pdf_53033.pdf - DVIDS

COMMANDANTCOL(P) Daryl O Hood 563-8053ltdarylohoodmilmailmilgt

ASSISTANT COMMANDANTCOL Sean G Kirschner 563-8053ltseangkirschnermilmailmilgt

CHIEF OF STAFFLTC Christine L Kay 563-8052ltchristinelkaymilmailmilgt

REGIMENTAL COMMAND SERGEANT MAJORRCSM Christopher Williams 563-6133ltchristopherwilliams6milmailmilgt

REGIMENTAL CHIEF WARRANT OFFICERRCWO Robert A Lockwood 563-8051ltrobertalockwood2milmailmilgt

DEPUTY COMMANDANTMr Scott D Kimmell 563-8132 ltscottdkimmellcivmailmilgt

DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMMANDANTndash ARMY RESERVE COL Sandy C Sadler 563-8050 ltsandycsadlermilmailmilgt

DEPUTY ASSISTANT COMMANDANTndashNATIONAL GUARD MAJ Audrey Jo Dean 563-7676 ltaudreyjdeanmilmailmilgt

3D CHEMICAL BRIGADECOL Adam W Hilburgh 596-0016ltadamwhilburghmilmailmilgt

DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING AND LEADER DEVELOPMENTDr Barbara A Kilthau 563-6531ltbarbaraakilthaucivmailmilgt

PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT OFFICEMAJ Audrey Jo Dean 563-7374 ltaudreyjdeanmilmailmilgt

CHIEF OF DOCTRINELTC Roger M Lewis 563-8189ltrogermlewismilmailmilgt

G-3DOTD PUBLICATIONS Managing Editor Diana K Dean 563-4137 ltdianakdeancivmailmilgt

Editor Cheryl A Nygaard 563-5226 ltcherylanygaardcivmailmilgt

Graphic Designer Dennis L Schellingberger 563-5267 ltdennislschellingbergercivmailmilgt

US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School

(573) XXX-XXXX DSN 676-XXXX (563 prefix) or 581-XXXX (596 prefix)

Army Chemical Review (ACR) (ISSN 0899-7047) is published biannually in June and December by the US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School (USACBRNS) Fort Leonard Wood Missouri ACR highlights unique Army chemical biological radiological and nuclear technical-response capabilities for supporting national countering weapons of mass destruction operations and conducting all-hazmat mitigation across the range of military operations anytime anywhere The objectives of ACR are to inform motivate increase knowledge improve performance and provide a forum for the exchange of ideas This publication presents professional information but the views expressed herein are those of the authors not the Department of Defense or its elements The content does not necessarily reflect the official US Army position and does not change or supersede any information in other US Army publications The use of news items constitutes neither affirmation of their accuracy nor product endorsement

Articles to be considered for publication are due 15 February and 15 August Send submissions by e-mail to ltusarmyleonardwoodmscoembxmdotacrmailmilgt or send an electronic copy in Microsoftreg Word on a CD and a double-spaced copy of the manuscript to Army Chemical Review 14010 MSCoE Loop Building 3201 Suite 2661 Fort Leonard Wood MO 65473-8702 Due to the limited space per issue we normally do not publish articles that have already been published elsewhere

Articles may be republished if credit is given to ACR and its authors All photographs are official US Army photographs unless otherwise noted ACR reserves the right to edit material

ACR is now published exclusively online It is available at the following links lthttpswwwdvidshubnetpublication517army -chemical-reviewgt and lthttpshomearmymil woodindexphpcontactpublicationsCR_maggt If you have a paid subscription and need a refund please contact the US Government Publishing Office PO Box 979050 St Louis MO 63197-9000

DIGITAL SUBSCRIPTIONS are available at lthttpswwwdvidshubnetpublication517army-chemical -reviewgt and lthttpshomearmymilwoodindexphp contactpublicationsCR_maggt

By Order of the Secretary of the Army

JAMES C MCCONVILLE General United States Army

Chief of Staff

KATHLEEN S MILLERAdministrative Assistant

to the Secretary of the Army 2005001

Official

1

2 Chief of Chemical and Commandant US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School

4 Regimental Command Sergeant Major

5 Regimental Chief Warrant Officer

6 Commandantrsquos Reading Program

8 Facilities-Based Solutions to Fighting COVID-19 in the Barracks By Lieutenant Colonel Lisa (Reyn) Mann Chief Warrant Officer Three Travis W Henning and Warrant Officer One Maksym Zymin

11 US Army Reserve Task Force Hones Disaster Response Skills By Colonel Bill R Crouse

12 CMA A World Leader in Chemical Munitions Stockpile Storage By Colonel Michael W Cobb and Lieutenant Colonel Rodney D McCutcheon

16 Threat Detection in Your Pocket CCDC CBC Invests in Easy-to-Use Lightweight Field-Screening Tool By Dr Brian B Feeney

17 Collaboration and Modified Aquisition Strategy Lead to Quick-Turn NBCRV Upgrades By Mr Shawn Nesaw and Ms Jaimie Abell

21 Operating in Contaminated Environments Observa-tions From NTC By Captain Tyler E Barnum

23 Detecting Unknown Chemicals The Fielding of CRESS to IBCTs By Major Howard M Beardsley (Retired)

24 A Job Well Done The 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion at Remagen By Ms Christy L Lindberg

27 Army Updates CBRN Arsenal With New Radiological Detectors By Mr Sam J Campbell

28 The Desperation of the US Army to Transform in the Pentomic Era By Major Ralph E Scott

30 83d CBRN Battalion Conducts Gunnery in Times of COVID-19 By Captain Matthew R Van Arsdall and First Lieutenant Jonathan D Hellberg

31 The CBRN Professional By Ms Sharon M McCann

32 Doctrine Update35 USACBRNS CATS Update36 Reserve Component Update

PB 3-20-1 Summer 2020

Cover photograph Specialst Daisy Zimmer 221st Public Affairs Detachment

Greetings Dragon Soldiers Our Army and our Corps are at a critical point in history as we come together to fight the battle against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) As I write this article we are in the midst of one of the greatest crises of our lifetime and quite possibly at an inflection point in history Our challenge today is balancing our number one priority protecting the health and welfare of our people with maintain-ing the readiness that our country requires of us especially in this time of uncertainty and vulnerability I am filled with incredible pride as I witness countless leaders in our Regiment stepping up to answer the call Around the world from Korea to Europe to New Yorkmdashand everywhere in betweenmdashDragon Soldiers are reconnecting contribut-ing and sharing best practices and lessons learned from serving on the frontlines of the daunting COVID-19 mission in efforts to support our communities Our skills equip-ment training and expertise are desperately needed right now and I can assure you that our Soldiers and units are answering the call with professionalism and competence everywhere they are employed

In Korea Eighth Army protection and chemical biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) staff understood early on that defeating this insidious enemy would require cross-functional synchronization Eighth Army units were some of the first to develop refine and implement the tactics techniques procedures and best practices that many installations and communities have adopted today Together with the 23d CBRN Bat-talion Camp Humphreys Korea they established contact tracing teams to identify potential ldquohot spotsrdquo of COVID-19 contamination and then stood up ldquoclean teamsrdquo that were deployable 24 hours per day 7 days per week to rapidly sanitize and disinfect critical areas across the Korean peninsula The importance and value of social distancing quarantine and the wearing of protective face coverings was quickly understood and shared with all of us

US Army Reserve CBRN Soldiers from the 773d Civil Support Team Kaiserslautern Germany are another prime example of a unit that served on the frontlines as they assumed the mission of Task ForcendashPrevention for US Army Gar-rison-Rheinland Pfalz on 28 March 2020 The unit deployed four teams to help ldquoflatten the curverdquo and reduce the spread of COVID-19 by supporting sanitization and disinfection operations throughout the community The top priorities of the 773d right now are to help protect Soldiers and Families and to maintain the readiness of the force

Our US Army Reserve and Army National Guard CBRN Soldiers have been mobilized in support of their states and communities in significant numbers across the homeland No less than 17 civil support teams or portions thereof have been mobilized and homeland response forcesCBRN enhanced response force packages are active in at least 15 states (and counting) at this time Units such as the 265th Chemical Battalion Marietta Georgia the 272d Chemical Company Massachusetts and the 76th Operational Response Command Salt Lake City Utah are all decisively engaged in the fight every day They are doing whatever needs to be done from supporting testing and screening operations to training the proper wear and doffing of personal protective equipment to assisting with hazmat disposalmdashand much much more Their training and knowledge are the decisive factors in this fight

At camps posts and stations across the land our Dragon Soldiers are quietly and professionally contributing wherever they are needed Their contributions are varied and numerous as they once again demonstrate how versatile adaptable and competent Dragon Soldiers are We always answer the call when our Nation needs us the most I could not be more proud of them or our entire enterprise of CBRN professionals who are stepping up to flatten the COVID-19 curve and pro-tect our force

To assist the Headquarters Department of the Army G357 Crisis Action Team the US Army Nuclear and Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Agency has established a Web portal to serve as a repository for relevant COVID-19-related products Best practices lessons learned and requests for information can be found on the agencyrsquos official military portal

Chief of Chemical and Commandant US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School

Army Chemical Review 2

Colonel(P) Daryl O Hood

Summer 2020 3

As we collectively unite to mitigate the threat of COVID-19 I ask that we also take a moment to come together in celebra-tion as the Chief of Staff of the Army recently announced the following officer transitions

y Brigadier General James E Bonner Commanding General 20th CBRN Explosives Command Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland to Commanding General US Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence (MSCoE) and Fort Leonard Wood Missouri

y Brigadier General Antonio V Munera Deputy Commanding General US Army Cadet Command Fort Knox Kentucky to Commanding General 20th Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Explosives Command Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland

Gentlemen we applaud you your spouses and your Families for your many contributions your selfless service and your servant leadership to our Regiment and our Army Congratulations Team Bonner and Team Munera

As we continue to operate during the COVID-19 crisis we are maintaining our focus and efforts on developing leaders The US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School has been diligently working with leaders at MSCoE and the US Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth Kansas to recalibrate our leader development strategy and establish the knowledge skills and behaviors that we desire in our officers and noncommissioned officers over the course of their careers I will be sharing these products with you over the next several months as we continue to refine them

We will remain focused on modernization Senior CBRN leaders Major General Maria R Gervais Brigadier General Bonner and Brigadier General Munera initiated and developed the modernization road map that we are following today We are well on our way to developing specific capabilities across doctrine organization training materiel leadership and education personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF) to achieve the objectives laid out in that strategy which is composed of the following three core capability areas with a desired end state of providing capability to allow commanders to retain freedom of action in a CBRN environment

bull Assess In the area of assess we are in the process of modernizing our mounted CBRN reconnaissance vehicle to detect hazards at a distance and to provide the force with the correct information at the correct time Ensuring that we can network our warning and reporting functions in time and space is critical to enhancing that capability In early March 2020 at Fort Bliss Texas we demonstrated the capabilities of the Sensor Suite Upgrade (SSU) to the Stryker Nuclear Biological and Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle (NBCRV) during Bulldog Focus a 3d Armored Brigade Combat Team 1st Armored Division training exercise The NBCRV SSU supports the maneuver force commander by detecting CBRN hazards at maneuver speed and from a distance It integrates the mannedunmanned teaming wingman concept (the concept whereby military aviators and their fellow pilots operate as a single coordinated unit) for both ground and aerial robotic systems The SSU will enable the maneuver commander to make proactive risk-based decisions to protect the force and enable freedom of action and maneuver

bull Protect In the area of protect we are developing a replacement for the current personal protective ensemble This capabilitymdashUniform Integrated Protective Ensemble Family of Systemsmdashwill provide the Army with a threat-based layered approach which will minimize operational logistical and training impacts This redesign is needed for a lighter more effective suit to reduce the physiological burden on the Soldier and improve protection qualities during large-scale combat operations

bull Mitigate In the area of mitigate we are completely reviewing and assessing our current decontamination capabilities to reduce the time and resources required to reduce risk to the force We have already developed and are now in the process of packaging a contamination mitigation capability for use by the general-purpose force to reduce risk Our team will answer the call and continue to collaborate and innovate to implement creative solutions to difficult problems

In closing one of the great qualities of our Regiment is our ability to rapidly cross-level our ideas and information with one another We are strongest when we fight together and in our lives there has never been a more pressing time for this than now To counter near-peer adversaries COVID-19 or any emerging CBRN threat we must be proactivemdashnot reactivemdashand we must always remain at the leading edge of modernization and technology Our Service members and our Nation are counting on the USACBRNS and Dragon Soldiers to always bring their best to defend the homeland and win against any enemy Stay disciplined and ready and remain resilient during this crisis We will defeat this threat together Thank you for doing your part and making a difference in defeating COVID-19 I am proud to serve with you

Dragon Soldiers CBRN Warriors Elementis Regamus Proelium

Regimental Command Sergeant Major

A s your Regimental Command Sergeant Major I have been constantly striving to improve our Corps and most importantly the caliber and expertise of our chem-ical biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) warriors In the past couple of

months in support of our mission I have had the opportunity to travel to multiple loca-tions worldwide enabling me to interface with CBRN leaders and warriors across our Corps I sincerely value their feedback and recommendations on how we can improve our Corps

My latest trip was to the Korean peninsula I was extremely impressed with the caliber of training that our warriors are receiving and with the overall quality of life of the Soldiers and Family members who are serving on the Korean peninsula which has significantly improved Please take a moment to review the information sent to me by Sergeant Major Jeffery K Agyarko the G-34 sergeant major for Eighth Army

