3 0 .0 0 7

S p iritua l sup p o rt 9 0 .0 8 4 1 9 0 .0 8 4 9 .2 4 5 0 .0 0 2

P hysica l rec re a tio n 9 5 .0 8 6 1 9 5 .0 8 6 1 2 .1 2 3 0 .0 0 1

P ro fessio na l he lp 4 1 .9 1 4 1 4 1 .9 1 4 5 .1 0 7 0 .0 2 4

Life S k ills To ta l 2 9 5 0 .3 8 7 1 2 9 5 0 .3 8 7 11 .9 9 8 0 .0 0 1

32 / Does Life Skills help...........

with such skills that help them not only for wellbeing but also for a better living and a brightfuture. If Life Skills are included in the educa-tion on regular basis then it can help to developeach individual into a responsible citizen. Par-

ents and teachers should also contribute andtake interest in transacting life skills in guidingadolescents and development for their betterand healthy future.

References:

District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-30.

http://www.tribal.nic.in/content/definitionorofiles.aspx

World Health Organization (WHO). (1997a). Life skills education for children and adolescentsin schools: Introduction and guidelines to facilitate the development and implementation of life skills programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Programme on Mental

Health

World Health Organization (2003). Skills for Health (information series on schoolhealth document 9). Geneva , Switzerland: World Health Organization.

www.jblearning.com

/ 33

Barriers in Agriculture as Main Occupation for Primitive Tribes of

Chhattisgarh



Accepted20 March

* Asst. Prof. (Economics) Govt. College Dongargaon (C.G.)

* Dr .Mahesh Shrivastava

The Tribal Development has always been a challenge for the administrators as wellas intellectuals in India and the need for Tribal Development hardly needs any justifica-tion. Their Primitive ways of life, Economic and Social backwardness, low level of lit-eracy, hackneyed system of production, absence of value system, scarce physical infra-structure in Tribal areas and Demographic inequality in Tribal areas coupled togethermake it imperative for a systematic process of development for Tribal and Tribal areas.Some important factors for Tribal Development in India are improvement in their qual-ity of life, removal of poverty, raising the levels of productivity, removal of illiteracy,elimination of exploitation, supportive Infrastructure in Tribal areas, and prevention oftheir shifting cultivation. The purpose of the present paper is to bring to the surface theoutcome of the Government policies, being run for the upliftment of the primitive tribesof Chhattisgarh.

After Independence, many Government and non-Government Institutions have madeefforts for the development of these Tribes and are spending lots of money in variousDevelopment Programmes for them. Still the desired results are not coming out, espe-cially so far as their Economic status is concerned. Thus, It has been essential with thechanging times, to re-evaluate the various Development Programmes, run for their Eco-nomic upliftment and to provide suggestions for their reform, so that their living stan-dard may come up to mark.

Introduction :The state of Chhattisgarh was newly formed

on 1st Nov.2000. According to census 2011,the total population of state is 2, 55, 45,198and the total tribal population is 78, 22,902.Out of the total population of the state, 30.06%population consists of tribes. The number ofthese tribal groups is 31 (42 in undivided M.P.).

Out of these tribal groups, 5 tribes have beendeclared as the primitive tribes by the govern-ment of India. As per the survey made by“Chhattisgarh Primitive Tribal Research andTraining Centre, Raipur” in 2005-2006, the totalpopulation of these five tribal groups in state is1, 46,423 and total number of families of primi-tive tribes in the state is 34,203. These tribal


34 /

Objective of the study :The following objectives have been de-

termined to examine the Agricultural land- dis-tribution to primitive (Baigas) tribes inChhattisgarh and the situation of agriculturalprogrammes being run by government-

1- What is the land holding status ofBaigas in district Kawardha?

2- Which type of Agricultural programmesis being run by the Government?3- To what extent the Government Agricultural programmes have been successful inproviding them agricultural land?4- What is the situation of its implementation?5- The solution of Agricultural land distribution problem.

Agricultural as main occupation:At present, the main occupation of the

Baiga economy is agriculture and he givesprime importance to it throughout the year.

groups are - Hill Korwa, Kamar, Birhor, Baigaand Abujamria. The tribal groups in the state,who have been given the status of special back-

Barriers in Agriculture as..........

ward class by the government of India, residein the following regions –

Table No. 1Distribution of primitive tribes in Chhattisgarh (Distt. Wise)

S.-No.

Name ofprimitive

tribesResiding Districts

1 Abujhmaria Bastar, Kanker,Dantewada, Kawardha

2 Baiga Bilaspur, Kawrdha,Korba, Durg

3 Birhor Raigarh, Jashpur,Sarguja, Durg

4 Hill Korwa Jashpur, Sarguja, Korba

5 Kamar Raigarh, Dhamtari,Gariaband,Mahasamund

Source –Vaishnav, 2008.According to Department of Scheduled

Cast and Scheduled Tribe, Govt. ofChhattisgarh, the total population and sex ra-tio of Baiga tribe in the state is-

Table No. 2Sex Ratio in Baiga Tribe

Male Percentage Female Percentage Total Percentag

34250 50.94% 32991 49.06% 67241 100

Source - Vikas Yojana, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, 2004-05.

/ 35Barriers in Agriculture as..........

No. LandHolding No. of Family Percentage

1 0-1 Acre 402 21.62

2 1.1-2.5 Acre 451 24.21

3 2.6-5 Acre 797 43.01

4 5.1-10 129 6.84

5 10-Avobe 82 4.32

Total- 1853 100

Table No. 3Area of land holding of Baiga families

Source - Baiga Vikas Abhikaran, Distt. Kawardha (C.G.), 2010

The agricultural work is accomplished forfour to six months. Almost all the Baiga fami-lies are engaged in it. Those who don’t haveland, work as labours on others’ lands. Gen-erally, the crop that they cultivate is light andripens in less lime, for Ex- Rice, Corn, Udad,Arhar, Kodo, Kutki and Mustard etc. TheCrops cycle starts from June-July and endsby October-November. The agriculturalwork includes preparing the land, sowing,

hoeing, guarding the crop, harvesting, mix-ing and storing and all these works are doneby them.The Condition of Land-Ownership :

As per the record of the Baiga VikasAbhikaran, Kawardha, three fourth Baigafamilies have the land-ownership, whereasone fourth families are landless.On average,those three fourth families who have landpossess, 2.86% acre of land.

The above table shows that 43.01% Baigafamilies of this area have about 2.6-5 acre ofland . It means they come under the categoryof small or marginal farmers. But it is sufficientonly for the food of three to four months in ayear. For the remaining months, they dependon labour, collection of forest products, mak-ing of bamboo pots etc. The families having 0to 1 acre of land are 21.62%, families having1.1-2.5 acre of land are 24.21%, families hav-ing 5.1-10 acre of land are 6.84 % and fami-

lies having above 10 acres of land are 4.32%.As many of the Baiga families are landless

or having small land holding, the governmentis running the land distribution programme forthem.Agriculture Land DistributionProgramme:

The aim of this programme is to encouragethe Baiga people to adapt agriculture as themain occupation. This is being run for suchBaiga families who don’t have agricultural land

36 /

But after the completion of 10th five yearplan, we find in the table that in the year 2003-04 and 2006-07, no Baiga family was benefit-ted by this programme; whereas during 2004-05 and 2005-06, total Rs. 60 lakhs were spentto beneficiate 40 Baiga families. It includes 18Baiga families of 5 villages out of 100 selectedvillages.

Under this plan, the target was to spent Rs.100.00 lakhs and beneficiate 125 Baiga fami-lies but after the completion of the programme,

Barriers in Agriculture as..........

Sources- Shrivastava, 2011.

Table No. 4Land Distribution Expenditure (in Lacks Rs.)

S.No. FinancialYear

SepntAmount

BenefittedFamilies

1 2002-03 0.00 00

2 2003-04 0.00 00

3 .2004-05 40.00 20

4 2005-06 20.00 20

5 .2006-07 0.0 00

Ttoal 100 600 40

or who are forced to do little agriculture onthe government land situated on the hilly re-gions of forests. It also aims to attract suchBaiga families to community life, who are liv-ing an isolated and remote life, by providingthem land at one place.

Previously, each landless Baiga family wasgiven 5 acre of agricultural land but due tonon-availability of land and increase in popu-

lation, 1.00 to 2.5 acre of land is distributedto them now. Usually they are given govern-ment lands which are nearby Baiga villages sothat they can easily take care of it.

As per the information received by Baigavikas Abhikaran, there was provision of Rs.100 lakhs to provide the land to 125 land lessBaiga families during 10th plan (2002-2007)which is given in the table below-

Only 85 Baiga families have been deprived ofit.

Conclusion and Suggestions -We find that there is a big gap between the

targets formed and the results achieved. Thus,there is need to fulfill the targets completely.The other problems related to the land distri-bution are like this-

(I) The allotted land to many Baigas isbarren, stony and sloppy, where the irrigationfacilities are not available, thus cultivation is notpossible.

(II) Some Baigas have been given the landpapers, but they don’t know where their landexists.

(III) Some Baiga families told that the land,which is given to them, is still under the posses-sion of others and they can’t get benefit it.

(IV) Some Baiga families have cleaned thesloppy land near hills after removing stones andbushes etc. from there and prepared it for agri-culture. They want patta for the land and havebeen applying for it since a long time but havenot been able to get it till now.

/ 37Barriers in Agriculture as..........

(V) At some places it was found that thepatta given by the government is not appropri-ate. They don’t have genuine Khasra No. andMaps etc.

Thus the revenue records and the land givento them should also be up-dated.

During the survey, we have found many ex-amples of grabbing the lands of Baigas by othercommunities. Many cases are pending in thecourt. Since these people are uneducated, poorand helpless, the decisions are generally not in

their favor. There is a need to make the law(Section 170 - B) stricter. The land, occupiedby other communities, must be returned to themimmediately. It should be confirmed that theland allotted should not be disputed. If the landis uneven, it should be leveled before giving itto them.

The pending land cases in the court shouldbe resolved at the earliest. In this manner wecan increase the quantity of their agricultural landand they can also lead a stable and settled life.

References :

Shrivastava M. (2011). The Effect of Government Programmes on the EconomicStatus of Baiga Tribes in Chhattisgarh, Unpublished Project Report forU.G.C. New Delhi.pp-79.

Vaishnav T.K. (2008).Chhattisgarh ki Aadim janjatiyan...tribal research and traininginstitute, Raipur.pp.47-49.

Vikas yojana (2004-5).Deptt. of Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribedevelopment.pp.05-06.

Report of Baiga Vikas Abhikaran, Distt. Kawardha (C.G.), 2010pp. 86.

38 /

Glimpse of New Women in ManjuKapoor’s “Difficult Daughters”

The paper attempts to study and analyse main women characters in Manju Kapoor’sfirst novel, “Difficult Daughters”, which was published in 1998. It is located against thebackdrop of India of 1940s and presents the problems of an upper middle class urbanArya Samaj Punjabi family in Amritsar. Kapoor speaks with great narrative eloquence onthe idea of independence. She has realistically depicted women of three generations, butthe main focus is on Virmati, the difficult daughter of the second generation. The noveldeals with issues like women education and feminine freedom. The novelist probes intothe psyche of Indian women living in joint families under male domination and writesabout the multi layered Indian experience in colonial and post colonial times.

Virmati, the main woman character, represents the spirit of “New Woman” of Indiawith her assertion of individuality, and yearning for education. But due to circumstances,she fails to show her strength of mind in love. She is caught in whirlpool of misplacedpassion towards the Oxford returned Professor who already had a wife. Ida is the daugh-ter of Veermati and the Professor and the novel reflects Ida’s opinion about her mother.She could not develop an understanding with her mother in her lifetime. Manju Kapoor,in “Difficult Daughters”, has tried to portray a new woman of India, who is just at theinitial stage of her journey towards independence and freedom from patriarchal society.She has to learn to keep equilibrium between her dreams and her responsibilities as awoman.

*Dr.(Mrs.) Neelu Shrivastava

*Govt. Digvijay Auto. P.G. College Rajnandgaon (C.G.)




Women’s writing in India is consistentlyevolving, redefining itself through newer per-spectives and the changing role of women inthe modern world. So much has been writtenon women’s writings and so much still remainsunsaid. With the rise in the levels of literacy and

exposure to multiple media, women in Indiahave become more and more vocal and unin-hibited about their experiences and expressions.The realm of women’s writing in India, as such,is a last ocean where many a pearl still remainshidden in its bosom. One of such gems is Manju

Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015, Page38-42

/ 39Glimpse of New Women.............

Kapoor’s “Difficult Daughters”, recipient of thecommon wealth writer’s prize for Best Book(Eurasia region).

“Difficult Daughters” was Manju Kapoor’sfirst novel which was published in 1998. It islocated against the backdrop of India of 1940sand presents the problems of an upper middleclass urban Arya Samaj Punjabi family inAmritsar. The novel won the CommonwealthWriters Prize in 1999 for being the best pub-lished book in Eurasian Region. Kapoor speakswith great narrative eloquence on the idea ofindependence and the novel set against thebackground of partition, which deals with is-sues like women education and feminine free-dom. She probes into the psyche of Indianwomen living in joint families under male domi-nation and writes about the multi layered In-dian experience in colonial and post colonialtimes, reflecting upon the devastation of parti-tion and the problems of women in particular.

The novel is set around the turbulent year ofWorld War II and the partition of India. ManjuKapoor has realistically depicted women ofthree generations, but the main focus is onVirmati, the difficult daughter of the secondgeneration.

The opening line of the novel gives a jolt tothe reader: “The one thing had wanted was notto be like my mother”, says Virmati’s onlydaughter Ida, a divorcee and childless lady.During her mother’s life time she could not de-velop an understanding with her and afterVirmati’s death, she realizes it which engulfs herwith guilt. She sets out on a journey into hermother’s past.

Being the eldest daughter, Virmati was bur-dened with family duties because of hermother’s incessant pregnancies. Virmati?smother Kasturi was brought up upon the con-

ventional principles of patriarchal society wheremarriage was the ultimate destiny of a girl’s lifeand marriage implied that a girl had to worktirelessly to please her in-laws.

“During Kasturi?s formal schooling it wasnever forgotten that marriage was her destiny.After she graduated, her education continuedat home. Her mother tried to ensure her futurehappiness by impeccable nature of herdaughter’s qualifications. She was going toplease her in-laws.”1

Commenting on her parental expectations,Virmati remarked, “They want nothing from mebut an agreement to marry.” 2 The women werecompelled to think of nothing else and it seemedto Virmati that her family could talk of nothingbut her wedding. They had no knowledge abouther inner life and her mental turmoil but unlikeother repressive patriarchal families her fatherwas more liberated in his outlook and thinking.She refused to accept the groom chosen byher family and attempted suicide. Her sister wasmarried off to the groom instead of her. Virmatiexpressed her desire to pursue higher studiesand follow the lines of her cousin Shakuntala.For Virmati, education signified an escape fromthe reproaches of her family and freedom fromher mother’s control. Virmati and Shakuntala,the so-called “difficult daughters” of the family,represent the evolving consciousness of themodern Indian woman of the forties. But un-like Shakuntala, Virmati was not serious aboutsecuring education and professional indepen-dence for her own sake. She sought it as a re-spite to escape from the pressures of the illicitlove relationship she had entered into with hermarried professor. When she informed hermother that she would like to go to Lahore topursue further education, Kasturi reproachedher daughter, “When I was your age, girls only

40 /Glimpse of New Women.............

left their house when they married. And be-yond a certain age…” 3 Kasturi felt that Virmatihad been sent to her as a punishment that shehad to bear for life. She castigated her daugh-ter for nurturing dreams which were unconven-tional and improper for a girl to cherish. Shereminded her how “a woman without her ownhome and family is a woman without moorings,and implored her to settle down into domesticlife like other girls of her age did.” 3 Virmatirebelled against her mother’s expectations andleft for Lahore. Although she said to the worldthat she left to study in Lahore, yet in reality itwas an attempt to find a respite from the pro-fessor. In an attempt to forget the man whohad never acknowledged or recognized theirrelationship she wanted to explore the life be-yond the mundane domestic sphere which nowomen in family except her cousin Shakuntalahad access to. Shakuntala had described herliberated lifestyle in Lahore to her cousin, “Wetravel, entertain ourselves in the evenings; fol-low each other’s work, read papers, attendseminars.” The words enthralled and inspiredVirmati, she blurted out in excitement, “I wantto be like you Behnji…”

It is true that Virmati represents the spirit of“New Woman” of India with her assertion ofindividuality, and yearning for education. Butdue to circumstances, consequently she fails toshow her strength of mind in love. She wascaught in whirlpool of misplaced passion to-wards the Oxford returned Professor who al-ready had a wife. Virmati had to bear lots offamily duties from childhood because of hermother’s incessant pregnancies and had a re-pressed craving for love and affection. Profes-sor Harish had filled her emptiness with loveand she helplessly fell in love with him. Despitehis education and understanding Harish lacked

the courage and ability to support Virmati fordespite the fact that he could not love his illiter-ate wife, yet he could not leave her. Virmati toowas aware of the hopelessness of the illicit loveaffair. She reproached him with harsh wordswhen she heard the news of his wife’s preg-nancy as well as his simultaneous confession oflove for her, “You think you can do what youlike so long as you go on saying you love”. Herdecision to go to Lahore was prompted by thedesire to forget him.Virmati desperately soughtan escape from her meaningless life and thoughtthat pursuit of higher education might enableher to do so. She aspired to an independentlife like that of Shakuntala. Despite her des-peration to forget the professor she helplesslyfailed and became more entangled with him.Being away from her home, and moral controlexercised by her mother, she succumbed to hispassionate demands. 4

Through Ida’s conscious decision to be dif-ferent from her mother we are introduced tothe question of defiance and generation gap.Every new generation seeks to defy its prede-cessor, and fight against the anxiety ofinfluence.Virmati challenged Kasturi’s prin-ciples, Ida could not accept Virmati’s. Virmatifailed in her mission. She succumbed to theprofessor’s implorations and passions in herloneliness during her stay at Lahore and help-lessly yielded to the temptations of the body.Thereupon she realized that she had becomepregnant and was left with no other alternativebut to go in for an abortion. She knew that theprofessor would not render any support to herin her hours of crisis and

Left with no other alternative she decidedto take the action to save her family fromshame. She regretted the fact that she who hadcome to Lahore for expanding her mental hori-

/ 41

zons had done nothing but ended up gettingmore and more helplessly involved in a uselessand meaningless love relationship which hadgiven her nothing but pain. She wanted to dosomething meaningful in her life like her room-mate Swarnalatha, who was a freedom activ-ist, but she failed to transcend her underlyingneed for love and emotional dependence.Virmati doesn’t blossom into a “New woman”in the real sense. Her emotional dependenceon the professor, who constantly evades thequestions of marriage, stops her from doinganything that he disproves. She is being usedby the professor and he enjoys the better ofthe two worlds. Even when professor eventu-ally marries her very reluctantly, she is given anoutcast status and faces exclusion from hearthetc. which is the sole domain of the professor’sfirst wife, Ganga. Professor Harish’s attitudetowards her is patronizing and arrogant. Un-dergoing a gradual process of self-effacement,her energies are directed towards pleasing himwhile she herself remains parched and ultimatelygets an insignificant death. 5

Thus, though she dares to cross one patri-archal threshold, she is caught into another. Herfree spirit is curbed and all she does is “adjustcompromise and adapt”. We find in Virmati in-cipient new woman, who is conscious, intro-spective, educated who wants to carve a lifefor her. Although she represents womanhoodby violating current social codes yet she lacksconfidence, self-control and farsightedness. Sheis physically imprisoned with a need to be emo-tionally and intellectually dependant on a supe-rior force Professor Harish. It is perhaps thisknowledge through which the patriarchy works.She fails to break the “dependence syndrome.”She defies social expectation to assert her in-dividuality and hopes to achieve self fulfillment.

But what does she really get? She is a loserwhose acts totally separate her from her ownfamily and she fails to make a space for herselffor which she had been striving. Thus, it is thisinability of Virmati to strike independent rootsand grow that makes Ida remark “The one thingI had wanted was not to be like my mother.”

We find the trace of feminism in the novelthrough Ida’s impatience towards her mother’sweakness. When parvati, her Masi says thatVirmati was simple girl at heart, Ida says “I hatethe word simple. Nobody has any business tolive in the world and no nothing about its ways.”No Woman, who dares to spurn patriarchalprotection, can afford to be ignorant and simple.The concluding lines of the novel reiterate Ida’srejection of Virmati, not as mother but as awoman. “This book weaves a connection be-tween my mother and me, each word a brickin a mansion I made with my head and myheart. Now live in it, Mama, and leave me be.Do not haunt me anymore”. 6 Ida, who grewup struggling to be the model daughter, doesnot have the heart to reject Virmati, the mother,but her head, the rationale, rejects her as awoman after having an insight into Virmati’s past.Ida admires Swarnalata who enters into a widersociopolitical sphere. Through her the novelistseems to say that a woman can maintain herindividuality and pursue her interest withoutthreatening the family structures. A womanshould be aware, self controlled, strong willedand self reliant having faith in the inner strengthof womanhood. 7

Thus Manju Kapoor, in “Difficult Daugh-ters”, has tried to portray a new woman of In-dia, who is just at the initial stage of her journeytowards independence and freedom from pa-triarchal. She has to learn to keep equilibriumbetween her dreams and her responsibilities as

Glimpse of New Women.............

42 / Glimpse of New Women.............

a woman. She represented feminism keepingin her mind Indian Context. She has depicted

the new woman and her complex psyche notonly as a woman but also as a human being.

References:

1. Kapoor M (1998), Difficult Daughters, Faber and Faber: London p.58.

2. Ibid,p.100

3. Ibid,p.111

4. Malik S. (2002) “Crossing patriarchal Threshold”, Indian writing is English, ed. RajulBharagava, New Delhi, Rawat publications, p. 175.

5. Bahari, H.K. (2006) Creative forum, ed. Harpreet Kaur, New Delhi, Bahari Publications, p.87.

6. Kapoor M (1998), Difficult Daughters, Faber and Faber: London p.58.

7. Kumar A.(2010), Novels of Manju Kapur: A Feministic Study, New Delhi:SwarupPublishers, p.143

/ 43

Sociological Significance ofLanguage

A society owes its existence to inter-personal relationships among men and a com-mon language brings them together. There are different groups and societies and thereare different languages. Some languages are more evolved than others, and this is alldue to different sociological needs. The level of language is determined by cultural stan-dards of living, which account for the difference between a language and its dialects—that is, between language with standard vocabulary and conventional grammar andnon-standard varieties of the language lacking refinement and grammar. With the devel-opment of human society, there cropped up problems of communication as well as real-ization of social ends. The paper discusses the scope of language widening with thegrowing needs of society and inter-personal relationships going beyond local limits.

A society owes its existence to inter-per-sonal relationships among men and a commonlanguage brings them together. There are dif-ferent groups and societies and there are dif-ferent languages. Some languages are moreevolved than others, and this is all due to dif-ferent sociological needs. The level of languageis determined by cultural standards of living,which account for the difference between a lan-guage and its dialects1—that is, between thelanguage with standard vocabulary and con-

ventional grammar and non-standard varietiesof language lacking refinement and grammar. Isay “conventional grammar” because the logi-cal foundation of speech has elements whichare parts of what we call “basic grammar.”

A dialect is not free from basic grammar be-cause it determines the social context of speechand makes communication possible. For ex-ample, the situation that obtains for communi-cation is that there is a speaker and (at least) alistener and the speaker talks about himself or

*Dr. Oorja Ranjan Sinha,

*Assistant Professor of English, D. P. Vipra Mahavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.)


Reviewed24 March

Accepted26 March


44 / Sociological Significance.....

the listener(s) or about somebody or something.The speaker addresses himself as “I,” ad-dresses the listener as “you,” and refers to be-ings and things as “he, she, it” etc. Thus weknow that it is the pronouns that provide thecontext of speech.2

.We may ask as to what we communicate.The question addressed needs explanation lestit becomes ambiguous. The expression “whatwe communicate” does not refer to specificcontent but the general framework. For ex-ample, talking about a Subject—that is, some-body or something—we either say what theSubject is or is not, or what the Subject doesor does not do, and this involves the use ofverbs and modifiers. Then, the use of namingwords and modifiers necessitates words thatserve as connective.

With the development of human society, therecropped up problems of communication be-cause basic grammar and an infinitesimal vo-cabulary could not fulfill the needs of commu-nication. Therefore, early societies increasedtheir vocabulary, developed grammatical con-ventions and worked out certain concepts anddevices to facilitate communication. The scopeof communication widened 3 with the growingneeds of society and inter-personal relation-ships going beyond local limits. Further socialdevelopment exposed the narrow limits of ver-bal communication, and the ways and meansof communicating ideas and feelings in writinghad to be worked out. Languages devised their

alphabets so that the sounds obtained in thepronunciation of their words could be repre-sented by letter(s.) But writing down wordsusing a particular alphabet has its own prob-lems relating to spelling and pronunciation ofwords. Take for example, the English language.As there is less number of letters in its alphabetthan there are sounds, English uses a group ofletters to produce units of sound—e.g., ch, chh,dh, etc. English, being a syllabic 4 language then,faces the problem of spelling. The word “of-ten” contains two units of sound (syllables) “aw”and “fn” and to retain both sounds in the pro-nunciation of the word it has to have a silentletter in between to keep the two sounds intactand separate. Now, take the example of Urdulanguage. An Urdu-speaking person pro-nounces names differently than the way we do.He calls out Ravindra’s name as ‘Ravinder.’ Itis not that he cannot utter ‘dra,’ but the Urduscript does not allow him to say it. The letters“re,” “vao” and “dal,” which respectively rep-resent the sounds “ra,” “va” and “da,” do notjoin their following letter. Thus, the way of writ-ing the name gives the person’s name to readas R(a)-v(a)-ind(a)-r(a)—that is, R(a)Vin-D(a)R(a), or to read the same at one stretch—Ravinder. Perhaps, our alphabet, the alphabetfor Sanskrit and other languages, is most ratio-nal, scientific and orderly: each letter of the al-phabet has a distinct sound and— to say it theother way—each sound has a distinct letter torepresent it. Taking down dictation without

/ 45Sociological Significance.....

committing spelling mistakes or reading out thewritten text with correct pronunciation is easy;however, the case is different with other lan-guages. The superior quality of such alphabetmay be referred to make this point that the so-ciety that had it in its language was more devel-oped than other societies having other alpha-bets.

A sociological aspect of language emergedin the last century during the days of women’slib movement. The women fighting against malesupremacy in society vehemently opposed theuse of words that implied gender bias.5 Forexample, they would object to such statementas this one: “If anyone encounters difficulty insolving a mathematical problem, he may con-sult me.” They would object to the use of thepronoun “he” as it refers to a male human be-ing. They would argue that one could legiti-mately use the pronoun “she” instead of “he,”but if one used the pronoun “he” instead of“she,” one was showing preference for the maleperson. Why males should be given pre-emi-nence or priority over females if they all areequal and in a cultured society women are con-sidered more respectable? To give womenequal importance, one could write “he/she.”But, then there is a problem. One could write‘he/she,’ but how one would say it. It was sug-gested that “them” should replace the phrase “he/she.” The statement as modified would then be:“If anyone encounters difficulty in solving a math-ematical problem, they may consult me.” Thissentence obviously violates the grammatical rule

of number agreement between the terms, for“anybody” is singular whereas “them” is plural.

This objection had to be overruled and ac-cepted as usage. Such usage is free from gen-der bias and it becomes indicative of a societywhich denies men priority against women orauthority over them. I may comment here thatthe use of language is not without sociologicalsignificance because the use of a gender-neu-tral language seeks to undermine patriarchalauthority and give women equal status with men.

The vocabulary of a language can be usedto infer stages or levels of societal develop-ment. Not much need be said about it, becauseit is an obvious truth. You need more wordsbecause you have more ideas, and you needmore words because you care for better ex-pression. Saying things in a better way is a cul-tural issue, and refinement in expression is morethan a matter of an individual behaving nicely; itsignifies the standard of society. Moreover, alanguage with a large vocabulary can be inter-preted as being the language of a society, whichis powerful. For instance, English has perhapsmore words in its dictionary than any other lan-guage because it has in it words from languagesof the countries the British ruled.

An important aspect of communication istranslation. Ideas available in one language canbe communicated in another language. This,then, is an extension of inter-personal relation-ship between members of two different lingualcommunities, and an indication of the societygrowing up.

46 / Sociological Significance.....

References:

1. Ray, Tapas S. (ed.), 1996 Sociolinguistics II (p.13) Introduction to Linguistics, BlockV, Hyderabad: CIEFL.

2. Varma, V.K., 2011 Facts about Language, A Grammar Guide to Clear & CorrectExpression. Bloomington: Author House.

3. Fishman, J., 1971 ‘The Sociology of Language: An inter-disciplinary approach to language in society’ in J. Fishman (ed.) Advances in the Sociology of Language. TheHague:Mouton

4. Syllable means a group of letters serving as a unit of sound.

5. Varma, V.K., 2014 Introduction (p. 6), An English Grammar Supplement, Bloomington:Partridge (-Penguin).

6. Pride, J.B. (ed.), 1979 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Language Learning and Teaching. Oxford:Oxford University Press.