Great things have occurred within the past couple of months The US Army Chemi-cal Corps is extremely proud to announce that 12 master sergeants have been selected to become future sergeants major in our career field This is indeed a remarkable achieve-ment for this superb group of senior noncommissioned officers (NCOs)mdasha true testa-ment to their commitment to our Corps and the Soldiers within our formations and to the efforts and sacrifices that they have made throughout their distinguished careers As future sergeants major they will undoubtedly continue the time-honored legacy of serving as the standard-bearers of our profession of arms providing an example worthy of emulation for the next generation of Dragon Soldiers Congratulations to the following selectees and their Families

bull Master Sergeant Jessica Cho

bull Master Sergeant Vincent D Green

bull Master Sergeant Assane Gueye

bull Master Sergeant Ronis J Gutierrez

bull Master Sergeant Aaron D Halter

bull Master Sergeant Jeffery D Howard

Furthermore the Department of the Army recently conducted the fiscal year 2021 Command Sergeant Major Slate Board for the Regular Army Army National Guard and US Army Reserves As a result of this board two of our very own CBRN sergeants major were selected to serve in command sergeant major positions at the brigade level and three were selected to serve in command sergeants major postitions at the battalion level This momentous accomplishment signifies their commitment to excellence their leadership qualities and their devotion to our Corps and to the US Army Congratulations to the following selectees and their Families

bull Brigade command sergeant major selections

Command Sergeant Major Raymond P Quitugua Jr

Command Sergeant Major Mauvet M Rawls

We also had the distinct pleasure of selecting Command Sergeant Major Donald Moten (Retired) as the Honorary Ser-geant Major for the Chemical Corps In a span of more than 3 decades Command Sergeant Major Moten greatly contributed to our Corps A significant highlight of his impactful career is his previous role as the command sergeant major for the first military table of organization and equipment chemical brigade the 48th Chemical Brigade Fort Hood Texas 20th Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Explosives Command Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland

I continue to be extremely honored to be your Regimental Command Sergeant Major I would like to sincerely thank all of our Dragon Soldiers to include Army National Guard and US Army Reserve Soldiers who in light of an unprecedented situation have put forth tremendous effort to help our Nation combat and defeat the invisible Coronavirus (COVID-19) enemy We as CBRN Warriors will always be an asset to our Nation

As always I sincerely appreciate your hard work dedication and unwavering support

Dragon Soldiers CBRN warriors Elementis Regamus Proelium

Command Sergeant Major Christopher Williams

4 Army Chemical Review

bull Master Sergeant Crystal D Irby

bull Master Sergeant Jennifer L Langes

bull Master Sergeant Emilio A Lopez Jr

bull Master Sergeant Joseph P Mahoney II

bull Master Sergeant Stephanie R Rodriguez

bull Master Sergeant Joshua B Warehime

bull Battalion command sergeant major selections

Sergeant Major Jeffery K Agyarko

Sergeant Major Kiana Bell

Sergeant Major David C Henderson

Regimental Chief Warrant Officer

Greetings Dragon Soldiers Welcome to the 102d year of the US Army Chemical Corps Since my last article much has changed in the world It has been a chal-lenging time for the Corps the Army the Nation and indeed the world The

Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put roadblocks in front of nearly every-thing we do on a normal day-to-day basis However we arenrsquot going to let that get the better of us The mission must go on and we are using technology and creative solutions to allow us to keep things going I am extremely proud of the effort and perseverance of everyone as we answer the COVID-19 challenge

I am sad to share that the chemical biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) warrant officer cohort has suffered a significant loss since my last article On 29 Febru-ary 2020 we quite unexpectedly lost Chief Warrant Officer Two Daniel I Thomas to natural causes He was the Army National Guard senior warrant officer advisor in the Deputy Assistant Commandantrsquos Office US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School (USACBRNS) Fort Leonard Wood Missouri Everyone that worked with Chief Warrant Officer Two Thomas knows how much he did for the cohort and for the Corps He was a great Soldier warrant officer and friend He will be sorely missed Please keep those he left behind in your thoughts

The CBRN warrant officer cohort continues to grow and thrive In November 2019 we selected 10 highly qualified noncommissioned officers (NCOs) to join the ranks of CBRN warrant officers I would like to congratulate the following NCOs on their selection

Sergeant First Class Robert S Clairborne

Sergeant First Class Jessica M Jackson

Sergeant First Class Sakeera M McNeil

Staff Sergeant Aaron M Colbert

Staff Sergeant Jacqueline R Ellis

Due to delays with Warrant Officer Candidate School and the Warrant Officer Basic Course it may take us a little longer than normal to get these NCOs through the required training But we will get them throughmdashand out to the force as soon as possible After they complete the Warrant Officer Basic Course the selectees will elevate our Regular Army Component warrant officer strength to 107 percent Our aggressive recruiting and accession strategy continues to pay dividends in the Army National Guard and US Army Reserve Both have seen an increase in CBRN warrant officer end-strength over the past 6 months

As our Corps starts its 102d year we are discussing training for the next fight As we discern the best way to train for large-scale combat operations in a multidomain environment there will be multiple challenges One such challenge was manifested earlier this year in the form of a pandemic While the Army works through ways to keep the force healthy functional and ready for the fight it is relying heavily on technology Throughout it all the Army has learned that it can function and train at a distance This has served as a look into the future As synthetic training environments continue to evolve the Corps and the Army will be able to use technology to train even collective tasks in varying conditions and loca-tions without a requirement to be physically present The days of students being required to attend these courses in person may be numbered This will change how functional courses and professional military education courses are conducted

One of the prominent observations resulting from the events of the past few months is that we need to know not only how to train but also what to train in the future The impact that a novel pathogen can have on operations is significant With the current technology of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeatsndashassociated with Protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) actors are capable of editing the genetic material of organisms (including pathogens) The Army cannot discount the possibility of synthetization and release of a novel pathogen Using lessons learned over the past few months the Corps must train to mitigate the effect on our Soldiers and forces should such an event occur This falls directly under the purview of CBRN warrant officers as the technical experts of the Corps

In the COVID-19 situation supply chains have become stressed and products (particularly common disinfectants and personal protective equipment) are in short supply These problems will only be exacerbated by large-scale combat

Chief Warrant Officer Three Robert A Lockwood

5Summer 2020

Staff Sergeant Eric Haynes

Staff Sergeant Fredis R Kindelan II

Staff Sergeant Melissa R Reznickcheck

Staff Sergeant William R Steely Jr

Staff Sergeant Omairis Taylor


operations Therefore CBRN warrant officers must understand the microbicidal activity of hypochlorites alcohols phenols quaternary ammoniums and aldehydes (to name a few) as well as effective concentrations and contact times in order to of-fer other options when traditional disinfectants become unavailable As we fight autonomously or semiautonomously on the future battlefield the CBRN warrant officer must be able to advise commanders on appropriate personal protective equip-ment for the threat and recommend alternative measures to conserve the limited and easily exhausted supplies on-hand Prior to the pandemic USACBRNS instructors were developing such training for the Warrant Officer Basic Course we will incorporate lessons learned into future instruction Providing commanders with knowledgeable CBRN warrant officers to serve as technical advisors is a priority for preserving combat power and readiness

By the time this issue is published I truly hope that the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic is over and some sort of nor-malcy has returned to the world The COVID-19 event has forever changed those of us who witnessed it and I am sure that our ldquonew normalrdquo will differ from the ldquoold normalrdquo

Thank you for all that you do on a day-to-day basis Stay Safe


ldquoIf you havenrsquot read hundreds of books you are functionally illiterate and you will be incompetent because your personal experiences alone arenrsquot broad enough to sustain yourdquo

mdashFormer Secretary of Defense US Marine Corps General James N Mattis1

The Commandantrsquos Reading Program has a fresh new look but donrsquot worry your favorites are still included The new reading program consists of some well-known military art and science professional materials and a series of products fo-cused on weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and leadership lessons learned from many different historical events These products include books videos articles films talks and speeches to motivate and entice both the young and the seasoned chemical biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) professional to dive deeper into a topic

People digest knowledge through at least four different learning styles there are readingwriting kinesthetic (or hands-on) visual and auditory learners The new Commandantrsquos Reading Program incorporates resources to support each of these learning styles You can use the Commandantrsquos Reading Program to expand your own understanding of the CBRN profes-sion by delving deeper into what it means to be a professional CBRN warrior

Army Chemical Review6

7Summer 2020

Over the years Lieutenant Colonel James Harwell has created and maintained the Commandantrsquos Reading Program His efforts have resulted in a foundation for lifelong self-development for every CBRN professional Every year as the body of knowledge grows the Commandantrsquos Reading Program continues to change

To support kinesthetic learners a new critical-thinking corner has been added to the reading program Critical-thinking exercises from the US Army Training and Doctrine Command Red Team Handbook are provided to assist in facilitating a fruitful discussion amongst leaders2 These exercises eliminate ldquogroup thinkrdquo and encourage open discussion and maximum participation during professional development sessions When incorporated in a group discussion these hands-on critical-thinking techniques lead to stronger relationships a deeper understanding of oneself and others and a collective purpose for continuous growth as a team

ldquoThe purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to what you already know If you donrsquot know anything about a subject then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring water into your hand You donrsquot retain muchrdquo

mdashDonald Martin3

Visual and auditory learners will love the new additions of TedTalks news clips and historical inspirational speeches If you are interested in cutting-edge leadership discussions then check out the suggested TedTalks and speeches If you are interested in learning a bit more about a specific historical CBRN event then click on the Journalism link and watch a series of news reports about CBRN events around the world

A favorite new addition is the ldquoHollywood Moviesrdquo section of the Commandantrsquos Reading Program As a CBRN Soldier it is important that you be aware of how American society views our profession Hollywood movies are routinely dramatized and at times grossly inaccuratemdashand they act as a driving force for cultivating a skewed and dramatized perception of CBRN threats and hazards Movies also provide the only view of CBRN and WMD threats that many people in our society ever receive Understanding how society views CBRN and WMD threats is an important element in professional develop-ment and in staying on the cutting edge of consciousness

Regardless of how you learn the important thing is that you choose to expand your current knowledge of our military profession through extensive and continuous efforts in educating yourself Find something that interests you and learn more about it Watch some clips Expand your personal experience by educating yourself and developing your intellect through factual and peer-reviewed resources

Did we leave out one of your favorite books speeches WMD movies or CBRN topics What would you add to the Commandantrsquos Reading Program We invite you to send your suggestions to Lieutenant Colonel Christine Kay at ltchristinelkaymilmailmilgt

Endnotes 1James N Mattis et al Call Sign Chaos Learning to Lead Random House New York 2019 2Intelligence Support Activity G-2 US Army Training and Doctrine Command Red Team Handbook Version 90

lthttpsusacacarmymilsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsufmcsThe_Red_Team_Handbookpdfgt accessed on 20 April 2020 3Donald Martin How to be a Successful Student 1991 lthttpswwwiwueduadvisingstudentsreading_comprehension

pdfgt accessed on 14 April 2020

8

By Lieutenant Colonel Lisa (Reyn) Mann Chief Warrant Officer Three Travis W Henning and Warrant Officer One Maksym Zymin

A breakout of an infectious disease in unaccompanied personnel housing (otherwise known as the bar-racks) can have crippling effects on unit readiness

Although good hygiene and routine disinfection remain the best practices for preventing a virus like the Coronavirus (COVID-19) there are also some facilities-based recommen-dations that could potentially containmdashor at least slowmdashan outbreak We gathered recommendations from infectious-disease experts industrial hygienists and Army warrant officer facilities experts Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 120AsndashConstruction Engineering Technicians to compile a list of mitigating measures that unit represen-tatives can take once a Soldier living in the barracks has tested positive for COVID-19

First and foremost commanders and first sergeants should es-tablish and train unit ldquoclean teamsrdquo to dis-infect areas where COVID-19-posit ive Soldiers have been These teams should be provided with proper medical-grade per-sonal protective equip-ment and disinfectant cleaning products As a best practice our unit (the 84th Engi-neer Battalion Scho-field Barracks Ha-waii) relied heavily on

MOS 74DndashChemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Specialists to lead and train these teams The teams should also have the opportunity to rehearse disinfection proce-dures

As an added pre-liminary step unit leaders should request field-expedient assess-ments of the barracks through the Directorate of Public Works (DPW) or from local engineer units Although the US Army has aspired to reach a ldquo1+1 standardrdquo for barracks design and construction (in which Soldiers each have their own private bedrooms that open into shared common space with a bathroom and kitchen area) there are still numerous lay-outs and unique design features in barracks facilities across different installations A hasty reconnaissance of the bar-racks can be conducted to determine some of the specifics required to emplace mitigating measures Construction en-gineering technicians are assets in any formation however MOS 120A warrant officers can be lifesavers during a pan-demic Commanders first sergeants and savvy barracks managers can verify some factors over the phone alleviat-ing the need for in-person assessments DPW should have a repository of blueprints for each building which would also prove useful Heating ventilation and air condition-ing (HVAC) drawings would be particularly important and would greatly assist with the assessment The location of the air intake and the way in which the bathroom fans are connected will make a difference

Facilities Considerations for COVID-19 Assessments

Unit barracks managers should consider several factors when performing barracks assessments

bull Carpeting Do the barracks contain carpet For ease of cleaning it is recommended that COVID-19-positive

Specialist Chance M True and Specialist Thoren Z Miller mop and spray a common area of the barracks

Private First Class Rachel A Rivera-Corley wipes down a coun-tertop in the barracks

Army Chemical Review

9

Service members be housed in rooms without carpet During elevated health protection condition levels it is recommended that all Soldiers roll up and store away any personal rugs and window curtains in order to ease the burden on unit clean teams

bull Door Seals Do the entrance doors have good seals Can daylight be seen under or around the closed door from either side If the doors are not properly sealed installing door seals or hanging plastic on the doors of COVID-19-positive Soldiers is recommended If the door opens outward the seals or plastic barrier should be placed on the inside If the door opens inward the seals or plastic barrier should be placed on the outside Barracks managers should keep self-adhesive silicone weather strip on hand

bull Temperature Studies show that COVID-19 thrives at temperatures of 69ndash73degF within the range of the tem-perature settings of most buildings According to the Na-tional Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine laboratory studies have shown a relationship between higher temperatureshumidities and reduced survival of COVID-19 but there is currently no recommendation for real-world mitigation1 Consideration of temperatures in the barracks is worthwhile to determine whether condi-tions are generally more ideal or less-than-conducive for a viral outbreak

bull Ventilation It is recommended that bathroom fan vents and all other return vents in the room of a COVID-19-positive Service member be closed until a fil-ter can be installed over the vents The average diameter of the COVID-19 virus is 0125 micrometers (with ranges of 006ndash014 micrometers)2 so high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are highly preferred Depending on the existing construction design the size of the filter needed can vary Drywall screws and aluminum duct tape are needed in order to affix the filters over the vents The installation of filters assists in creating negative pressure without contaminating the rest of the system If HEPA filters are not readily available standard filters can be used to provide some protection by keeping out larger droplets to which the virus can attach

bull Exhaust Where does the exhaust from the vents exit the building If the exhaust exits from the roof the pre-ferred location for housing COVID-19-positive Soldiers is on the highest possible floor If the exhaust exits on the ground level the preferred location for housing

COVID-19-positive Soldiers is on a lower floor This should reduce contamination of the entire ductwork system if the HEPA filters lose their seals or otherwise fail

bull HVAC Does the barracks building have a centralized HVAC system or does each room have its own dedicat-ed unit The housing of COVID-19-positive Soldiers in rooms with their own environmental control units that recirculate and cool or warm the interior air is prefer-able If the building has a centralized HVAC system then it is recommended that exterior windows remain closed where Soldiers who test positive for COVID-19 are housed Again the dampers for the bathroom fans and other return vents should be closed until a HEPA filter can be installed over the vents It is recommended that Soldiers create positive pressure in adjacent rooms by opening the windows to let in clean air This provides uninfected personnel with an ad-ditional measure of protectionmdashalthough it may be unnecessary given that most large droplets fall out of suspension within 6 feet from the source and the separating walls already provide an excellent physical barrier

Central HVAC systems as-sist with pulling in fresh air from outside and mixing it with recirculated air within a build-ing allowing the dilution of any potential contaminants that are floating around Over-all increasing the air exchange enhances the dilution of the air in the building Therefore 20ndash30 minutes before sending a unit clean team in to disinfect a room the windows should be opened to allow fresh air to dilute the contaminated air space If negative pressure is required additional facilities modifications will be neces-sary and DPW approval must be obtained

Deliberate Containment Options for Facilities

Once it has been determined how an HVAC system is de-signed and built one option for deliberately creating nega-tive pressure might be to work with DPW to reprogram the digital diagnostic controls to modify fan speeds and create negative pressure in all barracks rooms

As part of the tiered national response to COVID-19 the Army Facilities Components System Team devel-oped a low-acuity care tent hospital solution The design is now available through the Joint Construction Man-agement System (JCMS) desktop software and the US Army Corps of Engineers Army Facilities Components System REDi Portal at lthttpsuroc-rediusacearmy milsitesafcsdefaultaspxgt Each 125-bed module is en-tirely designated either for COVID-19-positive Soldiers or

Clean team members Sergeant Chad L Martinez Specialist Zachary R Yauger and Specialist Miller work in a common area of the barracks

Warrant Officer One Zymin inspects duct-work in the barracks

Summer 2020


COVID-19-negative Soldiers limiting HVAC and separationisolation requirements

Baseline RecommendationsThese recommended measures are meant to rapidly ad-

dress COVID-19-positive Soldiers in the barracks however it is clear that there is no way to completely mitigate risk with facilities-based solutions Following are some baseline recommendations from an infection control specialist

bull Commanders should restrict COVID-19-positive Soldiers to their rooms If there are shared facilities such as a kitchen or bathroom doors should be kept closed to limit exposure The unit should provide all basic Soldier needs including food laundry and mail Personnel providing the needed supplies should have no physical contact with the COVID-19-positive Soldier and should maintain good hand hygiene (wash hands with warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer) after interaction

bull Service members who have tested positive for COVID-19 and have a roommate should be separated from that roommate Preferably the infected Soldier stays in the room and the other Soldier is treated as a close contact of a known positive case and is moved else-where restricted from further movement and directed to self-monitor

bull If COVID-19-positive Soldiers must share facilities with others doors should be kept shut and Soldiers should wear masks and maintain good hand hygiene before en-tering the kitchen bathroom or other common areas Personnel around infected Soldiers should be limited by establishing ldquocommon area timerdquo and asking others to avoid these areas during the times allocated Once an in-fected Soldier recovers he or she can disinfect his or her own room Alternatively if an infected Soldier vacates a living space unit clean teams must disinfect all living areas

ConclusionIn summary commanders and first sergeants can imple-

ment the recommended COVID-19 measures as part of a comprehensive strategy to rapidly address a COVID-19-pos-itive Soldier residing in the barracks In addition to med-ical-grade personal protective equipment and disinfectant cleaning supplies for unit clean teams we recommend an emergency supply of materials to cover a bathroom fan or other return vent and self-adhesive weather strip to prop-erly seal a door In spite of facilities-based measures that can be taken routine disinfection of barracks rooms remains the best method for the mitigation and containment of CO-VID-19 Although the threat and impacts of COVID-19 have fundamentally changed the way that we do business in the Department of Defense one thing remains constant Engi-neers have risen to meet the challenge with solutions To-gether with recommendations from the medical community and chemical biological radiological and nuclear experts we can and will defeat the virus

Endnotes1National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine

Rapid Expert Consultation on SARS-CoV-2 Survival in Relation to Temperature and Humidity and Potential for Seasonality for the COVID-19 Pandemic The National Academies Press Wash-ington DC 7 April 2020 lthttpsdoiorg101722625771gt accessed on 30 April 2020

2ldquoCoronavirusrdquo Encyclopedia Britannica 30 April 2020 lthttpswwwbritannicacomsciencecoronavirus-virus -groupgt accessed on 29 April 2020

Lieutenant Colonel Mann is the commander of the 84th Engi-neer Battalion She holds a bachelor of science degree in environ-mental engineering from the US Military AcademyndashWest Point New York and a master of science degree in environmental en-gineering from Missouri University of Science and Technology at Rolla She is a licensed professional engineer and a project management professional

Chief Warrant Officer Three Henning is a construction engineer-ing technician with the 84th Engineer Battalion He is pursuing a degree in construction management

Warrant Officer One Zymin is a construction engineering techni-cian with the 84th Engineer Battalion He holds bachelor and master of science degrees in electrical engineering from the Kyiv Polytechic Institute Ukraine

Sergeant Martinez seals a bag after a clean team rehearsal

11

By Colonel Bill R Crouse

Summer 2020

On 3 February 2020 an international terrorist group detonated a 10-kiloton improvised nuclear device in downtown Austin Texas The detonation resulted

in more than 100000 deaths and at least 200000 injuries The nuclear fallout quickly spread across thousands of square miles requiring an immediate chemical biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) response

Fortunately this disaster did not actually occur in-stead it served as a training scenario for US Army Reserve Command and Control Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Response ElementndashA which included Task Force 76 headquarters personnel and their associated tech-nical support forces and sustainment assets US Army North conducted the 4-day Sudden Response 202 training exercise at the Western Regional Training Center Ogden Utah Sudden Response 202 was a command post exercise that tested the ability of Task Force 76 staff to respond to a disaster in the homeland and provided Task Force 76 per-sonnel with an opportunity to practice operational plans battle drills and staff synchronization

In preparation for the exercise Task Force 76 (the US Army Reserve headquarters for CBRN response) conduct-ed individual training collective staff training and leader training The training is vital as Soldiers of Task Force 76 must remain ready to deploy on short notice Task force per-sonnel also trained on the Incident Command System and the National Incident Management System to ensure the capability of providing adequate support to their civilian partners during a response Individual and unit readiness are critical to mission accomplishment

The Task Force 76 headquarters exercise staff began the training with a notional deployment to Texas to es-tablish the early-entry command post headquarters gain situational awareness for Major General Fred Maiocco the commander of Task Force 76 and make initial contact with State of Texas emergency responders and government per-sonnel The early-entry command post headquarters was established and fully functional within 24 hours of the ldquoinci-dentrdquo Another 24 hours later the main body began arriving and immediately started coordinating response operations

The Department of Defense responds to incidents in the homeland only when the response is in support of a civil-ian partner When civilian partners request assistance from

Task Force 76 a mission assignment is used to notify Task Force 76 personnel about where to go when to be there what to do whom to assist and how much it will all cost The mission assignment mechanism is important because it drives the incident response basically it is an orders pro-cess for which the Task Force 76 staff considers supportabil-ity feasibility and suitability for mission accomplishment and then produces a tasking order that acts as an operations order or a fragmentary order for subordinate units Civilian terminology may be a little different from that which the Army uses but the concepts of deployment and the tasks are the same

Early during nuclear-detonation scenarios such as the one the Soldiers faced during the Sudden Response 202 ex-ercise radiation is a significant hazard for which Soldiers must be properly trained to efficiently react to avoid nuclear exposure Members of the US Army Reserve Consequence Management Unit continually assess the situation and provide critical expertise to inform the commander of the

Major General Maiocco briefs Soldiers during Sudden Response 202

(Continued on page 15)

12

By Colonel Michael W Cobb and Lieutenant Colonel Rodney D McCutcheon


The US Army Chemical Materials Activity (CMA) Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland employs the foremost experts in stockpiled chemical weapons

storage Through its caretaker role CMA applies decades of experience at the Nationrsquos two remaining stockpile sitesmdashPueblo Chemical Depot (PCD) Pueblo Colorado and Blue Grass Chemical Activity (BGCA) Blue Grass Army Depot Richmond Kentucky The missions of the CMA also in-clude assessing and destroying recovered chemical warfare materiel supporting emergency preparedness in stockpile communities and facilitating US compliance with the Con-vention on the Prohibition of the Development Production Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (commonly known as the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC])mdashthe international treaty that requires destruction of all chemical weapons1

As a manager of the US chemical weapons stockpile CMA ensures that chemical munitions storage complies with established policies and procedures and maintains the safety and protection of the workforce environment and surrounding communities With stockpile destruction un-derway at both sites CMA ensures munitions delivery to the demilitarization plants operated by the Program Executive Office Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives Aber-deen Proving Ground demonstrating the teamwork essen-tial to support our Nationrsquos international treaty obligations

By 2012 seven US stockpile sites had been destroyed ending the surety mission at those locations If storage oper-ations are required in order to posture other nationsrsquo stock-piles for destruction in compliance with the CWC then the Army can draw on CMArsquos extensive knowledge of chemical agents and munitions design of storage facilities and pro-cesses for safe handling and accountability

Secure Chemical Munitions StorageThe United States developed a chemical munitions

response to the types of weapons used against Allied sol-diers in Germany during World War I Consequently chem-ical munitions have been securely stored at US military installations for more than 100 years Decades of expertise are employed to secure the two remaining US stockpiles

However stockpile destruction operations are now un-derway at PCD and BGCA In both locations chemical

limited areas (CLAs) consisting of above-ground earth-covered magazines (ECMs) are used for munition storage pending destruction Originally more than 780000 mustard agent munitions were stored in 102 ECMs at PCD while 44 of 49 ECMs in the BGCA CLA were used to store more than 100000 types of mustard gas and nerve agent munitions

ECMs are 26 feet wide and 40ndash80 feet long with con-crete walls 6ndash12 inches thick and 125 feet high Pallet-ized rockets mortars and projectiles sit on 6-inch-thick concrete floors with ample aisle space to facilitate inspec-tions and personnel movement A clear and uniform center aisle runs the length of each ECM enabling personnel to relocate palletized munitions and remove rounds as neces-sary The 10-inch-thick front wall of the ECM is made of steel-reinforced concrete while the ECM exterior wall is protected by a waterproof membrane covering the steel and concrete roof and walls Earth covers the membrane creating a natural appearance These engineered stor-age areas which are maintained at a consistent internal temperature of 40ndash70degF provide a moisture barrier protect-ing the munitions from mildew rust and weather

Monitoring of Chemical Agents Near-real-time monitoring is essential in ensuring the

safety and security of stockpile storage The Real-Time Ana-lytical Platform (RTAP) is a self-contained mobile monitor-ing and detection platform that is used at PCD and BGCA before during and after chemical munition movement or

Inside an ECM

Summer 2020 13

operations The RTAP makes us of gas chromatographs called Miniature Continuous Air-Monitoring Systemsreg (MINICAMS) that can analyze for traces of chemical agents that may suggest potential exposure The system is sensitive enough to detect agent vapor at extremely low levels and the analysis occurs quickly enough to support monitoring

and assist with deci-sions An intensive operator-training pro-gram and strict qual-ity control procedures ensure proper RTAP operation

Both stockpile sites also utilize the Depot Area Air-Monitoring System (DAAMS)mdasha manual portable air-monitoring system pri-marily designed to con-firm the detection of time-weighted average levels of agents The DAAMS is used to confirm MINICAMS readings at time-weighted average and general population limit levels by drawing a controlled volume of air through a glass or metal tube containing a sor-bent material that retains chemical vapor Sampling times vary between 30 minutes and 12 hours After sampling is complete chemical workers transport the tubes from the DAAMS stations to the laboratory where they are analyzed by a gas chromatograph within 72 hours

Laboratory OperationsThe on-site laboratories at each depot are the central

points for agent-monitoring operations Laboratory or qual-ity assurance personnel review all RTAP data to ensure that monitoring activity has been completed according to regulatory requirements Laboratory personnel also verify chemical detection incidents during chemical agent opera-tions The laboratories are equipped not only with gas chro-matography coupled with a flame photometric detector but also with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrom-etry detectors which provide detection and quantitation of the general population limit concentrations of agents The laboratories also provide diluted chemical agent standards used in both the MINICAMS and DAAMS which ensures accurate detections during monitoring

Tracking of Stockpiles Successful storage programs must be able to account

for different types of rounds and variances in agent types and production dates for ease and accuracy of accountabil-ity during transfer and demilitarization CMA manages the Chemical Accountability Management Information Network (CAMIN) database to track the quantity location and de-struction status of both stockpiled and recovered chemical warfare materiel CAMIN was developed when the CWC was ratified and entered into force for the United States in 1997 and continues to serve as a repository of information on US chemical warfare materiel

CAMIN is used to track all stockpiled munitions stored at PCD and BGCA however recovered munitions are first re-viewed by a committee that identifies the contents of recov-ered items with unknown liquid fills for the Department of

DAAMS

MINICAMS

Inside the RTAP


Defense If the item is determined to be a chemical weapon as defined by the CWC it is then entered into CAMIN and added to the CWC declaration CAMIN is used to follow each recovered chemical warfare materiel item through the stor-age and destruction process

Both the Army and CWC require that chemical muni-tions and containers be tracked through the destruction pro-cess Information is standardized within CAMIN which re-duces the recordkeeping requirements at the location where the chemical warfare materiel that is pending destruction is stored All CAMIN entries are administered and man-aged at the CMA National Inventory Control Point which is responsible for the centralized policy and procedures for inventory control of US chemical weapons stockpiles and other related material