7. Hornby, A.S., 1975 Guide to Patterns & Usage in English. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress

/ 47Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015, Page 47-54

lgk;d izk/;kidksa ds ewY;ksa ijfyax dk izHkko

*lgk;d izk/;id] euksfoKku 'kkl- LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] do/kkZ ¼N-x-½

lgk;d çè;kid ,d çdkj ls egkfo|ky;hu f'k{kd gksrs gSA vr% muls Hkh èkukRed ewY;ksadh mifLFkfr visf{kr gksrh gSA iz'u mBrk gS fd D;k lHkh lgk;d çkè;kidksa esa ewY;ksa dhmifLFkfr leku gksrh gS ;k fQj mlesa varj ik;k tkrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd vkt Hkhefgykvksa esa iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa èkuked ewY;ksa dh çèkkurk gSA Bhd mlh çdkj iq:"kksa esa lS}kafUrdewY; vfèkd ek=k esa ns[ks tkrs gSaA orZeku le; esa ;g leL;k gS fd D;k efgyk ,oa iq:"klgk;d çkè;kidksa ds chp ewY;ksa esa vUrj gSA bl leL;k dks ysdj orZeku vè;;u çk;ksftrgSA bl vè;;u gsrq NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ds 60 lgk;d çkè;kidksa ¼30 efgyk ,oa 30 iq:"k ½ dkp;u fd;k x;kA vè;;u ds fy;s M‚- vkj-ds- vks>k ,oa M‚- egs'k HkkxZo }kjk fufeZr ewY;ijh{k.k dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA iq:"kksa esa lkSaUn;kZRed rFkk èkkfeZd ewY;ksa esa deh fn[kkbZ nhAefgyk lgk;d çkè;kidksa esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuSfrd ewY; lkekU; Lrj dsa gSAlS)kfUrd ewY;ksa esa mUgksaus vkSlr ls vfèkd Lrj dks çkIr fd;kA ogha èkkfeZd ewY;ksa ds fy;smUgksaus dkQh de :fp çnf'kZr dh gSA vUrr% ik;k x;k fd efgyk ,oa iq:"k lgk;d çè;kidksads ewY;ksa esa dksbZ fo'ks"k vUrj ugha gSA dqN ewY;ksa esa ;fn vUrj fn[kkbZ Hkh fn;k gS rks og Hkh ughads cjkcj gSA

Received14 Feb. 2015

Reviewed20 Feb 2015

Accepted26 Feb. 2015

Mk- clar dqekj lksucsj

çR;sd euq"; dks vius thou esa cgqr lsvuqHko çkIr gksrs gSa bUgh vuqHkoksa ls dqN lkekU;fl)kar tUe ysrs gSa] tks euq"; ds O;ogkj dksfunZsf'kr djrs gSaA ,sls lkekU; fl)kar tks

ekuo thou dks ,d n'kZu ds :i esa ifjofrZrdj nsrs gSa rFkk thou dks thus dh ,d fof'k"Vdyk dks tUe nsrs gSa ,oa muds iFk çn'kZd ds:i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA mUgsa ewY; vFkok oSY;wt

*

48 / lgk;d izk/;kidksa ds ewY;ksa ------------

ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS O;fä ds ewY; bl ckrdk niZ.k gksrs gSa fd os viuh lhfer 'kfDr ,oale; esa D;k djuk pkgrs gS\ thou ds iFkçn'kZd ds :i esa ewY; vuqHkoksa ds lkFk&lkFkvkSj ifjiDo gksrs tkrs gSaA

lkekU; :i ls ewY; dk ç;ksx O;fä;ksa dh:fp;ksa] çsj.kkvksa ,oa vfHkofRr ds ekiu ds fy;sfd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ewY; O;fä dh:fp;ksa çsj.kkvksa ,oa vfHkofÙk;ksa dh vksj bafxrdjrs gSA ewY; dh O;k[;k ,oa foospuk fofHkUuys[kdksa }kjk fofHkUu çdkj ls dh x;h gSA th-b-ewj o pkYlZ ekSfjl us ewY;ks a dh fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksadk vè;;u djus ds ckn crk;k fd ewY; tSlsçR;; dks ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSrFkk ;g lR; Hkh gS fd ewY; dh ifjHkk"kk djukvR;Ur dfBu dk;Z gSA ewY;ksa dh nk'kZfudifjHkk"kk,a bls Hkkouk laosx ,oa :fp;ksa ds lanHkZesa Lohdkj djrh gSA lHkh lq[knk;h Hkkouk,a ,oafl)kar ewY; esa fufgr gSA

vkyiksVZ ¼1951½ erukuqlkj ewY; ogfØ;k gS tks fdlh mf}iu ls mf}Ir gksrh gSApUnzdqekjk ¼2011½ ds vuqlkj] ge vius nSfudthou esa lexzrk] Lora=rk] futrk] rFkk Lkkekftd,oa lkaLdfrd ifjis{; esa lac/k] fo'okl] Hkjkslk]tSls “kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA mlh izdkj gevius dk;Z thou esa mRikndrk] dk;Zdq'kyrk]yphykiu] miyfC/k] rFkk bekunkjh atSls “kCnksij cy nsrsa gSA ;s lHkh “kCn O;fDr ds eqY;ks dksiznf'kZr djrsa gSaA ekuo vius thou ds izR;sdi{k esa bu lkekftd] lkaLdfrd] vkfFkZd rFkklkSUn;kZkRed ewY;ksa dks ysdj pyrk gSA

gsaMjlu ,oa Fkkelu ¼2003½ us ewY; dksifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk fd ;g O;fDr dhizkFkfedrk ,oa ojh;rk dk ;ksx gSA izkFkfedrk

dk vk'k; ;g gS fd O;fDr vius thou esa D;kizkIr djuk pkgrk gSA ogh ojh;rk n'kkZrh gSfd bu lHkh izkFkfedrkvks dk dze D;k gSAxjgkVZ ¼2008½ ds vuqlkj eqY; O;fDr dks blckr dks le>us ds ;ksX; cukrk gS fd gekjsfu.kZ;u ,oa O;ogkjksa ds ihNs gekjs izsj.kk] fo'okl,oa ekU;rk,a gSAlkfgR; dk vè;;u

ewY;ksa ds loZçFke vè;;u dk Js; vkyiksVZ,oa ouZu ¼1951½ dks tkrk gSA LiSaxj ¼1928½egksn; us viuh iqLrd Types of Man esa bldh,d gYdh :ijs[kk çLrqr dh Fkh ¼vkyiksVZ1931½A vkt gekjs ikl ewY; ij dsfUær dbZvè;;u gSA if'pfe ns'kksa esa bl ij vusdvè;;u fd;s x;sA ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'k Hkkjr esabl ij de gh vè;;u gks ik,A

eSddkFkÊ ¼1942½ }kjk {ksf=; ,oa èkkfeZdlewgksa dks ysdj vè;;u fd;k x;kA ftlesalewgksa ds chp mYys[kuh; varj ik;k x;kAewY;ksa esa ifjorZu dks ysdj fd;s x;s vè;;uksa esavlZsfuvu ¼1943½] cqtZsekbZLVj ¼1940½ rFkk OghVys¼1933½ }kjk cgqewY; ;ksxnku fn;k x;kA bldsiqjkus çk:i dks vlZsfu;u ¼1943½] MQh ,oalkfFk;ks ¼1940½] lfcZu ,oa lkFkh ¼1940½ }kjkLVªkax ds O;olkf;d :fp çi= ls rqyuk dhx;hA lkFk gh lkFk dksgsu ¼1941½] us bls dbZlkekftd vfHkofRr ekifu;ksa }kjk lglEcfUèkrdjus dh dksf'k'k dhA

fQ'kj ¼1948½ us bl ijh{k.k dks nksLrh dsçk:iksa ds lkFk lEcfUèkr fd;kA ewY; tks ,dO;fä esa ik;k tkrk gS bldh izfr/ofu dbZçdkj ls çR;f{kr rFkk laKkukRed :i ls fn[kkbZnsrh gSA ewY;ksa dks ekius ds fy, dbZ vU; çdkjds ifj{k.kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA Y;wjh ¼1937½

/ 49lgk;d izk/;kidksa ds ewY;ksa ------------

us vius dkjdh; vè;;u esa ik;k fd lkekftd]fo"k;klä] lS)kfUrd ,oa èkkfeZd pkj ewY;fdlh O;fä ds O;fäRo dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dsfy;s i;kZIr gSA okax ¼1992½us viusa v/;u esik;k fd fyax ] vk;q rFkk f'k{kk deZpkfj;ksa dsdk;Z ewY;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ rjhds ls izHkkfor djrhgSAvè;;u ds mís';%

f'k{kd lekt dk ekxZ ç'kLr djrk gSA ogftu Nk=ksa dks f'kf{kr djrs gS ogh ns'k dkHkfo"; gksrs gSaA vr% ,d f'k{kd esa èkukRedewY;ksa dk gksuk ml lekt ds fy;s visf{kr gksrkgS ftlls fd mlds ewY;ksa ds çHkko ls Nk=ksa esaHkh mfpr ewY;ksa dk fodkl gks ldsA lgk;dçè;kid ,d çdkj ls egkfo|ky;hu f'k{kdgksrs gSA vr% muesas Hkh èkukRed ewY;ks a dhmifLFkfr visf{kr gksrh gSA ç'u mBrk gS fdD;k lHkh lgk;d çkè;kidks a es a ewY;ks a dhmifLFkfr leku gksrh gS ;k fQj mlesa varjik;k tkrk gSA

çkphu Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laL—fr esa efgykrFkk iq:"k ds fy;s iFkd&iFkd ewY; visf{krFksA ysfdu vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa blesa dkQh ifjorZuns[kus dks feyk gSA vusd iqjkus ewY; VwV x;srFkk u;s ewY;ks dk fuekZ.k gqvkA fQj Hkh çkphulkaL—frd çfrekuksa dk çHkko Hkh cuk gqvk gSA,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd vkt Hkh efgykvksa esaiq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa èkuked ewY;ksa dh çèkkurkgSA Bhd mlh çdkj iq:"kksa esa lS}kafUrd ewY;vfèkd ek=k esa ns[ks tkrs gSaA orZeku le; esa;g leL;k gS fd D;k efgyk ,oa iq:"k lgk;dçkè;kidksa ds chp ewY;ksa esa vUrj gSA bl leL;kdks ysdj orZeku vè;;u çk;ksftr gSAçfrn'kZ dk p;u%

bl vè;;u gsrq NÙkhlx<+ jkT; ds 60lgk;d çkè;kidksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA lekurqyuk lewg cukus ds fy;s loZçFke ;knfPNd:i ls 30 efgyk ,oa 30 iq:"k lgk;d çkè;kidksadk p;u fd;k x;kA vè;;u esa fy;s x;s lHkhlgk;d çkè;kid NÙkhlx<+ 'kklu ds mPpf'k{kk foHkkx ds varxZr uofu;qä gSA pwfdvfHkeq[khdj.k dk;ZØe esa dkQh lgk;dçkè;kid ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo-fo- ds ,dsfMfedLVkQ dkyst esa ,d= gq;s gS vr% muls vkxzgdj ç'ukoyh HkjokbZ x;hAmidj.k%

orZeku vè;;u ds fy;s M‚- vkj-ds- vks>k,oa M‚- egs'k HkkxZo ¼2012½ }kjk fufeZr ewY;ijh{k.k dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl ijh{k.kdk çkd'ku us'kuy lkbZdksykftdy dkikZsjs'kuvkxkjk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ewY; ijh{k.k gsrqHkkjr esa fufeZr ;g çFke ijh{k.k gSA bl ijh{k.kesa vkyiksVZ ,oa ouZu }kjk of.kZr N% ewY;ksa Øe'k%lS)kfUrd] vkfFkZd] lkSUn;kZRed] lkekftd]jktuSfrd ,oa èkkfeZd ewY;ksa dk ekiu fd;ktkrk gSA bl ewY; ijh{k.k esa dqy 45 ç'u gSa]tks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkä gSA çFke Hkkx esa 30 rFkkf}rh; Hkkx esa 15 ç'u gSA blesa 'kfä p;u inksa¼Force choice items½ dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA;|fi blds djus ds fy; dksbZ le; lhekfuèkkZfjr ugha gS fQj Hkh blds ç'kklu esa yxHkx30 ls 40 feuV dk le; yx ldrk gSA

ijh{k.k dh vèkZfoPNsnu fofèk ls foÜoluh;rkKkr dh x;h gS tks fd lS)kfUrd ds fy;s 0-78] vkfFkZd ds fy;s 0-81 lkSan;kZRed ds fy;s 0-76 lkekftd ds fy;s] 0-82] jktuSfrd ds fy;s0-83 rFkk èkkfeZd ds fy;s 0-84 çkIr gq;h gSAmlh çdkj bldh vkarfjd laxfr oSèkrk Hkh Kkr

50 / lgk;d izk/;kidksa ds ewY;ksa ------------

dh x;h blds fy;s bl ijh{k.k dks 500 iq:"kFkk 300 efgyk Lukrdksa ,oa LukRdksÙkj Nk=ksa ijç'kkkflr fd;k x;kA

ifj.kke ,oa O;k[;kloZçFke ijh{k.k ls çkIr lHkh ç;ksT;ksa ds

O;fäxr çkIrkdksa dks vyx&vyx ewY;ksa dsfy;s iFkd fd;k x;kA rRi'pkr~ lHkh efgyk,oa lHkh iq:"k ç;ksT;ksa ds ewY;ksa dk vkSlr çkIrfd;k x;kA blds i'pkr vkSlr ewY;ksa dsekud ewY; Hkh Kkr fd;s x;sA bldk o.kZu

lkj.kh&2efgyk lgk;d çkè;kidksa ds ewY;ksa dh O;k[;k

Values Meanscore

StandardScore Interpretation

Theoretical 44.3 +0.51 High Values

Economic 36.95 0.43 Average Values

Aesthetic 29.69 -1.64 Very Poor Values

Social 42.34 +0.24 Average Value

Political 37.34 -0.27 Average Values

Religisious 34.21 -0.88 Poor Values

StandardScore

lkj.kh&1iq:"k lgk;d izk/;idksa dh ewY;ksa dh O;k[;k


lkj.kh Ø- 2 ls irk pyrk gS fd iq:"klgk;d çkè;kidksa us T;knkrj ewY;ksa ds fy;svkSlr çn'kZu fd;k gSA iq:"kksa ds lkSaUn;kZRedrFkk èkkfeZd ewY;ksa esa deh fn[kkbZ nh tks fdvisf{kr Fkh D;ksfd vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrkgS fd iq:"kksa dk :>ku lkSUn;Z ,oa èkeZ lslEcfUèkr {ks=ksa esa de gksrk gSA ogha nwljh vksjlS)kfUrd ewY; esa iq:"kksa us vkSlr ls vfèkdewY; vad çkIr fd;s gSA tksfd lkekU; èkkj.kkds vuqdwy gS iq:"k çk;% fl)kUroknh gksrs gSAvkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuSfrd ewY;ksa dsekud vad crkrs gS fd blesa iq:"k lgk;dçkè;kidksa dh fLFkfr vkSlr gSA ;fn ge lkj.khØ-2 ij utj Mkysa rks irk pyrk gS fd efgyklgk;d çkè;kidksa esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkkjktuSfrd ewY; lkekU; Lrj dk gSA lS)kfUrdewY;ksa esa mUgksaus vkSlr ls vfèkd Lrj dks çkIrfd;kA ogha èkkfeZd ewY;ksa ds fy;s mUgksaus dkQh

lkj.kh&3efgyk ,oa iq:”k lgk;d çkè;kidksa ds ewY;ksa dh rqyuk

ValuesStandard score

Diferenee(male) (Female)

Theoretical +053 +0.51 0.02

Economic -0.49 -0.43 0.06

Aesthetic -0.77 -1.64 0.87

Social +0.49 +0.24 0.25

Political -0.47 -0.27 0.2

Religisious -0.66 -0.88 0.22

de :fp çnf'kZr dh gSAmijksä lkjf.k;ksa ls Li"V gS fd efgyk rFkk

iq:"k nksuksa us lS)kafUrd ewY;ksa ¼TheoreticalValues) esa vkSlr ls vfèkd ewY; dk çn'kZufd;k gSA blesa bu nksuksa oxksZa ds chp 0-02ekud vadksa dk vUrj çkIr gqvkA tks u dscjkcj gSA bldh otg ;g gks ldrh gS fdlgk;d çkè;kid lewg mPp f'kf{kr gksrs gS ,oavius fl)kUrksa ds çfr ltx gksrs gSaA

vkfFkZd ewY;ksa (Economic Values) ds ekudvadksa ij utj Mkysa rks irk pyrk gS fd blesaHkh efgyk ,oa iq:"k lgk;d çkè;kidksa esa ek=¼0-06½ ekud vadksa dk vUrj çkIr gqvk ftlesaiq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa efgyk,a vkxs utj vk;hAvFkkZr~ vkfFkZd ewY;ksa ds çfr efgykvksa dk :>kuiq:"kks a ls vfèkd ns[kk x;kA ;fn O;k[;k(Interpretartion) ds :i esa ns[kk tk; rks nksuksadks eksVs rkSj ij ,d gh oxZ vkSlr ewY; esa j[kk

52 /lgk;d izk/;kidksa ds ewY;ksa ------------

x;k gSAlkSUn;ZfRed ewY;ksa (Aesthethic Value) ds

çfr efgyk ,oa iq:"k nksuksa lgk;d çkè;kidksadk è;ku de fn[kkbZ fn;kA ysfdu iq:"kksa dhrqyuk esa efgykvksa us lkSUn;ZfRed ewY;ksa ds çfrvfèkd cs:[kh çnf'kZr dh ¼vUrj¾0-87 ekudvadks dh ½A oxÊdj.k O;k[;k ds –f"Vdks.k lsns[kk tk; rks iq:"kksa us tgka (Poor Value) dkçn'kZu fd;k rks efgykvksa us (Very Poor Value)dk tks fd pkSdkus okys ifj.kke gSA D;ksafdvkerkSj ij efgykvksa dk :>ku lkSaUn;fRedewY;ksa ij vfèkd gksuk ekuk tkrk gSA ,slsifj.kke dh otg efgykvksa ds dk;Z dh ç—frgks ldrh gS mudh dk;Z dh ç—fr esa iq:"kksa lsdksbZ vUrj ugha gSA lkFk gh lS)kafUrd fo"k;ksadk vè;kiu djrs&djrs muds Hkh lkSUn;ZfRedewY; detksj gks x;s gSA

lkekftd ewY;ksa (Social Value) ds çfr nksuksagh rqyukRed lewgksa us vkSlr ewY; çnf'kZrfd;sA ;fn ge buds ekud vadksa dh rqyuk djsarks ikrs gS fd iq:"kksa us efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa 0-25 ekud vad vfèkd çkIr fd;sA bldh otgiq:"kksa dk vius lkekftd lewgksa esa vfèkdlfØ; gksuk gks ldrk gSA ;fn ge viusHkkjrh; laL—fr dh thou 'kSyh ij utj Mkysrks ikrs gSa fd efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa iq:"kksa dksgh ?kj ds ckgj ds dk;ksZa esa vfèkd tkuk vkukiM+rk gSA ftlls mudk lkekftd lEidZefgykvksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gks tkrk gSA

jktuSfrd ewY;ksa (Political Value) esa Hkh gesanksuksa rqyukRed lewgksa esa dksbZ fo'ks"k vUrjfn[kkbZ ugha fn;kA O;k[;kRed oxÊdj.k ds–f"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa rks nksuksa gh lewgksa esa vkSlrewY; ds ekud vad çkIr fd;sA ;fn ge musd

ekud vadksa dh rqyuk djsa rks ikrs gS fd efgykoxZ us iq:"k oxZ dh rqyuk esa 0-20 ekud vadvfèkd çkIr fd;s tks fd ,d pkSdkus okykifj.kke gSa D;ksafd vkerkSj ij iq:"k oxZ dksjktuSfrd fØ;kdykiksa esa vfèkd lfØ; gksrsgq;s ns[kk x;k gSA orZeku vè;;u ds ifj.kkeçnf'kZr djrs gS fd efgykvksa us Hkh blesa iq:"kksals cjkcjh dj yh gSA

tc ge ewY;ksa dh ckr djrs gS rks lclsegRoi w. k Z e wY; gk sr k g S èk kfe Zd e wY;(ReligiousValue) D;ksafd blesa uSfrd ewY;ksa dklekos'k vius vki gks tkrk gSA ;fn ge vè;;uesa fy;s x;s nksuksa lewgksa ds èkkfeZd ewY;ksa dhvksj utj nkSM+k,a rks ikrs gS fd nksuksa gh lewgksaus blesa ¼Poor Value½ iznf'kZr fd;k gSA tks fdfpark dk fo"k; gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk ;fn gebuds ekud vadksa dh rqyuk djsa rks ikrs gS fdefgykvksa dh ekud vad iq:"kksa ls 0-22 vadde gSA vFkkZr~ efgykvksa us iq:"kksa ls deèkkfeZd ewY; çnf'kZr fd;s gSA gekjh Hkkjrh;laL—fr esa ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd efgyk,aèkkfeZd ç—fr dh gksrh gSA ysfdu efgyk lgkd;çkè;kidksa us bl èkkj.kk dks rksMu+s dk ç;klfd;k gSA bldh otg ;g gks ldrh gS fdmPp f'k{kk çkIr efgyk lgk;d çkè;kidksa dkiqjkus èkkfeZd vkMEcjksa] deZ dk.Mksa ls eksg Hkaxgks x;k gSA mudk –f"Vdks.k vc O;kid ,oaoSKkfud gks jgk gSA

bl iwjh vè;;u ls ge bl fu"d"kZ ijigqaprs gS fd efgyk ,oa iq:"kksa ds ewY;ksa esadksbZ fo'ks"k vUrj ugha gSA dqN ewY;ksa esa ;fnvUrj fn[kkbZ Hkh fn;k gS rks og Hkh ugha dscjkcj gSA ,sls ifj.kke bl ckr dk ?kksrd gSfd mPp f'k{kk çkIr fo)ku lgk;d çkè;kid


References:Allport G.W. (1931) Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, New York: Henry Holt

Allport, G.W.; Vernon, P.E. and Lindzey, G (1951), Study of Values (Revised Edition), NewYork: Houghton Mifflin

Andersen, R.G. (1938), Some Technological Aspects of Counseling Adult Women. Journal ofApplied Psychol., 22,455

Arsenian, S. (1943) Change in Evaluative Attitudes during Four Years of College Students. Arch.Psychol. N.Y.: 255.

Burgemeister, B.B. (1940) The performance of interests of women college students.Arch.Psychol., N.Y. :255

Chandrakumara, A. (2011) Value of values for practicing managers and leaders, Problems andPerspectives in Management, Volume 9, Issue 2, Australia. P 80 .

Cohen, J.B. (1941). A Scale for the Measurement of Attitude toward the Aesthetic Value.J.Psychol., 12, 75

Duffy, E. (1940) A Critical Review of Investigation Employing the Allport. Vernon Study of Valuesand Other tests of Evaluative Attitude. Psychol. Bull., 597

Dukes, W.F. (1955) Psychological Studies of Vales. Psycho, Bull. 52, 24

Fisher, S.C. (1948) Relationships in Attitudes, Opinions and Values among Family Members.University of California Press.

Gerhart, B. (2008). Cross-cultural Management Research: Assumptions, Evidence, and SuggestedDirections, International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 8 (3), pp. 259-274.

oxZ esa efgyk ;k iq:"k gksus ls muds ewY;ksa esadksbZ [kkl QdZ ugha gksrk gSA nwljh egRoiw.kZckr ;g gS fd tc ge bu nksuksa lewgksa dsiFkd&iFkd lHkh ewY; çdkjksa ds lanHkZ esarqyuk djrs gSa rks ikrs gS fd nksuksa gh lewgksa esalkSUn;fRed ewY;ksa rFkk èkkfeZd ewY;ksa esa dehns[kh x;hA tks dqN gn rd fpark dk fo"k;

gks ldrh gSA gekjs èkkfeZd xzZaFkksa esa gh uSfrdewY; fn;s gq;s gS ;fn gekjs lgk;d çè;kidmu uSfrd ewY;ksa ds çfr Hkh blh çdkj dsekud vad çnf'kZr djrs gS rks ;g fpark dkfo"k; gks ldrk gSA D;ksafd vkt gekjs ns'k dksgh ugha lEiw.kZ fo'o dks uSfrd ewY;ksa esa fodkldh njdkj gSA

54 /lgk;d izk/;kidksa ds ewY;ksa ------------

Henderson, M. and Thomson, D. (2003). Values at work: the invisible threads between people,performance and profit, Harper Collins Publishers, Auckland.

Louttit, C.M. and B. Rowne C.G. (1947). Psychometric Instrument in Psychological Clinics.J.Consult. Psychol., 11, 49

Lurie. W.A. (1937). A Study of Spranger’s Value- Types by the Method of Factor Analysis. J.Soc.Psychol., 8, 17

McCarthy, T.J. (1942). Personality Traits of Seminarians. Stud. Psycho. Psychiat, Cathol. Univ,Amer., 5, 4.

Printer, R. (1933). A Comparison of Interests. Abilities and Attitudes. J. Abnormal. Soc. Psychol.,27,351

Ray-Chowdhury, K. (1957-58). Allport- Vernon Study of Values Indian Situation. (Abstracts-Part III) Proceeding of 45th Session of the Indian Science Congress Association).

Sarbin, T.R. and Berdie, R.F. (1940). Relation of Measured Interests of the Allports-Vernon Studyof Values. J.Appl. Psychol., 24,287

Schaefer, B.R. (1936). The Validity and Utility of the Allport Vernon Study of Values test. J abnorm.Soc. Psychol., 30,419.

Seashores, H.C. (1947) Validation of the Study of Values for Two Vocational Groups at the College level. Educ. Psychol. Measmnt., 7,757

Spranger, E. (1928) Types of Men. (Trans., P.J.W.Pigors), Halle : Max Niemeyer Verlag.Vernon,P.E. and Allport, G.W. (1931). Study of Values. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Wang, G.B. (1992). Extrinsic and intrinsic work values: a comparative study of employees in theUnited States and Japan, Ph.D. Dissertation abstract, Brigham Young University, available at: http://wwwlib.umi.

Whitley, P.L. (1933). A study of the Allport-Vernon Test for Personal Values. J.Abnorm. Soc.Psychol., 28, 6.

/ 55Mind and Society ISSN 2277-6907Vol. 4, No.I, March 2015, Page 55-61

Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k vkSjlekos'kh fodkl

lgk- izk/;kid vFkZ'kkL= ia- jfo'kdj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½lgk- izk/;kid vFkZ'kkL= ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½

tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj 121 djksM+ vkcknh esa yxHkx vk/kh tula[;k 48.46 izfr'krefgykvksa dh gSA vk¡dM+ksa ls iznf'kZr gksrk gS tgkW ,d vksj efgyk,a dh lkekftd] jktuSfrd]vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa lrr~ fodkl fd;k gS ogh nwljh vksj f'k{kk] LokLFk] iks"k.k ds {ks= esa f}rh; Js.khds ukxfjd dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gS tcfd blds ckn Hkh efgyk,¡ pkgs Ñf"k {ks= gks ;k vkS|ksfxd{ks= lHkh {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj jgs gSA vr% ljdkj dks efgykvksa ds lokZaxh.k fodklds fy, ;kstuk cukus dh vko';drk gS rkfd efgyk, ns'k ds fodkl esa vkk/kkj LraEHk cu ldsAtc rd ns'k esa miyC/k efgyk Je dk iw.kZ:i ls mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk;sxk rc rd lekos"khfodkl dk y{; v/kwjk jgsxkA izLrqr v/;;u f}rh;d leadksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftlesa Hkkjr dsefgyk 'kfDr ds varxZr dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj] lk{kjrk nj ,oa jktuSfrd dk;ZlgHkkfxrk nj ,oaL=h iq:’k vuqikr dk v/;;u dj efgykvksa dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk v/;;u djus dkiz;kl fd;k x;k gSA



Accepted19 March

MkW- ch-,y- lksusdjMkW - vpZuk lsBh

ÁLrkoukefgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh ckr mBrs gh ;g

fparu vkjaHk gksrk gS fd D;k okLro esa efgyk;sadetksj gSa ;k l'kDr] tks muds l'kfDrdj.kdh vko';drk gSA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dkrkRi;Z gS] lkekftd lqfo/kkvkas dh miyC/krk]

jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd uhfr fu/kkZj.k esa Hkkxhnkjh]leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru vkfnAl'kfDrdj.k dk vFkZ& fdlh dk;Z dks djus ;kjksdus dh {kerk ls gS rkfd muds fy, lkekftdU;k; vkSj iq#"k efgyk lekurk dk y{; gkflygks ldsA l'kfDrdj.k dk vfHkizk; LkRrk izfr"Bkuksa

56 / Hkkjr es a efgyk l'kfDrdj.k--- - - - - - - - -

eas fL=;ksa dh lk>snkjh ls Hkh gS D;ksafd fu.kZ;ysus dh {kerk l'kfDrdj.k dk ,d cM+kekud gS1A

vkt fo'o ds gj ns'k esa lHkh txgefgykvksa ds leqfpr fodkl ,oa l'kfDrdj.kds fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k curk tk jgk gSAblh vk/kkj ij yksx 21oha lnh dks efgykvksadh lnh dh laKk ls foHkwf"kr djus yxs gSaAvc efgyk,¡ gj {ks= esa iq:"kksa ds lkFk dnels dne feykcj viuh vUrfuZfgr {kerk dscy ij vkRefo'okl vkSj lkgl ds lkFkiq:"k Á/kku lekt esa vius vfLrRo dk,glkl djkus dk lQy Á;kl dj jgh gSaAblds lkFk gh efgyk,¡ dh vkfFkZd] lkekftdvkSj jktuSfrd fLFkfr dks lqn‘<+ cukus dsfy, Á;kl vkt gj txg Lrj ij fd, tkjgs gSaA

oSf'od ifjn'; ij ge ns[ks rks :l tSlsfo'kky ns'k esa ogk¡ dwy tula[;k esa efgykvksadh la[;k iq:"kksa dh la[;k ls vf/kd gSAdqy tual[;k esa efgykvksa dk Áfr'kr 53Áfr'kr ds djhc gSA 'kSf{kd rFkk vkfFkZdnf"V ls Hkh ogk¡ ds efgykvksa dh fLFkfrdkQh vPNh gSA ;gk¡ 47 Áfr'kr efgyk,¡jkstxkj esa yxh gqbZ gSaA vkSj 50 Áfr'kr lsvf/kd efgyk,¡ fof'k"V mPprj f'k{kk ÁkIrgSaA 1993 esa :l esa ôhesu vkWQ ,f'k;k*uked ,d jktuSfrd laxBu cuk;k x;k]bldk dkj.k Fkk ns'k dh jktuhfr esa efgykvksadh Hkkxhnkjh de gksuk] ftldks ifj.kke Lo:i1993 ds lalnh; pquko esa 21 efgyk lnL;ksaus fot; gkfly dhA rc ls ogk¡ efgyk

jktuhfrKksa dh la[;k c<+rh x;hA blh ÁdkjvkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd nf"V lslEiUu ns'k tkiku us Hkh efgykvksa dh fLFkfrdks lqn<+ vkSj lHkh oxksZ esa mudh Hkkxhnkjhc<+kus ds fy, vusd Á;Ru fd;s gSa] ftldsQyLo:i ogk¡ efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa dkQhifjorZu vk;k gSA fiNys 20 o"kkZs esa tkikuds Je cktkj esa efgykvksa us iq:"kksa dhvis{kk rsth ls vius dne c<+k, gSaA blvof/k esa ogk¡ 60 Áfr'kr dh of) gqbZ gSAvkt 21oha lnh ds ÁkjaHk esa gh ogk¡ Jedkuwuksa esa la'kks/ku djds efgykvksa ds jkstxkjls lacaf/kr fu;eksa esa dkQh <hy nh xbZ gSAvc tkiku dh efgyk,¡ rhozre xfr lspyus okyh cqysV Vªsu Hkh pykus ds fy,rS;kj gks xbZ gSaA blh Ádkj bjku tSlsbLykfed ns'k esa Hkh] ogk¡ ds mnkjoknh 'kkldksaus efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds cjkcj vf/kdkjnsus dh ckr dks lkoZtfud :i ls Lohdkjfd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] igyh ckj 1997 esapkj efgyk U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA;|fi ÁkjaHk esa efgykvksa dks Á'kklu ,oajktuhfr esa leku vf/kdkj Ánku djus dsfy, vxz.kh Á;kl esa fo'ks"k :i ls la;qDrjkT; vesfjdk us lu~ 1611 Ýkal us 1788]fczVsu] tkiku tSls ns'kksa dk uke vkrk gSA 8ekpZ 1857 dks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk usleku osru ,oa 10 ?kaVs ds dk;Z fnol dsfu/kkZj.k gsrq gM+rky fd;k FkkA blh fnoldks fo'oHkj esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol ds:i esa euk;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ns'k Hkh efgykvksadks l'kDr cukus esa fdlh Hkh nf"V ls ihNs