AccountabilityThe director of CMA is the Army implementing agent for

the CWC responsible for treaty management and compli-ance In this role the director provides guidance and as-sistance in preparing for and hosting visits and on-site in-spections at chemical weapons stockpile sites to evaluate the readiness of those facilities CMA and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (an intergovern-mental agency that implements the provisions of the CWC) conduct annual audits to ensure accuracy of the inventory Announced and unannounced audits are also conducted by the US Army Materiel Command Surety Field Activity Army Inspector General Department of Defense Inspector General and Army Audit Agency

Behind the Scenes at PCDThe original Pueblo Ordnance Depot was constructed

for military storage and supply in 1942 The first chemical agent-filled munitions were shipped to the depot in 1952 It encompasses roughly 23000 acres and has housed approx-imately 8 percent of the Nationrsquos original chemical weap-ons stockpile Today PCD is home to a workforce of nearly 400 employees

Mustard agent is stored at PCD Exposure to mus-tard agent causes inflammation of the eyes nose throat

trachea bronchi and lung tissue and blisters the skin In amounts approaching the lethal dose inju-ry to bone marrow lymph nodes and the spleen may occur

Five types of munitions con-taining mustard agent have been stored at PCD since the 1950s The munitions are grouped by type and lot numbers and verti-cally stored on pallets At the start of demilitarization operations in March 2015 there were approxi-mately 2500 tons of mustard agent munitions stored at PCD

Weekly monitoring of each ECM storing mustard agent mu-nitions ensures the integrity

of the munitions Headwall monitoring is performed by MINICAMS located inside RTAPs which are positioned next to ECMs A 100-foot-long heated transfer line is extended from the RTAP to the ECM The heated transfer line is com-posed of quarter-inch-diameter Teflonreg tubing accompanied by a heat-trace line and encased in shrink wrap to protect the tubing from the environment Heated transfer lines are fitted with connections that allow for easy attachment to an outside port near the ECM door These ports are connected to tubes that extend into the ECM and end at two strategic locationsmdashone in the front and one in the rear of the inside of the magazine These preset positions allow for monitoring of the interior without opening the ECM door In addition to the weekly monitoring the inside of the structure is moni-tored prior to entry to ensure that personnel do not enter a potentially uncontrolled hazardous environment

Accurate accountability of munitions stored at PCD is ac-complished by using precise and time-proven methods The combination of well-trained employees organized storage meticulous monitoring and laboratory operations and col-laboration with the CMA headquarters and BGCA sister site ensure safe storage for the workers community and envi-ronment

Behind the Scenes at BGCAWorld War II-era mustard-filled projectiles began arriv-

ing at the 15000-acre Blue Grass Army Depot by rail car in the 1940s Munitions filled with sarin and VX nerve agents arrived in the 1960s Rockets and projectiles containing blis-ter and nerve agents are currently stored at the facility Sa-rin and VX nerve agents interfere with signals sent from the brain to vital organs and other parts of the body

BGCA was activated in 1995 to focus on the management and storage of the Blue Grass Army Depot chemical stock-pile which represents 2 percent of the declared US chemi-cal stockpile BGCA personnel ensure the safe secure and environmentally responsible storage and monitoring of the BGCA stockpile until the chemical agents are loaded for de-livery to the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant for demilitarization

CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15

Managing toxic chemical munitions requires unique tools to properly execute the mission while keeping the workforce safe and protecting the community and the environment BGCArsquos 24-hours-per-day 7-days-per-week emergency op-erations center provides constant stockpile oversight Agent levels inside the structure are measured with portable labo-ratory equipment such as the MINICAMS and DAAMS which reside in an RTAP

Single-round containers are thick metal containers that encase toxic chemical munitions that have liquid or vapor agent outside of the round They serve as a robust stopgap measure for munitions that have deteriorated in storage Single-round containers are machined and serialized to al-low for accountability Quality assurance personnel test the single-round containers with helium every 90 days to ensure that each one can securely contain the deteriorated munitions Should the single-round containers fail to main-tain a seal larger secondary-containment vessels are used Trained technicians at the emergency operations center pro-vide constant oversight of the chemical stockpile and work directly with surrounding community emergency response personnel if necessary

As with all other chemical weapons stockpiles the BGCA stockpile has experienced some limited natural deteriora-tion BGCA has safely mitigated numerous ldquoleakersrdquo in rou-tine operations that the trained workforce is ready to ex-ecute when needed

Since its inception BGCA has conducted quarterly chem-ical accidentincident response and assistance exercises Working in partnership with Blue Grass Army Depot and the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant BGCA has conducted numerous practice exercises using in-ert training munitions

The steady build-up to delivery has provided BGCA per-sonnel with valuable lessonsmdashmost notably the lesson that training and partnerships are crucial to mission success BGCArsquos highly trained and experienced workforce of nearly 200 employees is dedicated to safely storing the chemical weapons stockpile Throughout BGCArsquos 25-year history the stockpile has been kept safe and secure Now that munition destruction is in progress BGCA looks forward to complet-ing its mission

Endnote 1Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Produc-

tion Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction Untited Nations treaty entered into force on 29 April 1997

Colonel Cobb is the commander of PCD He holds a bachelorrsquos degree in English from Texas AampM University College Station a masterrsquos degree in national security and strategic study from the Naval Command and General Staff College Newport Rhode Island and a master of science degree in national resource strat-egy from the National Defense University War College Wash-ington DC

Lieutenant Colonel McCutcheon is the commander of BGCA He holds a bachelorrsquos degree in criminal justice and a master of science degree in environmental management from Webster University

(ldquoUS Army Reserve Task Force rdquo continued from page 11)

hazards in the area of operations The Consequence Man-agement Unit provides a small but critical aspect of the analysis needed to allow the commander to effectively em-ploy the force and assess risk management

Radiation is not the only hazard present in these scenari-os additional hazards such as collapsed buildings fires from thermal blasts possible inadvertent hazmat releases and potentially desperate populations also exist Task Force 76 must train to manage each of these additional hazards and many more For example during a response Task Force 76 has operational control of units that conduct urban search and rescue operations medical disaster operations water purification procedures and a plethora of logistics functions

Task Force 76 staff is organized in a manner similar to the organization of the warfighting functions but with a fo-cus on the domestic-response mission For instance in a de-fense support of civil authorities operation a fires cell is not needed and the intelligence cell becomes the incident aware-ness and assessment cell (Surveillance within the continen-tal United States is forbidden) The concept is the samemdashthe staff organizes according to functional requirements rather than as a traditional G-staff This setup is an adaptation from traditional doctrine but the structure better addresses the needs of a homeland response

As the Sudden Response 202 scenario developed US Army North presented Task Force 76 with numerous chal-lenging situations The staff worked through a variety of dif-ficulties both within and outside the scope of normal mili-tary operations Some of the complexities included working with civilian first responders interacting with a myriad of state and local authorities engaging with private-sector entities and assisting fellow Americans during times of ex-treme distress There were other challenges as well such as time constraints critical-information sharing and knowl-edge management issues

After the exercise concluded the Soldiers involved agreed that the scenario provided an abundance of quality training and unique challenges they also gained valuable knowledge and learned important lessons Major General Maiocco said that he noticed a marked improvement in staff processes as the exercise progressed

Task Force 76 used Sudden Response 202 as a training opportunity for an upcoming validation exercise (Vibrant Response 20) but in reality an actual call for assistance (which would require that the unit deploy in response to a significant incident in the United States) could come at any time Although a true sense of pressure and urgency can-not be fully replicated in an exercise participation in Sud-den Response 202 has resulted in better-prepared Soldiers who are trained to react to a nuclear response and should the need arise ready to help their fellow citizens through a crisis

Colonel Crouse is the chief of staff of the 76th Operational Re-sponse Command Salt Lake City Utah and Task Force 76 He has been a CBRN officer for 26 years He holds multiple masterrsquos degrees and is a Certified Emergency Manager

16

By Dr Brian B Feeney


When it comes to chemical and biological detec-tion in the field minimizing the size weight and power required for detection equipment can make

a very big difference Because individual detection instru-ments add up to 10 pounds or more to a Soldierrsquos already full backpack CCDC CBC scientists Dr Jennifer W Sekows-ki and Ms Kelley D Betts wanted to know if there might be a better way Could something small lightweight and power-freemdashbut also inexpensivemdashperform as well as tra-ditional detection equipment and yet also fit in a Soldierrsquos pocket

The idea for a pocket detection pouch (PDP) came about when Ms Betts who is also an Army spouse began to ques-tion why so many biological detection technologies require tubes or cassettes for operation With the average Soldier carrying at least 60 pounds of equipment Betts understood that every ounce that is added to a Soldierrsquos gear mattersmdashand she wondered if there was a way to combine chemical and biological detection technologies into a lightweight cheap container such as a plastic bag ldquoI questioned the tra-ditional paradigm that threat agents can only be analyzed using a test tube or cassetterdquo said Betts ldquoI wondered if we could test using something different like perhaps a pouchrdquo

To work the pouch needed to be designed with one-way flow so that a single sample could be squeezed into individ-ual lanes each of which contained a unique detection test Also because the device was to be designed to require no power for operation any test would need to be colorimet-ric and the results would need to be readable by eye After much trial and error the use of an assortment of heat seal-ers and plastic bags and a very messy kitchen a prototype for the PDP was born

The idea for the pouch was further developed when Dr Sekowski presented the proposed technology to the CBC Innovative Development of Employee Advanced Solutions (IDEAS) Program and was awarded $65000 and 6 months to develop the technology to simultaneously test for the presence of synthetic opioids and chemical agent by using lateral-flow immunoassays and M8- and pH (power of hy-drogen) paper-based assays

The IDEAS Program which began in 2012 awards seed money to CBC researchers with promising ideas Under this program Dr Sekowski Ms Betts and their colleague Dr Daniel J Angelini who is experienced in sample collection further refined the PDP design reducing the PDP to the

size of a credit card when folded The team also constructed the outer layer of the pouch from a thicker plastic-bag type material to provide a better level of containment Finally the team included a variety of sampling devices that can be tailored to different user requirements

The PDP is made to easily fit inside a Soldierrsquos pocket Further-more at less than half an ounce the PDP is so lightweight that it can be carried without signifi-cantly adding to a Soldierrsquos already heavy load To use the device a sample of sus-pect material is placed inside a primary compart-ment where wa-ter or a buffer is added The liquid is then squeezed

into the individual testing lanes containing the colorimet-ric tests After approximately 10 minutes any color changes that occur are compared to a key card that is included with the pouch The Soldier can then immediately alert his or her commander if more-determinative sensors are needed Although the PDP is designed to provide presumptive iden-tification of agents in the field it is also designed to store a sample for any necessary follow-on testing

Under the 2019 IDEAS Program the PDP was shown to successfully detect the presence of synthetic opioids and chemical agents but Dr Sekowski and Ms Betts do not want to stop there Instead they hope to adapt commercial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based biological detection as well as up-and-coming paper-based explosive chemical and radiological detection methods into the PDP to provide full chemical biological radiological nuclear and explosives (CBRNE) testing in one shot

The lightweight PDP easily fits in a Soldierrsquos pocket and requires no power source

Editorrsquos note All quotations in this article were obtained from a personal interview with Sergeant First Class Robert D Olson Ms Kelley D Betts and Dr Jennifer W Sekowski at the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biological Center (CBC) Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland on 24 September 2019


17

By Mr Shawn Nesaw and Ms Jaimie Abell

Summer 2020

When confronted with chemical biological radiolog-ical and nuclear (CBRN) threats Soldiers must rely on advanced capabilities to save lives The

quick delivery of specialized equipmentmdashincluding vehicles sensors sampling tools and softwaremdashrequires expert col-laboration and an innovative acquisition process Time is of the essence on the battlefield

In late 2018 to early 2019 the US Army Combat Capa-bilities Development Command (CCDC) Chemical Biologi-cal Center (CBC) and the Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) embarked upon a collaborative moderniza-tion effort to enhance the capabilities of the main vehicle used by CBRN Soldiersmdashthe Nuclear Biological and Chem-ical Reconnaissance Vehicle (NBCRV)

Using a new acquisition process to acquire an upgrade of the sensor suite package on the NBCRV allowed the col-laborative team to experiment with rapid prototyping and early testing opportunities to quickly deliver the capabil-ity to the Soldier The new process followed the model of Army modernization priorities which was developed by the

Army Futures Command in late 2017 and led the Army to undertake a series of modernization and acquisition reforms aimed at promoting efficiency and cost effectiveness

The modernization of the sensor suite package incorpo-rated six specialized chemical agent sensors into one uni-form package bringing the NBCRV sensor capabilities up to date with current technologies and ultimately prepar-ing the NBCRV for modern Army maneuver support The upgraded sensor suite package will help reduce Soldier ex-posure to CBRN threats because it will perform remote and on-the-move detection

ldquoAt its core the current NBCRV is 23-plus-year-old tech-nology and in that 23 years technology has grown and de-veloped but so have the threatsrdquo explained Lieutenant Colo-nel Jeffrey Strauss JPEO-CBRND Joint Project Manager for Reconnaissance and Platform Integration ldquoDue to its wide usage among the CBRN community and our mission to support CBRN Soldiers developing a suite of sensors that met modernization and readiness expectations of the US Army was our goalrdquo he added

New Acquisition ProcessWhen the NBCRV was originally developed

about 23 years ago JPEO-CBRND used the traditional work order for the fielding process This time the acquisition process was stream-lined through the use of a modified work order which allows the equipment to be modified af-ter fielding The new process of acquisition led to the expedited development of NBCRV sensor suite upgrades through rapid prototyping and quickly met the Armyrsquos capability and readi-ness standards

Pivoting away from tradition this new pro-cess involves a series of stepsmdashincluding mate-rial solution analysis prototyping technology maturation and risk reductionmdashprior to prod-uct development Lieutenant Colonel Strauss reflected on the streamlined acquisition pro-cess by stating ldquoThe rapid prototyping on this project allowed us to get the project to the Sol-dier then quickly figure out what didnrsquot work so the team could learn early find solutions and press forwardrdquo

The NBCRV detects and identifies hazards


The acquisition timeline was aggressive In just 150 days the team of teams designed the package procured the sensors developed the software assembled the proto-type and internally tested all components before presenting six complete sensor suite upgrade prototypes to stakehold-ers at Joint Warfighting Assessment (JWA) 2019 Yakima Training Center Washington The JWA 2019 mission is to provide critical insight and feedback regarding Army mod-ernization efforts

ldquoOur goal is to support the warfighter by delivering the best equipment at the right cost and at the right timerdquo said Mr Douglas Bryce joint program executive officer ldquoThis means looking at our acquisition approach and deciding on a path that best meets these goals For the NBCRV sensor suite upgrades switching from a traditional acquisition strategy to one of rapid prototyping made the most sense and as we saw at JWA 2019 was a successful approachrdquo

According to the US Army Web site JWA 2019 is the Ar-myrsquos leading modernization assessment it weaves materiel solutions multi-domain operations multi-domain operation formations concepts and capabilities at echelon into the Armyrsquos largest joint multinational live virtual construc-tive exercise aligned with the US Indo-Pacific Command area of operations1 ldquoThe nature of the project was so in-tense because we quickly needed to address the changing and evolving threats on our adversariesrsquo side through a faster and leaner acquisition process to prepare early for the potential CBRN threatsrdquo said Mr Joel M Gwinn JPEO-CBRND project lead

The Right Team for a Collaborative Effort

Selecting the right team for the project proved to be criti-cal to success JPEO-CBRND led the new acquisition pro-cess and served as the project lead while the US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School (US-ACBRNS) Fort Leonard Wood Missouri provided insight regarding the future mission which helped drive the sensor integration fabrication and software support provided by CCDC CBC The staff at the CCDC CBC Product Develop-ment Facility provided design and fabrication support while the Nuclear Biological and Chemical Battlefield Integra-tion Branch CCDC CBC provided software development and training support over the course of the project

Using the new acquisition process that had been custom-ized and implemented by JPEO-CBRND the CCDC CBC partnered with the Joint Science and Technology Office Defense Production Agency Fort Belvoir Virginia to deter-mine what was physically achievable when a combination of knowledge and current and future technology was applied to the development of the senor suite upgrades At the same time the Defense Threat Reduction Agency worked to de-sign potential alternatives for technologies and determined whether the new technologies would meet military require-ments once they were developed

An exciting innovation that CCDC CBC used in this proj-ect involved augmented reality Together subject matter

experts from science and technology acquisition and aca-demia communities used a head-mounted display to view the current NBCRV with digital holograms overlaid on top of the vehicle This allowed them to observe the new design before it was created thus initiating a mechanism through which experts in all fields could collaborate making use of the early opportunity to address issues fix problems and get the final product to the Soldier

ldquoI have never seen [the] level of collaboration amongst enterprisers as we have before this projectrdquo said Mr Scott Kimmell deputy commandant of USACBRNS and the se-nior lead for capability development ldquoThere were no lulls or doors separating communication between capability and advanced developers We achieved more than we imag-inedrdquo Dr Eric Moore director of CCDC CBC shared simi-lar praise stating ldquoThis was collaboration at its best Our researchers provided the expertise and critical knowledge needed to mold JPEO-CBRND and the [USACBRNS] vision into a working applicationrdquo

ldquoLeadership involvement from all teams helped drive the collaboration Knowing there was buy-in from a higher level and open lines of communication with leadership allowed us to adhere to timelines setting us up for successrdquo Mr Gwinn saidWith a path forward and a razor-thin timeline for devel-oping working prototypes that would be ready for testing the following April the team quickly got to work

Software and Hardware DevelopmentTo achieve the Armyrsquos goals of readiness and modern-

ization JPEO-CBRND assessed technologies available to upgrade the sensor suite package on the NBCRV to allow it to autonomously perform reconnaissance As part of this process JPEO-CBRND also faced the challenge of assess-ing technologies suitable for all CBRN sensors since CBRN agents vary widely

Using the technology identified a team of engineers from the Nuclear Biological and Chemical Battlefield Integra-tion Branch of the CBC developed the complex software required to allow Soldiers to operate the new sensor suite and an additional piece of equipment on the NBCRVmdashthe Deep Purple unmanned aerial vehicle which along with as-sociated technology collects the data from the sensors and translates that data to information that is usable by Soldiers and their chains of command

Mr Maxwell Bottiger and a team of software engineers from CCDC CBC worked to develop the user interface and autopiloted software that Soldiers use from inside the NBCRV to run reconnaissance missions interrogate po-tential chemical threats and provide useful information to leaders and other troops

The team depended on CCDC CBC and its rapid proto-typing capabilities to address challenges in the development of the housing and layout of the sensor package

ldquoWith the goal aimed at developing a proof of concept for the Army to sink its teeth into we challenged ourselves to think like an operatorrdquo said Mr Peter Bryant industrial

19Summer 2020

specialist at CCDC CBC ldquoIn doing so careful consideration was taken for sensor placement around the vehiclemdashthat they all worked in concert with each othermdashso the entire package met the needs of the Soldierrdquo

The CCDC CBC also provided rapid prototyping capabili-ties to support seamless sensor integration fabrication and software development ldquoThe rapid prototyping capabilities of the [CCDC CBC] are a real asset to not only [CCDC CBC] researchers but [also] to our partnersrdquo said Dr Moore ldquoThe ability to design and fabricate something brand new or make an improvement on a current technology makes us agile and highly sought-after especially as new acquisition projects like this one become more commonrdquo Dr Moore also added ldquoThis rapid prototyping approach along with work-ing closely with the maneuver community is a great exam-ple of how we can operationalize technologies on behalf of the warfighterrdquo Lieutenant Colonel Strauss agreed ldquoAs a government facility the [CCDC CBC] was able to leverage government [laboratories] was familiar with core technol-ogy was more able to adapt to change and had previous experience with sensor suite technologyrdquo he said

The first pilot demonstration for the development of the sensor suite upgrade took place on what was referred to as VIP Day With the sensor suite at 85 percent comple-tion the team tested the new technology in front of senior executive leadership across JPEO-CBRND CCDC CBC USACBRNS and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency Based on the feedback received the team adjusted the struc-ture and layout of the sensors in preparation for a second test at JWA 2019

Lieutenant Colonel Strauss felt that overall the outcome of VIP Day was positive ldquoThe collaboration was exposed to the next layer of management showing what collabora-tion and teaming could do in a short amount of timerdquo he said ldquoVIP Day got the stakeholders to continue to want to

partner with JPEO-CBRND and CCDC CBC The consensus was this was an unprecedented leap forward in capabilityrdquo

Training for JWA 2019In preparation for JWA 2019 the Alabama National

Guard sent a team of Soldiers to CCDC CBC Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland for 1 month of training on the operation of the NBCRV and the new sensor suite pack-age

ldquoJPEO-CBRND chose the Alabama National Guard Soldiers because a team was needed that wasnrsquot famil-iar with the system This allowed us to train them suffi-ciently which demonstrated the usability of the systemrdquo explained Mr Dale Perry JPEO-CBRND field operations lead for the NBCRV team Once the Soldiers began train-ing on the system development personnel transitioned to a training and support role eliciting feedback and incorporating specific changes into the system To ease the pressure of training on several brand-new systems CCDC CBC engineers transferred the software used in-side the NBCRV onto tablets The tablet simulators were then used to train the Soldiers in a classroom before tran-sitioning to the vehicles This allowed for early Soldier feedback

ldquoWe received Soldier feedback one day and by the next training session their feedback was incorporated into the training simulatorrdquo Mr Bottiger said ldquoWorking closely with Soldiers made the changes to the software turnkey By the time the Soldiers were heading to JWA 2019 they were well-trained and ready for the assessmentrdquo

CCDC CBC and JPEO-CBRND subject matter experts attended the training sessions to field questions and trou-bleshoot issues with the Soldiersmdashsomething that train-ing participant Sergeant Chantelle D Colbert appreciated ldquoSubject matter experts were on-site to replace software and walk us through processes so we could learn to troubleshoot independentlyrdquo Sergeant Colbert said

ldquoDuring the training in Aberdeen if we found anything that could have been improved or anything that could help the systems or help the Soldierrsquos ease of use with the sys-tems subject matter experts were on the spot to make those changesrdquo said Sergeant Brittany L Mattison 690th Compa-ny 145th Chemical Battalion 31st Chemical Brigade ldquoThey made so many changes and improvements to the systems in just that short amount of time and it is really amazing to see As a Guardsman you donrsquot really get to see or do this type of stuff often so it was a privilegerdquo

Based on feedback from the subject matter experts in-volved the NBCRV and the JWA 2019 debut ran smoothly The NBCRV performed well in all scenarios of the demand-ing landscape at the Yakima Training Center

The Way AheadMoving forward the team will assess how the NBCRV

performed make refinements and provide guidance to con-tractors working on Capability Set 2 which is designed to

Deep Purple unmanned aerial vehicle at JWA 2019

improve upon the first iteration All improvements will be completed in preparation for JWA 2020 set to take place in Poland

ldquoWe know what we know about the adversaries and based on lessons learned through the development of the original sensors we know what our gaps were with the old systemsrdquo said Mr Gwinn ldquoThe collaborative process will continue while adhering to another fast timeline during the development of Capability Set 2 with the goal of fielding the sensor suite upgrades in 2022rdquo

The Army must rely on current information to predict possible future CBRN threats and then use those predic-tions to make additional technological improvements to the sensor suite Beyond that the team must make use of advancements to increase the speed of maneuver increase adaptability to different environments increase capability for stand-off detection and create a more deliberate system

Refined improvements will be made during the opera-tional assessment and demonstration at Fort Bliss Tex-as in support of the 3rd Brigade 1st Armored Division National Training Center Fort Irwin California train-up To recognize research and produce these capabilities JPEO-CBRND CCDC CBC and industry partners must continue to use the rapid prototype acquisition process and the collaborative team model Timeliness accuracy and ef-ficiency remain the most important components in providing capabilities to Soldiers

For more information about CCDC CBC visit the Web site at lthttpswwwcbcccdcarmymilgt

For more information about JPEO-CBRND visit the Web site at lthttpswwwjpeocbrndosdmilgt

Endnote 1Miguel Ruiz ldquoUS Military Partner Nations Assess

Future Warfighting Capabilitiesrdquo US Army Web site 2 May 2019 lthttpswwwarmymilarticle221190us _military_partner_nations_assess_future_warfighting _capabilitiesgt accessed on 22 April 2020

When this article was written Mr Nesaw was a communication specialist contractor supporting the Public Affairs Office CCDC CBC

When this article was written Ms Abell was a communication specialist contractor supporting JPEO-CBRND


(ldquoThreat Detection rdquo continued from page 16)

Sekowski and Betts would also like to develop the PDP for wide-area surface sampling by connecting the PDP with the Mano a one-handed wide-area environmental surface sample collection device developed at CBC and designed to simplify sampling while wearing mission-oriented protec-tive posture gear in hazardous environments By attaching the PDP to the Mano samples could be immediately tested in the field helping Soldiers and their commanders make immediate operational decisions and allowing for follow-on testing of those samples in the laboratory

Dr Carrie A Poore chief of the Advanced CBRNE Training Branch CBC was able to get the pouch into the hands of Army National Guard Soldiers who were taking courses offered by the branch The Soldiers pro-vided valuable constructive feedback to help refine the practicality and design of the PDP For example they suggested adding a strip of tape to both sides of the sample-holding compartment located at the top of the bag so that Soldiers wearing protective gear out in the field could collect samples with heavily gloved hands The PDP devel-opment process was championed by Sergeant First Class Robert D Olson the technical noncommissioned officer at CBC ldquoIt is imperative that the warfighter is included in the beginning idea stagerdquo said Sergeant First Class Olson ldquoDo-ing so allows researchers to learn directly from the warf-ighter how their idea can improve the overall performance of the Soldierrsquos missionrdquo

Sergeant First Class Olson also supported PDP partici-pation in the Defense Threat Reduction Agency fiscal year 2019 ChemicalBiological Operational Analysis Technology Concept feedback tent where it received positive and con-structive feedback by participating warfighters

The 6-month IDEAS grant period ended in October 2019 and Dr Sekowski and Ms Betts are looking for external funding to expand the capabilities of the PDP They have had discussions about further exploration of applications of the pouch with the Joint Product Manager for CBRNE Detection the US Army Public Health Center Aberdeen Proving Ground the Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Agriculture

By reducing size weight power cost training and dis-posal requirements the scientists look forward to a future in which every Soldier has the ability to presumptively assess potential CBRNE threats with an easy-to-use device that can be carried in a pocket As Sekowski and Betts like to say ldquoMaybe itrsquos time we think outside of the tuberdquo

For more information about the CCDC CBC visit the Web site at lthttpscbcccdcarmymilgt

Dr Feeney is a public affairs specialist with the CCDC CBC He holds a bachelorrsquos degree in history from Colorado Col-lege Colorado Springs a masterrsquos degree in risk communica-tion from Cornell University Ithaca New York and a PhD in risk communication from Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania

21

By Captain Tyler E Barnum

Summer 2020

Imagine that on your drive into work one morning you are involved in a vehicular accident and you find yourself with internal bleeding and multiple broken bones Mo-

ments later you are collected by ambulance and transported to a newly completed multimillion-dollar hospital filled with the best medical equipment that money can buymdashhowever a lack of skilled doctors surgeons and nurses with years of education and experience makes the ridiculously expen-sive building a high-dollar first aid kit Unfortunately for you surgery to correct internal bleeding requires a trained surgeon with skilled hands and preferably vast experience This is analogous to problems encountered when Soldiers lack necessary training

Soldiers from every military occupational specialty (MOS) must remain physically strong qualify on an as-signed weapon system know how to operate a radio be ca-pable of surviving in a contaminated environment and be able to render first aid But are we adequately trained to execute our individual mission requirements in a chemi-cal biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) environ-ment Command Sergeant Major Jose J Santiago who has 23 years of military experience and currently serves with the 2d Battalion 37th Armor Regiment 1st Armored Bri-gade Combat Team 1st Armored Division Fort Bliss Tex-as explains a reoccurring problem stating ldquoThe Army and our young Soldiers do not know how to do the basic of things and are failingrdquo