/ 57Hkkjr es a efgyk l'kfDrdj.k--- - - - - - - - -

ugha gSA 73osa vkSj 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dsifj.kkeLo:i ns'k ds xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; nksuksaÁdkj ds iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dks ,d&frgkbZvkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gks tkus ls yxHkx 14yk[k efgykvksa dh tuÁfrfuf/k;ksa ds :i esafofHkUu Ádkj ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa vf/kdkjÁkIr gq, gSa vkSj efgykvksa us viuh Hkwfedk,oa {kerk ls fl) dj fn;k gS fd og fdlhrjg ls iq:"kksa ls de ugha gSaA blh izdkjxzkfe.k df"k {ks= esa Hkh yxHkx 87 izfr'krefgyk;sa dk;ZlgHkkfxrk vnk dj jgsa gSaAv/;;u dk mÌs';%

1.efgykvkas dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfrdk v/;;u djukA

2 l'kfDrdj.k ds vUrxrZ ns'k ds efgyklk{kjrk dk v/;;u djukA

3 jktuSfrd l'kfDrdj.k dh nf"V lsyksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfrdk v/;;u djukA

4 efgyk dk;Z lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;udjuk'kk s/k Áfof/k

ÁLrqr 'kks/k f}rh;d vk¡dM+ks ij v/kkfjrgS ftls ljdkj }kjk Ádkf'kr fofHkUu'kkldh;] v)Z'kkldh; Áfrosnu ,oa tux.kukfoHkkx }kjk fy;k x;k gSA v/;;u esa lfEefyrmÌs';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq lk/kkj.k ek/; ,oa izfr'krlkaf[;dh; fof/k;ks dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSaA 'kks/k lkfgR; dk iqujh{k.k

xzskoky ¼1985½ us gfj;k.kk ds f'kokuh ftysds efgykvksa ij xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Zdze dk'kks/kdk;Z fd;k rFkk fuEu lq>ko fn,&v½

fodkl[k.M Lrjh; dk;Zdzeksa dh izxfr dhleh{kkA c½ tuin Lrj ij vk; O;; dkewY;kaduA l½ lacaf/kr {ks= fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rkls vuqeksfnr ;kstuk ds izHkko dk fo'kys"k.k rFkktkudkjh izkIr djukA nqHkk'kh (1981) us fnYyhdh 50 efgyk m|fe;ksa dk v/;;u o"kZ 1975&76esa fd;k rFkk crk;k dh lkoZtfud efgykm|eh fuEu ,oa e/;e vk; oxZ dh ,oa f'kf{krgSA fnYYkh eas efgyk m|fe;kas dks fofHkUulqfo/kk;sa miyC/k djkus ,oa izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy,dbZ laLFkk,s agS ysfdu vf/kdka'k efgyk m|fe;ksadks bu laLFkkvkas ,oa laxBu ds lanHkZ eas dksbZfo'ks"k tkudkjh ugha gS mUgsa flQZ cSad }kjk nhtkus okyh vuqnku ,oa _.k ds lanHkZ eas vYitkudkjh gSA gfjukjk;.k jko (1975) usvka/kzizns'k ds vuariqj ftys ds efgyk Lolgk;rklewg dh mUufr ds lanHkZ esa 81 xzkeh.k efgykvkasdk v/;;u 1988 esa fd;k rFkk ik;k fd fuj{kjrk,oa vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu bu lewgksa ds ekxZ es eq[;ck/kk gSA Ikqtqj (1989) us viuk v/;;u egkjk"Vªdh 968 efgyk m|fe;ksa dk Lo&lgk;rk lewgds lanHkZ esa v/;;u fd;k rFkk vius v/;;u esacrk;k fd lokZf/kd efgyk,W ?kjsyw m|e pykrhgS ftlds varZxr oL= fuekZ.k] ikiM+] cM+h]vpkj] feBkbZ 'kkfey gS rFkk bu efgyk m|fe;ksaus bu m|eksa ds }kjk viuh vkfFkZd Lrj esalq/kkj fd;k gSA vkSjaxkckn ,oa iq.ks esa efgykm|fe;ksa dh laLFkk vf/kd gSA gteknh (1990)us dukZVd jkT; ds dUokM+k ftys dh 251efgyk m|fe;ksa dk v/;;u 1986 esa fd;kA 50izfr'kr efgyk m|fe;ksa dk m|e ,dy LokfeRodk gS tks pkoy] fdy] eNyh O;olk; vkfn dklapkyu djrh gSA 40 izfr'kr m|fe;ksa dkm|ksx lk>snkjh dk gS tks jlk;fud] fizafVax]

58 / Hkkjr es a efgyk l'kfDrdj.k--- - - - - - - - -

vkWVks eksckby vkfn m|e dk lapkyu djrhgSA mPp f'kf{kr oxZ m|eh gk;j lsds.Mjh rdf'kf{kr gSA tSu ¼1990½ us viuk v/;;u e/;izns'k ds e.Myk ftys ds lanHkZ es ,dhdrxzkeh.k fodkl esa fd;k rFkk ik;k fd ykHkkFkhZvHkh Hkh okLrfod ykHk ls nwj [kM+s gSA rFkklq>ko fn;k fd iapk;r dks vf/kd vf/kdkjfeysA df"k ckgqY; ftyk gS vr% Hkwfe lq/kkjdk; Zdze leafor fd;k tk; vkfnoklhU;k;f/kih dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tk; ,oa fuxjkuhlfefr dk xBu fd;k tk,A

dksgyh (1994) us fnYyh dh 20 efgykm|fe;ksa dk v/;;u fd;kA v/;;u esa ik;kfd 90 izfr'kr m|eh vYi f'kf{kr gSA 60izfr'kr 31&45 vk;q oxZ dh gSA 60 izfr'krm|eh izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds Ik'pkr m|fe;ksa esa4000 :Ik;s ls vf/kd ekfld vk; dek;k gSA

55 izfr'kr us 1 yk[k :Ik;s fuos'k fd;k gSAefgyk m|fe;ksa us Lo;aa dh vkRek ,oa fofHkUulaLFkvks ls IkzkIr lg;ksx ds dkj.k m|e esalQyrk izkIr dh gSA m"kk (1990) us enzkl dsegkuxjh; {ks= esa efgykvkas dh vkSlr vk;izHkkoks ds leku mRikndrk gksus dh fLrfFk esa Hkhmuls de gksrh gSA lkFk gh lkekU; rkSj ijefgykvksa esa f'k{kk ,oa vk; esa of) ds dkj.klalk/kuks dh deh gksrh gS bl izdkj efgyk,Wnksgjs 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA T;ksfr ,oaizlkn (1943) us xqaVqj ftys dh 30 izfr'krm|fe;ksa dk v/;;u esa ik;k fd lokZf/kd 80izfr'kr efgyk m|eh fuEu vk; oxZ dh gS ,oa70 izfr'kr efgyk m|fe;ks dks m|e ds laca/kesa vge vuqHko FkkA xzkeh.k efgyk m|eh pkWoy]flykbZ] jsMhesM xkjesaV~l QksVks dkih vkfnO;olk; dk lapkyu djrh gSA

v/;;u dk fo'ys"k.k¼v½ lk{kjrk vkSj l'kfDrdj.k

Rkfydk Øekad 1

L=ksr% tux.kuk o"kZ 19951&2011-

tux.kuk o"kZ O;fDr iq:"k Ekfgyk vUrj ¼% esa½

1951 18.33 27.16 8.86 18.30

1961 28.30 40.40 15.35 25.05

1971 34.45 45.96 21.97 23.98

1981 43.57 56.38 29.76 26.62

1991 52.21 64.13 39.29 24.84

2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 21.59

2011 74.04 82.14 65.45 16.68


Rkfydk 1 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd efgykvksa dhlk{kjrk nj esa o`f) gqbZA o"kZ 1951 esa efgykvksadh lk{kjrk nj 8.86 Áfr'kr Fkk] og o"kZ2011 esa c<+dj 65.46 Áfr'kr gks xbZ]fdUrq iq:"k ,oa efgyksa dh lk{kjrk nj dsvUrj esa t:j deh vkbZ gSA ysfdu ;g

vUrj vf/kd gSA o"kZ 1951 esa iq:"k ,oaefgykvksa ds chp lk{kjrk nj esa varj 18.30Áfr'kr Fkk] o"kZ 2011 esa 16.68 Áfr'kr gSAbls vkSj de djus dh vko';drk gSA bldsfy, ljdkj dks efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds ckjsesa vHkh vkSj dke djus dh vko';drk gSA

¼c½ yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk esa efgykvksadh fLFkfr

Rkfydk Øekad 2

lzksr% lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky;]Hkkjr ljdkj 2013-

rkfydk 2 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd yksdlHkk vkSjjkT;lHkk esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvkgSA o"kZ 1952 esa yksdlHkk esa efgykvksa dkÁfr'kr 4.4 Fkk og o"kZ 2014 esa c<+dj 11.43Áfr'kr gks x;k vFkkZr~ 7.3 Áfr'kr dh of) vkxbZ gSA tcfd jkT;lHkk esa o"kZ 1952 esa 7.3Áfr'kr Fkk og 2014 eas c<+dj 12.2 Áfr'kr gksx;k vFkkZr~ 4.9 Áfr'kr dh of) gqbZA bllsLi"V gksrk gSA fd nksuksa lHkk esa efgykvksa dhÁfr'kr esa o`f) gqbZ gS fdUrq yksdlHkk esa jkT;lHkkdh rqyuk esa vf/kd of) gqbZ gS ftldk Áeq[kdkj.k efgyk vkj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksadh f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ,oa jktuhfr ds Áfr tkx:drkgksuk gSA

o " k Zy k sd lHkk

¼ Á fr ' kr e sa½j kT ;l Hkk¼ Á fr ' kr e sa½

1952 4.4 7.3

1957 5.4 7.5

1962 6.8 7.6

1971 4.2 7.0

1980 5.1 9.8

1991 7.18 15.5

1999 7.2 9.2

2014 11.43 12.2 l½ Hkkjr esa dk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj

tux.kuko" k Z

i q:" k of) nj L=h of) nj

1981 5.87 - 19.08 -

1991 51.6 2.27 22.7 +3.62

2001 51.55 +0.49 22.25 +0.18

2011 53.3 +1.75 25.5 +3.25

rkfydk Øekad 3

lzksr% tux.kuk o"kZ 1981&2011-

60 /

rkfydk 4 Hkkjr esa L=h iq:’k vuqikr

O k" k Z Hk kjr

1901 972

1911 964

1921 955

1931 950

1941 945

1951 946

1961 941

1971 930

1981 934

1981 927

2001 933

2011 940

L=h iq:’k vuqikr vusd rRoks dks izHkkfordjrk gS ,oa vusd rRoks ls izHkkfor gksrk gSAL=h iq:’k vuqikr Kkr gksus ij ge fdlh ns'kdh vkfFkZd fodkl ds Lrj dks Kkr dj ldrsgSA vesfjdk] fczVsu] tkiku vkfn fodflr ns'kksaesa fyaxkuqikr 1000 ls vf/kd gS Hkkjr] phu]ikfdLrku] caxykns"k vkfn {ks=ksa esa L=h iq:’kvuqikr 1000 ls de gSA fofHkUu /keksZa esa L=hiq:’k vuqikr ml lekt esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfrdks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA fu"d"kZ%

fu%lansg Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk efgyvksa dslokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, vusd ;kstuk,¡ lapkfyrgS ftlds dkj.k budh fLFkfr eas lq/kkj gqvk gSAblds ckotwn vkt Hkh efgykvksa dh fLFkfrfo"ke gSA Ánf'kZr vkadM+ksa ls mudh LokLF;]f'k{kk] iks"k.k dk Lrj rFkk leLr tukafddh;rRo n'kkZrk gSa fd efgykvksa dh fLFkfr gj {ks=esa f}rh; Js.kh ds ukxfjd dh gSA vufxurÑR;ksa dk laiknu fd;s tkus rFkk mÙkjnkf;Roogu fd;s tkus ds ckotwn Hkh mu ij O;;

Hkkjr es a efgyk l'kfDrdj.k--- - - - - - - - -

mi;qZDr lkj.kh ds leadks dks ns[kus lsKkr gksrk gS fd 1981 ds tux.kuk dsleadks ls 2011 dh tux.kuk ds leadks dhrqyuk djus ij fL=;ksa dh dk;ZlgHkkfxrknj esa of) ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA tks iq:"kksa dhdk;Z lgHkkfxrk nj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSblls Kkr gksrk gS fL=;ksa dh dk;Z lgHkkfxrknj esa lq/kkj gqvk gS ftldk Áeq[k dkj.k ns'kds vkS|ksxhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa dhlk{kjrk nj esa of) gksuk gSA fdUrq blesa

vkSj vf/kd lq/kkj djus dh vko';rk gS Hkkjr esa L=h iq:"k vuqikr

rkfydk 04 Hkkjr esa L=h iq:"k vuqikr dksvfHkO;Dr djrk gSA Hkkjr esa L=h iq:"k vuqikr1901 esa 972 1911 esa 964] 1921 esa 955] 1931 esa950] 1941 esa 945] 1951 esa 946] 1961 esa 941]1971 esa 930] 1981 esa 934] 1991 esa 927] 2001 esa933 ,oa 2011 esa 940 gks x;kA fdlh Hkh tux.kukesa Hkkjr esa L=h iq:"k vuqikr 1000 rd ughaigqapk gS tks fL=;ksa dh fuEu n'kk dks n'kkZrkgSA


djuk rFkk fofu;ksx djuk lekt dh n‘f"V lsvkt Hkh vko’;d ugha ekuk tkrkA vr% lektu dsoy viuk nf"dks.k cnysa] cfYd Hkkjr ljdkj}kjk efgyvksa ds fodkl gsrq lapkfyr fd;s tkjgs fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dk iwjh bZekunkjh ds lkFk

fØ;kfUor djus dh vko';drk gSA cfYdmÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh r; fd;k tk,] rkfd efgykkvksadks fdlh Hkh Ádkj dh leL;kvkas dk lkeuk udjuk iM+s vkSj os iq:"kksa ds lkFk da/ks ls da/kkfeykdj dke dj ldsA

References:Hajmadi, Madhana (1990) Enterpreneurship in small Industries Indian management , Nov-

Dec. vol-29, Ne-11, PP- 17-22K.

Harinarayan, Rao (1975- 76) Promotion of women enterprenership- brief comment small enterprise developmentmanagement and extersion Journal, SDEME ,vol- XVIII, No. 2, june.

Jyoti and prashad A. (1943) profile of potential plural women Enterpreneur, small EnterprisesDevelopment and Extension, journal SEDME, vol XI No.1 march PP 105-110.

Kohli Chandra,& Shanta (1994) Development of women entrepreneurship in India A study ofpublic policies and programmes, Mittal publications .

Medha,Dukhashi (1981) Women enterpreneur in India- A Socio-Economic study Delhi Mittalpublication, Delhi pp-282-301.

Pujar,P.N.D. (1989) Development of women entrepreneur in India- Ed-by Sumixdhia –Enterprene urship. Development in India, Mittal publication, Delhi. PP- 427-500.

Usha.S (1990) Labour market Discrimination against women women Employement and shework place Ele. Kalbagh ,p. 237.

Hkkjr ljdkj ¼2010&11½ vkfFkZd losZ{k.k i-Ø-&4]7] 36-

xzsoky , vkj-,l- ¼1985½ bEisDV vkQ :jy MsoyIeasV izksxzke vkWu :jy owesu bu fHkckuh fMfLVªDVvkWQ gfj;k.kk bf.M;u tujy vkSQ ,xzhdYpj bdkukfeDl] okY;wetqykbZ&flRkecj i-dza- 115&120-

tSu ] eukst dqekj ¼1990½ ,dhdr xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Zdze ds lanHkZ esas [kknh xzkem|ksxfoyS ikysZ if'pe cEcbZ, flRkEcj i-Ø- 498&502-

62 /

vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa ekuo fodkldh vo/kkj.kk

fo”o cSad ds vuqlkj csgrj LokLF; dsoychekjh ,oa dqiks’k.k ls eqfDr ls izkIr ugha gksxkcfYd “kkjhfjd ekufld ,oa lkekftd mUufrls izkIr gksxkAtutkfr lekt taxy esa fuokldjrk gSAtula[;k f”k{kk xjhch ds vkadMksa ls;g Li’V gS fd ekuo fodkl esa tutkfrlekt cgqr fiNMk gqvk gS tutkfr tula[;kdh nf’V ls vQzhdk ds ckn Hkkjr nwljk cM+kns”k gSAns”k dh dqy vkcknh esa tula[;k vk;ksx2011 ds vuqlkj tutkfr tula[;k dk izfr”kr8. 2 gSA vdsys NRrhlx< esa tutkfr tula[;k

Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekfTkd izxfr esa tutkfr;ksa dks cjkcjh dk gd ugha feyldkAblds fy, ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks gh nks’kh ugha eku ldrs bldk ,d ewy dkj.k mudhvyx Fkyx jgus dh thou “kSyh jgh tks /khjs /khjs fodkl dk;Zdzeksa ls tqM ldhA izLrqrv/;;u dk mn~ns”; tutkfr tula[;k ds fodkl lwpd funsZ’kkad dk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys’k.kdjuk gS A ;g v/;;u f}rh;d vkadMksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA vkadM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq tux.kuk1951 ls tux.kuk 2011 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ladfyr vkadMksa dk izfr'kr ekufp= ,oavkjs[kksa }kjk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k x;k gSAns”k dh dqy vkcknh esa tula[;k vk;ksx 2011 dsvuqlkj tutkfr tula[;k dk izfr”kr 8. 2 gSA Hkkjr dk fodkl rc rd ugha gks ldrk tcrd muds fiNMs oxksZa dk fodkl ugha gks ldrk gSaAlarq’V djus yk;d ckr ;g gS fd ;s vcoafpr lewg ugha gS cfYd vc izR;sd {ks= esa fdlh u fdlh #i esa budh Hkwfedk gSA




dk 32 izfr”kr fuokl djrh gSA fdlh lektds fodkl ,oa lkekftd lajpuk dk lcls cMkiSekuk L=h iq#’k vuqikr gksrk gSAbl ekeys esatutkfr lekt izxfr”khy gS tux.kuk 2011ds vuqlkj ns”k ds L=h iq#’k vuqikr 940 dhrqyuk esa tutkfr;ksa esa L=h iq#’k vuqikr 990gSAHkkjr esa 72. 8 izfr”kr lk{kjrk gS iq#’k esa 81.1 ,oa efgyk esa 64 izfr”kr lk{kjrk gS tcfdvuqlwfpr tutkfr esa lk{kjrk 63 .1 izfr”kr gStutkfr iq#’kksa esa 71. 7 ,oa tutkfr efgyk esa54. 4 izfr”kr lk{kjrk gSAns”k esa iztuu nj 2

lgk- izk/;kid vFkZ'kkL= ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½lgk- izk/;kid vFkZ'kkL= ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½


MkW - vpZuk lsBhMkW- ch-,y- lksusdj

/ 63vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa ekuo fodkl -------

.3 gS ljdkj bls 2 ij ykus ds fy, iz;kljr gStutkfr;ksa esa ;g vHkh Hkh 3 .12 gSA lEiw.kZHkkjr esa tgka f”k”kq eR;qnj 48. 9cky eR;q nj10. 8,oa 5lky ds vanj eR;qnj 59. 2 gStutkfr;ksa esa dze”k 62. 1 ,35. 8 ,oa 95. 7 gSAvuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, ljdkjvusd ;kstuk,a pyk jgh gS ysfdu bUgsa vf”k{kk,oa Hkz’Vkpkj ds dkj.k iwjk ykHk ugha fey ikjgk gSA blds fy, ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks ghnks’kh ugha eku ldrs bldk ,d ewy dkj.kmudh vyx Fkyx jgus dh thou “kSyh jgh tks/khjs /khjs fodkl dk;Zdzeksa ls tqM+ ldh vHkh Hkh;g eqnnk fopkj djus ;ksX; gS fd D;k bls blhrjg ls pyus fn;k tk; ;k fQj u;s fljs lsj.kuhfr cuk;h tk, D;ksafd fodkl esa tks Qklykc<+ jgk gS og fPakrk dk fo’k; gSaA ;gh Qklykvyxkooknh izfdz;k dks tUe nsrk gS tks jk’Vªdh ,drk o v[kaMrk ds fy, [krjk cu ldrkgSaA larq’V djus yk;d ckr ;g gS fd ;s vcoafpr lewg ugha gS cfYd vc izR;sd {ks= esafdlh u fdlh #i esa budh Hkwfedk gSA lekt,oa ljdkj dks ;g le>uk gksxk fd tutkfr;ksads fodkl ds fcuk jk’Vª dk fodkl vlaHko gSA1

v/;;u dk mn~ns';1- tutkfr tula[;k esa fofHkUu n'kd esa

gq, ifjorZu dk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys’k.k djuk gSA2- tutkfr tula[;k ds fodkl lwpd

funsZ'kkad dk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys’k.k djukA'kks/k izfof/k ,oa fof/k ra=

izLrqr “kks/k f}rh;d vkadMksa ij vk/kkfjrgSA vkadM+ksa ds ladyu gsrq tux.kuk 1951 lstux.kuk 2011] dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSAladfyr vkadMksa dk izfr'kr ekufp= ,oa vkjs[kksa}kjk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k x;k gSA

tutkfr vkcknh ds ekeys esa vQzhdk ds cknHkkjr nwljk lcls cMk ns”k gSA tux.kuk 2011ds vuqlkj ns”k dh dqy vkcknh esa tutkfrvkcknh dk fgLlk 8. 2 izfr'kr gSaA Hkkjrh;lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 342 ds vuqlkj ns”k 697tutkfr lewg fuokl djrs gSaA ftlesa 75tutkfr;ksa dks vkfne tutkfr lewg izhfeVhoVªk;cy xzqi ih th Vh dgk x;k gSA vkfnelewg dk ntkZ vcw>ekfM+;k cksM+ks cksanks fcjgksjcSxk dekj lgfj;k vkSj vksax tutkfr;ksa dksfeyk gSaA Hkhy laFkky vkSj xksaM+ tutkfr;ksa dhla[;k vkSjksa ls T;knk gSaA Hkhy laFkky if”peHkkjr esa rFkk xksaM NRrhlx<+ esa ik;s tkrs gSaAvdsys NRrhlx<+ esa 32 izfr”kr tutkfr fuokldjrh gSA tula[;k ds fygkt ls vkcknh dkT;knk fgLlk iwoksZRrj jkT;ksa esa dsfUnzr gSSSAvdsys fetksje esa 94 izfr”kr vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksadh vkcknh gS mRrj iwoZ dh tutkfr;ksa esa[kklrkSj ij ehtksa xkkjks ukxk [kklh pdekeq[; gSaaA lcls de tutkfr;k nf{k.k Hkkjr esaclrh gSA ftlesa psapw Mcyk xMkckl vksa/k VksMkdksye eq[; gSA vaMeku fudksckj dh 8 izfr”krtula[;k tutkfr gSaA;gka vksax vkSj tjokeq[; tutkfr gSA (ekS;kZ] 2014) 'kks/k lkfgR;ksa dk v/;;u:

Baxla (2014) us vius v/;;u esa crk;k fdtutkfr lekt vkt Hkh vk/kqfud miyfC/k;ksals vNwrs gSaA ;s vius lhfer lk/ku ls dsoythfor jguk lh[ks gSA vLoLFk O;fDr u ghviuk ;k vius ifjokj dk dY;k.k dj ldrkgS u gh lekt dh mUufr esa lg;ksx dj ldrkgSAfdlh Hkh lekt dh mUufr ds fy, turk dkLoLFk jguk vko”;d gSA Pawle & Prasad(2013) us vius v/;;u esa crk;k fd tutkfr

64 /

1941 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esatutkfr;ksa dh dqy tula[;k 25441489 FkhrFkk foHkktu ds Ik'pkr lu1951 esa ;g 19116498

vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa ekuo fodkl -----------

lekt vkt Hkh vf/kdka'kr% xjhch js[kk ls uhpsthou;kiu dj jgs gSaA ljdkj dks mudsfodkl ds fy, u, fljs ls uhfr;ka cukuhpkfg,A

frokjh, ¼2009½ us vius v/;;u esa crk;kfd eujsxk esa tutkfr lekt ds fy, vkj{k.kgksus ls mUgsa ?kj ij gh jkstxkj miyC/k gksrkgS blls muds iyk;u esa deh vk;h gSAJhokLro, ¼2013½ us vius v/;;u esa crk;kfd fcjgksj tutkfr taxy esa jgus okyhtutkfr gS vHkh Hkh 100 izfr'kr xjhch js[kkds uhps thou;kiu dj jgh gSA ;g tutkfr

rkfydk 1Tkutkfr tula[;k

1941 esa tutkfr tula[;k

ljdkj ökjk fo'ks’k fiNMh tutkfr ?kksf’krdh xbZ gSA c?ksy ,oa fo'odekZ ¼2012½ usvius v/;;u esa crk;k fd dksfj;k ftys esatutkfr tula[;k 44. 4 izfr'kr gS tkslkekftd vkfFkZd n`f"V ls vR;ar fiNMs gq,gSaaA ;gka tutkfr;ksa esa tksr dk vkSlr vkdkj2 .07 gsDVs;j gSa rks tutkfr 1.1 gsDVs;j,oa vU; oxZ 1. 47 gsDVs;j ls vf/kd gSaA xxZ,oa ljdkj ¼2012½ us vius v/;;u esa crk;kfd tutkfr efgyk lekt f'k{kk es a vHkh Hkhcgqr fiNMk gS f'k{kk ds ökjk gh efgykvksadks l'kDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Tkux.kuk o"kZ T kutkfr tula[;k n'kdh; ofödqy tula[;k dk

izfr'kr

1941 2,54,41,489 12.5 2.26

1951 1,91,16,498 7.1 5.03

1961 29,87,89,249 56.29 6.87

1971 3,80,15,162 27.22 6.90

1981 5,16,28,638 35.81 7.85

1991 6,77,58,380 31.24 8.08

2001 8,45,41,316 24.77 8.02

2011 8.2

jg xbZ Fkh tks fd ml le; dh dqy tula[;kdk 5. 36izfr'kr FkhA1961 esa ;g 298789249 gksxbZ tks fd ml le; dh dqy tula[;k dk 6.