In basic combat training every Soldier learns that when involved in a CBRN attack the protective mask which is worn on the side of the hip will help save the Soldierrsquos life if properly donned and sealed on the Soldierrsquos face within 9 seconds The purpose of CBRN training is for every Sol-dier in every MOS to recognize the threat quickly respond and maintain operations in a contaminated environment However new recruits in basic combat training wear the bulky hot chemical suits and masks only once or maybe twice during the initial CBRN training which consists of ap-proximately 15 minutes of actual training time Basic com-bat training and periodic familiarization training alone do not adequately prepare Soldiers with the ability to fight in a CBRN environment for the remainder of their careersFur-thermore the impact of inadequate CBRN training through-out a Soldierrsquos career can be fatal Despite the importance of the training it is clear that our Soldiers are not prepared to

fight in a contaminated environment the training staff at the National Training Center (NTC) Fort Irwin California has identified four common observations to help aid in Sol-dier survivability and preserve combat power in a contami-nated environment

First NTC staff observed a failure to conduct preventive maintenance checks and services to ensure that equipment was up-to-date and mission-ready For example CBRN de-tection equipment (such as the Joint Chemical Agent Detec-tor) might not power on due to corroded batteries or unre-plenished consumable parts (such as sieve filter packs) Or after a CBRN attack M-26 decontamination sprayers might not produce the hot water required to cleandecontaminate vehicles due to missing basic-issue items Or with the sound of incoming enemy rounds possibly filled with chemical agents Soldiers might pull out protective masks that have no filters attached or are missing other lifesaving parts they must then spend additional time to correctly assemble the mask before taking their next breath Furthermore the protective mask must be regularly maintained fitted and testedmdashand parts must be replaced when necessary Units successfully training for the CBRN fight admit that they schedule regular-interval inspections of consumable Army equipment such as protective mask filters or Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology items for the need for repair wear-out dates and equipment shelf life expira-tion dates

Next NTC staff observed a problem with matching com-patible equipment For example drink tube adapters for the M-50 protective mask do not automatically fit the many brands of hydration systems worn on the Soldierrsquos back or the lid of the standard canteen supplied by the central-issue facility Soldiers must protect themselves from chemical and biological contamination using the assigned protective mask and must be able to drink from a canteen after having donned the protective mask Soldiers reacting to a CBRN training attack often do not have the necessary adaptermdashor the adapter is packed in the bottom of a rucksack still in the original plastic packaging because they are unaware of the purpose of the item Soldiers working in the summer heat at NTC are degraded just as quickly as they are when working in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Level 4 in a real-world CBRN attack Environmental injury can be avoided but only if Soldiers use working equipment


and understand how to properly utilize all the equipment issued

NTC staff also observed Soldiers incorrectly possessing wearing and using equipment Soldiers receive a protective mask a booklet of M8 chemical agent detector paper (to de-tect chemical agents present in liquid form) a dispenser of M9 chemical agent detector paper (to detect liquid nerve and blister chemical agents) and an M256A1 chemical agent de-tector kit from the assigned unit The Army expects Soldiers to train on this simple detection equipment to ensure that the environment is safe before dressing down from higher MOPP levels Many times Soldiers in MOPP Level 4 have no training associated with the proper care and use of equip-ment and no actual equipment to detect the presence of a contaminant Basically they find themselves trapped in the sun for hours or unmasking in the contaminated environ-ment resulting in an unnecessary loss of combat power Soldiers of every MOS and rank need multiple repetitions of training in the correct use of equipment in order to remain proficient in basic survival tasks and to ensure that they can continue to accomplish their mission Proper training is vitally important because the donning of protective equip-ment makes performing the most trivial tasks awkward and frustrating due to limited dexterity blurry vision and re-striction of movement

Finally NTC staff observed issues with reporting Most Soldiers and small units have trouble with warning others in immediate and adjacent areas about a threat due to the chaos of the situation or a lack of education about operation-al requirements For units in surrounding areas the Army uses the CBRN Warning System whereby specific reports (Reports 1 through 6) are used to inform nearby units to avoid contaminated areas allowing them to continue fight-ing the enemy ldquocleanrdquo (with no contaminants)mdashnot ldquodirtyrdquo (with contaminants)

During a CBRN strike rotational training units develop a compounded delay in actions and decisions due to their inability to survive the observed deficiencies consequently they lose momentum to continue the fight against the en-emy In the Army ignoring the basics causes Soldiers to fail ultimately causing the unit to fail In the business world success is measured in productivity and the bottom dollar according to an article on the SHFT Disruptive eLearning Web site ldquoIf you believe that training is expensive it is be-cause you do not know what ignorance costsrdquo1

NTC is currently training for an anticipated major-nation near-peer threat with a weapons of mass de-struction capability and the ability to fight in a CBRN en-vironment Units that successfully continue their mission in a CBRN-contaminated environment during an NTC ro-tation attribute their success to quality home station mul-tirequirement training on all CBRN tasks performed with supervision verification and validation The units train these CBRN tasks while conducting other training require-ments such as monthly communication exercises Protect-ing oneself in a CBRN environment is not about wearing

uncomfortable gear it is about surviving in a contaminated environment while properly completing the assigned mis-sion Combined training events allow Soldiers to practice basic survivability skills while also performing essential mission tasks They also allow leaders to verify that their formations are honestly ready to engage an enemy with the capability to detonate weapons of mass destruction

Much like doctors surgeons and nurses make a hospi-tal function officers noncommissioned officers and junior enlisted Soldiers make the Army function Leaders need to ensure that the Soldiers in their formations are experts not only in their individual crafts but also in basic vital soldier-ing skills These skills include surviving the fight in a con-taminated environment which validates the required train-ing in STP 21-1-SMCT prior to an enemy engagement

Endnotes 1ldquoThe True Cost of Not Providing Employee Trainingrdquo

SHFT Disruptive eLearning Web site 19 April 2018 lthttpswwwshiftelearningcomblogthe-true-cost-of-not-providing -employee-traininggt accessed on 23 April 2020

References

TM 3-4230-229-10 Operatorrsquos Manual for Decontaminating Kit Skin M291 (4230-01-251-8702) 2 October 1989

TM 3-4230-235-10 Operatorrsquos Manual for Decontamina-tion Kit Individual Equipment M295 (6850-01-357-8456) 21 November 2008

TM 3-4240-542-13ampP Operator and Field Maintenance Man-ual (Including Repair Parts and Special Tools List) for Mask Chemical-Biological Joint Service General Purpose Field M50 (4240-01-512-4431) Small (4240-01-512-4434) Medium (4240-01-512-4437) Large and Mask Chemical-Biological Joint Ser-vice General Purpose Combat Vehicle M51 (4240-01-512-4429) Small (4240-01-512-4435) Medium (4240-01-512-4436) Large 30 May 2008

TM 3-6665-307-10 Operatorrsquos Manual for Chemical Agent Detector Kit M256 (6665-01-016-8399) and M256A1 (6665-01 -133-4964 1 September 1985

TM 3-6665-311-10 Operatorrsquos Manual for Paper Chemical Agent Detector M9 (6665-01-226-5589) 31 August 1998

Captain Barnum is a brigade CBRN observer controller trainer at NTC He holds a master of leadership and management degree in intelligence and national security from the University of Texas at El Paso

23

By Major Howard M Beardsley (Retired)

Summer 2020

The Chemical Reconnaissance and Explosives Screening Set (CRESS) is the Joint Program Execu-tive Office for Chemical Biological Radiological and

Nuclear Defense solution to requirements developed by the US Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence Fort Leonard Wood Missouri CRESS enables members of a ma-neuver squad or any out-front unit to determine if unknown bulk solids liquids and trace chemicals constitute prohib-ited compounds or precursors for homemade explosives

Prohibited compounds or precursors for homemade ex-plosives typically consist of chemical fuels and oxidizers such as ammonium nitrate perchlorate and urea Detec-tion of strong acids and bases indicate the potential pres-ence of materials used in the extraction process for home-made explosives Testing has proven that CRESS can detect unknown bulk solids liquids and trace chemicals Additionally CRESS uses colorimetric technology to allow easy determination of pH (power of hydrogen) to detect strong acids and bases

CRESS which is a common table of allowances item and can be purchased by any military unit measures ap-proximately 6 inches by 425 inches weighs approximately 69 ounces and fits in a uniform cargo pocket The box and sampler packets have temperature label indicators that in-dicate when temperatures have risen above 160degF If the label indicator on a sampler packet has changed color from white to black then the packet is no longer functional and it is labeled with a demilitarization code and properly disposed of Because sampler packets contain mercury (in amounts approximately 2000 times less mercury than that contained in a compact fluorescent bulb) when the packets are no lon-ger functional they should be disposed of as a Code F item which means that they should be placed in the red bag (in-cluded) for disposal

CRESS is currently being fielded to select infantry bri-gade combat teams with one CRESS issued per squad The remaining infantry brigade combat teams may purchase CRESSs based on mission requirements For military per-sonnel Department of Defense civilians and first respond-ers who are eligible to order government supplies contact

the CRESS program manager Mr Jeffrey S Matz at ltjeffreysmatzcivmailmilgt or for more information visit the Joint Acquisition Chemical Biologial Radiological and Nuclear Knowledge System Web site at lthttpspki jacksjpeocbdarmymilJacksSecureEquipmentSummary Defaultaspxniin=016694847gt

Authorrsquos note For more information about identifying items requiring demilitarization and for the codes for demilitar-ization visit the IHS Markittrade Web site at lthttphaystack ihserccomhelphaystackHTML5ContentDEMILhtmgt

Major Beardsley (Retired) is a science and technology analyst with the Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Ex-plosives Analytics and Response Systems at Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland

24

By Ms Christy L Lindberg


Late in the afternoon of 7 March 1945 lead American elements of Combat Command B 9th Armored Division pushed into Remagen Germany located on

the west bank of the Rhine River The commander of the leading company reported that the Ludendorff Bridgemdasha railroad bridgemdashwas still intact and that retreating German troops and fleeing refugees were still crossing even as the enemy was preparing the bridge for demolition The Ludendorff Bridge was one of a few of 40-some bridges across the Rhine still intact the rest had already been blown apart in an attempt to halt the Allied advance into Germany

Among the first American units to arrive at Remagen was Company C 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion commanded by Captain Thurston Smyer Smyer who had taught high school chemistry before the war had first tried to join the U S Army Air Corps however he was instead drafted and assigned to the Chemical Warfare Service and began his training at Edgewood Arsenal Maryland in 1941 Private First Class Smyer went on to the 3d Separate Chemical Battalion at Fort Benning Georgia was pro-moted to sergeant in 1942 and was then selected for Officer Candidate School in 19431

Graduating from Officer Candidate School in April 1944 Second Lieutenant Smyer joined Company D 90th Chemical Battalion (Motorized) at Fort Bragg North Carolina as a platoon leader The battalion was armed with the M2 42-inch chemical mortar which had just recently proven its worth as a conventional weapon that provided effective close-fire support for infantry commanders The 90th left Fort Bragg on 15 October 1944 destined for the European Theater of Operation Upon its arrival in England it was reorganized under a new table of organization and Company D became Company C 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion Loss of American weapons and vehicles delayed the reorganization and the unit was not ready for deployment and combat operations until late January 1945 Crossing the English Channel and landing in France Company C moved into enemy lines along the Roer Valley on 15 February The first experience the 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion had

with combat was at Grosshau and Nideggen in support of the 82d Airborne Division German prisoners would later tell harrowing tales of this new powerful and justly-feared weapon that discharged white phosphorus rounds from 42-inch chemical mortars The enemy described the terri-fying means of this ldquowhispering deathrdquo as a high-explosive shell that came straight down and gave no audible warning and voiced its dread of the spattering burning and nearly-impossible-to-extinguish white phosphorous2

Fresh to the Company C assignment and now with the 82d Airborne Division First Lieutenant Smyer arrived at the headquarters of the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment Inside he found ldquoa lot of brassrdquo (three colonels two majors and several captains)3 Seeing another junior officer stand-ing in the back of the room Smyer made his way through the assemblage and slid alongside the other lieutenant ask-ing him what was going on The lieutenant replied ldquoWersquore waiting for the Generalmdashjust stand here and listenrdquo4 While waiting Smyer started studying a large collage of aerial photographs that he suspected were of the Roer River (He could only suspect because the 90th had been moved up so fast that it hadnrsquot been issued maps)

According to Smyer ldquoAll at once the door opened and in came [Major] General [James] Gavin (commander of the 82d Airborne Division) Of course everyone jumped to attention and he began pointing at the photos say-ing where patrols would be sent to contact the enemy Then he had each colonel explain their battle plans lsquoOh by the way we have a chemical company a mortar com-pany with usrsquo And everyone turned to look at me He asked me how many mortars we had then he turned to everyone and said lsquoThis is their first time in the linemdashthey are newmdashand they will be attached to you I believe each of you regimental commanders will get a platoon Above all you will take care of them I donrsquot want to lose one of those men Just wait until you see what they can do with their gun and yoursquoll see why you need to protect themrsquo rdquo5

Gavin having benefited from the fire support provided by the 42-inch chemical mortars in combat operations in Normandy the Netherlands and the Battle of the Bulge wanted to pass along the respect to his commanders However soon after his welcome the 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion was separated from the airborne forces and at-tached to the 9th Armored Division

Upon arriving at Remagen and firing white phosphorous

Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25

shells from twelve 42-inch chemical mortars the lead pla-toon of Company C began laying a thick smoke screen on the far bank of the Rhine providing concealment to the troops assaulting the bridge The Germans had prepared the Ludendorff Bridge for demolition hoping to delay its destruction long enough to allow retreating Wehrmacht forces to cross Now with the Americans poised to cross the order was given to fire the charges As the smoke cleared the sight of the intact bridge emerged Not all the charges had detonated and those that had only weakened the span Company C continued to lay smoke as the infantry crossed and secured a bridgehead and combat engineers began work shoring up the bridge for heavier traffic When nightfall came the chemical mortar men were ordered to cross over to provide fire support for the bridgehead beyond

Staggered back along the road leading to Remagen were the remaining platoons of Company C ldquoThere was word that we were going to some bridge that the Germans had for-gotten to blow or couldnrsquot or somethingrdquo wrote one mortar man

ldquoThe whole thing was rather vague except for the rain and bitter cold It was after dark and still raining as we inched past a burning building that lit up the nar-row crooked streets of Remagen like a gigantic torch silhouetting the tanks and jeeps against the flames for the enemy across the river In screamed Jerryrsquos artil-lerymdash150 millimeter The first shell caught us in the jeeps the second found us under them face down in the muddy road A few more burst nearby and then they stopped I crawled out and was looking for a good cellar when the old familiar lsquoload lsquoem uprsquo came down the line and we got in and started off anxious to get out of that localityrdquo6