/ 65vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa ekuo fodkl -----------

rkfydk 2Hkkjr esa jk’Vªh; ,oa tutkfr lekt esa

L=h iq#’k vuqikr

Ok"kZ jk"Vªh; tutkfr lekt

1971 930 982

1981 935 983

1991 927 972

2001 933 978

2011 940 990

Lzkksr- tux.kuk 2011

87izfr'kr FkhA1971 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkjHkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dh dqy tula[;k 38015162gks xbZ tks fd ml le; dh dqy tula[;k dk6. 9 izfr'kr FkhA 1981 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkjHkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dh dqy tula[;k 51628638gks xbZ tks fd ml le; dh dqy tula[;k dk7. 85 izfr'kr FkhA 1991 dh tux.kuk dsvuqlkj Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dh dqy tula[;k67758380 gks xbZ tks fd ml le; dh dqytula[;k dk 8. 08 izfr'kr FkhA 2001 dhtux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dhdqy tula[;k 84541316 gks xbZ tks fd mlle; dh dqy tula[;k dk 8. 02 izfr'kr FkhA2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esatutkfr;ksa dh dqy tula[;k 8.2 izfr”kr gksxbZA

fodkl lwpd funsZ'kkad

tutkfr lekt esa L=h iq#"k vuqikr fdlhlekt ds fodkl ,oa lkekftd lajpuk dklcls cMk iSekuk L=h iq#"k vuqikr gS blfygkt ls tutkfr lekt izxfr”khy gS Atux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa L=h iq#"kvuqikr 940 gS vFkkZr 1000 “ksjik esa iq#"kksa ds ihNsefgykvksa dh la[;k 940 gSA tutkfr;ksa esa ;g990 gSA gkykafd vyx vyx leqnk;ksa esa ;gvyx vyx gS flfDde ds ;g 744 gS rks mMhlkds [kfM;klk esa ;g1098 gSA rkfydk 2 ls ;gLi"V gS fd tutkfr lekt esa Hkh L=h iq#"kvuqikr esa fxjkoV dh izofr gS ysfdu 2011 esablesa o`f) dh izo`fr gSa L=h iq#"k vuqikr jk"Vªh;vkSlr ls tutkfr lekt esa lnSo vf?kd gSA

fdlh Hkh ns”k ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLdfrdizxfr ds ekin.M dk vk/kkj ml {ks= dhtula[;k dh lk{kjrk ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS Aiztkrkaf=d “kklu esa f”kf{kr ukxfjd gherkf/kdkj dk mi;ksx ,d fuf”pr fn”kk esadjrk gSA lk{kjrk tUenj] eR;qnj] fookg dsle; L=h vk;q vkfn dks izHkkfor djrk gSA vr%fdlh {k s= ds lEiw.k Z lkekftd] vkfFk ZdfØ;kdykiksa ds v/;;u gsrq lk{kjrk dk Kkuvko”;d gSA n”kd esa jkT; ds lk{kjrk nj esaof) gqbZ gSA fdlh izns”k esa tula[;k dhlk{kjrk esa ifjorZu egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSAD;ksafd blds }kjk gh izns”k esa fodkl ,oavk;kstu gsrq #ijs[kk fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA

Rkfydk 2 ls ;g Li’V gS fd tgka lk{kjrkdk jk’Vªh; vkSlr 72. 8 izfr”kr gS ogka tutkfr;ksaesa ;g 63.1 gSA tgka lk{kjrk dk jk’Vªh; vkSlr

66 /

f”k”kq eR;q nj (vkb ,e vkj ) vFkkZr ,dgtkj tUe ysus okyksa cPpksa esa 1 o’kZ esa fdrusdh eR;q gksrh gSA ;g f”k”kq eR;q nj vuqlwfprtutkfr esa 62. 1 ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr oxZ esa66 .4 gSA Ckky eR;q nj vFkkZr 4 o’kZ esa ftruscPpksa dh eR;q gksrh gS rFkk 5 o’kZ esa ftruscPpksa dh eR;q gksrh gS og vuqlwfpr tutkfresa lokZf/kd 35 .8 rFkk 95 .7 gS vuqlwfprtkfr oxZ esa ;g 23. 2 ,oa 88. 1 gSA vuqlwfprtutkfr lekt esaxjhch vkSj dqiks’k.k dk vljifjokj ds yM+dk rFkk yM+dh ij leku #i lsiM+k gSA

rkfydk 3tutkfr lekt esa lk{kjrk

L=ksr- ,u ,p ,Q ,l 2005- 06


tutkfr lekt esa L=h iq#’k vuqikr

d qyjk"V ªh;

tutkfrle kt

72. 8 63. 1

Ekfgy k 64 .0 54. 4

Ikqq# "k 81. 1 71 7

iq#’kksa esa 81.1 izfr”kr gS ogka tutkfr lekt esa;g 71 .7 izfr”kr gS tutkfr lekt esa efgykvksaesa ;g 54. 4 izfr”kr ,oa efgykvksa jk’Vªh;vkSlr 64 izfr”kr gSA tutkfr lekt esa lk{kjrkesa vHkh cgqr fiNMs gaaSA bldk dkj.k xjhch gSA


Tkutkfr lekt ,oa LokLF; laca?kh lwpdkadrkfydk 4

vuqlwfpr tutkfr esa eR;q nj

L=ks -,u ,p ,Q ,l 2005- 06

rkfydk 5iztuu nj

L=ksr -tux.kuk 2011

f' k' k q e `R; qnj

C kky e `R; qn j

5 o" k Z d s v anje `R; q n j

vuqlwfpr tutkfr 62. 1 35. 8 95. 7

vuqlwfpr tkfr 66. 4 23. 2 88. 1

vU; fiNMk oXkZ 56. 6 17 .3 72. 8

jk"Vªh; vkSlr 48. 9 10. 8 59 .2

oxZ i ztuu nj

jk"V ªh; vkSlr 2. 3

vu ql wfp r tutkfr 3 .12

iztuu nj vFkkZr ,d efgyk ökjk iSnkfd, x, cPpks a dh la[;k dk jk’Vªh; vkSlr2 .3 gS ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr esa 3 .12 gSljdkj bls 2 ij ykus dks iz;kljr gSAvuqlwfpr tutkfr esa vf/kd iztuu njvHkh Hkh pqukSrh gSA tula[;k dh vf/kdrkds fy, vf/kd iztuu nj ,d egRoiw.kZdkjd gSA

rkfydk 6 ekrRo vk;q (15-19 o’k Z)

L=ksr: ,u ,p ,Q ,l 2005- 06

ox Z %

vuqlwfpr tutkfr 21

vuqlwfpr tkfr 20

vU; fiNMk oXk 16

jk"Vªh; vkSlr 12

ekrRo vk;q (15- 19 o’kZ) esa vuqlwfprtutkfr esa lokZf/kd 21 izfr”kr efgyk,a gSaAde mez esa eka cuus ls izlo ds le; ekrRoeR;q vf/kd gksrh gSA izlo ds le; ekrRo eR;qvuqlwfpr tutkfr esa vf/kd gSA bldk ,dvU; dkj.k jDrkYirk gSA

68 /

rkfydk 8vuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk; esa fookg vk;q

vuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk; esa cky fookg dkizpyu ugha gS vuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk; esafookg fd”kksjkoLFkk ds ckn gh dh tkrh gSAvuqlwfpr tutkfr leqnk; esa fookg vk;q ds

L=ksr -,u ,p ,Q ,l ,2005 06

v u ql wfp rt u t k frl e qn k;

fo o kg v k; q

v kv ks u kx k 16 - 20

p SUp q 14

[ kkl h 13- 18

D ksy h 12 - 16

C kskn 19

xksaM 18

e aqM k 18

V ksj ko 16

rkfydk 9 vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa izfrfuf/kRo 1996 -2000

vkbZ , ,l vkbZ ih , vkb ,Q ,l

1996 2000 1996 2000 1996 2000

dqy 5047 5519 2947 3301 2305 2537

vuqlwfpr tutkfr 270 261 208 229 158 179

vuqlwfpr tkfr of) 5. 3 5. 1 7. 1 6. 9 6. 9 7. 0

L=ksr: fMikVZesaV vkQ ilZuy ,aM Vªsfuax, Hkkjr ljdkj

,u ,p ,Q ,l 2005- 06 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfprtutkfr leqnk; esa (47.3%) esa jDrkYirk gSjDrkYirk ls chekjh ls yMus dh rkdr lekIrgks tkrh gS vkSj og ladze.k jksxksa ds pisV esatYnh vk tkrs gSaA


rkfydk 7vuqlwfpr tutkfr esa jDrkYirk

L=ksr: ,u ,p ,Q ,l 2005- 06

v u ql wf p rt u t k f rl e qn k ;

j D r k Y i r k (% )

i kSM h Hk qb ; k 8 5

v c w> e kfM ; k 4 0

fc j g ksj 2 9

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ckjs esa cgqr de v/;;u gS flUgk us 1986,oa Hklhu us 1990 1998esa vuqlwfpr tutkfrleqnk; esa fookg dk v/;;u fd;k FkkA


Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dh yM+kbZ esa vuqlwfprtutkfr;ksa dh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk jgh ysfduHkkjr ds fodkl ls mUgsa nwj j[kk x;kA bldh,d >yd bfrgkl ys[ku esa gh ik ldrs gStgka yEcs le; rd mUgsa LFkku gh ugha fn;kXk;k tc bfrgkl ys[ku esa uhps ns[kus dkn`f’Vdks.k fodlhr gqvk rc mudh Hkwfedk lkeusvk ldhA mudh viuh fof”k’V laLdfr mRiknudh fHkUu rjhds thou thus dh “k Syhvk/kqfudhdj.k ls nwjh vkfFZkd fodkl ls nwjh dsizeq[k dkj.k cukA ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esamUgsa Ik;kZIr laj{k.k vkSj iapo’khZ; ;kstukvksa dsvarxZr Hkkjr dh fodkl dh j.kuhfr esa mudsfodkl dks dkQh egRo fn;k x;k gS blds cknHkh os oafpr dh Js.kh Lsk T;knk vkxs ugha Ck<+ ik,gSaA flag ¼2014½

igyh ,oa nwljh iapo’khZ; ;kstuk esa vuqlwfprtutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, tutkfr {ks=ksa esalkekftd vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds cqfu;knh fodkldk;Zdzeksa dh ;kstuk cuk;h x;hA rhljh ;kstukesa oSfj;j ,fYou lfefr dh laLrqfr ij tutkrh;fodkl [kaM C;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k x;kA ;gC;oLFkk tutkfr;ksa dks iapk;r laLFkkvksa dsek/;e ls fodlhr djus ds fy, viuk;k x;kAprqFkZ ;kstuk esa tgka vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dhla[;k vf/kd Fkh ogka 489 fodkl[kaM cuk;kx;kA bl ;kstuk ij 75 djksM+ [kpZ fd;kx;kA iakpoh ;kstuk esa lgk;d ;kstuk,a “kkfeydh xbZ blds fy, Vªk;Cky lc Iyku {ks=ksa dks178 tuTkkfr ifj;kstuk esa laxfBr fd;k x;kANBh ;kstuk esa 10000 tutkfr tula[;k dsikdsVl cukdj ekMhQk;M ,fj;k MsoyiesaV,izksp flLVe fodflr fd;k x;kA lkroha ;kstuk

esa flfDde esa rhu u;s ,dhdr tutkfr fodkldk;Zdze “kkfey fd;k x;kA ftlls 1987&88rd 184 ,dhdr tutkfr fodkl dk;Zdzefdz;k”khy gq, ftuds varxZr 313 21 yk[ktutkfr vkcknh vkrh gSA vkt Hkh ;kstukvksa esaljdkjh f”k{k.k lLFkkvksa ,oa ukSdjh;ksa esa mudsfy, LFkku vkjf{kr gSAX;kjgoha ,oa Ckkjgoha;kstukvks a esa lekos”kh fodkl dh j.kuhfrviukdj lekt ds fuEu rcds ds yksxksa dsfodkl dh fn”kk esa iz;kl Tkkjh gSa Afu’d"k Z%

vc rd dh ;kstukvksa ds dky esa Hkkjr dhtutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, ljdkj us tksdqN fd;k mlesa og lQy Hkh jgk D;ksafd os udsoy lkekU; vkcknh dk fgLlk gS cfYd vf[kyHkkjrh; iz”kklfud lsokvksa ls ysdj fo/kk;u odk;Zikyu ds {ks= esa csgrj izfrfuf/kRo dj jghgSA (rkfydk 7 ) ysfdu Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd vkSjlkekfTkd izxfr esa tutkfr;ksa dks cjkcjh dkgd ugha fey ldkAblds fy, ljdkj dhuhfr;ksa dks gh nks’kh ugha eku ldrs bldk ,dewy dkj.k mudh vyx Fkyx jgus dh thou“kSyh jgh tks /khjs /khjs fodkl dk;Zdzeksa ls tqMldh vHkh Hkh ;g eqnnk fopkj djus ;ksX; gS fdD;k bls blh rjg ls pyus fn;k tk; ;k fQju;s fljs ls j.kuhfr cuk;h tk, D;ksafd fodklesa tks Qklyk c< jgk gS og fPakrk dk fo’k;gSaA;gh Qklyk vyxkooknh izfdz;k dks tUensrk gS tks jk’Vª dh ,drk o v[kaMrk ds fy,[krjk cu ldrk gSaAlarq’V djus yk;d ckr;g gS fd ;s vc oafpr lewg ugha gS cfYd vcizR;sd {ks= esa fdlh u fdlh #i esa budhHkwfedk gSA

70 /vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa ekuo fodkl -----------

lanHk Z% %

ekS;kZ, uwru (2014), ;kstuk ,;kstuk Hkou, tuojh , i"B 38- 41

Baxla C.,(2014) LokLF; leL;kvksa dh pqukSfr;ksa ls tw>rk vkfne tutkfrlekt, Souvenir”Goldenjubilee National seminar on Health Psychology :Indian Perspectives,Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, 1-3 Feb.2014 P.-33.

.Pawle, B. & Prasad, R. (2013)”Poverty and indebtedness among Gond tribesof Vindhyachal region:Acase hstudy”Indion Jodrnal ofHumanies,V.3(2)April- June,p.32-37.

frokjh, vrqy (2009) ujsxk xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa cnyko ykus dk egRoiw.kZ vfHk;ku, dq#{ks= , xzkeh.kfodkl ea=ky; , o’kZ 56 ,vad 2 fnlacj , i"B-13

JhokLro] egs'k,( 2013) NRrhlx< ds fcjgksj tutkfr dh lkekftd vkfZFkZd n’kk, oSHko izdk'ku,jk;iqjA

c?ksy] vuqlqb;k] ,oa fo'odekZ] izfrek (2012)NRrhlx< esa vkfnoklh fodkl leL;k,a ,oalaHkkouk, , jk’Vªh; 'kks/k laxks’Bh, 15 -16 Qjojh, 2012 ,'kkldh; ts ;ksxkuane NRrhlx<egkfo|ky; , jk;iqj ,i"B 2

xxZ, eerk ,oa ljdkj, f'k[kk ¼2012½ 21 oha lnh esa tutkrh; efgykvksa dk 'kS{kf.kd l'kfDrdj.k pqukSfr;ka,oa volj “tutkrh; efgyk dk l'kfDrdj.k, vYQk ifCyds'ku i- 237&245

flag, jghl ¼2014½ ;kstuk ,;kstuk Hkou, tuojh,i"B 42 -44

,u ,p ,Q ,l, 2005- 06

tux.kuk 2011ds vuafre vakdMsA

/ 71

xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr lkoZtfudforj.k iz.kkyh dh Hkwfedk

thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa esa [kk|kUuigyh izkFkfedrk gS] D;ksafd [kk|kUu ds cxSjvkfFkZd fodkl dh ifjdYiuk ugh dh tkldrh gSA ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr ds ckn lHkhvFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dk /;ku vkfFkZd fodkl dh vksjjgk vkSj ljdkj us Hkh bldk Hkjiwj lg;ksxfd;k gS] ckotwn fodkl ds brus Å¡ps Lrj dks

izkIr djus ds ckn jksVh tSlh NksVh lh vko';drkdks utj vankt fd;k x;k] D;ksafd ,slk ekukx;k fd vkfFkZd fodkl dk ykHk lekt dsizR;sd oxZ dks fey jgk gS] ysfdu ;g oge FkkAorZeku esa xjhch js[kk vkSj xjhch dk vkWdyuns'k dk lcls T;knk pfpZr vksj fooknkLinekeyk gS] vktknh ds ckn lerkewyd vkfFkZd

xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys ifjokjksa dks mfpr dher ij [kk|kUu miyC/kdjkus ,oa nwljh vko';d oLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ dj xjhch nwj djus o buds thou esa vkfFkZd fodkliz'kLr djus gsrq yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk 1997 esa dh xbZ FkhA izLrqrv/;;u esa nSo fun'kZu fof/k n~okjk e/; izns'k ds lruk ftys ds mRrjnkvksa dk p;u dj izkFkfedlead ladfyr dj bl ;kstuk ds fdz;kUo;u dk v/;;u fd;k x;k] 'kks/k mijkUr ;g rF;vk;k fd bl ;kstuk ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh vkfFkZd&lkekftd fZLFkfr n;uh; gS] vr% bl ;kstuk lsfeyus okyk jk'ku buds fy, vfr egRoiw.kZ gS] ysfdu bl ;kstuk ds lQy fdz;kUo;u gS] tSlsde ukirkSy] [kk/kkUu dh xq.koRrk dk vHkko rFkk iwjk jk'ku izfrekg izkIr u gksuk gSA vr% bldslQy fdz;kUo;u ds fy;s vko';d gS fd bldk fdzz;kUo;u ikjnf'kZrkiw.kZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,rHkh ;g ;kstuk okLrfod vFkksZa esa xjhch fuokj.k esa lQy gks ik;sxhA




* MkW- ¼Jherh½ vpZuk 'kekZ**/kjew izlkn dq'kokgk

Z* izk/;kid ,oa foHkkxk/;{k vFkZ'kkL= foHkkx] egkjkuh y{ehckbZ 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj dU;k egkfo|ky;] fdyk

Hkou] bUnkSj ¼e- iz-½] Hkkjr**ih-,p-Mh- 'kks/kkFkhZ] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkEcsMdj jk"Vªh; lkekftd foKku laLFkku] ¼egw½ bUnkSj ¼e- iz-½]


72 /xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr--------

fodkl o xjhch fuokj.k gsrq dqN dk;Zdzepyk; s x;s ckotwn xjhc ifjokjk s a dhlkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lq/kkjugha gks ik;k gSA [kk| vko'drkvksa dh vkiwfrZrFkk xjhch fuokj.k gsrq lu~ 1964 es Hkkjrh;[kk| fuxe ds ek/;e ls lkoZtfud forj.kiz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ftldk mís';lekt ds izR;sd O;fDr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks/;ku esa j[krs gq, [kk|kUu miyC/k djkuk FkkAblds fdz;kUo;u gsrq iwjs ns'k esa vukt vkSjvU; vko';d lkefxz;ksa dk forj.k djus dsfy, ljdkjh mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa dk tkyfcNk;k x;kA bl O;oLFkk dk eryc yksxksa dhU;wure t:jrksa dks mfpr dher ij iwjk djukFkk] ljdkj blds fy, cktkj ls vf/kd dherij [kk|kUu rFkk vU; lkekfxz;kW [kjhn dj dedher ij miyC/k djkrh gSa] lkFk gh nqdkupykus vukt o vU; lkefxz;ksa dk ifjogudjus vkSj O;oLFkk ds j[kj[kko dk O;; Hkhljdkj gh ogu djrh gSA ,d rjg ls yf{krlkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dsoy ,d ;kstuk ghugha] cfYd ;g ,d laoS/kkfud Áfrc}rk Hkh gSA1964 ls 1997 rd bl iz.kkyh dk ykHk lHkhoxksaZ dks leku :i ls feyrk jgk] ysfdu twu1997 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fu.kZ; fd;k fd dedher ij jk'ku dsoy xjhch js[kk ls uhpsthou&;kiu djus okys O;fDr;ks a dks ghmiyC/k djk;k tk;s] D;ksafd vHkh rd bldkleqfpr ykHk xjhcksa rd ugha igqWp ik jgk FkkAbl izdkj xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiudjus okys ifjokjksa dks mfpr dher ¼fuEudher½ ij jk'ku miyC/k djk;k tkus yxk]

tcfd xjhch js[kk ls Åij okys ifjokjksa dks bldher ls vf/kd dher ij jk'ku miyC/kdjk;k tkus dh O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr dh xbZA

[kk|kUu ,o a n wljh vk';d lkexzkhforj.k fd;s tkus dh ek=k ,oa dher

xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okysifjokjksa dks lu~ 1997 ls gh [kk|kUu ,oa vUuvko';d lkexzh miyC/k djk;h tk jgh gSAHkkjr esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djusokys ifjokjksa dks tkjh fu/kZu ls fu/kZu rcdksa dschp Hkq[kejh gVkus] [kk| lqj{kk iznku djus ,oayf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds mís'; dksiwjk djus dh fn'kk esa chih- ,y- ;kstuk ,dvfregRoiw.kZ dne gSA

yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh esa izkjafHkdle; ls vizSy 2000 rd 10 fdyksxzke Áfrjk'ku dkMZ izfrekg [kk|kUu iznku fd;k tkrkFkkA xjhch dh O;kidrk dks ns[krs gq, vizSy2000 esa 20 fdyksxzke Áfr jk'kudkMZ izfrekgdj fn;k x;k] [kk|kUu ek=k dks lqn<+ djusgsrq vizSy 2002 ls 35 fdyksxzke Áfr jk'kudkMZizfrekg dj fn;k x;kA gkykfd e/; izns'k esatSlk fd mDr rkfydk esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] izns'kxjhch js[kk ls uhps ds jk'kudkMksZa dh la[;kvf/kd gksus ds dkj.k izns'k ds miHkksDrkvksa dksek= 20&25 fdyks [kk|kUu gh izfrekg forfjrfd;k tkrk gSA [kk| lqj{kk vf/kfu; 2013] ykxwgksus ds ckn izns'k esa tuojh 2014 ls ykxw fd;kx;k] tuojh 2014 ls gh 05 fdyksxzke [kk|kUuÁfr O;fDr izfrekg iznku fd;k tkus yxkA1

xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu djus okysifjokj dks dSjksflu 04 yhVj izfr jk'kudkMZ

/ 73xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr--------

izfrekg] 01 fdyksxzke phuh izfr jk'kudkMZizfrekg ,oa ued 01 fdyksxzke izfr jk'kudkMZizfrekg iznku fd;k tkrk gSA2

chih,y ;kstuk vFkkZr~ xjhch js[kk ls uhpsthou ;kiu djus okys ifjokj dks o"kZ 2005 esaxsgWaw 05 #i, izfr fdyksxzke] pkoy 6-50 #i,izfr fdyksxzke] phuh 13-50 #i, izfr fdyksxzke,oa dSjksflu 8-60 ls 9-42 #i, izfr yhVj gS] tksftyk dysDVj }okjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSAdSjksflu fMiks ls forj.k dsUnz rd ds dSjksfluifjogu O;; dks bldh forj.k dher esa tksM+fn;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 2008 esa xsgWaw] pkoy ,oa phuhdh dherksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gqvk tcfddSjksflu 9-19 ls 11-17 #i, izfr yhVj gksx;kA o"kZ 2011 esa xjhcks ij fx'ks"k /;ku nsrs gq,ljdkj us [kk|kUu dhersa de djrs gq, xsgWaw 03#i, izfr fdyksxzke] pkoy 4-50 #i, izfrfdyksxzke] phuh 13-50 #i, izfr fdyksxzke ,oadSjksflu 12-17 ls 14-17 #i, izfr yhVj djfn;k x;kA [kk| lqj{kk vf/kfu;e 2013] ykxwgksus ds ckn izns'k esa tuojh 2014 ls ykxw fd;kx;k] tuojh 2014 ls gh xsgqWa ,oa pkoy 01 #i,izfr fdyksxzke dj fn;k x;k] tcfd phuh 13-50 #i, izfr fdyksxzke] dSjksflu 15-37 ls 19-10#i, izfr yhVj ,oa xq.koRrkiw.kZ ued 01 #i,izfr fdyksxzke fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA KkrO; gSfd izns'k ds dSjksflu fMiks ls ftyksa dh nwjh dsvuqikr esa izR;ssd ftys dh dSjksflu ifjoguykxrsa yxHkx vyx&vyx gksus ds dkj.kftysokj dher Hkh yxHkx vyx&vyxfu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA3

xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys

ifjokjksa dks tkjh fu/kZu ls fu/kZu rcdksa ds chpHkq[kejh gVkus ,oa yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.kiz.kkyh ds mís'; dks iwjk djus dh fn'kk esavUR;ksn; vUu ;kstuk ,d vfregRoiw.kZ dnegSA bl izdkj bl ;kstuk esa jkT; ds vUnjyf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds v/khu dojfd;s x;s xjhch js[kk ls uhps ds ifjokjksa esa ls,d djksM+ fu/kZure~ ifjokjksa dks 2 :i;s izfrfdyks xzke xsgwWa ,oa 3 :i;s izfr fdyksxzke pkoyizfrekg miyC/k djkus dh ifjdYiuk dqy 25fd-xzk- izfrekg miyC/k djkus dh ifjdYiukvkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA ysfdu 01 viSzy 2002 ls[kk|kUu ek=k c<+kdj 35 fd-xzk- izfrekg djfn;k x;kA4

vUR;ksn; vUu; ;kstuk ds ykHkkFkhZ ifjokjksadks dSjksflu 05 yhVj izfr jk'kudkMZ izfrekg]01 fdyksxzke phuh izfr jk'kudkMZ izfrekg ,oaued 01 fdyksxzke izfr jk'kudkMZ izfrekgiznku fd;k tkrk gSA 5

vUR;ksn; vUu; ;kstuk ds ykHkkFkhZ ifjokjksadks o"kZ 2005 esa xsgWaw 02 #i, izfr fdyksxzke]pkoy 03 #i, izfr fdyksxzke] phuh 13-50 #i,izfr fdyksxzke ,oa dSjksflu 8-60 ls 9-42 #i,izfr yhVj gS] tks ftyk dysDVj }okjk fu/kkZfjrfd;k tkrk gSA dSjksflu fMiks ls forj.k dsUnzrd ds dSjksflu ifjogu O;; dks bldh forj.kdher esa tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 2008 esa xsgWaw]pkoy ,oa phuh dh dherksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ughgqvk tcfd dSjksflu 9-19 ls 11-17 #i, izfryhVj gks x;kA o"kZ 2011 esa Hkh esa xsgWaw] pkoy ,oaphuh dh dherksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gqvktcfd dSjksflu 12-17 ls 14-17 #i, izfr yhVj

74 / xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr--------

gks x;kA [kk| lqj{kk vf/kfu;e 2013] ykxw gksusds ckn izns'k esa tuojh 2014 ls ykxw fd;kx;k] tuojh 2014 ls gh xsgqWa ,oa pkoy 01 #i,izfr fdyksxzke dj fn;k x;k] tcfd phuh 13-50 #i, izfr fdyksxzke] dSjksflu 15-37 ls 19-10#i, izfr yhVj ,oa xq.koRrkiw.kZ ued 01 #i,izfr fdyksxzke fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA KkrO; gSfd izns'k ds dSjksflu fMiks ls ftyksa dh nwjh dsvuqikr esa izrsd ftys dh dSjksflu ifjoguykxrsa yxHkx vyx&vyx gksus ds dkj.kftysokj dher Hkh yxHkx vyx&vyxfu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA6

'kks/k leL;k dk p;u%izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr

lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dh Hkwfedk fo"k; dkp;u fd;k x;k gSA [kk|kUu dh leL;k vktknHkkjr dh cM+h leL;k gSA yf{kr lkoZtfudforj.k iz.kkyh bl fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ dnemBk;k gSA vr% ;g ns[kuk fd ;g ;kstuk[kk|k lqj{kk dh fn'kk esa fdruh ldkjkReddne mBk;k gS rFkk ;g dgka rd lQy gSAD;k okLro esa [kk| lqj{kk dh fn'kk esa bl;kstuk dh Hkwfedk gS] vFkok ugh bR;kfn dksLi"V djus gsrq 'kks/k leL;k dk p;u fd;kx;k gSAv/;;u ds mn~ns';

01- yf{kr lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dsfgrxzkfg;ksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd i‘BHkwfe dkv/;;u djukA

02- fgrxzkfg;ksa dh vkthfodk esa yf{krlkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds [kk|kUu dh

izHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u djukAv/;;u dk {ks=%

izLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa v/;;u {ks= ds fy,mRrj&iwohZ e-iz- ds lruk ftys dk p;u fd;kx;k gSA HkkSxksfyd nf"Vdks.k ls lruk ftys dkfoLrkj 23*]58 ls 25*]12 mŸkjh v{kka'k rFkk 80*]ls 81*]23 iwohZ ns'kkUrj esa fLFkr gSA ;g ftykizkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ;gk dk lhesa.Vm|ksx iwjs Hkkjr esa izfl} gSA puk] lks;kchu]xsgwW rFkk pkoy ;gka dh izeq[k Qly gSA 2011dh tux.kuk vuqlkj ;gkW a dh tula[;k22]28]619 gS] tks e/;izns'k dh dqy tula[;kdk 3-07 izfr'kr gS] ftlesa lk{kjrk dk Lrj 73-8 izfr'kr gSA o"kZ 2014 ds vuqlkj ftys esaxjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okysifjokjksa dh la[;k 1]99]081] vUr;ksn; vUu;kstuk ifjokjksa dh la[;k 75]237 gSA uxjh;{ks= dh vf/kdka'k dk;Z'khy tula[;k m|ksxksa esadk;Zjr gSA tcfd xzkeh.k tula[;k ds thoufuokZg dk lk/ku df"k dk;Z o df"k etnwjh gSAftys dh yxHkx 70 izfr'kr tula[;k xkWo esafuokl djrh gSA e/;izns'k esa bl ;kstuk dh'kq:vkr ds lkFk bls lruk ftys esa Hkh izkjEHkfd;k x;kA bl izdkj ;g ;kstuk ;gkWa ij Hkhlqpk: :i ls fdz;kfUor dh tk jgh gSA

xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okykifjokj v/;;u dh bdkbZ gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esalexztu ls pquko ds fy, nSo fun'kZu fof/k dsvk/kkj ij 100 mRrjnkrkvksa dk p;u fd;kx;k gSA

/ 75

60 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd

mUgsa izR;sd ekg 20&25 fd-xzk- [kk|kUu

feyrk gS rFkk ;s mRrjnkrk xjhch js[kk ls

xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr--------

i zk F k fed le ad k s a d k lkj. k h;u rFk kfo'ys"k.k

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd dSjksflu]

phuh] xsgw] pkoy vkSj ued bR;kfn lHkh lkexzh

izkIr djus okys mRrjnkrk 20 izfr'kr gS rFkk

ftUgsa ek= xsgw vkSj pkoy 80 izfr'kr gSA 20

izfr'kr ifjokj tkx:d gS rFkk os vius

vf/kdkjksa ds izfr ltx gS] blfy, os lkjk

lkeku izkIr dj ysrs gS] ftUgsa dsoy xsgw vkSj

pkoy gh izkIr gksrk gS buesa tkx:drk dk

vHkko rFkk ftl le; lkexzh fey jgh gksrh gS]

ml le; iSlks dk Hkh vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 2[kk|kUu dh ek=k ls lEcfU/kr lead

¼izfrekg½

Ø forj.k vkofRr izfr'kr

01dSjksflu] phuh]xsgw ]pkoy vkSjued

20 20

02ek= xsgw vkSjpkoy

80 80

dqy 100 100


1 15&20 fd-xzk 20 20

2 20&25 fd-xzk- 60 60

3 30&35 fd-xzk- 20 20

dqy 100 100

uhps thou&;kiu djus okys gSA tcfd 15&20

izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa ek=

15&20 fd-xzk- gh feyrk gSA 20 izfr'kr

mRrjnkrkvksa dks 35 fd-xzk- izfrekg izkIr gksrk

gS ;s ifjokj vfr&xjhc gSA 15&20 fd-xzk-

ftUgsa izkIr gksuk gS os tkx:d ugh gS] ftruk

lsYl eSu nsrk os mruk gh izkIr dj ysrs gSA

80 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS] fd[kk|kUu dh ek=k ?kfV;k gSA D;ksafd yky xsgw¼?kfV;k fdLe dk gS½ gSA pkoy tks fn;k tkrkgS] og cgqr iqjkuk gS] tks [kkus s esa Lokfn"V ughgksrk gSA lkekU; crkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dkizfr'kr 12 gS] ftUgksaus vko';drk iM+us ij ges'kkcktkj ls Hkh fuEu dksfV dk [kk|kUu gh [kjhnrs gSA

lkj.kh Ø- 1ljdkjh mfpr ewY; dh nqdku ls

izfrekg izkIr lkexzh ls lacaf/kr lead

76 /

fu"d"kZ %1- >ksifM+;ksa rFkk dPps edkuksa es a jgus okys

ifjokjks a dh la[;k vf/kd gS] blfy, ljdkj }kjkfo'ks"kr;k buds fy, de ls de dher ;k eq¶r esaHkh [kk|kUu miyC/k djk;k tk;s] rkfd buds thoudk fodkl lqfuf'pr gks ldsA

xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr--------

lkj.kh Ø- 3[kk|kUu ¼xsgw vkSj pkoy½ dh xq.koRrk

ls lacaf/kr lead

lkj.kh Ø- 4fofo/k lead


1 vPNk 04 04

2 cgqr vPNk 04 04

3 lkekU; 12 12

4 [kjkc 80 80

dqy 100 100

Ø- forj.kgk¡ ugha dqy

vkofRr izfr'kr vkofRr izfr'kr vkofRr izfr'kr

1vkidks [kk|kUu izfrekgle;kuqlkj fey tkrk gSA

20 20 80 80 100 100

2[kk|kUu dk miHkksx Lo;adjrs gS

94 94 06 06 100 100

3[kk|kUu ls vkids thou esalq/kkj gqvk gSA

60 60 40 40 100 100

mijksDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gS fd 80 izfr'kr

mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa le; ij

[kk|kUu ugh fey ikrk gS vFkkZr~ mUgsa 2 ekg

;k 3 ekg ckn rd fey ikrk gSA 94 izfr'kr

mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd os mfpr ewY; ds

[kk|kUu dk Lo;a mi;ksx djrs gS] pkgs og

fdruk gh ?kfV;k D;ksa u gksA tcfd 60 izfr'kr

mRrjnkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS] fd blls muds

thou esa ;g [kk|kUu cgqr mi;ksxh gSA tcfd

40 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk ekurs gS] fd jk'ku nqdku

ls mUgsa vklkuh ls fey tkrk gS] vxj ogka ls

ugh feys rc os cktkj ls yk;saxsA

2- ljdkj }kjk [kk|kUu le; ij forfjrdjkus dh dksf'k”k dh tkuh pkfg,A

3- dqN ifjokj ,sls gS] ftuds ikl ges'kk iSlkugh gksrk gS] vr% muds fy, ;g izko/kku fd;ktkuk pkfg, fd os ekg esa dHkh Hkh [kk|kUu izkIrdj ldsA

/ 77xjhch mUewyu esa yf{kr----- ---

lanHk Z%01- okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2012&13 [kk| vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k foHkkx] miHkksDrk ekeys] [kk| vkSj lkoZtfud

forj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr i"B dzekad 48

02- http://www.food.mp.gov.in/17/02/2015

03- foHkkxh; iz'kkldh; izfrosu ¼2004&05] 2007&08] 2010&11] 2013&14½ [kk| ukxfjd vkiwfrZ ,oamiHkksDrk laj{k.k foHkkx] e/;izns'k 'kklu Hkksiky

04- okf”kZd fjiksVZ 2009&10 [kk| vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k foHkkx] miHkksDrk ekeys] [kk| vkSjlkoZtfud forj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr i‘“B dzekad 49&50

05- http://www.food.mp.gov.in/17/02/2015

06- foHkkxh; iz'kkldh; izfrosu ¼2004&05] 2007&08] 2010&11] 2013&14½ [kk| ukxfjd vkiwfrZ ,oamiHkksDrk laj{k.k foHkkx] e/;izns'k 'kklu Hkksiky

4- [kk|kUu dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj djuk vfrvko';d gSA

5- jk'ku ds vUrxZr ftruh lkesfxz;ksa dkforj.k fd;s tkus dk izko/kku gS] os leLrizfrekg iwjh ikjnf'kZrk ds lkFk forfjr fd;k

tkuk vR;ko';d gSA6- [kk|kUu forj.k esa ikjnf'kZrk dk vHkko gS]

vr% ,sls vf/kdkjh ;k deZpkjh ds f[kykQ lDrdkjokgh dh tkuh pkfg, tks Hkz"Vkpkj esa fyIrik;k tkrk gSA

78 /

e/;izns'k esa efgyk vijk/k o laj{k.k dkuwu

Hkkjr v?kksf"kr :i ls iq:"k iz/kku ns'k ekuk tkrk gSA vkfFkZd lRrk iq:"k ds gkFkesa gksus ls efgyk ?kjsyw fgalk dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA efgyk fgalk dks jksdus ds fy, ns'k oizns'k esa dbZ dkuwu cuk;s x;s gSaA ysfdu bu lc ds ckotwn efgyk fgalk dh f'kdkj gksrhgSA izLrqr v/;;u esa ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd efgyk ?kjsyw fgalk dk f'kdkjD;ksa gksrh gS\ D;k iqfyl efgyk fgalk jksd ik jgh gS\ bUgha ckrksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl bl'kks/k v/;;u esa fd;k x;k gSA vkadM+ksa ds fo”ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd vf/kdka'k efgykvijk/k ;k rks ifjokj dh efgykvksa ds lkFk ?kfVr gq, ;k Lo;a ds lkFk iM+kslh o ifjfprefgyk,a ncko] 'keZ ;k vU; dkj.ksa ls vijk/k ds ckjs esa crkuk ugha pkgrh gSaA lkFk gh lkFkefgyk vijk/k esa izdj.k ntZ u djokus ls U;k; ugha feyk ftUgksaus izdj.k ntZ djok,muds ekeys Hkh yEcs le; ls fopkjk/khu gSaA dqN efgykvksa us ikfjokfjd ;k vU; nckoesa izdj.k okil ys fy;kA

efgyk,¡ lekt dh vk/kh tula[;k gksrh gSa]

fdUrq blls Hkh egRoiw.kZ rF; ßog ekuo lekt

dks tUe nsus okyh vkSj ikyu iks"k.k djus okyh

tuuh gksrh gSAÞ iq:"k dk vfLrRo efgyk ds

vfLrRo ds fcuk lEHko ugha gSA ekrk ds oUnuh;

:i ds vfrfjDr Hkh og cgu] iRuh] iq=h o vU;

ikfjokfjd lEcU/kksa ls tqM+dj iq:"k leqnk; dks

thounkf;uh Lusg o izse Hkkouk dk izfrd gksrh

gSA ysfdu blls cM+h foMEcuk vkSj D;k gks

Received24 Feb. 2015

Reviewed28 FEb. 2015


ldrh gS fd blh vk/kh nwfu;k dks vR;kpkjksa

dh Øqj tathjksa esa tdM+us esa lekt us dksbZ

dlj ugha NksM+h gSA

Hkkjr v?kksf"kr :i ls iq:"k iz/kku ns'k ekuk

tkrk gSA vkfFkZd lRrk iq:"k ds gkFk esa gksus ls

iRuh] cgu] csVh] ek¡ ds :i esa efgyk ?kjsyw

fgalk dk f'kdkj gksrh jgrh gSA efgyk fgalk

dks jksdus ds fy, ns'k esa dbZ dkuwu cuk;s x;s

gSaA 2005 esa efgyk fgalk laj{k.k dkuwu cuus ds

*MkW- vatuk tSu

*izk/;kid] 'kkl- egkjkuh y{ehckbZ LukrdksŸkj dU;k egk-] bUnkSj


/ 79e/;izns'k esa efgyk vijk/k----------

ckotwn efgyk fgalk ds izdj.k c<+rs tk jgs gSa

vkSj iqfyl izdj.k ntZ ugha djrh vkSj djrh gS

rks vijk/kh NwV tkrs gSaA izLrwr v/;;u esa ;g

tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS gS] brus efgyk

lqj{kk dkuwu ds ckotwn efgyk ?kjsyw fgalk dh

f'kdkj D;ksa gksrh gS\ D;k iqfyl efgyk fgalk

jksd ik jgh gS\ vkfn ckrksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl

fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u dk mÌs'; %&

¼1½ e/;izns'k esa efgyk vijk/k dh fLFkfr

dks tkuukA

¼2½ efgyk vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr dkj.kksa dk

v/;;u djukA

¼3½ efgyk vijk/k ls lEcfU/kr /kkjk o ltk

dk v/;;u djukA

vkadM+ksa o rF;ksa dk ladyu % izLrwr 'kks/k

i= izkFkfed o f}rh;d rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA

f}rh;d vkadM+s 'kks/k i= if=dkvksa esa izdkf'kr

ys[k o ljdkjh foHkkxksa ls tkudkjh ,d= dh

xbZ gSA izkFkfed rF; o vkadM+s izR;{k lk{kkRdkj]

lewg ppkZ] nwjHkk"kk ij ppkZ dj ,d= fd;s x;s

gSaA bl gsrq dqy 200 ifjokjksa dh efgykvksa tks

Lo;a ;k muds ifjokj dh dksbZ lnL;] iM+kslh

efgyk ;k tku igpku dh efgyk fdlh efgyk

vijk/k dh f'kdkj gqbZ gS ftldh tkudkjh mUgsa

gSA mu lc ls tkudkjh ,d= dh xbZ gSA

v/;;u ls izkIr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k %izLrqr

v/;;u ds ek/;e ls mÌs'; ds vuqlkj

e/;izns'k esa efgyk fgalk vijk/k dh fLFkfr]

efgyk fgalk ls lEcfU/kr /kkjk o ltk] efgyk

vijk/k ?kVk] vijk/k dh tkudkjh fdls nh]

vijk/kh ds n.M dh fLFkfr vkfn rkfydkvksa

}kjk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA

lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u% lfpo Hkkjr

ljdkj ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa tks efgyk,a dqVqEc

esa jgrh gSa ftuds izfr ?kjsyw fgalk gksrh gS]

mudh lqj{kk ds fy, ns'k esa 14 flrEcj 2005

dks efgyk fgalk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k

x;kA ¼ukjk;.kh 2005½

yokfu;r ¼2006½ ds vuqlkj la;qä jk"Vª

la?k us bls 1979 esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu dk :i

fn;kA- cksgjk ¼2006½ ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj

vi'kCn] jksd Vksd djus] ekjihV djus dks ?kjsyw

fgalk ekuk x;k gS vkSj blesa ek¡] HkkHkh] cgu]

iRuh] fd'kksfj;ksa ds izdj.k dks 'kkfey fd;k

tkrk gSA- fu'kkUr ¼2007½ ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj

efgyk fgalk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr izrkfM+r

efgyk fdlh Hkh O;Ld iq:"k dks vfHk;ksftr

dj ldrh gSA vFkkZr mlds fo:) izdj.k ntZ

djok ldrh gSA-ifjokj dk dksbZ Hkh iq:"k efgyk

dks ekjrk] mlds lkFk vHkzn Hkk"kk esa ckr djrk

;k mlls fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, foo'k

djrk gS rks og ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e ds rgr

ekeyk ntZ djok ldrh gSA ¼fu'kkUr 2006½

v/;;u esa 'kkfey 200 ifjokj dh efgyk,a

tks Lo;a muds ifjokj ;k iM+kslh ;k tku

igpku okyh efgyk tks ?kjsyw fgalk dk f'kdkj

gqbZ dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

80 /e/;izns'k esa efgyk vijk/k----------

rkfydk Øekad & 1e-iz- esa efgyk vijk/k dh fLFkfr ¼fofHké o"kksZa esa½

L=ksr % 1- e-iz- efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkxA2- e-iz- ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh dk;kZyk;A3- e-iz- lkaf[;fddh iqfLrdkA

vijk/k 1991 1996 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

gR;k 437 512 480 439 388 364 412 244

gR;k dk iz;kl 202 252 299 216 265 238 308 125

ekjihV 2491 2756 3619 3750 3030 3242 3168 2198

xgjh pksV 864 768 857 755 642 574 630 482

NsM+NkM+ 5875 6003 8019 7062 6138 5810 6274 3708

vigj.k 981 813 615 283 469 511 478 380

cykRdkj 1949 2336 2676 2651 2396 1947 2215 1500

vkRegR;k 430 627 625 546 537 560 624 356

ngst gR;k 176 432 543 610 610 584 657 340

izrkM+uk 1334 1882 2430 2735 3052 2760 2482 1517

/kedh nsuk 1722 2091 4113 6467 5810 6222 6603 3234

efgykvksa dh [kjhnho fcØh

0 10 3 6 6 8 17 14

ngst izdj.k 67 69 35 30 69 57 63 24

vkxtuh 67 38 53 61 49 37 68 43

16595 18589 24367 25611 23461 22914 23999 14165


efgyk fgalk ls lEcfU/kr /kkjk o ltk

Øe k ad fg al k /kkj k lt k

01 ngst gR;k 304vkthoudkjkokl

02efgyk dh 'kkfyurk Hkax djus dh e a'kkls fgalk] tcjnLrh djukA

54 2 o"kZ

03vigj.k] Hkxkuk] 'kknh ds fy, foo'kdjuk

366 10 o"kZ

04 ukckfyx yM+dh dks dCts e sa j[kuk 366 10 o"kZ

05 cykRdkj 376 02 ls 10 o"kZ

06,d iRuh ds thfor gksr s gq, n wljh 'kknhdjuk

494 07 o"kZ

07 O;fHkpkj 497 05 o"kZ

08efgyk dh 'kkfyurk Hkax djus dh e a'kkls vi'kCnksa ;k v'yhy gjdr djuk

509 01 o"kZ

09 >qBk vkjksi yxkuk 499 02 o"kZ

10pkVk ekjuk] /kDdk e qDdh n suk] fNuk>iVh djuk

319 03 ekg

11ydM+h ls ekjuk] ihVuk y kr ?kqlk ls]e kfpl ;k flxjsV ls tykuk

306 03 o"kZ

12vR;Ur xfEHkj fgalk gìh V wVuk] xfEHkj:i ls tykuk] yksgs dh NM+ ls ihVuk]/kkjnkj oLr q ls okj djuk

232 07 o"kZ

d qy 200 100

L=ksr % efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkxA

82 /

rkfydk Øekad & 4vijk/kh ds n.M dh fLFkfr

L=ksr % losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjr 2014

rF;ksa dk fo"ys"k.k%rkfydk Øekad & 1 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS

fd] gR;k] pfj=] lUnsg] ngst ekax] ikfjokfjddyg] nwljh vkSjr] tehu tk;nkn ds fy, 15ls 40 o"kZ dh mez dh efgyk fgalk dk vkfFkZdf'kdkj cuh ekjihV] ifr dh 'kjkc dh yr dsdkj.k 20 ls 45 o"kZ dh fuEu o e/; oxZ dhefgyk fgalk dh f'kdkj cuhA NsM+NkM+ dsvijk/k] Ldwy o dkWyst dh yM+fd;ksa ds lkFk14 ls 24 o"kZ dh mez okyh ds lkFk vf/kd gq,vigj.k ds vijk/k] ukckfyx yM+fd;ksa ds lkFkrFkk cM+h mez dh efgyk dks cgyk Qqlykdjfd;s x;s tks 12 ls 38 o"kZ dh mez ds lkFk gq,cykRdkj ds vijk/k] fj'rsnkjh] iM+ksfl;ksa ls c<+stks 16 ls 30 lky dh efgykvksa ds lkFk vf/kdgq,A 16 ls 30 o"kZ dh efgyk,a vkRegR;k] Qkalhyxkdj ejuk] ifr }kjk 'kjkc izrkM+uk] vkojxh]efgykvksa dh fcØh 14 ls 30 o"kZ dh mez dhefgykvksa dh xbZA

rkfydk Ø-&2 ds fo’ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS

U;k; dh fLFkfr mÙkjnkrk i zfr'kr

U;k; feyk 02 0-52

U;k; ugha feyk 188 48-45

izdj.k fopkjk/khu 04 1-03

izdj.k ntZ ugha fd;k 192 49-48

izdj.k okil fy;k 02 0-52

dqy 200 100

e/;izns'k esa efgyk vijk/k----------

rkfydk Øekad & 2efgyk vijk/k ?kVk ¼Lo;a ds lkFk]ifjokj ds lnL; ds lkFk ;k vU;½

L=ksr % losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjr 2014A

rkfydk Øekad & 3vijk/k ?kfVr gksus ij tkudkjh nh

L=ksr % losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjr 2014

vijk/k ?kVk mÙkjnkrk izfr'kr

Lo;a ds lkFk 71 35-50

ifjokj dh lnL;kds lkFk

86 43-00

iM+kslh@tkuigpku okyh dslkFk

37 18-50

vU; ds lkFk 06 03-00

dqy 200 100

Øekad tkudkjh nh mÙkjnkrk izfr'kr

01ifr@firk@ek¡ ;kifjokj ds vU;lnL;

182 91-00

02 lgsyh dks 08 4-00

03 iM+kslh dks 02 1-00

04 iqfyl dks 08 4-00

dqy 200 100


fd & vf/kdka'k efgyk vijk/k ;k rks ifjokjdh efgykvksa ds lkFk ?kfVr gq, ;k Lo;a dslkFk iM+kslh o ifjfpr efgyk,a ncko] 'keZ ;kvU; dkj.ksa ls vijk/k ds ckjs esa crkuk ughapkgrh gSaA

rkfydk Ø-&3 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gSfd vf/kdka'k vijk/kksa dh tkudkjh efgyk,avius ekrk&firk ;k ifr] HkkbZ dks nsrh gSaAiqfyl dks 'keZ] Mj] ;k lkekftd dkj.kksa lsizdj.k ntZ djokuk ugha pkgrhA

rkfydk Ø-&4 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gSfd & vf/kdka'k efgyk vijk/k esa izdj.k ntZ udjokus ls U;k; ugha feyk ftUgksaus izdj.k ntZdjok, muds ekeys Hkh yEcs le; lsfopkjk/khu gSaA dqN efgykvksa us ikfjokfjd ;kvU; ncko esa izdj.k okil ys

fu"d"kZ %ns'k esa efgykvksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, dbZ

dkuwu gS vkSj dbZ cu jgs gSaA ij dkuwu dlkFk&lkFk vko';drk gS ek¡ ds lcy gksus dh]vkRe cfy"B o vkRe fuHkZj o f'kf{kr gksus dhAlekt ds Mj ls] ifjokj ds Mj ls mls eq¶rgksuk gksxkA iqfyl esa efgyk laosnuk tkxr dj]Hkz"Vkpkj o jktuSfrd ncko ls mls eq¶r djukgksxkA dsoy dkuwu cukus ls efgyk vijk/k ugha:dsaxsA Lo;a efgyk dks cnyuk gksxk lektdks lq/kkjuk gksxkA vijkf/k;ksa esa Hk; iSnk djukgksxkA dkuwu dh ypjrk dks de dj dBksjrkls ykxw djuk gksxkA dkuwu ds <sj yxkus lsugha vijkf/k;ksa ds gkSalys iLr djus ij ghefgyk vijk/k ds fo:) U;k; dh mEehn txldrh gSA

lUnHkZ %

ukjk;.kh izdk'k ukjk;.k ¼2005½] dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k vkSj efgykvksa ds izfr ?kjsyw fgalk & cqd ,uDyso]t;iqj] i- 184 ls 198A

yokfu;r ,e-,e-¼2006½ Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk lekt'kkL= ] fjlpZ ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] i-la- 105 A

oksgjk vklkjkuh ¼2006½] Hkkjrh; ukjh vfLerk vkSj vf/kdkj] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkÅl] nfj;kxat] ubZfnYyh] i-la- 87A

fu'kkar flag ehuk{kh ¼2007½] vk/kqfudrk vkSj efgyk mRihM+u ] vksexk ifCyds'ku] nfj;kxat] ubZfnYyh] i- 32] 49A

fu'kkar flag ehuk{kh ¼2006½] vk/kqfudrk vkSj efgyk mRihM+u ] vksexk ifCyds'ku] nfj;kxat] ubZfnYyh] i- 68] 140 A

84 /

fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n`f"Vdks.k dhvko';drk

¼MkW-yksfg;k ds fopkjksa esa½

f'k{kk dk egRo loZfofnr gS] fo'ks"kdj izkFkfed f'k{kk dk uo Lora= ns'k ds fy;s izkFkfed f'k{kkO;oLFkk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ pqukSrh gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ rRdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk esavkewy pwy ifjorZu u dj vkaf'kd ifjorZu gh fd;s x;s ifj.kker% orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk viusmÌs';ksa dks izkIr djus esa vlQy gh fl) gks jgh gSA izfl) lektoknh fopkjd ,oa Lora=rklaxzke lsukuh MkW-jke euksgj yksfg;k us izkFkfed f'k{kk ds laiw.kZ igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;k FkkA f'k{kkO;oLFkk dh izeq[k dfe;kW muds vuqlkj] vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk ek/;e] vehjk o xjhcksa dh f'k{kk esa varj,oa thouksi;ksxh ikB~;dze dk 'kkfey u gksuk fo'ks"kdj gS] mUgksusa bu dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;sljdkj }kjk f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ,d TkSlh O;oLFkk] ekrHkk"kk esa f'k{kk rFkk jkstxkj ewyd f'k{kkO;oLFkk viukus ij cy fn;k FkkA mudk fopkj Fkk loZizFke izkFkfed f'k{kk dks lqO;ofLFkr djukgksxk] ek/;fed ,oa mPPk f'k{kk O;oLFkk Loesao O;ofLFkr gks tk;saxhA MkW-yksfg;k dk izkFkfed f'k{kkds lanHkZ esa lexz nf"Vdks.k orZeku le; esa vR;f/kd izklafxd gSA

f'k{kk dk egRo loZfofnr gS] dksbZ Hkh lektvkSj jkT; f'k{kk dh vogsyuk dj Lo;a dks xrZesa /kdsyus dk nqLlkgl ugha djsxkA f'k{kk dkmÌs'; dsoy jkstxkj izkfIr gsrq l{ke gksuk ghugha gS] cfYd ekuo xq.kksa dk fodkl rFkklekt ,oa jkT;ksa ds lkFk ldkjkRed rkjrE;LFkkfir djuk Hkh gSA Lo;a rFkk vius {ks=lekt o jkT; dk fodkl gh f'k{kk dk ewymÌs'; gksuk pkfg;sA f'k{kk dk egRo blh rF;l s irk pyrk g S fd i z R; sd lektlq/kkjdksa] jktuhfrd]vkfFkZd]lkekftd fpardksa




us f'k{kk dks vius vkanksyuksa ,oa fopkjksa dk ewyvk/kkj cuk;kA Lo;a ds fopkjksa ds vuqdwy O;oLFkkLFkkfir djus gsrq ns'k esa lcls igyk izgkj¼ifjorZu½ f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa gh fd;k tkrk jgkgS] pkgs os lkE;oknh gksa]vf/kuk;doknh gks ;kizxfr'khy yksdrkaf=d 'kkld gksaA

Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ rRdkyhu f'k{kkO;oLFkk esa vkewy pwy ifjorZu rks ugha fd;kx;k]ijarq le;≤ ij vkaf'kd ifjorZu vo';fd;s x;s Abu ifjorZuksa es Hkh dHkh ,d dkjddks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k rks nwljs dkjdksa dh


*MkW-Jherh izseyrk feJk

*lgk-izk/;kid ¼jktuhfr foKku½ 'kkl-ds-vkj-Mh-egkfo-uokx<+] ftyk&csesrjk ¼N-x-½

/ 85fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n`f"Vdks.k---- --- --

mis{kk dh xbZA Qyr% visf{kr ifj.kke ughafey ik;s ftrus vf/kd iz;ksx f'k{kk O;oLFkk esafd;s x;s laHkor% mrus vU; fdlh Hkh {ks= esaugha fd;s x;sA fQj Hkh orZeku f'k{kk viuslnL;ksa dks izkIr djus esa vlQy jgh gSA

izfl) ,MoksdsV foey ok/koku dk dFkulR; gS fd & ^^ orZeku Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkkbl y{; ij dksbZ Hkh iz;kl djus esa foQy jghgS fd jpukRed lksp ds vk/kkjHkwr ewY; dkSu lsgS ftUgsa ,d ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks vius pfj=dh rjg /kkj.k djuk pkfg,A^^1

dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk laiw.kZ :i ls u rks nkssss"k;qDr gksrh gS vkSj u iwjh rjg ls nks"keqDr]D;ksafd varr% O;oLFkk euq"; ds }kjk cukbZ olapkfyr dh tkrh gSA ijarq vius mÌs';ksa dhiwfrZ gsrq vf/kdre {kerk ls dk;Z djus dhizofRr rks gksuh gh pkfg;sA ;g Hkh lR; gS fdfdlh Hkh O;oLFkk dks lQy cukus gsrq dksbZ ,ddkjd izHkkoh ugha gksrk ,slk Hkh ugha fd f'k{kklaca/kh iwjh uhfr;ka ,oa O;oLFkk fujFkZd gS ;kdksbZ Hkh ifjorZu fcuk lksps le>s fd;k x;k gSAiz'u ;g gS fd ubZ uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;Zdzeksa dkfdz;kUo;u fdl rjg ls fd;k x;kA tehuhLrj ij fdz;kUo;u lcls cM+h leL;k gSA tgkWij Hkh lgh fdz;kUo;u gqvk ifj.kke Hkh vPNsjgs vf/kdka'k yksxks dh ;g izofRr jgrh gS fdtc mu ij utj j[kh tkrh gS rc vPNk dkedjrs gS vU;Fkk ykijokg gks tkrs gSaA ;g cgqrvf/kd ?kkrd fl) gks jgk gSA fujh{k.k vkSjfu;a=.k dh vR;f/kd vko';drk mijksDr izofRrds dkj.k Hkh c<+h gSA bu nq"izofRr;ksa dk foijhrizHkko xjhc oxZ ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vf/kd gqvkgSA laHkzkr oxZ us rks vius fy;s iwjh lqfo/kk;satqVk yhA vius cPPkksa ds fy;s egaxs ls egaxs

'kS{kf.kd laLFkk;sa Hkh pqu yha] vr% ljdkjhfo|ky; mis{kk ds f'kdkj jgs] blfy;s f'k{kkdk ewy mÌs'; iwjk djus esa vleFkZ jgsAorZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh rhu i ze q[kdfe;ka%

¼1½ ekuoh; xq.kksa dk i;kZIr fodkl u djikukA

¼2½ thou ;kiu gsrq vf/kdre yksxksa dksl{ke u cuk ikukA

¼3½ gj oxZ ds yksxkss ds chp lekurk u ykikuk cfYd vlekurk c<+kus okykA

mijksDr dfe;ksa dk eq[; dkj.k gS f'k{kkO;oLFkk esa ,d:irk dk u gksukA ykMZ eSdkysdh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh lHkh vkt rd vkykspukdjrs gS vkSj vkt rd nks"kh Bgjkrs gSA ij ;gdVq lR; gS fd vkt dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk HkhyxHkx oSlh gh gSA tc ;gkW dh rduhdhf'k{kk O;kogkfjd /kjkry ij vf/kd mi;ksxhfl) ugha gks jgk gS rks vU; ikB~;dzeksa dhfLFkfr ls rks lHkh voxr gSA iwjh f'k{kk O;oLFkkdk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkkx izkFkfed ,oa ek/;fedf'k{kk dk gSA d{kk 10oha rd dh f'k{kk ;fnvius eq[; mÌs';ksa dks iwjk djus esa lQy ughagS rks mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk dk Lrj Loes;lq/kj tk;sxkA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh uhao dhlqn‘<+rk vfuok;Z gSA

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa 'kkldh; ds lkFk&lkFkv'kkldh; ¼futh½ laLFkk;sa Hkh lapkfyr gSAdqN futh laLFkkvksa dks ljdkj ls vuqnku HkhizkIr gksrs gSaA 'kklu ds }kjk Hkh vusd izdkjdh ;kstukvksa ds rgr~ fo|ky; laPkkfyr gSAtokgj uoksn; fo|ky;] dsUnzh; fo|ky;] jsYosds fo|ky;] lSfud fo|ky;] vkoklh; fo|ky;vkfn jkT; ljdkjsa Hkh dbZ rjg ds fo|ky;

86 /fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n`f"Vdks.k---- --- --

lapkfyr djrh gSA buesa ikB~;dzeksa ,oa ewY;kadui)fr dh Hkh fHkUurk gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ izkFkfed ,oaek/;fed Lrj ij iwjs ns'k esa ,d:irk dk vHkkogSA ns'k dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ij ppkZ ,oa ewY;kadudh vko';drk gS fd bu vYkx&vyx rjg dhO;oLFkkvksa esa [kpZ vkSj mlls mÌs'; izkfIr dhfLFkfr D;k gS\

orZeku f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk v/;;u ,oa ewY;kadudj mlesa lq/kkj o ifjorZu ykus gsrq MkW-jkeeuksgj yksfg;k ds fopkj vR;ar mi;ksxh fl)gksaxsA ;|fi ;g nkok ugha fd;k tk ldrk fdMkW- yksfg;k ds fopkj iwjh rjg izklafxd gS] fQjHkh f'k{kk ds laca/k esa mudk nf"Vdks.k vR;arO;kid ,oat u mi;ksxh gSA lq/kkj o ifjorZu dkslgh fn'kk nsus esa le{k Hkh gSA MkW-jke euksgjyksfg;k izfl) Hkkjrh; lektoknh fpard lektlq/kkjd] jktuhfrK o iz[kj llkan FksA dkyZekDlZvkSj egkRek xak/kh ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksus dsckn Hkh muds fparu esa ekSfydrk rFkk Hkkjrh;rkds Loj fo|eku FksA mudk tUe 23 ekpZ 1910 dksmRrj izns'k esa gqvk FkkA os Lora=rk laxzke lsukuhFksA 1967 esa vYichekjh esa nsgkolku gks x;kA MkW-yksfg;k dh fo'ks"krk Fkh fd os fdlh Hkh leL;k dsizfr lexz nf"Vdks.k j[krs Fks] vr% lek/kku Hkhmlh nf"Vdks.k ls pkgrs FksA leL;k ds lHkhigyqvksa dks /;ku esa j[kus ls gh mudk lek/kkuO;kogkfjd gks ldrk gSA MkW- yksfg;k dk lIrdzkafr dk fopkj Hkh blh nf"Vdks.k dk ifjpkjdgSA

MkW-yksfg;k ds f'k{kk laca/kh fopkj %f'k{kk dk mÌs'; & MkW- yksfg;k ds vuqlkj

^^ f'k{kk dk igyk vkSj cqfu;knh mÌs'; gS &;ksX;rk vkSj deZ dkS'ky gkfly dj viuh vkfFkZdfLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykuk] nwljk mÌs'; gS& nqfu;k ds

ckjs esa le> vkSj lgkuqHkqfr gkfly djukAfnekx [kqyk vkSj Nkrh pkSM+h f'k{kk ds mPpremÌs'; gSaA^^2 Li"V gS fd MkW-yksfg;k f'k{kk dkmÌs';] Lokyacu] lân;rk ,oa LokfHkeku dsfodkl dks ekurs gSaaA

f'k{kk dh i)fr & f'k{kk ds mÌs'; dhiw.kZrk f'k{kk i)fr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA MkW-yksfg;k us f'k{kk ds nks vkn'kZ dk mYys[kdjrs gq, dgk & ^^vejhdh yksxksa ds lkeusf'k{kk ds nks vkn'kZ Fks&,d teZu vkSj nwljkvaxzstksa dkA vaxzsth f'k{kk vkWdM+ksa] lwpukvksarFkk tkudkjh ij fuHkZj jgrh gS vkSj lwpukvksaij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gSaA teZu v/;kidf'k{kkFkhZ ds rdZ vkSj [kkst djus dh vknr dkstkxr djus dk iz;Ru djrs gSA teZu f'k{kklaLFkkvks a es a dksbZ Hkh fo|kFkhZ fdlh Hkhv/;kid ls f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrk gS] ;gkWrd fd mls viuk ijh{kd pquus dh Hkh NwVjgrh gSA^^3

MkW-yksfg;k ds vuqlkj %& ^^ v/;;u dhi)fr ;k rjhdk fo|kFkhZ ds fu.kZ; ij vf/kdfuHkZj djrk gS] D;ksafd tkudkjh vkSj nf"VloZFkk vyx ugha j[kh tk ldrh gSA i<+kus dsrjhds esa Lora=rk jguk vko';d gS rHkhv/;;u ds lkFk&lkFk ,d nf"V] nqfu;k dkstkuus dk ,d <aax curk tkrk gSA f'k{kk dslkFk rdZ vkSj ,d izdkj dh nf"V dk HkhfuekZ.k Hkh t:jh gS] vU;Fkk f'k{kk ftanxh esafdlh Hkh izdkj dh psruk ugha yk ldrhArdZ tkudkjh vkSj n‘f'V esa rkjrE; LFkkfirdjuk gSA^^4

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dh okLrfodrk %MkW-yksfg;k us Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr ij

fy[kk gS %& ^^Hkkjr esa f'k{kk esa adzkaaafrdkjh

/ 87fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n`f"Vdks.k---- --- --

ifjorZu dh ckrphr cM+s tksj&'kksj ls dh tkrhgS fdarq gj f'k{kk ;kstuk dk mÌs'; ;gh gksrk gSfd fdl Dykl dh i<+kbZ drus o"kksZ dh gks ;knwljk mÌs'; ;g gksrk gS fd ;g fo"k; ds lkFki<+k;k tk;sA^^5

orZeku f'k{kk pykus okys f'k{kk dk mÌs';lsok crykrs gS] fdUrq os Lo;a ÅWph f'k{kk;saysdj cM+s&cM+s vksgnksa ij ekStwn gS] vkSj vkjkerFkk 'kku dk thou O;rhr djrs gSaA vr% mudslsok okyh f'k{kk dh vihy dks dksbZ vlj ughaiM+rkA f'k{kk ds ;s ekfyd thou esa lQyrkizkIr yksx gSA ,d vksj rks 16 ls 18 o"kZ ds f'k{kkds ;qodksa dks jktuhfr ls vyx jgus dk mins'kfn;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj 7&8 lky ds cPpksadks dok;n dh Vªsfuax nh tkrh gS] ftlls osfons'kh jkt iq:"kksa dks vkxeu ;k Lora=rklekjksg ds volj ij vFkok tUe fnol ijpkpk&ftankckn ds lkFk lykeh nsaA bl izdkjdk ik[k.M iwjs ns'k ij cqjh rjg te x;k gSA^^6