Corporal Noble Costin a sharecropper from Indiana turned jeep driver recalled that ldquoWe got on the bridge with the [military police] yelling lsquokeep left keep right right leftrsquo to avoid the shell holes and you could look down through these big gaps in the deck and see way down below the wa-ter rolling past But we got across and turned right a half-mile to the Weinstock Hotel Linz am Rheinrdquo7 Inside the hotel they found captured and disarmed several German soldiers Setting their mortars up in the hotel courtyard and along the railroad tracks behind the members of the

company began pumping out high-explosive and white phos-phorous rounds from their dozen mortar tubes They re-peatedly suffered enemy mortar and small-arms fire which temporarily interrupted their fire missions Their rate of fire was so intense the next day that their ammunition supply began to dwindle ldquoWe were running out of ammo so our mess sergeant took the frac34-ton weapons carrier [truck] back across the bridge which wasnrsquot allowed because of enemy observationrdquo recalled Costin ldquoHe told the [military police] he was going after C-rations but he filled that thing full with shells instead and brought them back so we could keep firing If the Germans would have hit his truck that would have been it for the bridgerdquo8

The mess sergeant to whom Costin was refering was Staff Sergeant Raymond R ldquoPopsrdquo Grenier a 32-year-old chemist from the Rochester New Hampshire city water works He was in charge of the ammunition section of the headquarters company of the bat-talion For the next 2 days Grenier repeatedly crossed the damaged bridge hauling additional mortar ammunition in the face of heavy en-emy shelling and aerial attacks On one occasion with enemy shells and small-arms fire striking the bridge around him Grenier dismounted

from his truck to help extricate another vehicle stuck in a hole in the bridge treadway Staff Sergeant Grenier will-ingly performed heroic actions with complete disregard for his personal safety and materially assisted in the successful accomplishment of the mission assigned to his unit He was later awarded the Bronze Star for his ldquoheroic achievement in connection with operations against the enemyrdquo9 His actions in winning and maintaining the Remagen Bridgehead pre-vented Company C from being crippled at a crucial time10

The 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion was the second unit to cross the bridge and the first ldquoartilleryrdquo unit to cross the Rhine River where it continued to provide close-fire sup-port to the expanding bridgehead Captain Smyer kept his company headquarters in the Weinstock Hotel for nearly a week as his platoons continued to provide fire support in

Captain Smyer (left) Hotel Weinstock

Staff Sergeant Grenier


preparation for an anticipated German counterattack ldquoThe hotel had running hot water and the officers liked the show-ersrdquo recalled Corporal Costin ldquoThe cellar had wine and we [the enlisted men] liked thatrdquo11 Costin was later commended for using the M2 50-caliber machine gun on the mess truck to down a German Messerschmitt Bf-109 fighter plane that was attempting to bomb the bridge12 13

Among the follow-on forces in the days after the capture of the bridge were the 198th Chemical Depot Company and the 79th and 80th Smoke Generator Companies They pro-vided additional smokescreen materiel and smoke genera-tors making German attempts to destroy the bridge by artil-lery and aerial bombardment more difficult Smokescreens also provided cover for engineer companies building pontoon bridges14

The damaged Ludendorff Bridge finally collapsed on 17 March but not before several pontoon bridges were placed across the Rhine and thousands of American troops were across The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge is said to have significantly advanced the end of the war and saved thousands of lives The contributions of the Chemical Warfare Service units at Remagen are often overlooked the accolades they received do not accurately reflect their heroism or exemplary service Captain Smyer noted that although they were attached to the 9th Armored Division their story had been omitted from the history books includ-ing the famous ldquoThe Bridge at Remagenrdquo written in 1957 by Captain Ken Eckler combat historian of the 9th Armored Division15 Smyer tried to bring their participation to Ecklerrsquos attention to no avail ldquoI told him we [Company C] were there attached to the 9th [Armored] Division but he didnrsquot think too much about that So I didnrsquot even bother ordering his bookrdquo Smyer said16

Reflecting on the work of Company C at Remagen Lieutenant Colonel Edgar V H Bell commander of the 90th wrote

ldquoOurs was the first and for several days the only artillery east of the Rhine The devastating fires of our lsquofour point twosrsquo were delivered with terrific effect The full extent of the losses suffered by the German army [from our fire] will never be known but it is perfectly safe

to say it is greater than our entire battalion strength Regimental division and corps commanders have spoken highly of our work but the most valued praise has come from the GIs [Government IssueSoldiers] of our supported infantry The battalionrsquos motto has always been and always will be lsquoNever Let the Dough Foot Downrsquo rdquo17

The unit history of the 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion states ldquoThe thought of a job well done would be carried into civilian life with the men who had trained and fought with Charlie Companyrdquo18

Endnotes 1Interview with Captain Thurston Smyer ldquo90th Chemical

Mortar Battalion 1944ndash1946rdquo audio on file at the US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School History Office

2Milton Friedman Retorter Volume 1 Number 19 1 June 1945 on file at the USACBRNS History Office

3Smyer interview4Ibid 5Ibid6Douglas W Dwyer et al ldquo90th Chemical Mortar Battalion

The Story of the 90th in Training and in Action 1944ndash1945rdquo lthttpwww4point2orghist-90htmmortargt accessed on 9 April 2020

7Interview with Corporal Noble Costin ldquo90th Chemi-cal Mortar Battalion 1944ndash1946rdquo audio on file at the USACBRNS History Office

8Ibid9 First Lieutenant Thurston Smyer collection of newspaper

articles from 1944 to 1946 on file at the USACBRNS History Office

10Ibid11Dwyer12Smyer interview13Costin interview14Brooks E Kleber and Dale Birdsell ldquoThe United States

Army in World War II The Technical Servicesrdquo The Chemi-cal Warfare Service Chemicals in Combat US Army Center of Military History Washington DC 1990 lthttpshistory armymilhtmlbooks01010-3CMH_Pub_10-3pdf gt accessed on 9 April 2020

15Bridge at Remagen endnote here16Smyer interview17Friedman18Dwyer

Ms Lindberg is the regimental historian at the USACBRNS History Office Fort Leonard Wood Missouri She holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in history humanities and political science from the University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls and a masterrsquos degree in history from Missouri State University Springfield

Western approach to the Ludendorff Bridge

27

By Mr Sam J Campbell

Summer 2020

The US Army is replacing the 1970s-era ANVDR-2trade Radiac Set (a geiger counter survey me-ter) with a new piece of handheld radiation detection

technologymdashthe Radiological Detection System (RDS)mdashbringing the surveying capabilities of the fighting force into the 21st century Soldiers in basic training regardless of military occupational specialty are taught how to use the ANVDR-2 and will therefore receive training on the RDS upon its implementation in 2020

Mr Michael D Hunter a capabilities developer with the US Army Futures Command Fort Leonard Wood Missouri said that the Army has purchased approximately 43000 units and that other branches of the Service are forecasted to purchase this same type of system Subject mat-ter experts from the US Army Tank-Automotive and Arma-ments Command and the US Army Test and Evaluation Com-mand and Soldiers from the US Army Reserve 3d Brigade 102d Training Division gathered at the First Lieutenant Joseph Terry Chemical Biological Ra-diological and Nuclear (CBRN) Responder Training Facility at Fort Leonard Wood to discuss methods for the dissemina-tion of training

To test training feasibility for all military occupational specialties Major Joseph E Hughes 3d Brigade brought in Soldiers with a wide variety of backgrounds outside of the CBRN specialtymdashfrom watercraft engineers to military police ldquoBecause this will go out to the field itrsquos not just chemical-unit-specific equipmentrdquo Major Hughes said ldquoThis will be for all units to be able to utilizerdquo

Non-CBRN Soldiers who were present for the training said that they could operate the device if needed despite their professional focus outside of the CBRN detection ca-reer field ldquoThis isnrsquot our military occupational specialty so for having something that we really have no clue about theyrsquore able to [teach] it in a way that wersquore able to com-prehend it wersquore able to do itrdquo said Sergeant Alicia N Holdner a watercraft engineer with 3d Brigade ldquoItrsquos pretty straightforwardrdquo Major Hughes said that ensuring that ev-ery Soldier can operate the equipment will result in a more well-rounded fighting force ldquoSo of course our school here is strictly chemical-focused however now you have Soldiers going back to their units [as] subject matter experts

on this equipment and they can help their unit and be able to instruct to the lowest levelrdquo he said

Mr Christopher Dugger a subject matter expert and test analyst with the Joint Product Leader for Radiological and Nuclear Defense Program Executive Office for Chemi-cal Biological Radiological and Nuclear Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland demonstrated the sensitiv-ity and accuracy of the new device against what industry professionals call ldquocheck sourcesrdquo or amounts of material

so small that they are not legally radioactive He said that the RDS is a substantial improvement over its predecessor in several ways It cuts the margin of error in half In addition ldquo[RDS] minimizes the time it takes to survey something out to see if itrsquos contaminatedrdquo Mr Dugger said ldquoThis is a big deal because you want to keep your ra-diation [exposure] as low as pos-siblerdquo Dugger said that unlike the ANVDR-2 the new device provides standoff detection via ex-tendable probes further minimiz-ing user exposure to potentially deadly materials ldquoThe more data I give [a radiation detection de-

vice] to process the better it is the more accurate it getsrdquo he said ldquoThe problem with that is [that] more data means more radiation I as a biological being using this am [expos-ing] myself to more radiation and thatrsquos where something like [the new detection device] comes inrdquo The RDS not only detects but also quantifies the presence of radioactive ma-terialmdashanother upgrade over the ANVDR-2 The RDS on-board computer records the data gathered and stores it for later study

Modular and customizable the RDS kit can be tailored to the military unit to which itrsquos assigned making widespread operation of the equipment not only an effective force multi-plier but also user-friendly ldquo[With RDS it] doesnrsquot matter what type of radiation that it isrdquo said Staff Sergeant James E Alberson 3d Brigade CBRN Advanced Leader Course instructor ldquoBecause this is all-inclusive detect identify and measure you can use just this one system for all your [CBRN] needsrdquo

Mr Campbell is a reporter and assistant editor for the Guidon Fort Leonard Wood He holds a bachelorrsquos degree in journalism from the Scripps School of Journalism Ohio University Athens

The VDR-2 hand-held RDS

28

By Major Ralph E Scott


Nuclear weapons were introduced on the battle-field near the end of World War II These weapons were revolutionary because of their destructive

power and reductions in the speed and resources required for them to destroy sizeable areas and large populations Macgregor Knox and Williamson Murray categorize the ad-vent of nuclear weapons as a ldquotrue military revolutionrdquo in Chapter 1 of their book entitled Dynamics of Military Revo-lution 1300ndash20501 The authors explain that military revo-lutions are ldquoseismic uncontrollable unpredictable and un-foreseeable events which permanently alter the framework of warfarerdquo2 The nuclear revolution caused a paradigm shift for the US armed forces Paradigms are ldquoconceptual world-views that consist of formal theories classic experiments and trusted methodsrdquo3 A paradigm shift occurs when some-thing new fundamentally changes prevailing views formal theories and trusted methods The introduction of nucle-ar weapons on the battlefield meant that large cities and military formations were potentially defenseless against a single weapon and its delivery system This military revo-lution caused political doctrinal and organizational turbu-lence in the government and for military branch members who fought to prove their Service superiority to carry out nuclear warfare in line with the national strategy This ar-ticle analyzes the struggle of the US Army to adapt to the paradigm shift in warfare from the onset of the Atomic Age in three separate eras the postwar era the Korean War era and the period of time during which the US Army attempted to transform its divisional structure

Even with all of its complexities nuclear warfare was not the most pressing issue for the US Army at the end of World War II The sentiment of demobilization was popular at that time because many Americans believed that the days of massed armies were over Soldiers protested their reten-tion in Service by frequenting town squares and writing let-ters to members of the US Congress while then-President Harry S Truman was simultaneously pressured to ldquobring the boys homerdquo4

The Army did a poor job of analyzing the appropriate structure and mission of the postwar Army to ensure that demobilization was a sound decision and seamless action In conjunction with demobilization the Army also provided troops for occupation duties in Germany and Japan Demo-bilization and occupation duties overwhelmed the Army

however its leaders attempted to capture the organizational and tactical lessons of the war by establishing boards and committees to examine all aspects of the Armyrsquos experience According to Arthur W Connor Jr ldquoIts committees focused on the division with three types recommended for retention in the Army infantry armored and airborne Over the next 3 years various conferences committees general officers and the Army staff all tinkered with divisional organiza-tions In 1948 the Department of the Army published the new tables of organization for each of the three divisional typesrdquo5 Unfortunately the new divisions resembled the ones that fought in World War II they were equipped with the same weapons but they were undermanned and some-what irrelevant in the age of nuclear weapons

As the Army continued its rebuilding operations in Ger-many and Japan the Soviet threat in Europe and other de-velopments around the world continued to affect the United States Furthermore George F Kennanrsquos ldquolong telegramrdquo of February 1946 forced US leaders to confront their failure to provide a national strategy6 while the Truman Doctrine declared that the United States would support countries threatened by Communist insurrection7 Despite the shift in foreign policy Army demobilization was never halted or re-versed Fiscal turbulence also continued because President Truman continued to reduce the defense budget Addition-ally policy makers trusted that the US Air Force would be the Service that delivered Americarsquos nuclear monopoly Toward the end of the 1940s the Army still prioritized oc-cupation as its most important task As the Army continued to falter in this endeavor the state of current world affairs did not remain static

Only 10 divisions (with 591000 Soldiers of an authorized strength of 630201) were available when North Korean forc-es crossed the 38th parallel on 25 June 19508 Initially both policy makers and military officials estimated that air and naval forces would defeat the North Koreans but this view did not last The Armyrsquos major issues at the start of the Kore-an War included supplies ammunition and training Aside from food clothing and medical supplies the Army made no new procurements Units operated with legacy equip-ment from the previous world wars and maintenance was highly problematic There were ammunition shortages and ammunition stores remaining from World War II decreased rapidly due to training requirements transfers to allies and