MkW-yksfg;k us dgk & ^^ f'k{kk cM+h egaxhgksrh tk jgh gS] mudh rjQ ,d fcYdqy lkQbPNk vkSj "kM+;a= ekywe gksrk gS fd T;knkrknkn esa yksxksa dh i<+us er HkstksA :dkoVsaMkyksA nwljs ntsZ esa vkSj rhljs ntsZ esa iklyM+ds ÅWph f'k{kk u ik;saA f'k{kk Bhd Hkh ughanh tkrh] fo"k; Kku mlesa ugha vk ikrkA^^7

f'k{kk ij ,dkf/kdkj ds laca/k esa MkW-yksfg;kus dgk & ^^Hkkjr esa nqf"kr cuus dk gh urhtkgS fd 7 djksM+ f}t esa ls 5 yk[k f}t vkSj 17djksM+ 'kwnzksa esa ls 1 yk[k 'kwnz f'k{kk xzg.k djikrs gSaA 'ks"k dh izfrHkk rFkk lsok dk mi;ksxugha gks ldrk gSA^^8

MkW-yksfg;k us vaxzsth dks iztkra=]x.kra= vkSjlektokn ds fy;s ?kkrd crk;k D;ksafd blls

dqN yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa gh lRrk jgsxhA mudsvuqlkj ^^ fgUnqLrku ds xjhc cPpksa ds fy;s rks,sls Ldwy [kkst j[ks gSa] ftuesa NBs]lkros]vkBosard vaxzsth nh xbZ gS vkSj cM+s yksxksa ds fy;s ,slsLdwy j[ks x;s gSa] ftuesa ;s vius cPpksa dks 'kq:ls gh vaxzsth lh[kk ik;sa ;k vaxzsth ek/;e lsfl[kk;sA 'kk;n Hkk"kk ds dkj.k f'k{kk dh ijaijkVwV xbZ gS vkSj f'k{kk dk ikS/kk ns'k dh feV~Vh lsviuk vkgkj ugha ik jgk gSA 90% turk dkvkt f'k{kk ls cgqr de laca/k gSA^^9 Xkjhc vkSje/;e oxZ vkSj fdlku Hkh vius cPpksa dks ÅWphi<+kbZ ds fy;s isV dkV dj :i;k [kpZ djrkgSA mlls u rks mUgsa Qk;nk gks jgk gS u ns'kdksA ekStwnk f'k{kk esa [kkst vkSj gquj ds vHkkodk lcls cM+k dkj.k gS]fons'kh Hkk”kk dk izpyuvius ns'k dks udyphiu ns fn;k gSA10

MkW-yksfg;k ds vuqlkj ^^fdlh Hkh izdkj dsoSKkfud fodkl ds fy;s izkFkfedrk dk dzegksuk pkfg;s&;ksX; O;fDr] lkt&leku]bZekjrsaAfn[kkos dh bPNk ds dkj.k ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dsctk; bZekjrksa ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA gekjs ;gkWoSKkfud vkSj rduhdh O;fDr;ksa dh deh ughagS] tSlk fd dqN yksx lksprs gSa] fdarq ,slslaxBu dk vHkko gS tks mudk mi;ksx djsa blhdkj.k fc[kjs gq, gSA^^11 MkW-yksfg;k us ckj&ckjikB~;dzeksa dks cnyus o mudh fo"k; oLrq dhHkh vkyksspuk dh] mUgksus dgk &^^Ldwy f'k{kkdk ,d ?kf.kr igyq gS cPpksa ds ikB~;dzeksa dkscnyuk] ftuesa ikVhZ ds usrkvksa] lSU;okn rFkkifrozrk iRuh tSlh vekuoh; izFkkvksa dkefgekeaMu gksrk gSA^^12

os f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa HksnHkko [kRe djus dsi{k/kj FksA mUgksaus dgk &^^nsgjknwu okyh f'k{kkls mudh tkudkjh rks fNNyh jgrh gS rFkk ,d

88 / fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n`f"Vdks.k---- --- --

vthc izdkj ds f'k"Vkpkj dh Vªsfuax feyrh gStks lekt esa izkjaHk ls gh vlekurk vkSj 'kks"k.kdh cqfu;kn Mkyrh gSA^^ ge izk;% tUe vkSj/ku dh vlekurkvksa ls okfdQ gSa fdarq gesa muvlekurkvksa ds izfr Hkh lko/kku jguk pkfg;s]tks Hkk"kk vkSj izfrHkk ls iSnk gksrh gSA^^13 MkW-yksfg;k nks izdkj dh f'k{kk laLFkk ds fojks/kh Fks,d izfr fo|kFkhZ [kpZ vkB vkus vkSj nwljs nkslkS :-ekfldA14

MkW- yksfg;k ds mijksDr fopkjksa ds o.kZu lsLi"V gS fd os Hkkjr dh rRdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkkdks cPpksa ds fodkl ds vuqdwy ugha ekurs FksrFkk bl f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks gj rjg dh vlekurkc<+kus dk ,d izeq[k dkjd ekurs FksA Li"Vr% nksizdkj ds fo|ky;] tks vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij pyjgs Fks vkSj py jgs gSa lekftd lejlrkLFkkfir djus esa iwjh rjg vleFkZ gSA Hkkjr esaLora=rk ds i'pkr~ yksdrkaf=d lektokn dky{; j[kk Fkk vkSj vkt lkekftd {ks= esalektokn dk y{; gS Hkys gh vkfFkZd {ks= esaiwathokn dks viuk fy;k x;k gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksaf'k{kk O;oLFkk fo'ks"kdj fo|ky;hu f'k{kk dsO;kid iSekus esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk gSA

01 vizSy 2010 ls f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj ykxw gSfQj Hkh yxHkx 01 djksM+ cPps vHkh Hkh f'k{kk lsnwj gS] futh fo|ky;ksa esa 25% fu/kZu cPpksa dksizos'k nsuk gS] ijarq os blls fdlh u fdlh rjgcpus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA MkW-yksfg;k us viusle; esa tks leL;k;sa bl {ks= esa crkbZ Fkh]deksos'k vkt Hkh ifjfLFkfr mlh rjg dh gSAmUgksus bl leL;kvksa lek/kku nsrs gq, f'k{kkO;oLFkk esa lq/kkj ,oa ifjorZu gsrq vusd lq>kofn;s FksA

MkW-yksfg;k ds f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj gsrqlq>ko %

MkW-yksfg;k tkudkjh gkfly djus dslkFk&lkFk nf"V esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk ekursFksA muds vuqlkj& ^^f'k{kk ds Lo:i mldsmÌs'; ds ekeys esa dksbZ cqfu;knh nf"Vdks.k HkykdSls cus] tc lekt ds ckjs esa gh fdlh izdkjdh nf"V ugha cu ikbZ gSA bl nf"V fuekZ.k gsrqmUgksus dgk&^^ 6 ls 12 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dsfy;s Ldwy ,d dj fn;s tk;saaA de ls deizkjafHkd f'k{kk lekurk ds Lrj ij vk tk;sAblds fy;s 6 ls 12 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dh i<+kbZds fy;s E;qfuLiy vkSj fMfLDV cksMZ dks Ldwy[kksyus ds flok; vkSj fdlh dks Ldwy [kksyusdk vf/kdkj gh u fn;k tk;sA bldk Qy ;ggksxk fd Hk afx;ks a vkSj VkVk&fcM+yk dsyM+ds&yM+fd;ka mlh Ldwy esa i<+sxsaA bldkvo';Hkkoh izHkko 'kkld oxZ ij Hkh iM+sxk]D;ksaafd tc muds cPpksa dh f'k{kk bl izdkj dsLdwyksa esa fcxM+us yxsxh rks LokFkZo'k lgh ij osdqN lq/kkj ykus dh dksf'k'k djsaxsA blls fuf'pr:i ls lekt vkSj thou ds izfr mudh ,dnf"V cusxhA^^15

MkW-yksfg;k us izkFkfed f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ijvR;f/kd cy fn;k Fkk mudk fopkj Fkk fd^^lektoknh ikVhZ dk fl)kaar gS fd izkFkfedLdwy [kkyh ,d fdLe ds gSa ekLVjksa dh ,drjg dh ru[okg gks vkSj cPpksa dks i<+kus dh,d rjg dh fdrkcsaA dqN dgsaxs fd izkFkfedLdwy ds vykok tks nwljs Ldwy gSa muds ckjs esaD;ksa ugha ;g fl)kar cukrsA vHkh mldks NksM+nks D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh dke gksrk gS rks ,d eaftyysds gksrk gSA^^16

MkW-yksfg;k ds vuqlkj& izkFkfed f'k{kky;ksa

/ 89fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n `f"Vdks.k----- --

esa vkfFkZd oS”kE; nwj djsaA oSKkfud rduhdhvkSj vkS|ksfxd Ldwy cMs+ iSekus ij [kksys tk;sa]ftldk y{; fo"k; dk Kku gks [kkst gks u fdlrgh vkSj O;FkZ Hkk"kk dh 'kSyh] tSlk fd vktdygksrk gSA xkWoksa eas gh D;ksaafd lewps ns'k esa f'k{kkdk vk/kkj cnyuk iM+sxkA u blesa [kkst gS] ugqujA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa vkSj fdlh Hkh le;[kkst vkSj ubZ tkudkjh ls gh ns'k dh f'k{kklth cuh jgrh gSA gekjs ns'k esa [kkst dk L=ksrcaan gks x;k gSA mlh ds lkFk&lkFk fHkUu&fHkUufo"k;ksa dk gquj HkhA teZuh vkSj LohMu vkfnns'k dkgs ij cus gSaA fdlkuksa vkSj etnwjksa dscM+s oxZ ij tks fo'ofo|ky;ksa es bathfu;fjaxvFkok ÅWph f'k{kk ugha ikrk ysfdu dHkh ukSdjhdHkh dkjhxjh ds Ldwyksa esa f'k{kk iM+rk gqvkfujarj viuk gquj c<+krk gSA17

^îzkFkfed f'k{kk dk cM+k fgLlk df"k ,oam|ksx laca/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ cquk tk;sA^^MkW- yksfg;k ds mijksDr fopkjksa ls Li"V gS fd osjkstxkj ewyd f'k{kk ds i{k/kj FksA MkW-yksfg;kekrHkk"kk esa f'k{kk nsus ij cy nsrs Fks rFkk vaxzsthdks Hksn mRiUu djus dk ek/;e ekurs FksA osvuqokn ds dke esa rsth ykus ds fgek;rh Fks fdfo'o ds fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds Kku HkaMkj dklnqi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA mUgksus lq>ko fn;kfd & lk{kjrk lsuk cukbZ tk;s] rkfd fuj{kjrkdks 10 lkyksa esa [kRe fd;k tk ldsA18

MkW-yksfg;k v/;;u dh i)fr pquus dhLora=rk fo|kfFkZvksa dks nsuk vko';d ekurs Fksrkfd v/;;u ds lkFk&lkFk ,d nf"V nqfu;kdks tkuus dk ,d <ax cu ldsA os teZu dsf'k{kk ds rjhds ds leFkZd Fks] D;ksafd ogkWv/;kid f'k{kkFkhZ ds rdZ vkSj [kkst djus dhvknr dks tkxr djus dk iz;Ru djrs gSA

^^f'k{kk ds lkFk rdZ vkSj ,d izdkj dh nqf"V dkHkh fuekZ.k t:jh gS] vU;Fkk f'k{kk ftanxh esafdlh Hkh izdkj dh psruk ugha yk ldrhA^^19

MkW-yksfg;k ikB~;dze dks O;kogkfjd ,oa thoumi;ksxh cukus gsrq df"k ,oa m|ksx dh tkudkjhdks izkFkfedrk nsuk pkgrs FksA os ckj&ckj ikB~;dzeds cnyko ls O;fFkr FksA muds vuqlkj &^^cPpksa dh iqLrdsa mPpLrjh; rFkk tkudkjh dkL=ksr gksuk pkfg;sA mUgsa ckj&ckj cnyus dhvko';drk ugha gksuh pkfg;s vkSj ys[kd izdk'kdds jSdsV [kRe gksus pkfg;sA^^20

rRdkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls vlarq"V gksdjyksfg;k us dgk Fkk & ^^dHkh&dHkh rks ,slkyxrk gS fd foKku vkSj bathfu;fjax dks NksM+djfo'ofo|ky; ds ckdh foHkkx 5 o"kZ ds fy;s candj fn;s tk;s rks cgqr vPNkA rc ‘kk;n ,dubZ ijaaijk cusA'kk;n Hkk"kk ds dkj.k f'k{kk dhijaaijk VwV xbZ gS vkSj f'k{kk dk ikS/kk ns'k dhfeV~Vh ls viuk vkgkj ugha ik jgk gSA^^21

fu"d"kZ %fo|ky;hu f'k{kk laca/kh MkW-yksfg;k ds mijksDr

fopkjksa ds o.kZu ls fuEu fu"d"kZ izkIr gksrs gS&¼1½ MkW-yksfg;k izkFkfed f'k{kk dks vR;f/kd

egRoiw.kZ ekurs Fks] D;ksfd ;gh Hkkoh ih<+h dsfuekZ.k esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ pj.k gSA ;gh f'k{kkdh uhao iM+rh gSA

¼2½ f'k{kk dk mÌs'; vPNs O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.kdjuk gS tks lekt ds izfr ldkjkRed nf"Vdks.kviukus ds fy;s cPpksa dks RkS;kj djrk gSAjkstxkj izkfIr bldk nwljk mÌs'; gSA

¼3½ f'k{kk fo|kFkhZ dks tkudkjh ,oa lwpuknsos lkFk gh lkFk rdZ ,oa [kkst djus dh izofRrdk fodkl djsaA

¼4½ f'k{kk lekt esa lekurk LFkkfir djus ds

90 / fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n `f"Vdks.k --- -- -- --

lanHkZ %1 ns'kca/kq ¼nSfud]jk;iqj laLdj.k½ fnukad 22-03-20142 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ u;k lekt] u;keu ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 4 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] & i"B 463 ogh] i"B 464 ogh] i"B 465 ogh] i"B 466 ogh] i"B 46&477 ogh] i"B 46&478 ogh]] i"B 469 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ ^Hkkjr dk fdlku^ ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 3 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh ] i"B 9310 ogh] i"B 9311 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ ^,d u;k lekdyu^]jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 1 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh]& i"B 46712 ogh i"B 46613 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ ^lekurk dk vFkZ ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 1 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] i"B 33614 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ u;k lekt] u;keu ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 4 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] & i"B 47

fy;s gksuk pkfg;s u fd vlkeurk c<+kus dsfy;sA lekurk c<+kus ds fy;s vko';d gS ,dtSls fo|ky; ,oa ikB~;dzeA

¼5½ izkFkfed fo|ky; dsoy ljdkj }kjklapkfyr gks blls lHkh oxZ ds cPps ,d ghLdwy es a i<+kb Z djs ax sA ifj.kke Lo:ivehj]xjhc]ÅWp&uhp dk Hksn lekIr gksxkA

ikB~;dze ckj&ckj ifjofRkZr u fd;s tk;s,oa os lkFkZd gks] df"k m|ksx ,oa dkS'ky fodkldks vf/kd egRo fn;k tk;sA f'k{kk ekrHkk"kk esanh tk;sA

f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa ,oa lek/kku gsrq lexznf"Vdks.k viukus dh vko';drk gS] rHkh Bkslifj.kke izkIr gks ldrs gSaA Li"Vr% vkt HkhizkFkfed f'k{kk dh leL;k;sa deksos'k ogha gS tks

MkW-yksfg;k us vius le; eas ns[kk Fkk]vr% mudscrk;s lek/kku vkt Hkh mrus gh izklafxd ftrusml le; FksA oSls rks dsUnz ,oa jkT; dh ljdkjsafujarj iz;Ru'khy gSa fd izkFkfed f'k{kk esa xq.koRrkof) gks ldsaA cukbZ ;kstuk,W dqN Hkz"Vkpkj dhHksaV p<+ tkrh gS vkSj dqN dk fdz;kUo;ubZekunkjh ls ugha gksrk] vr% visf{kr ifj.kkeizkIr ugha gksrsA MkW-yksfg;k }kjk fn;s x;s lq>koesa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS & ^^lHkh cPpksa ds fy;s,d gh rjg dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ¼,d gh rjg dkfo|ky; ,oa ikB~;dze½ ftlls lekt esa lekurkLFkkfir djus esa cgqr enn feysxh vkSj f'k{kkdk eq[; mÌs'; izkIr djuk laHko gksxkA bulHkh ds fy;s ^f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa lexz nf"Vdks.kviukus dh vko';drk gSA

/ 91

15 ogh] i"B 4716 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½^lektoknh vkanksyu dk bfrgkl ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 1 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] i"B 54017 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ u;k lekt] u;keu ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 4 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] & i"B 4818 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ ^{ks ?kks”k.kk i=^ jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 1 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] 2008 & i"B 57819 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ u;k lekt] u;keu ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 4 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] & i"B 4820 ogh]] i"B 46621 diwj] eLrjke ¼2008½ ^Hkkjr dk fdlku^ ] jke euksgj yksfg;k jpukoyh Hkkx 3 vukfedk ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh ] i"B 94

fo|ky;hu] f'k{kk&lexz n `f"Vdks.k --- -- -- --

92 /

dkadsj ftys ¼mRrj cLrj½ dh tutkrh;yksdlekt ,oa lkaLd`frd n'kk

NRrhlx<+ ds dkadsj ftys ;k mRrj cLrj fj;klrh {ks= esa fuokl djus okys xzkE; dLcksdh vkfne yksdtkrh; ;k tutkfr lkekftd &lkaLdfrd iajkEijkvks esa vk/kqfudrk ,oa jk"Vhª;lkekftd vkfZFZkd O;olk;ks dk izpyu fodflr gqvk gS A izLrqr v/;;u dk mn~ns';tutkfr;ks dh lkaLdfrd fLFfr;ks dk v/;;u dj laLdfr ds fofo/k i{kks dk Kku izkIr djvrhr ,oa orZeku ds fofo/k i{kks esa vk;s ifjorZuks dk rqyukRed v/;;u izLrqr djuk gS ftllsvkus okyh ih<+h dks uohu izsj.kk fey ldrh gS A 'kks/k izfof/k ds varxZr f}rh;d L=ksrkss dkv/;;u dj 'kh"kZd ls laEcf/kr rF;ks dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA vkt Hkh tutkrh; lektviuh yksd ijEijkvks ,oa laLdfr dks latks, gq, gSaA

lH;rk ;fn ekuo dk ckgjh vkpj.k gS rkslaLdfrd mldh vkarfjd xgurk gSA NŸkhlx<lkekftd&lkaLdfrd] jhfr&fjoktksa ,oa ijEijkvksals ifjiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ,d vksj HkkSxksfyd:i ls fofHkUu izkdfrd ou izns'k] ioZrh;]rVh; ,oa eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa foHkkftr gSA oghanwljh vksj bu {ks=ksaa esa fuokljr fofHkUu leqnk;ds yksaxksa dh vyx&vyx cksyh&Hkk"kk] vkokl]jgu&lgu] jhfr&fjokt gSA ;g viuh ,d




laLd`fr fy, gq, thou ;kiu djrs gSAizkxSfrgkfld dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rdekuo us 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] lkaLdfrd {ks= esatks vn~Hkwr izxfr dh gS] bl ij v/;kiudŸkkZvksaus ekuo leqnk; ds fodkl dze dks nks oxksaZ esafoHkkftr fd;k gS& ,d oxZ tks lkekftd]'kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd rFkk gj nf"V ls mUur gS]bUgs fodflr leqnk; dh Js.kh esa j[kk gSAnwljk oxZ tks fodkldze ds izkjafHkd nkSj esa gS

*MkW-psru jke iVsy*gkscyky lkgw

*izkpk;Z] 'kkl-egkfo|ky; pkjkek ftyk&mRrj cLrj ]dkadsj**'kks/kkFkhZ bfrgkl v/;;u'kkyk ia-jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo-fo-jk;iqj ¼N-x-½


/ 93dkadsj ftys ¼mRrj cLrj½ dh---------

rFkk nqxZe {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrs gS ftUgs ouoklh]vkfnoklh] tutkfr ;k vU; tkfr vkfn uke lstkurs gSA

;s tutkfr;ka lkekftd] vkfFkZd :i lsvR;Ur fiNM+h gqbZ gS vkSj ;s yksx vf/kdrjmisf{kr {ks=ksa esa fuokl djrsa gSA ;s yksx lH;lekt ls iFkd jg dj Hkh vius vfLrRo dkscuk;s j[kuk pkgrs gSA Hkkjrh; lekt dkthou izkphu dky ls /keZxr mRd"Vk ls vuqizkf.krjgk gSA ftlls uSfrd ewY;ksa vkpkjxr vU;O;fDr;ksa ds izfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk dk lfUuos'kFkkA /keZ ekuo dks vykSfdd 'kfDr ls laca/ktksM+rk gSA blesa ifo=rk] Hk;] HkfDr] J)kvkfn rRo ik;s tkrs gSA /keZ ekuo ds vkarfjdthou ds lkFk&lkFk mlds lkekftd] vkfFkZdvkSj lkaLdfrd thou dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSA

dkadsj ftyk NŸkhlx<+ ds nf{k.k Hkkx esarFkk cLrj ftyk ds mÙkj esa fLFkr gSA dkadsjvrhr esa lH;rk vkSj laLdfr dk iquhr dsUnzjgk gSA izkxSfrgkfld dky ls ysdj vc rdblds uke vkSj Lo:i esa ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSA,sfrgkfld ifjorZuksa us dkadsj dh HkkSxksfydlhekvksa esa LoHkkor% ifjorZu fd;k gSA1

1 uoacj 2000 dks xfBr NÙkhlx<- jkT; dsvarxZr dkadsj fj;klr ,d ftyk gSA bldsvarxZr 5 rglhy vkSj 7 fodkl[k.M gSA 1947bZ- esa Hkkjr dks vktknh feyhA blls iwoZ Hkkjresa fczfV”k jkt FkkA bl fczfV”k jkT; esa yxHkx565 ns'kh fj;klras FkhaA laf/k o bdjkjukek dh'krkasZ ds }kjk dkadsj fj;klr vaxzsth Hkkjr lstqM+h gqbZ FkhA lh-ih- ,.M cjkj ds uke ls tks,d jkT; fczfV”k Hkkjr esa Fkk mlds varxZr 15fj;klrksa esa NÙkhlx< ds vUrxZr 14 fj;klrsavkrh Fkh ftlesa ,d dkadsj Hkh FkkA jktk ¶;wMsVjh

phQ dgykrk FkkA 1 tuojh 1948 dks dkadsjdk Hkkjrh; la?k esa foy; gqvkA dkadsj vkSjcLrj fj;klr dks feykdj cLrj ftyk dkfuekZ.k fd;k x;kA orZeku dkadsj ftyk 25 ebZ1998 dks vfLrRo esa vk;k A

dkadsj uxj n.Mdkj.; iBkj ds mÙkj iwoZHkkx ij fLFkr gSA cLrj laHkkx esa bl uxj dhfLFkfr egRoiw.kZ gSA ;gka O;kikj m?kksx&/ka/ksvkfn fodflr gksus ds dkj.k cLrj laHkkx dknwljk izeq[k uxj ekuk tkrk jgkA rhoz xfr lsfodkl dh vksj vxzlj dkadsj ,d O;olkf;d]O;kikfjd] 'kS{kf.kd] vkS|ksfxd ,oa iz'kklfuddsUnz gSA jk"Vªh; jktekxZ dzekad 30 ij fLFkrgksus ls rFkk pkjks vksj ls foiqy izkdfrd lainkvksals ifjiw.kZ gksus ds QyLo:i rhozxfr ls fodflrgqvk gSA izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dh n`f"V ls igkMh dsuhps clk uxj ftlds chpksa chp cgrh gqbZnw/k unh dk izkd`frd euksje n`'; vkd"kZ.k dkizeq[k dsUnz fcUnq gSA2

HkkSxksfyd lhek dh nf"V ls ;g {ks= pkjksavksj ioZrksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA bldk e/; HkkxeSnkuh gSA blds dkj.k tgka bl {ks= dksizkdfrd lqj{kk feyrh gS] ogha blds izkax.k esavkj.;d rFkk v)Zukxfjd lH;rk,a ,d lkFkikbZ tkrh gSA vkj.;d lH;rk ds :i esa gesavkfnokfl;ksa dh vuks[kh jhfr&uhfr fn[kkbZ iM+rhgS] rks v)Z&uxjh; lH;rk ds n'kZu mu yksxksaesa gksrs gSa tks ;gka eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa vU; izns'kksa lsvkdj jgus yxs gSaa ifj.kker% ;gka dh lH;rkdks feyh tqyh lH;rk dgk tk ldrk gSA3

n.Mdkj.k dk Hkw&Hkkx dkadsj fHkUu&fHkUutkfr;ksa dk laxe gSa blesa fla/kh] iatkch] xqtjkrh]ekjokM+h] tSu] rsyxw] ejkBh] eqlyeku vkfntkfr;ka fuokl djrs gSaA ;gka cgqr ls yksx

94 / dkadsj ftys ¼mRrj cLrj½ dh---------

ckgj ls vkdj cls gSaA4

dkadsj esa vkus ds dkj.k tkfr izFkk muesa Hkhcu x;hA eq[; :i ls xksaM+] gYck] ekfM+;k]eqfj;k] Hkrjk] ijtk] xM+ck] xkM+k] egjk] p.Mky]/kq:ok] Mkse] yksgkj] ea=h xksaM+] jktxksaM+] nksjyk]ukgj] dqEgkj] dks"Vk] pekj] dsaoV /kkdM+] vkfnizeq[k FkhA dqy feykdj 62 tkfr;ka bl fj;klresa jgrh FkhA5

dkadsj dh ijaijk,a xgjs ekuoh; ewY;ksa lstqM+h gSA ;gka dh laLdfr lfg".kqrk] ijLijvknj&Hkko] fofHkUu tkfr;ksa] /keksZa] Hkk"kkvksa vkfnls tqM+s yksxksa ds lkns thou dh lqanj felkyizLrqr djrk gSA lSadM+ksa o"kksZa rd vius 'kkldksa}kjk misf{kr jgus ds dkj.k dkadsj vk/kqfudmiyfC/k;ksa ls ihNs jgkA fczfV'k dky esa ;gka dhlaLdfr esa fo'ks"k ifjorZu gq, A6 tutkrh;lekt ds izeq[k lkaLdfrd fLFkfr bl izdkjgS&?kksVqy %

xksaM+ eqfj;k iztkfr dk ,d cgqpfpZr lkaLdfrdlaLFkku gS ?kksVqyA ?kksVqy dqvkjsa&dqaokfj;ksa dkfeyu dsUnz vkSj jkf= 'k;ukxkj gSA ?kksVqy dsizR;sd lnL; dks psfyd vkSj lnL;k dkseksfV;kjh dgk tkrk gSA ?kksVqy xg dk fuekZ.kJe nku ls gksrk gSA izkjaHk esa ?kksVqy nks izdkj dsgksrs FksA ,d esa ;qok laca/k fpjLFkk;h gksrs Fks]nwljs esa tksfM+;ka cnyrh jgrh FkhA ?kksVqy esajgus okys psfydks ds usrk dks fljsnkj vkSjeksfV;kfjuh dh us=h dks csykslk dgrs gSA ?kksVqyds nsork dk uke fyaxks gSaA fookfgr thouviukrs gh ?kksVqy dh lnL;rk lekIr dj nhtkrh gSA7

Xkksnuk %&NÙkhlx<+ dh fL=;ksa esa *xksnuk* xqnkus dh

vke izFkk izpfyr gSA fookfgr vkSj vfookfgrfL=;ksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, *xksnuk* dhvyx&vyx fMtkbu gksrh gSA ,slk dgk tkrkgS fd ;g izFkk xksnuk xqnkus dh eqxyksa ds'kkludky ls 'kq: gqbZA vyx fMtkbuksa dh ghrjg 'kjhj ds vyx&vyx vax Hkh fookfgrkvkSj vfookfgrk yM+fd;ksa ds fy, fu;r FksAvfookfgr yM+fd;k gksBksa ds uhps ;k ukd dsÅij ,d fcUnq ds :i esa xksnuk xqnk ldrh gSaAfookfgrk da/ks ij] ckagksa ij] iSj dh fiMafy;ks ij]xksnuk xqnokrh gSA8

ekanjh uR; %ekanjh uR; ?kksaVwy dk uR; gSA blesa ekanjh

djrky dk uR; fd;k tkrk gS rFkk xhr ughaxk;k tkrkA blesa iq:"k urZd fgLlk ysrs gSaAnwljs rjg ds ekanjh uR; esa fpVdqy ds lkFk;qofr;ka Hkh fgLlk ysrh gSaA blesa dksbZ ,dO;fDr iwjs uR; dk usrRo djrk gS] tks uR; esa'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g O;fDr ekanjh dh Fkkiksa dklek;kstu izLrqr djrk gS] ftl ij iwjk lewguR; djrk gSA9

ddlkj uR; %ddlkj mRrj&cLrj dh eqfj;k tutkfr

dk ,d fo'ks"k uR; gSA ddlkj uR; ¼;k=ku`R;½ mRrj&cLrj dh ?kksVwy eqfj;k rFkkvcw>ekfM+;k tutkfr;ksa ds chp fo'ks"k :i lsizpfyr gSA oSls n.Mkeh ekfM+;k rFkk nksjyktutkfr;ksa ds yksx Hkh ddlkj esa :fp ysrs ghgSaA ;g ,d xks= ioZ gSaA ddlkj ioZ ds varxZrxks= nsorkvksa dh iwtk dh tkrh gSA10

ioZ ,oa R;kSgkj%&vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk euk;k tkus okyk ,d

izeq[k ioZ *txkj* gSA bl ioZ dks lkewfgd :ils ,df=r gksdj xzke esa cus nsoxqM+h esa lEiUu

/ 95dkadsj ftys ¼mRrj cLrj½ dh---------

djrs gSaA txkj esa jkr] jkr&Hkj tkxdj xhrksads ek/;e ls vkfnoklh vius nsoh&nsorkvksa dkstxkdj vius fgrksa dh j{kk djus dks dgrsgSA11 mM+hlk ls vk cls czkã.k ifjokjksa us vk"kk<+ekg esa jFk&;k=k dk fo/kku cuk;k gSA12 ouoklhtutkfr;ka fofHkUu rht&R;kSgkjksa dks eukrhgSA ekVh&frgkj] xkscj cksgjkuh] jke uoeha]vkek uokjokuh] xksUpk] vewal fcgkj] dnEcekj]vkfn tutkfr;ksa ds rht&R;kSgkj gSA xkasM+ksa dsioZ gjiw] ikaMwe] dkjkik.Mqe] _rqvksa ds vuqlkjeuk;s tkrs gSA tuojh ekg esa dkadsj] dqjUuvkSj pkjkek es rFkk Qjojh ekg esa varkx<+] vkSjHkkuwizrkiiqj esa eM+bZ yxrh gSA esys eM+bZ;ksa esansoh&nsorkvksa ds izfr J)k&HkfDr] vkSj eukSfr;kavfiZr gksrh gSA13

fu"d"k Z%&NŸkhlx<+ ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr dkadsj dk

vkfnoklh cgqy vkj.;d vapy vius l?ku';key ouksa ÅWph ioZr Ja[kykvksa rFkk fof'k"Vvkfne laLdfr ds fy, lnSo vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz

jgk gSA bl vapy dh thounkf;uh unh egkunhftls riyk] uhyksRiyk vFkok dad unh ds ukels tkuk tkrk gSA ftlds nksuksa fdukjksa ijnzfoM+ vkSj vk;Z lH;rk dk fodkl gqvkAvk;Z&vuk;Z laLdfr;ksa dk laxe LFky gksus dsdkj.k dkadsj dh ,sfrgkfld xfjek esa vf/kdof) gqbZ gSA

lkekftd&lkaLdfrd ifjn`';ksa esa [kku&iku]os'kHkw"kk] yksddyk] yksduR;] ijEijk,sa] mRlo]esys vkfn izofŸk;ksa dks tu&tu rd igqWpkusgsrq lkekftd psruk tkxr djuk] 'kklu Lrjij fofHkUu dk;Zdze pykuk] ftlls NŸkhlx<+laLdfr dks ,d ubZ fn'kk ,oa vk/kkj izkIr gksldsA 'kklu }kjk iznŸk lqfo/kkvksa ls tutkrh;lekt ykHkkfUor gks jgs a gSA lkekftd&lkaLd`frd uojpuk ds fn'kk /kkjk us lkEiznkf;dlkSgknZz] lkeqnkf;d leUo;] mUur lekt dhos'kHkw"kk] [kku&iku ,oa vk/kqfud izofŸk;ksa dsmUeq[krk ds i'pkr Hkh HkkSfrdokn ls nwjlkekftd&lkaLd`frd lejlrk dk izk/kkU;nf"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

lanHkZ %1 okY;kZuh] ts- vkj] bfrgkl ds niZ.k esa dkadsj fj;klr]] i"B 01] 2002A2 csgkj] MkW-jkedqekj] @ jkBkSj] fnus'k dqekj] dkadsj dk bfrgkl ]2004 i"B 5A3 oekZ] Hkxokuflag &**NRrhx<+ dk bfrgkl** e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh Hkksiky ]2001] i"B 67A4 Bkdqj] dsnkjukFk&**cLrj Hkw"k.k**]Qqyokjh ikjk] f}rh; laLdj.k 1982] i"B 11 A5 frokjh ]f'kodqekj &**e/;izns'k ds vkfnoklh** ] 1984] i"B 79 A6 oekZ] Hkxoku flag&**NRrhlx<+ dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLdfrd bfrgkl** ]2001 i"B74 A7 csgkj] MkW-jkedqekj] jkBkSj ]MkW- fnus'k dqekj] ogh] i"B 23 A8 'kqDyk] MkW- 'kkaUrk&**NRrhx<+ dk lkekftd vkfFkZd bfrgkl** fnYyh ]1988] i"B164A9 dq'kokgk] lat;flag&**NRRkhlx<+ foLrr v/;;u**]2004 i"B134 A10 txnyiqjh]ykyk&**cLrj bfrgkl ,oa laLdfr**] 1994 i"B 230A11 JhokLro] ueZnk izlkn@**'kSytk dk 'kks/k vkys[k&txkj ioZ**] uoHkkjr ]lekpkj i= 16 flracj 1985 A12 voLFkh]calr&***cLrj dk xksapk ijc]ys[k**] banzorh]1986 i"B 110 A13 okY;kZuh] ts- vkj-@lkglh] Ogh- Mh-&**cLrj dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl**] i"B 180A

96 /

efgyk l'kfädj.k ds ek;us Hkkjrh;lUnHkZ esa vrhr ls orZeku rd

orZeku esa efgykvks dh fcfHkUu leL;kvks ij ppkZ djuk ,d QS'ku lk cu x;k gS |;fn/;ku ls ns[ks rks ukjh dh viuh dksbZ leL;k ugha gS ]L=h dh gj leL;k var esa lekt dhleL;k gS | oSokfgd leL;k ¼nkaiR; thou esa vlarks”k ½]ikfjokfjd leL;k ]vkfFkZd leL;k ]fo/kok thou ]os';kofr ]ckyfookg ]ngst ]lk{kjrk dh leL;k ]efgykvks ds lkFk vHkæ O;ogkj dhleL;k ]lekt esa nqljs ntsZ dk ekus tkus dh leL;k ]lEcU/k foPNsn ¼rykd½]dkedkthefgykvks dh leL;k vkfn fcfHkUu leL;kvks vkSj dqçFkkvks us ukjh tkfr dks cM+h ghukoLFkk esaiagqpk fn;k gS ;s Hkh dg ldrs gS efgykvks ds lkFk leL;k tqMk jguk mldh fu;fr cu x;hgS tc og ?kj esa dSn Fkh rc Hkh mldh <sjksa leL;k;sa Fkh vkt tc og ckgj dh nqfu;k esa iw.kZvkRefuHkZjrk ds jLrs ryk'k jgh gS rc Hkh mldh leL;kvks dh Hk;kogrk dk var ugha gS clleL;kvks ds :i vkSj uke cnys gSmYys[kuh; 'kCn % FksjhxkFkk] 'kkL=kFkZ] czEºokfnuh] líkso/kw] oDpkrq;Zrk ]ek; PokbZl] fyo Vqxsnj




*vatw f}osnh**çks-vkHkk :isaæ iky


*'kks/k Nk=k bfrgkl v/;;u 'kkyk iafMr jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky; jk;iqj**foHkkxk/;{k ]bfrgkl v/;;u 'kkyk iafMr jfo'kadj 'kqDy afo'ofo|ky; jk;iqj

lekt esa vfr çkphu dky ls fL=;ksa ds çfrlEeku O;ä djus dh Hkkouk jgh gS 'kriFkczkEg.k ls ;g fofnr gksrk gS fd ukjh loZ 'kfälEiUu ekuh tkrh jgh gS rFkk fo|k] cqf)];'k]laifÙk dh çrhd ekuh tkrh gS A gekjs ns'kesa ukjh dh fLFkfr ;qx ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrhx;hA mldh voLFkk esa oSfnd ;qx ls orZekurd vusd mrkj& p<+ko vkrs x,A fL=;ksa dslEcU/k esa tks oSfnd ekU;rk;s Fkh oks egkdkO;dky ds vkrs rd lekfIr dh dxkj is vk x;hbldh tkudkjh gesa jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr lsfeyrh gSA egkdkO;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa

fL=;ksa dh n'kk vf/kd mUur ugha Fkh] osHkksx&foykl dh lkexzh le>h tkus yxhA cgqfookg dh çFkk ]L=h gj.k ]fu;ksx ]lrhçFkk dkHkh çpyu çkjaHk gks x;k FkkA ijUrq iqf=;ksa dksvius ekrk& firk ds ?kj esa ukuk çdkj dhf'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA vk/kqfud dky ds lkeku ghegkHkkjr dky esa Hkh lk/oh L=h dh ;gh dkeukjgrh Fkh fd og ifr vkSj iq= ds jgrs eR;q dksçkIr gksA vr,o egkHkkjr dky esa ukjh dhfLFkfr lEekutud xgy{eh ,oa dY;k.kh ds:i esa Fkh A¹

/ 97efgyk l'kfädj.k ds ek;us-- ------- ----

ckS) lkfgR; vusdksa lqf'kf{kr ,oa ;ksX; fL=;ksadk o.kZu djrk gSA FksjhxkFkk ckS/k fHk{kq.kh }kjkjfpr xzUFk gS A lqHkæk dk mYys[k la;qä fudk;esa rFkk vejk ,oa mnqEcjk dk tkrdks esa gS AtSu /keZ esa Hkh dbZ fonq"kh ukfj;ks dk fp=.k gSt;arh ¼tks dks'kkEch ujs'k dh iq=h Fkh ½ dk'kkL=kFkZ Lo;a Hkxoku egkohj ds lkFk gqvk FkkAHkxoku~ egkohj ls okn&fookn ds ckn gh mlustSu /keZ Lohdkj dj fHk{kq.kh dk thouviuk;kA¼2½

500 bZå iwå ds yxHkx Hkkjrh; efgyk lektesa nks leqnk; Fks çFke oxZ czEgokfnuh rFkkf}rh; oxZ dks líkso/kw oxZ ds uke ls tkuktkrk FkkA os fL=;k¡ tks fookg dks ]xgLFk thoudks R;kx dj fujarj riL;k rFkk vuq'kk'ku dkthou viukrh Fkh czEgokfnuh dgykrh Fkh rFkktks fL=;k¡ fookg ds iwoZ rd czEgp;Z ozr dkikyu djrh Fkh rFkk fo|k/;u djrh Fkh vkSjckn esa xgLFk thou viukrh Fkh líkso/kq oxZ esavkrh FkhA ckn esa de vk;q dh dU;kvks dsfookg ds çpyu esa vkus ds dkj.k bl oxZ dhf'k{kk dk okf/kr gqbZA ¼3½ ekS;Z 'kqax dky esafL=;ksa dks cU/kuksa esa cka/k fn;k x;k ]de vk;q esafookg gksus ds dkj.k f'k{kk ls oafpr gksuk iM+kvr,o fL=;ksa dk lkaL—frd fodkl Hkh ugha gksikrk FkkA esxLFkuht ds vuqlkj bl dky esafL=;k¡ cspha tkrh Fkh] lrhçFkk] cgqfookg] ngstçFkk] iqufoZokg dk çpyu Hkh Fkk fL=;ksa dh'kkjhfjd ifo=rk dh vksj /;ku T;knk fn;ktkus yxk rFkk vU; xq.kksa dh mis{kk gksus yxhA¼4½

'kd&dq"kk.k dky ds /kkfeZd lkfgR;ksa ls ;girk pyrk gS dh bl dky esa fL=;ksa dhlkekftd fLFkfr fnuksfnu fxjrh x;h ,oa NksVhlh mez ls ysdj o)koLFkk rd mudks fdlh uk

fdlh :i esa iq#"k ds vk/khu jguk iM+rk FkkA¼5½jktoa'kks esa inkZ dk çpyu gksus ds dkj.kjktefg"kh ijns ds ihNs cSBrh Fkh ijUrq jktdk;Z esa iw.kZ gLr{ksi FkkA yfyrfoLrkj iqLrdls ;g Kkr gksrk gS dh uofookfgr o/kw viuscM+ks ds lEeq[k insZ esa vkrh FkhA ¼6½xqIrdkyhulekt esa fL=;k¡ çfrf"Br gks jgh FkhA L=h iq#"kdh v/kkaZfxuh ekuh tkrh Fkh rFkk /kkfeZd —R;ksaesa ifr ds lkFk vfuok;Z :i ls mifLFkr jgrhFkhA bl ;qx dh ukfj;ka fonq"kh] ysf[kdk rFkkdfo;=h gqbZ gS A vkn'kZ iRuh dk Hkh fooj.k Hkhbl dky ds xzaFkks esa feyrk gSA ¼7½o/kZudky esamPp dqy dh fL=;k¡ f'kf{kr gqvk djrh FkhAckyfookg]iqufoZokg ,oa cgqfookg dh çFkk fo|ekuFkh |fo/kokvks dks fookg djus dh Lora=rk ughaFkh Ag"kZ ds njckj ds fp=.k ls ;g Li"V gS dhfL=;k¡ Hkksx& foykl dh oLrq Fkh Alekt esalrhçFkk fo|eku FkhA inkZçFkk ugha Fkh ,oafL=;ksa dk dU;k ]L=h rFkk ekrk ds :i esalEeku fd;k tkrk Fkk mUgsa /kkfeZd ,oa v/;kfRed fodkl dh Lora=rk jktdh; vkns'k}kjk nh tkrh FkhA¼8½

Hkkjr esa fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa }kjk Hkkjrh;lekt esa vU;k; ]vR;kpkj] 'kks"k.k dk nkSjçkjaHk gqvkA ;wukuh ]'kd ]gw.k ],oa eqxyksa usgekjh çkphu lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj dks u"Vdj fn;kA mlh le; ls nsonklh ]nklh ]eqxygje ]ehuk cktkj tSlh dqçFkkvks dk tUe gqvkvke efgyk Lora= çse o pquko dk viukvf/kdkj [kksdj xqykeh vkSj 'kks"k.k dh f'kdkjgks x;hA ¼9½

csgrj ftanxh ,oa Js"B lekt laosnuk ;qägksaus ij gh laHko gS A D;k Hkkjrh; lekt }kjkvkSjr ds fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk ]LokLF; ]jkstxkj

98 /efgyk l'kfädj.k ds ek;us-- ------- ----

]vkfn cM+s elys NksM+dj mUeqä laca/kks dhvktknh dh ekax djuk mfpr gSA ¼10½ LoxhZ;egknsoh oekZ th us dgk Fkk dh Þeq>s cM+k nq%[kgksrk gS tc eS vktknh feyus ds rhu n'kd¼1980½ fcrk;s lekt dks ns[krh gw¡ Avkt dhukjh dks dqN ugha feyk gS tks feyk Fkk og HkhfNau x;k gS A gekjs tekus esa L=h iRuh ]csVh ]ek¡ds :i esa lqjf{kr Fkh inkZ Fkk i<us dh vktknhugha Fkh ij lekt esa L=h dk LFkku egRoiw.kZFkkA vkt ukjh O;fä ugha okLrq ekuh tkus yxhgSA lc mldk miHkksx djuk pkgrs gS Aiq#"k,d L=h dks tykdj nwljh L=h vkftZr djrkgSA¼11½ enqyk flUgk Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkjdjrh gS dh L=h dks ;fn eu cqf) vkRek dkla;ksx ekuk tk; rks L=h lEcaf/kr lHkh leL;k,¡Lor% lekIr gks tk,¡xhA¼12½

vktdy QS'ku if=dk ôksx* }kjk cuk;kx;k nks feuV dk ,d ohfM;ks êk; Pokbl*ftles vfHkus=h nhfidk iknqdksus ds vkykokvkSj 98 efgyk oxZ }kjk vfHkuhr fd;k x;k gSftles ;g trkus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gS dhge efgyk;s dgh Hkh tkus vkus ds fy, ]dSls HkhdiMs iguus ds fy, ,oa 'kknh ls igys ;k 'kknhds ckn fdlh ds Hkh lkFk lEcU/k cukus ds fy,Lora= gS vkSj ;s ek; Pokbl gS ;kfu esjh ethZArRi'pkr ,d iq#"k ohfM;ks vk;k ftldk lUns'k;g Fkk fd gesa L=h ,oa iq#"k nksuksa dh ethZ dklEeku djuk pkfg,A ¼13½ ;g lgh gS dh L=hds lfn;ksa ls flQZ drZO; jgs gS vf/kdkj ughaAifjokj esa enZ ,oa vkSjr ,d lkFk jgrs gq, HkhHksnHkkoiw.kZ okrkoj.k ls ;qä gS ;g lp gS dhfL=;k¡ ftl lEeku dh ftl lkekftd laosnukdh gdnkj gS og bDdhloha lnh ds ,d n'kdchr tkus ij Hkh ugha feyk gS] vkSj ;g Hkh lgh

gS dh mudh jkg ds jksM+k muds vius gh yksxgS dHkh [kkunku dh [kkfrj dHkh Lo LokFkZ dhiwrhZ gsrq efgykvksa dks cfycsnh ij p<+kuk vktHkh tkjh gSA ¼14½ ijUrq bldk ;g vFkZ dnkfi;g ugha yxk;k tkuk pkfg, dh efgyk;ksa dsfy, ifjokj uked laLFkk ls tqM+uk gh mudhçxfr dk ck/kd gS A fons'kksa esa ukjh mPp f'k{kkçkIr dj eqä ftUnxh thrh gS fj'rs fcuk ukeds gksrs gS laca/kks dh dfM;ka bruh detksj dhrfud Hkh cnkZ'r dh {kerk ugh vkSj ifr iRuhdk rykd dc gks tk;s dgk ugha tk ldrkAijUrq lp rks ;g gS dh ge Hkkjrh; Hkh blçdkj ds thou;kiu dks efgyk l'kfädj.keku ysrs gS vkSj ik'pkR; ns'kksa ds infpUgksa ijpyus yxrs gS ij ;g Hkwy tkrs gS dh gekjs ns'kesa efgykvksa dk bruk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl jgkgSA Hkkjrh; ukjh dh lgu'khyrk dh felkylhrk ,oa lkfo=h gS 'kfä dh felky nqxkZ rksoDpkrq;Zrk ,oa í<rk esa ækSinh dh felky iwjsfo'o esa vU;= ugha gSA ¼15½

ukjh dks pkjnhokjh esa flfer djus ds fy;s]L=h vkSj iq#"k ds dk;Z foHkktuks dks vkUrfjdvkSj oká LFkyksa ds :i esa foHkä fd;k x;k]ftldsvarxZr ?kj ds lHkh dk;Z o cPpks dk ykyu&ikyudk nkf;Ro ukjh ds lkFk tksM+ fn;k x;kA blfoHkfädj.k ds nks Li"V çHkko mHkj dj vk;sçFke & lÙkk o 'kfä çkfIr ls ukjh oafpr jghD;ksfd lÙkk]in ]volj vkSj 'kfä ?kj ds ckgjfo|eku gSA nwljh vksj& ikfjokfjd ifjf/k usukjh ds ltukRed i{k dks Hkh detksj fd;kD;ksfd ltukRedrk ds fy;s lkoZtfud o [kqysLFkkuksa dk vuqHko o vUr%fØ;k vko';d gSA

oLrqr% ukjh l'kfädj.k dk ç'u ]gekjh–f"V esa ]ewy :i ls efgykvks ds yksdrkfU=d


vf/kdkjksa ,oa muds ekuokf/kdkjksa dk ç'u gS]varjk"Vªh; Lrj ij 1945 ls çkjaHk ekuokf/kdkj,oa efgyk vkanksyuksa us fyax HksnHkko ,oa vlekurkds ç'uksa dks vUrjk"Vªh; ,oa jk"Vªh; eapks ijLFkkfir fd;kA bl çfØ;k esa la;qä jk"Vª pkVZjds vfrfjä ]1946 esa efgyk çfLFkfr ds v/;;uds fy;s xfBr lfefr ]1966 esa lkeku osruçfrosnu ]1975 esa vUrjk"Vªh; efgyk o"kZ ,oaefgykvks ds lkeku vf/kdkj ]fodkl ,oa 'kkafrds mís';ksa dk ladYi ]1979 esa ySafxd fgalk dksefgyk xfjek dk guu ]1975 esa efgyk fodklds fy;s Hkfo";eq[kh uhfr;ksa ij fopkj ]1995 esaefgyk vf/kdkjksa dks ekuokf/kdkjksa ds :i esaLohdkj fd;s tkus dk vkokgu ,oa rRi'pkrefgyk vf/kdkjksa ,oa mlds guu dh vusd Lrjksaij leh{kk ds fujarj ç;kl ¼dqN lrgh dqNxaHkhj½ fd;s x,A¼16½

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lu 2001 dks efgykl'kfädj.k o"kZ ds :i esa ekukus dk fu.kZ;fd;k x;k FkkA blls bl fo'ks"k o"kZ esa ns'k esaefgykvksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktusfrd :ils vf/kd l'kä cukus] muds fy;s pykbZ tkjgh dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZdeksZ dksubZ xfr çnku djus] muds çfr c<+ jgs nqoZ~;ogkjvkSj fgalk dh ?kVukvksa esa deh ykus efgykvf/kdkjksa vkSj ukjh 'kfä ds lEcU/k esa muestkx:drk vkSj psruk fodflr djus tSlsegRoiw.kZ vusd mís';ksa dh iwrhZ gsrq lkFkZdç;kl fd;s tkus dh ?kks"k.kk;s dh x;h| efgykl'kfädj.k o"kZ esa dsaæ ljdkj }kjk ns'k esaigyh ckj ,d Þefgyk mRFkku uhfr ÞviukbZx;hA 2001 esa gh fookg la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e2001 ]vijk/k naM çfØ;k lafgrk la'kks/kuvf/kfu;e ]2001 Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/kdkj la'kks/ku

vf/kfu;e ]2002 ?kjsyq fgalk ls efgykvks dklaj{k.k vf/kfu;e ]2005 fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkjla'kks/ku vf/kfu;e vkfn Hkh ikl fd;s x, Hkwz.kgR;k jksdus gsrq Þçlo iwoZ ifj{k.k rduhdhvf/kfu;e 1984ß ls Qjojh 2003 esa la'kksf/krdjds blds çHkkoh fØ;kUo;u gsrq fo'ks"k ç;klHkh fd;s x, gSA¼17½

orZeku esa 'kklu }kjk çR;sd oxZ ds dY;k.kds fy;s vusd ;kstuk;s lapkfyr dh tk jghgSA efgykvks dks l'kä cukus ds fy;s mUgsafodkl dh eq[;/kkjk ls tksM+uk vko';d gSA;|fi ljdkj us efgykvks dh n'kk lq/kkjus gsrqfofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvks esa vusd ç;kl fd;srFkk vusd dk;ZdeksaZ dk fØ;kUo;u Hkh fd;k]ijUrq fQj Hkh efgykvksa dh n'kk esa fo'ks"k lq/kkjugha vk;k gS A ljdkjh ç;kl rFkk ;kstuk;samfpr fØ;kUo;u]f'k{kk ,oa tkx:drk ds vHkkods dkj.k vius mís'; çkIr djus esa vlQyjgh gS |orZeku nkSj efgyk l'kfädj.k dknkSj gS] ljdkj efgyk l'kfädj.k ds fy;svusd ç;kl dj jgh gSA Þl'kfädj.kß 'kCnHkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa ukSoh ;kstuk ds nkSjkuvk;kA ¼18½

efgyk l'kfädj.k dk vFkZ gS efgykvksa dks'kfä laiUu cukuk vFkkZr fdlh dk;Z dks djusdk ;k jksdus dh {kerk dks fodflr djukAefgykvksa dh lekt esa fLFkfr D;k gS mudhf'k{kk dk Lrj D;k gS jktuSfrd dk;ksaZ esa fu.kZ;ysus esa mudh gSfl;r D;k gS D;k efgyk;sHk;eqä gS \ vkfn ç'u ds mÙkj dks utjanktdj ge ;wjksih; ns'kks ds u~D'ks dne ij py djtkus vutkus muds gh tSls efgyk l'kfädj.kdh ekax dj jgs gSA vkt rd ;g ekuk tkrkjgk gS dh iq#"k vktkn jgs gS ,oa ukjh ds pkjks

100 /efgyk l'kfädj.k ds ek;us-- ------- ----

vkSj vkfFkZd lkekftd lkaL—frd rkuk cuklfn;ksa ls ,lk cquk x;k ftles ukjhdk Lo;a dkvfLrRo ux.; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA¼19½

efgykvksa esa {kerk vkSj mtkZ dh deh ughagS] cl vko';drk gS lgh volj dhA çksRlkgu,oa ekxZn'kZu dh vko';drk gS lkFk gh vko';drkgS efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr djus dh tSls&tSlsefgyk,a f'kf{kr gksaxh] os vius vf/kdkjksa ds çfrtkx:d gksaxhA f'k{kk muds vkRefo'okl odk;Zdq'kyrk dks c<+k,xh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa esaefgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh fuf'pr gh muds HkkohjktuSfrd thou dk çkjafHkd pj.k fl) gksxh]bl vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij os Hkfo"; esa ns'k dsuhfrxr QSlyksa esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'prdj ldsxhA ¼20½

vktdy if'pe ls vk;kfrr vkSj Hkh dqNu;h vo/kkj.kk;sa vk;h gS tSls Þfyo Vqxsnjß¼21½ ,oa vkLFkkbZ fookgA bl çdkj dhifjfLFkfr;ksa esa L=h lekt esa viuh dSls ,oa

D;k igpku cuk;s ;g ,d pqukSrh gS AvkLFkkbZfookg vFkkZr tSls ukjh dks cktkj ls [kjhn djfookg dj fy;k x;k gks A rRi'pkr fookglQy uk gksus ij R;kxh x;h ukjh dk thoufdruk d"Vnk;d gksxk bldh lgt dYiukdh tk ldrh gS A if'pe ls vk;h vPNh ckrksadks gesa t:j xzg.k djuk pkfg, ijUrq efgykl'kfädj.k ds uke ij ogka dh va/k udydjuk vkSj dwM+s dks rkt le> dj ltk ysuk;g Hkkjrh; ifjos'k ,oa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dhvktknh dk xyr vkadyu gksxk AvkSjrksa dhvkokt iq#"kksa dh fujadq'krk ds f[kykQ gksukpkfg, ;g ugha fd efgyk;s Hkh fujadq'k gksaxhrHkh ckr cusxh A;fn iq#"k yaiVrk djrk gS rksmldh ljsvke fiVkbZ dh ckr ;fn ge vkSjrsdjrs gS rc mlh yEiVrk dks efgykvksa ds fy,lgh D;ksa eku ysuk pkfg, A Hkkjrh; laL—frdks ekr'kfä ds :i esa iwts tkus dh tks ijaijkjgh gS mldk fuoZgu rHkh laHko gS tc L=h ,oaiq#"k ,d nqljs ds lkFk e;kZfnr vkpj.k djsaA

lUnHkZ %1 flag] oh ,u ]tUest; flag ]bDdhloha lnh esa ukjh ;FkkFkZ o~ LoIu ]ukjhokn 2012 i"B 2282 ogh] i"B 3973 ogh] i"B 149]4 ogh] i"B 144]5 xM+dj]M‚ jktdqekjh] ukjh fparu u;h pqukSfr;k¡] 2010dkuiqj] i"B 416 iqrqy] fueZyk] tuer ]flrEcj 2003]iVuk ]i"B557 diwj]iq"ik]Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa ukjh 'kfä vkSj vk/kqfud ifj–';]2012 jhoka]i"B 4348 ekgs'ojh]ljyk] ukjh ç'u ]jk/kk—".k 2011] ubZ fnYyh]i"B 689 dkjkr] oank ]Hkkjrh; ukjh la?k"kZ vkSj eqfä]2005] i"B 5010 flag] oh ,u ]tUest; flag] vk/kqfudrk ,oa ukjh l'kfädj.k] 2012] i"B 611 flag] oh ,u ]tUest; flag] ukjhokn]t;iqj]2012] i"B 14412 flUgk]enqyk]ek= nsg ugha gS vkSjr]ubZ fnYyh 2009]i"B 613 'kekZ] {kek ]esjh ethZ dk vfrokn ] nSfud tkxj.k 4 vçSy 2015


14 flag] iquhrk]gekjh eqf'dysa ]:ik;u ]vej mtkyk ]ekpZ 201115 vk;Z] vydk] lkS lky dh vk/kh v/kwjh rLohj ]jk"Vªh; lgkjk 8 ekpZ 201116 flag] oh ,u ]tUest; flag] ukjhokn]t;iqj]2012] i"B 39717 'kekZ] M‚ jes'k pUæ]efgyk l'kfädj.k laoS/kkfud rFkk dkuwuh vf/kdkj ] 2010] i"B 15518 flUgk] uhfyek] vktdy] Qjojh 2001]i"B 719 jktfd'kksj]L=h &ijaijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk] iVuk 2010] i"B15120 pkSgku]vt; flag]L=h vfLerk ds ç'u vrhr ls orZeku rd] 2010] jhoka] i"B21 flag] oh ,u ]tUest; flag] ukjhokn]t;iqj] 2012] i"B 227

102 /

bl 'kks/k i= esa o.kkZRed 'kSyh vkSj foLrkj dh txg vfojy Hkkjrh; Lrj ij vuqlwfprtkfr;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] ek=k vkSj izdfr ryk'kus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA “kks/kkFkhZ dk iz;kllrukeh vkanksyu dh Hkkxhnkjh ds dkj.kksa dks ryk'kuk jgk gSA mu dkj.kksa dks Hkh ryk'kus dhdksf'k'k dh x;h gS fd ns'k ds vU; fgLlksa dh rjg ;gka Hkh ladh.kZrk vkSj vyxkooknh izofRrrFkk xka/khokn dk /kqj fojks/k D;ksa ugha iuik \

fcykliqj ftys ds eqaxsyh rglhy esa jk"Vªh;vkanksyu vkSj tkxj.k dk Js; iafMr jkexksikyfrokjh] nsonRr HkV~V] dUgS;k yky Lo.kZdkj]dkyhpj.k 'kqDyk] xuir yky oS'; vkSjxtk/kj lko dks gSA1

Jh xtk/kj lko] firk Jh jkepUnz] tUe1869 us vius xzke nsojh esa pj[kk la?k dhLFkkiuk 1924 esa dh FkhA 1930 rd bl pj[kkla?k dk foLrkj rglhy ds vU; fgLlksa esa gkspqdk FkkA2 bl rglhy esa ued vkanksyu dkizkjEHk djus ds fy, nsonRr HkV~V dk euksu;uLo;a egkRek xka/kh us fd;k FkkA3

vkanksyu ds fnuksa esa /kjuk ds fy;s fons'kh'kjkc dh nqdku ds lkeus >ksiM+h Mky yh xbZFkhA ;gka ls vkanksyu dk lapkyu fd;k tkrkFkkA dk;ZØe dk izeq[k fgLlk /kjuk nsuk vkSjukjk yxkuk FkkA bl vkanksyu ds varxZr 32

1920&30 ds n'kd esa xka/khoknh vkanksyuLora=rk laxzke ,oa lrukeh leqnk;

*MkW- fnus'k dqekj ik.Ms;




lrukfe;ksa dks dkjkokl dk n.M fn;k x;kA4

eqaxsyh rglhy] dkaxzsl dk vfr lfØ; {ks=Abl vkanksyu ds nkSjku 1930 ls 1933 ds chpfcykliqj ftys esa 78 O;fDr fxj¶rkj fd;s x;sFksA5 78 Lora=rk lSfudksa esa ls 32 lSfud lrukehoxZ ls Fks] vkSj og Hkh flQZ eqaxsyh ds] vHkh rks;g laHkkouk 'ks"k gS fd eqaxsyh ds ckgj Hkhlrukeh oxZ ls yksx vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gq,gksaA bl rjg Li"V gks ldrk gS fd fcykliqjftys esa nfyr vkSj vkfnoklh oxZ ij gh Lora=rklaxzke rFkk xka/khth ds gfjtu vkanksyu dknkf;Ro FkkA fcykliqj ftys ds vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksads chp ladh.kZrkoknh Lo:Ik ds vkanksyu tM+ugha tek lds FksA

enzkl esa xSj czkg~e.k vkanksyu dh ,d okgdtfLVl ikVhZ [kqys vke lkezkT;okn ds i{k esaFkh rFkk blus 1920 ds n'kd esa ml izkar esa

*lgk-izk/;kid ¼bfrgkl½ 'kkl- ';kek izlkn eq[kthZ egk0 lhrkiqj ftyk &ljxqtk N0x0


/ 1031920&30 ds n'kd esa xka/khoknh---------

f}&'kklu ;k MkbZvkdhZ dks lQy cuk;k FkkA6

egkjk"Vª esa HkkLdj jko tk/ko dh xSj czg~e.kikVhZ dkaxzsl dh dV~Vj 'k=q Fkh vkSj bldkvkjksi Fkk fd ^dkaxzsl czge.kksa dh egRokdka{kkvksadks <adus dk eq[kkSVk gS** 7 ;g vkjksi ,slk Fkkftls iq"V djus esa frydoknh fopkj/kkjk ds dqN,d i{k rFkk dk;ZdrkZ lgk;d fl) gq, gksaxsA;|fi fryd Lo;a ladh.kZ ugha FksA

egkjk"Vª ds lR; 'kks/kd lekt ds izpkj esa osxhr Hkh xkrs Fks] tks jke }kjk vNqr ckyd 'kacwddh gR;k ij 'kksd izdV djrs FksA T;ksfrck Qwysus 1869 esa f'kokth dks ^^'kqnz jktk** ds :Ik esafpf=r djrs gq, ,d xkFkk dkO; fy[kk Fkk] vkSjmlds ckn ls xSj czg~e.kksa us f'kokth dh ,dvyx Nfo cuk yh tks fryd ;k jkukMs }kjkizLrqr Nfo ls ,dne vyx FkhA8

lR;'kks/kd lekt esa ,d izofRr rks tfLVlikVhZ* okyh Fkh fd vius oxksZa vkSj yksxksa ds fy,jktuSfrd vuqxzg izkIr fd;k tk,] ijUrq xsyvksaosnRr ds vuqlkj ,d vU; vf/kd tuksUeq[krFkk tq>k: izofRr Hkh Fkh] tks cgqtu lekt dhvksj ls ^'ksVth&HkVth* ¼czg~e.k&iqjksfgrksa fdUrqlkFk gh lkekU; O;kikfj;ksa ,oa /kuh yksxksa½ dsfo:) izpkj djrh FkhA eqdqan jko ikVhy dsusrRo esa bl lekt us fonHkZ&ukxiqj ds {ks= esaegRoiw.kZ vkanksyu cuk fy;k Fkk rFkk bl Lrjij bldk izeq[k Lrj rkRdkyhu lekt esatkfrxr neu vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fojks/k dk Fkk] mlhO;oLFkk esa Åaph gSfl;r ikus ds fy, laLdfrdj.kdk ugha FkkA 9 egkjk"Vª esa egkjks dk vkaUnksyumudh fcjknjh ds igys Lukrd MkW- HkhejkovEcsMdj ds usrRo esa ijoku p<+kA mudh ekaxksaesa vyx izfrfuf/kRo] rkykcksa dk mi;ksx ,oaeafnjksa esa izos'k dk vf/kdkj rFkk êgkj oru*

¼egkjksa }kjk xkaoksa ds eqf[k;ksa ds ?kj fd;s tkusokyk lsok dk;Z½ 10 dh lekfIr lfEefyr FkhA1927 esa izFke egkj lEesyu gksus rd vEcsMdjds dqN vuq;k;h ^êuq&Lefr** dks tykdjizfrd :i esa viuk la?k"kZ n'kkZus yxs FksA

enzkl esa isfj;j bZ- oh- jkekLokeh uk;dj] ustks vlg;ksx vkanksyu esa lfØ; jgs] os dkaxszlls vyx gks x, vkSj tfLVl ikVhZ* ds vfHktuokndk yksdfiz; vkSj tq>k: fodYi fodflr fd;kAmUgksaus 1925 esa ^^vkRe lEeku vkanksyu** izkjaHkfd;k tks czg~e.k iqjksfgrksa ds fcuk fookg djokusls vkjaHk djrs gq, eafnjksa esa cykr izos'k vkSjêuq&Lefr* dks tyus rd vkSj dHkh dHkh Li"VukfLrdrk rd Hkh igqapkA11

vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh okilh ds mijkUrNqvkNwr dk fojks/k djus ds fy, dkfdukM+klEesyu ds mijkar dsjy izns'k dkaxzsl desVh uscM+s iSekus ij izpkj dk;Z izkjaHk fd;k rFkk=koudksj ds ,d xkao ok;dkse ls bl vkanksyudh 'kq:vkr gqbZA 30 ekpZ 1924 dks lR;kxzfg;ksadk ,d tqywl ok;dkse ds eafnj esa izos'k djusds fy, igqap x;kA eafnj ds iqtkfj;ksa rFkk=koudksj ds jktk us tqywl dks jksdus dk iq[rkbartke fd;k gqvk FkkA lkjs lR;kxzgh fxj¶rkjdj tsy Hkst fn;s x;sA ns'k ds vf/kdka'k fgLlksals lR;kxzfg;ksa ds tRFks igqapus yxsA iatkc lsHkh vdkyh tRFkk vk;k FkkA isfj;kj us enqjS ls,d tRFkk dk usrRo fd;k vkSj ;s Hkh tsy Hkstsx,A vxLr 1924 esa =koudksj ds egkjktk dhekSr ds ckn egkjkuh us xn~nh laHkkyh vkSj lkjslR;kxzgh fjgk fd;s x;s ijUrq eafnj izos'k dkgd ugha fn;k x;kA

ekpZ 1925 ds dsjy ds nkSjs esa xka/kh thfdlh Hkh eafnj esa ugha x;s] D;ksafd vuqlwfpr

104 / 1920&30 ds n'kd esa xka/khoknh---------

tkfr ds yksxksa dk izos'k oftZr FkkA12 dsjy esagh xq:ok;wj ds eafnj esa vuqlwfpr tkfr dsyksxksa ds izos'k ds fy, ,d uoEcj 1931 lsvkanksyu izkjaHk fd;k x;kA13 bl vkanksyu dkslQyrk ugha feyh ijUrq rkRdkfyd rkSj ij=koudksj ds jktk us 1936 esa vkns'k dj fn;kfd ljdkj fu;af=r lHkh eafnj lHkh fgUnqvksa dsfy, [kksy fn;s tk;as blh rjg dk vkns'kdkaxzsl ea=he.Myksa us 1938 esa fn;sA

xka/kh th NqvkNwr ds eqn~nksa dks vUrtkZrh;fookg vkSj vU; ,sls eqn~nksa ds lkFk tksM+us dsi{k esa ugha Fks] D;ksafd muds er ls ;s phtsa rks[kqn lo.kZ fgUnq lekt vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksaesa Hkh gSA xka/kh th ds vkanksyu esa vuqlwfprtkfr;ksa ds }kjk muds lekt esa lq/kkj ykxwdjus dh ckr 'kkfey FkhA blesa f'k{kk izlkj]lQkbZ] lwvj vkSj ejs gq, <ksj dk ekal u [kkusrFkk vius gh lekt ds Hkhrj ls NqvkNwr dkslekIr djus dh ckr Hkh 'kkfey FkhA14

lk{;ksa }kjk [kkfjt dh laHkkO;rk U;wu gksusds dkj.k ls ;g ifjdYiuk ysuk cgqr tksf[keHkjk ugha gS fd xka/khoknh vkanksyu dh vUroZLrqvkSj ;qx izorZd xq: ?kklhnkl ds vkanksyu dhvUroZLrq dh izdfr leku FkhA cfYd dqN vFkkZsaesa fopkj vf/kd 'kq)rkoknh FksA ftl lekt esafcgkjh dk &

^^vksB mpSa gkalh Hkjh] nx HkkSagu dh pkyEks eu dgk u ih fy;ks] fi;r rackdw ykyA**¼fcgkjh lrlbZ½jfl;k uk;d rackdw ihrk gks 15 ml lekt

ds chp rackdw ds lkFk gh elwj] HkkVk] rjksbZ 16

tSlh oLrqvksa dks oftZr djuk mxz gh ekuk tkldrk gSA xka/khoknh vkanksyu dh izdfr xq: dsmins'kksa ls esy [kkrh gSaA blds vfrfjDr

lqanjyky 'kekZ }kjk pyk;s x, ;Kksiohr vkanksyu,oa vU; dk;ZØeksa us vuqlwfpr tkfr 17 vkSjlrukeh lekt ds yksxksa dk xka/khoknh vkanksyuls lh/ks rkSj ij tksM+ s j[kk rFkk mudks ladh.kZrkoknhiFkkuqxeu ls jksds j[kkA

lrukeh lekt }kjk xka/khoknh jk"Vªh; vkanksyuesa fuHkkbZ xbZ tcjnLr Hkwfedk dks rHkh iw.kZr%le>k tk ldrk gS tc lrukeh /keZ vkSjlekt ds mn~Hko ds nkSjku O;Dr gq, izofRrxry{k.kksa dks Hkh ifjn'; esa j[kk tk,A {ks= dhlekU; tkfr;ksa dh laLdfr ls buds laca/krukoiw.kZ Fks vkSj nksuksa gh ,d nwljs dks HkkoukRed>Vds ns jgs FksA lrukfe;ksa us tUek"Veh dsvolj ij eVds ls fxjus okys ngh dks izlkn ds:Ik esa xzg.k djus dh txg iSjksa ls jkSanuk 'kq:fd;k rks fonzksg QwV iM+kA18 iFk ds fu;eksa dsvuqlkj mUgsa fgUnqvks dh fdlh Hkh tkfr vkSjeqlyekuksa ds }kjk idk;k Hkkstu vkSj ikuhxzg.k ugha djuk FkkA19 Åaph tkfr ds O;fDr lsHkh fcuk izfrjks/k O;Dr fd;s ^fiVkbZ** [kkus okyklrukeh tkfr ls cfgLdr dj fn;k tkrkFkkA20 eafnjksa dks lrukfe;ksa }kjk dyqf”kr fd;kx;k rFkk fgUnqvksa }kjk fxjkSn vkSj HkaMkjiqjh ijvkØe.k fd;s x;sA21 xyfr;ka nksuksa rjQ ls gksjgha Fkh] xq: ?kklhnkl ds iq= vkSj mRrjkf/kdkjhckydnkl dh gR;k dj nh xbZ FkhA blh fnuls fgUnqvksa rFkk lrukfe;ksa ds chp xgjh 'k=qrkgks xbZA22 lrukfe;ksa dks yM+kdk vkSj >xM+kywekuk tkus yxkA23

NRrhlx<+ es a vU; tkfr;ka Hkh czg~e.kfojks/kh izofRr okyh FkhA fcUnzkuokx<+ {ks= esaujcyh ads fy, czg~e.kks adk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkFkkA24 dqN tkxhjnkj ifjokj vius dqy nsorkdh iwtk esa iqjksfgrksa ds :Ik esa czg~e.kksa dks

/ 105

1920&30 ds n'kd esa xka/khoknh---------

Lohdkj ugha djrs FksAmijksDr lHkh Hkwfei`Fkdrkoknh vkSj rax

utfj;s okys vkanksyu ds fy, vf/kd mi;qDrFkh ijUrq xq:?kklhnkl ds vuq;kf;;ks a usxka/khoknh vkanksyu esa f'kjdr dh] 'kk;nxka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk dh ljyrk mUgsa Hkk xbZ] ;k

lanHk Z%1- MkW- v'kksd 'kqDy & NRrhlx<+ dk jktuSfrd bfrgkl] ;qxcks/k izdk'kuA2- fcykliqj ftys ds Lora=rk lSfud 1997A3- MkW- v'kksd 'kqDy] NRrhlx<+ dk jktuSfrd bfrgkl] ;qxcks/k izdk'ku&i"B 64A4- ogh i"B 645- fcykliqj ftys ds Lora=rk lSfud 1997A6- lqfer ljdkj & vk/kqfud Hkkjr] jktdey 1933] i"B 2807- ogh i"B 2808- ogh & i"B1 93&949- ogh & i"B 19210- ogh & i"B 28111- ogh & i"B 28112- foiu panz & Hkkjr dk Lora=rk la?k”kZ] fnYyh] 1993] i"B 20213- ogh & i"B 20314- ogh & i"B 23715- gfj'pUnz oekZ & e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] fnYyh] 1993] i"B 57216- jlsy ,.M ghjkyky ds ^VªkbCl---------------------* dk vuqfnr va'k ghjkyky 'kqDy jfpr ^^xq: ?kklhnkl** Hkksiky] 1995 i"B 20117- izrki Bkdqj& NRrhlx<+ ds xka/kh lqUnjyky 'kekZ] gkiqM 199418- MkW- ghjkyky 'kqDy] xq:?kklhnkl& la?k"kZ] leUo; vkSj fl)kar] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky 1995 i"B 9019- ogh & i"B 11420- ogh & i"B 11421- ogh & i"B 13322- ogh & i"B 11723- ogh & i"B 13324-nSfud HkkLdj] jk;iqj 24 vizsy 1995 i"B 05

/keZ izorZd ls oSpkfjd lkE; mUgsa [khap ik;k];k nksuksa ghA urhts fu'p;kRed :Ik ls vPNsjgsA tgka vkanksyu dks tq>k: leFkZd feys oghalrukeh lekt vkanksyu ds vk/kqfudrkvksa dksvkRelkr dj ldk vkSj e/;dkyhu dqjhfr;ksads fo:) psruk fodflr dj ldkA

106 /

Hkkjrh; lekt esa vusdkusd dqfjfr;ka :<+ ijEijk,a ;qxksa&;qxksa ls ?kj djrh vk jgh gSA lrhizFkk] cky&fookg] tkfr Hksn] Nqvk Nwr] L=h f”k{kk fu’ks/k vkfn cqjkbZ;ka Hkkjr esa tksjksa ij FkhA budqjhft;ksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl vusdkusd laLFkkvksa ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksa us fd;kA Lora=rk dsi”pkr fofHkUu leL;kvksa vkfn dks dkuwu }kjk nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;kA Lora= Hkkjr esa ;gvk”kk dh xbZ fd izR;sd oxZ dk O;fDr lq[kh vkSj laiUu gksxkA ys[kd eLrjke diwj ds miU;klesa vkt ds O;fDr vkSj lekt dk la?k’kZ lQyrk ls vfHkO;Dr gqvk gSA buds miU;klksa esa ;FkkFkZcks/k ,oa lkekftd nf"Vdks.k dh iz/kkurk gSA os “kks’k.k] vR;kpkj] vukpkj ds fo:) FksA izLrqr“kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl foiFkxkeh es fufgr lekftd psruk dkfo”ys’k.k fd;k x;k gSA miU;kl foiFkxkeh esa lekt ds fofHkUu lelL;kvksa tSls tkfrokn]:f<+okn] va/kfo”okl] ngst izFkk] ukjh “kks’k.k] os”;kofRr Hkz’Vkpkj] csjkstxkjh] uxjhdj.k dhleL;k xanh cLrh] en; m|ksx rLdjh vkfn leL;kvksa ij vius miU;kl ds ik=ksa }kjk izdk”kMkyk gSA fu"d"kZ ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd miU;kldkj eLrjke dwij th lkekftd leL;kvksadh tks >yd lkeus ykuk pkgrs Fks mlesa os l{ke jgsA

ftldk ;Fkk LokHkko] og dHkh u gksrk nwj]

lkcqu ls D;k dks;yk] gksrk dHkh diwjAA 1

**lkfgR; lekt dk izfrfcEc gSA euq’; }kjklekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA euq’; ,d lkekftdizk.kh gSA lekt ds fcuk euq’;] o euq’; dsfcuk lekt dk dksbZ egRo ugha gS blfy,euq’; dks lekt dh vkRek dgk tkrk gS**A2

vjLrq us cgqr igys gh dgk Fkk fd **euq’; ,dlekftd izk.kh gSA lekt ds ckgj og thfor

eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl foiFkxkehesa lkekftd psruk

*MkW- f{kfrtk ,l- “ksV~Vh




ugha jg ldrkA**3 lqxfBr euq’; lewg dksekuo lekt dgk tk ldrk gSA izR;sd ekulekt viuh ,drk vkSj O;oLFkk dks cuk;sj[kus ds fy, dfri; fu;eksa ,oa jhfr;ksa dhlf’V djrk gSA le; ds vuqlkj bu fu;eksavkSj jhfr;ksa eas ifjorZu vko”;d gks tkrk gSA;gh dkj.k gS fd miU;kl esa lekt dk ,dvn~Hkqr :i izkIr gksrk gSA thou ds fofo/k igyw/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k miU;kl ekuo vkSj

*in&izoDrk ¼fgUnh foHkkx½ egkfo|ky; VhplZ vdkneh gsUuwj ¼cSaxyksj½


/ 107eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl--------

lekt thou ds bu igyqvksa dk fp=.k lw{erkvkSj fo'kn o.kZu ds lkFk djrk gSA4

Hkkjrh; lekt esa vusdkusd dqfjfr;ka :<+ijEijk,a ;qxksa&;qxksa ls ?kj djrh vk jgh gSAlrh izFkk] cky&fookg] tkfr Hksn] Nqvk Nwr] L=hf”k{kk fu’ks/k vkfn cqjkbZ;ka Hkkjr esa tksjksa ij FkhAbu dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl vusdkusdlaLFkkvksa ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksa us fd;kA buesaizeq[k czEg lekt] vk;Z lekt o fFk;klksfQdylkslk;Vh vkfn ds vkanksyu rFkk Lokeh jked‘’.kijegal] Lokeh foosdkuan vkSj Jh vjfoan dkosnkar n”kZu rFkk xka/kh th dk vuklDr deZ;ksx dk fl)karA

vaxzsth f”k{kk ds izpkj izlkj ls ns”k ds egkufopkjdksa us iqjkus laLdkjksa] va/kfo”oklksa dkfojks/k fd;k ftlls leLr ns”k esa lkekftdlkaLdfrd psruk dh ygj nkSM+ xbZA Hkkjrh;ksadh fopkj /kkjk esa uohurk vk;hA Lora=rk dsi”pkr fofHkUu leL;kvksa vkfn dks dkuwu }kjkdjus dk iz;kl fd;kA Lora= Hkkjr esa ;gvk”kk dh xbZ fd izR;sd oxZ dk O;fDr lq[khvkSj laiUu gksxkA

ys[kd eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl esa vkt dsO;fDr vkSj lekt dk la?k’kZ lQyrk ls vfHkO;Drgqvk gSA budh jpukvksa esa “kgjh thou dhfolaxfr;ksa ds lkFk] dgha&dgha xzkE; thou dhvlaxfr;ka vkSj muds varfoZjks/kh dh ,d lkFkvfHkO;fDr feyrh gSA mUgksaus “kksf’kr] ihfM+rxzkeh.k dh varosZnuk] Hkw[k vHkko] raxh] vf”k{kkvkfn dks feVkdj mUgsa thou fodkl ds ekxZdks fn[kkus dk lcy iz;kl fd;k gSA budsmiU;klksa esa ;FkkFkZ cks/k ,oa lkekftd nf’V

dks.k dk iz/kkurk gSA os “kks’k.k] vR;kpkj] vukpkjds fo:) FksA miU;kldkj us vius miU;klksadk fo’k; lekt ds eqrkfcd pquk gS vkSj mUgksausml le; lekt esa pyus okys :f<+;ksa rFkkvusd izFkkvksa dk fp=.k cM+h izekf.kdrk lsn”kkZus dh dksf”k”k dh gS(ys[kd ifjp; % ys[kd eLrjke diwj th dktUe fgekpy izns'k ds dkaxM+k ftys ds lkadM+hxkao esa 1926 dks gqvkA vius ,e-,- dh f”k{kkiwuk fo”ofo|ky; ls rFkk ljnkj iVsyfo”ofo|ky; xqtjkr ls cky&lkfgR; es aih-,p-Mh- dhA 1951 ls vkius ys[ku dk dk;ZizkjaHk fd;kA fgUnh lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kk esavkius viuh ys[kuh pykbZA diwjth th us dqyfeykdj lkS ls Hkh vf/kd iqLrdsa fy[kh gSAbuds lkfgR; eas ekDlZ okn dk izHkko fn[kkbZnsrk gSA diwj th ds miU;klksa us lekt dhToyar leL;kvks a ,oa euq’; dh fod`rekufldrkvksa ls lekt dks voxr djk;k gSAlu~ 2013 dks budk nsgkolku gks x;kAdFkkud% eLrjke diwj th dk miU;klfoiFkxkeh ,d i<+s fy[ks ,e-,- ikl ;qod dhgSA blessa iwjk dFkkud eq[; ik= ds bnZ&fxnZfy[kk x;k gSA tks lekt esa O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj dh=klnh dks Hkksxrk gS vkSj ekuork dk ifjp;nsrs gq, vutku cw<+s cki o csVh dks ckEcs tSls“kgj esa “kj.k nsrk gSA ml cw<+s O;fDr ds vka[kksads vkizs”ku ds fy;s tc og :i;s ugha tksM+ikrk rc og lPpkbZ dk jkLrk NksM+dj vijk/ktxr es aizos”k djrk gSA var esa iqfyl dkslPpkbZ crkdj og vijk/k dh jkg ls ckgj vktkrk gSA

108 / eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl--------

fgUnh lkfgR; esa dbZ ubZ&ubZ fo/kk,a vk jghgSa lHkh dk viuk egRo gSa ysfdu lkfgR;dkjdk nkf;Ro gS fd og lekt ds izfr ltxjgdj lR; ds i{k dks mtkxj djsaA vizpkj udjsa vkSj u gh xyr ckrksa dk [kqydj izn”kZudjsaA lkfgR; rks lR;a f”koe~ lqanje gksuk pkfg,A5

fgUnh miU;kldkjksa esa eLrjke diwj dk LFkkuegRoiw.kZ gSA ys[kd vius ;qx dh fofo/k leL;kvksads izfr Hkh iw.kZr% tkx`r FksA ys[kd vius miU;klfoiFkxkeh esa lekt ds fofHkUu lelL;kvksa tSlstkfrokn] :f<+okn] va/kfo”okl] ngst izFkk] ukjh“kks’k.k] os”;kofRr] Hkz’Vkpkj] csjkstxkjh] uxjhdj.kdh leL;k xanh cLrh] en; m|ksx rLdjhvkfn leL;kvksa ij vius miU;kl ds ik=ksa }kjkizdk”k Mkyk gSAtkfrokn% Hkkjrh; lekt dh vusd leL;kvksaesa lokZf/kd tfVy leL;k tkfr vkSj o.kZ O;oLFkkgSA miU;kl ds ik+= dks tc iqfyl idM+ ysrhgS vkSj iwNrkN ds nkSjku tc tkr iwNrh gS rcog dgrk gS& **eSa tkurk gwa fd vki esjs vijk/k dks esjs tUe ls] ekrk firk ls tksM+dj lM+hgqbZ tkfr O;oLFkk dks tLVhQkbZ djuk pkgrsgSA ysfdu eSa bl ckr esa vkidh dksbZ enn ughadj ldrkA6

ukjh “kks’k.k&ys[kd us vius miU;kl esaukjh fLFkfr dk fp=.k Hkh fd;k gSA Hkkjrh;lekt esa lkjs /keZ] uhfr&fu;e dsoy ukjh dsfy;s cu x;s gSA ukjh dksbZ Hkwy djs rks ogdqyVk] ifrrk dgykrh gSa lekt ls misf{krgksdj og viuk thou th gh ugha ldrhAmiU;kl ds L=h ik= dk laokn& mUgsa pV lspfj=ghu dg fn;k tkrk gS] egt blfy, fd

os fdlh ls gal dj ckr djrh gS ;k dSaVhu esafdlh ds lkFk pk; ihus tkrh gS**7

ys[kd us ukjh dks tgka vcyk] dgk oghanwljh vksj vk/kqfud ukjh ds ml :i dk Hkho.kZu fd;k gS tks “kknh ds ca/kuksa dks Lohdkjugha djrhA miU;kl dh L=h ik= ds laokn&L=h thou dh lkFkZdrk “kknh esa gh gS] eSa ;gugha ekurhA8

uxjhdj.k% uxjhdj.k dk o.kZu djrs gq,ys[kd us egkuxjksa dh leL;k dk ltho o.kZufd;k gSA ekuo lH;rk dh ftl nkSM+ esa nkSM=jgk gS] mlesa mlus viuk vfLrRo gh [kks fn;kgSA uxj dk ekuo ,d e”khu cudj viuhftanxh th jgk gSa uxjhdj.k ds izHkko dk o.kZudjrs gq, ys[kd dgrs gS fd ;gka balku pkandh rks [kcj j[krk gS ij iM+ksl esa dkSu gS ;gekywe ugha djrkA og ifjokj] fj”rs&ukrs lcls nwj gksrk tk jgk gSA ,d vksj tgka “kgjhthou dk laHkzkr bykdk gS ogha nwljh vksj>ksiM+ iV~Vh dk bykdk] tgka balku dhM+ks dhftanxh th jgk gSA bu txgksa esa jgus okysyksxksa dk thou en~; iku ls “kq: gksdj ogha[kRe gks tkrk gSA f”k{kk o lH;rk buls cgqrnwj gksrh gSa uxjhdj.k dh leL;k dks ys[kd uscM+s dkS”ky ds lkFk mBk;k gSDA cacbZ “kgj dko.kZu tc ys[kd us fd;k rc vik+=ksa }kjk mDrckrksa dks dgk& bl lkyh ukxjh es au tkus D;ktknw gSA yksx Hkw[ks ejrs gS] QqVikFkksa ij lksrs gSachekjh ls lM+rs gS ysfdu cacbZ ugha NksM+ ldrsA9

vkfFkZd raxh% ys[kd us vius miU;kl esalkekftd psruk ds dbZ :iksa dks izLrqr fd;kgSA mUgksaus miU;kl ds ek/;e ls lekt esa

/ 109eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl--------

O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa dh vksj bafxr fd;k gSa i<+k fy[kkukStoku fdl rjg vkfFkZd raxh dk lkeuk djjgk gS D;ksafd og cssjkstxkj gS] Hkz’Vkpkj dh tM+slekt esa brus vanj rd igqap xbZ gS fd mls,d ukSdjh Hkh fj”or fn;s fcuk ugha fey iokjgh gSA vkfFkZd raxh ls ijs”kku og vijk/ktxr esa dne j[krk gSA tgk og u”ks dk vknhHkh gks tkrk gSA rLdjh rks djrk gS ij mldktehj bl ckr dks xokjk ugha djrk ij ?kj dhifjfLFfr mls bl dke dks djus ds fy;s etcwjdj nsrh gSA miU;kl ds ik= ds }kjk mDrokD;ks dk [kqyklk fd;k x;k gSA lqjsUnz dsVwVus dk mls cgqr nq%[k FkkA og tkurh Fkh fdvkfFkZd etcwfj;ka cM+s&cM+ksa dks rksM+ nsrh gSA10

Hkz’Vkpkj& ;g ,d ,slh leL;k gSA ftldkizHkko vkt lekt fd izR;sd oxZ vkSj izR;sdO;fDr }kjk vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gSa Hkkjr esabldh tM+s xgjh gSA ys[kd us tc viuh jpukfoiFkxkeh fy[kh] rc Hkz’Vkpkj dh tM+s viuktky QSyk pqdh Fkh vkSj vke vkneh ijs”kkuFkkA ljdkjh n¶rjksa dk gky cqjk FkkA fcuk dqNfy;s fn;s dke gh ugha djrk Fkk dksbZA ys[kdus vius ik= }kjk bl ckr dks n”kkZ;k gSAljdkjh n¶rjksa esa Åij ls uhps rd dkepksj]gjke[kksj] ?kwl[kksj] csbZeku vkSj [kq”kkenh V~V~Vw

feysaxs fdUrq tgka rd pfj= dh ckr gS os viusdks nw/k dke /kqyk gh ekurs gSA11

lkfgR; dks lekt dk ni.kZ Hkh dgk x;kgSA niZ.k dk dk;Z dsoy izfrfcac fn[kkuk ek=ugha cfYd ml lekt dh Nfo dks mldhdqjhfr;ksa ds Lo:i esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,lekt dks izsfjr Hkh djuk gksrk gSA ys[kdeLrjke diwj th Hkh lkekftd leL;kvksa lsvka[ks ewandj ugha cSB ldrs Fks] mUgksaus Hkkjrh;lekt esa O;kIr folaxfr;ksa dks fuMjrk ls O;Drfd;k gS vkSj mlesa l{ke Hkh jgsAfu’d’k Z^%

fu"d’k Zr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fdmiU;kldkj eLrjke dwij th lkekftdleL;kvksa dh tks >yd lkeus ykuk pkgrs Fksmlesa os l{ke jgsA fuEu e/;oxhZ; thou dslaLdkjksa] Hkkoksa rFkk fo’kerkvksa dks ij[kus dhiSuh nf’V ys[kd ds ikl gSA vr% dFkkud]Hkk’kk] mn~ns”; dh n`f’V ls fgUnh miU;kl lkfgR;ds fy, diwj th dh nsu vf}rh; gSA ftulokyksa ,oa leL;kvksa dk ftdz izR;{k ;k vizR;{k:i ls ys[kd us fd;k gS] ml ij xgu fparu,oa vko”;drkuqlkj ifjorZu dh vko”;drkgSA vLrq lkekftd psruk dk l”kDr vkSjlQy O;k[;k buds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

n<+ ladYi ugha gks tc rd rc rd ckr u cu ik;sxh]fdrus gh Hkk’k.k] lEesyu dj yks] leL;k,a ogha ds ogha jg tk;sxhA

110 / eLrjke diwj ds miU;kl--------

lanHkZ %1- pUnz”ks[kj] vkj- ¼2014½ eSalwj fganh izpkj ifj’kn if=dk] vizSy vad] i’B 38A2- jkÅr] “kkjnk ¼2008½ fxfjtk dqekj ekFkqj dk dkO;kuq”khyu] fon~;k izdk”ku dkuiqj

laLdj.k] i’B 99A3- pUnz”ks[kj] vkj- ¼2008½ eSalwj fganh izpkj ifj’kn if=dk] uoacj i’B 43A4- pUnz”ks[kj] vkj- ¼2014½ eSalwj fganh izpkj ifj’kn if=dk] uoacj 2014 i’B 34A5- pUnz”ks[kj] vkj- ¼2008½ eSalwj fganh izpkj ifj’kn if=dk] uoacj i’B 43A6-diwj eLrjke] ¼1997½ foiFkxkeh] ijes”ojh izdk”ku] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i’B 109A7- ogh] i’B 37A8- ogh] i’B 31A9- ogh] i’B 15A10- ogh] i’B 56A11-ogh] i’B 37A

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