Summer 2020 29

shelf-life expiration While the ammunition shortages were extremely challenging the fact that deployed units lacked proper training was an even bigger problem Throughout the 5 years preceding the Korean War the time allowed for basic training of new recruits correlated with funding levels Instead of the 17 weeks that World War II recruits spent on initial training new recruits only spent 8 weeks which was followed by another drastic reduction to 4 weeks in 19469

Eventually the Army mobilized about 3 million Soldiers to repel the combined North Korean and Chinese armies while simultaneously addressing other threats especially in Europe However the Army did little to transform or change The official position was that there was no need for doctrinal changes Consequentially ldquothe Army entered the mid-1950s facing the same issues that were extant in the mid-1940srdquo10

The Army leadership faced another series of personnel and funding reductions with no apparent role in national strategy when President Dwight D Eisenhower announced his ldquoNew Lookrdquo which promoted nuclear weapons and fa-vored airpower as a means of delivery11 To remain relevant General Matthew Ridgway US Army Chief of Staff start-ed the Army on the path toward its first real transformation since World War I as he directed the development of small-er more mobile divisions that were capable on the nuclear battlefield12 The pentomic Army concept eventually ensued and small 8600-man divisions were built around five small self-sufficient battle groups13 In September 1956 the newly reactivated 101st Airborne Division was organized under the pentomic concept and by December new tables of or-ganization and equipment were designed and issued while senior Army leaders were sent on a mission to inform com-mandants and to discuss and promote the new reorganiza-tion14 However the pentomic concept was not convincing enough to sway the proponents of nuclear weapons

To counter Congress and a Nation fascinated with nu-clear weapons as its primary deterrent Army leaders di-rected the Army to embrace atomic technology This created an increase in the development and employment of tactical nuclear weapons and delivery systems and missile technolo-gy Senior Army leaders understood the climate in Washing-ton DC and the Nation ldquoNuclear weapons were the going thing and by including some in the division armament the Army staked out its claim to a share in the nuclear arsenalrdquo according to Connor15

Embracing missiles and tactical nuclear weapons pre-vented Army leaders from making conventional modern-ization a priority A significant growth in continental air defense program and missile technology did help the Army achieve some relevance but this also exacerbated existing inter-Service fighting with the Air Force Connor indicates that ldquoAt the end of June 1959 there were 62 surface-to-air missile battalions on-site in various cities and key installa-tions in the continental United Statesrdquo16 In the 1950s the Armyrsquos pentomic era experiment failed and the Eisenhower administration simultaneously ended Despite progress in

missile technologies atomic cannons and nuclear-tipped rockets the Army continued to downsize in both person-nel strength and funding Ultimately the Army remained unprepared for limited wars since its leaders erroneously focused on nuclear weapons and organizational changes in order to remain relevant in the pentomic era

Due to the introduction of nuclear weapons World War II brought about profound changes in how the United States fought wars The US Army gained experience but modernization occupation duties budget cuts and the Na-tionrsquos appetite for the use of nuclear weapons (and its pref-erence for the US Air Force to deliver them) caused a lot of turbulence for the Army This turbulence led to multiple failed attempts by the Army to transform itself while search-ing for the proper organizational structure doctrine and training to remain relevant and meet the Nationrsquos threats

Endnotes 1MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray Dynamics of

Military Revolution 1300ndash2050 Cambridge University Press 2001 pp 1ndash14

2Ibid3Thomas S Kuhn staff editor Encyclopedia Britannica

14 July 2018 lthttpswwwbritannicacombiography Thomas-S-Kuhnref168964gt accessed on 13 April 2020

4Arthur W Connor Jr ldquoTransformation Concepts for Na-tional Security in the 21st Centuryrdquo The Army Transformation and Modernization 1945ndash1991 Implications for Today 2002 p 5 lthttpswwwhsdlorgviewampdid=441570gt accessed on 13 April 2020

5Ibid p76George F Kennan The Inauguration of Organized Political

Warfarerdquo redacted version History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive Washington DC 30 April 1948 lthttpsdigi-talarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument114320pdfv=941dc9ee5c6e51333ea9ebbbc9104e8cgt accessed on 13 April 2020

7Allan R Millett et al For the Common Defense A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012 New York Free Press 2012

8Connor p 89Ibid p 1310Ibid p 1511Donald A Carter The US Army Before Vietnam

1953ndash1965 US Army Center of Military History Washington DC 2015

12Ibid pp 25ndash2613Connor p 19 14Ibid p 19 15Ibid p 20 16Ibid p 21

Major Scott is the deputy commander for 773d Weapons of Mass DestructionndashCivil Support Team Kaiserslautern Germany He holds a masterrsquos degree of military studies from the Marine Corps University Command and Staff College Quantico Virginia

30

By Captain Matthew R Van Arsdall and First Lieutenant Jonathan D Hellberg


The 92d Chemical Company 83d Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Battalion Fort Stewart Georgia continues to sustain readiness and

build combat power as part of the immediate response force during the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic The companyrsquos immediate response mission requires that it be prepared to rapidly deploy and support global contingency operations worldwide The battalion qualified on eight M1135 Nuclear Biological and Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle (NBCRV) systems during March 2020 immediate-ly prior to implementation of the Department of Defense COVID-19 limitations with another NBCRV gunnery planned for the 92d in April 2020

With the COVID-19 outbreak and the elevation of Fort Stewart to Health Protection Condition Level C the unitrsquos ability to sustain qualified crews for rapid deployment was significantly degraded based on qualification timelines and crew turnover Understanding that sustained readiness and deployable combat power is the No 1 priority the 83d CBRN Battalion first requested and received approval to train from Brigadier General James E Bonner commander of the 20th Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Explosives Command and then submitted a request for ex-ception to policy to the senior mission commander at Fort Stewart Major General Antonio A Aguto Jr 3d Infantry Division Commanding General for local approval

With Soldier safety remaining at the forefront of train-ing the unit used the principles of risk mitigation and force protection to tackle the COVID-19 threat designing a revised gunnery plan to achieve mission success The unit integrated Fort Stewart and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for COVID-19 into the training plan and leveraged the knowledge and experience of the 83d CBRN Battalion surgeon and medical team to establish preventative measures The proposed manning footprint for crewmembers and range support personnel was reduced from 44 Soldiers to 21 Soldiers This would afford the unit the ability to maintain social distancing during range op-erations and to control personnel movement and exposure during the week leading up to the training The battalion medical team was to screen all personnel before during and after training and immediately isolate any cases that may present themselves during gunnery Personal protective equipment including face coverings and protective gloves and individualarea disinfectant solutions were added to the

unitrsquos standard range uniform to limit the spread of poten-tial infection Leaders at all levels would take an active role in enforcing the preventative measures and reporting any changes to Soldiersrsquo medical statuses while the range safety officer would oversee and inspect COVID-19 mitigation mea-sures in troop areas

Changes to the gunnery concept of operations based on COVID-19 preventive measures built trust and confidence in the chain of command and the exception to policy was approved by Major General Aguto weeks before execution

The unitrsquos ability to sustain readiness and train for fu-ture operations as we navigate our new environment clearly demonstrate that our CBRN warfighters and our Army will continue to be trained and be ready when called uponmdashall while protecting the safety health and welfare of our Soldiers and Families

Captain Van Arsdall is the commander of the 92d Chemical Company 83d CBRN Battalion He holds a bachelorrsquos degree in history from the University of South Florida St Petersburg

First Lieutenant Hellberg is a mounted reconnaissance pla-toon leader for the 92d Chemical Company He holds a bach-elorrsquos degree in biology from the University of Mary Washington Fredericksburg Virginia

A Soldier wears a protective face covering while training

31

By Ms Sharon M McCann

Summer 2020

A s advisors for commanders one of the most impor-tant things that chemical biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) Soldiers can do is break down

the complexities of CBRN environments in a way that helps commanders make decisions Situational understanding which is the product of applying analysis and judgement to relevant information to determine the relationships among operational and mission variables is a key component of decision making for the commander1 CBRN Soldiers use the integrating activity of hazard awareness and understanding to provide relevant information about CBRN environments to the commander The hazard awareness and understand-ing activity integrates all preincident through postincident CBRN functions (assess protect mitigate) to facilitate situ-ational understanding2 If CBRN Soldiers understand the aspects of the hazards of each of the components represent-ing the letters of C-B-R-and-N and their impact on individu-al tasks through collective operations then they will be able to provide the answers that the commander needs

How can you as a CBRN leader be prepared to provide the knowledge required to answer the commanderrsquos ques-tions and to offer guidance on CBRN environments Therersquos no easy answer but you can know the value of your job and take pride in your role as a CBRN advisor In addition you can commit not only to making the most of the training that you receive in professional courses but also to using our library of CBRN doctrine for self-study Formal training only scratches the surface of the most critical tasks derived from doctrine Doctrine contains much more information that will provide you with a depth of understanding

Furthermore learning does not end once you have read all of the CBRN doctrine Oftentimes CBRN Soldiers need to understand the doctrine of supported units as well Be-ing an exceptional CBRN Soldier requires a commitment to your craft Albert Einstein once said ldquoIf you canrsquot explain it simply you donrsquot understand it well enoughrdquo3 And in the words of US Army Chemical Corps Regimental Com-mand Sergeant Major Christopher Williams ldquoSeeking self-improvement is paramount in teaching the future gen-erations We must be better smarter and adaptive to the trends of this generation We must be able to reach them and lead themmdashshow them what right looks likerdquo4

There is an endless supply of material available to ex-pand your knowledge A few online sources include themdash

bullArmy Publishing Directorate Web site at lthttps armypubsarmymilgt

bullCenter for Army Lessons Learned Web site at lthttpscall2armymilgt

bullArmy Chemical Review Web site at lthttpshomearmy milwoodindexphpcontactpublicationsCR_maggt

ldquoIf you want to be successful you have to put in the workrdquoRegimental Command Sergeant Major Christopher Williams5

Endnotes 1Army Doctrine Publication 6-0 Mission Command Com-

mand and Control of Army Forces 31 July 2019 2Field Manual 3-11 Chemical Biological Radiological and

Nuclear Operations 23 May 2019 3Albert Einstein Pass It On Web site lthttpswwwpassi-

toncominspirational-quotes3363-if-you-cant-explain-it-simply -you-dontgt accessed on 27 April 2020

4Christopher Williams ldquoSpeech at Chapelrdquo e-mail message 13 March 2020

5Ibid

Ms McCann is the deputy chief of the CBRN Doctrine Branch Maneuver Support Center of Excellence Fort Leonard Wood Missouri She retired from the US Army as a first sergeant She holds a bachelorrsquos degree in homeland security and emergency management from Ashford University San Diego California


Doctrine UpdateUS Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence

G-3Directorate of Training and DoctrineNumber Title Date Status

Joint PublicationsThe US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School (USACBRNS) is not the proponent for joint publications (JPs) However the Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Doctrine Branch Doctrine Division G-3Directorate of Training and Doctrine US Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence Fort Leonard Wood Missouri is often a key stakeholder and sometimes the lead agent for a JP Five JPs affect the development or revision of tactical-level CBRN publications

JP 3-11 Operations in Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Environments

29 Oct 18 Current

JP 3-11 focuses on maintaining the joint force ability to conduct the range of military operations in a CBRN environment JP 3-11 synchronizes and updates language with JP 3-40 and JP 3-41 recognizes the proponent change for global countering weapons of mass destruction (CWMD) to the US Special Operations Command and updates revises or deletes definitions and discussions to synchronize with other doctrinal updates

JP 3-27 Homeland Defense 10 Apr 18 Current

JP 3-27 discusses fundamentals of homeland defense (HD) to include threats policy and legal considerations active layered defense and the HD operational framework It describes command relationships and interorganizational cooperation in HD It outlines strategic guidance operational factors intelligence sharing and joint functions considerations for planning and operations for HD Finally JP 3-27 updates the relationships between homeland security HD and defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) reflected by the new National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year (FY) 2017

JP 3-28 Civil Support 28 Oct 18 Current

JP 3-28 provides overarching guidelines and principles to assist commanders and staffs in planning conducting and assessing DSCA It describes the fundamentals of response and the federal role in supporting a comprehensive all-hazards response JP 3-28 discusses planning to support and sustain DSCA to include intelligence support health services mortuary affairs and other support and sustainment considerations

JP 3-40 Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction

27 Nov 19 Current

JP 3-40 outlines a CWMD strategic apporoach for planning It discusses CWMD activities and operations in relation to the joint functions It describes the specialized tasks associated with the organizing principles of prevent protect and respond

JP 3-41 Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Response

9 Sep 16 Current

JP 3-41 describes CBRN response activities to highlight the unique Department of Defense (DOD) response capability and responsibility to minimize the effects of a CBRN incident It incorporates the new DOD-integrated chemical biological radiological and nuclear response enterprise (CRE) capabilities and joint force matrix and clarifies supporting roles during international CBRN response

Multi-Service PublicationsUSACBRNS is the US Army proponent and lead agent for eight tactical-level multi-Service publications Seven of the publications are sponsored by the Joint Requirements Office for CBRN Defense (J-8) Joint Chiefs of Staff

ATP 3-1123 MCWP 3-377 NTTP 3-1135 AFTTP 3-271

Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Weapons of Mass Destruction Elimination Operations

1 Nov 13 Under revision with ATP 3-9040

Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-1123 describes the weapons of mass destruction (WMD)ndashelimination isolation activity as the seam that links the battle handover from a conventional CBRN force conducting the assessment task to the technical CBRN force conducting exploitation and destruction tasks It educates the reader on performing the entire process from cradle (reconnoitering) to grave (monitoring and redirecting) and on planning preparing executing and assessing considerations throughout

32

Number Title Date StatusATP 3-1132 MCWP 3-372 NTTP 3-1137 AFTTP 3-246

Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Passive Defense

13 May 16 Scheduled for revision

ATP 3-1132 contains information for conducting operations performing tactics techniques and procedures (TTP) and understanding how to carry out CBRN passive defense A complementary technical manual (TM) (TM 3-1132MCRP 10-10E5NTRP 3-1125) contains reference material for CBRN warning reporting and hazard prediction procedures

ATP 3-1136 MCRP 3-37B NTTP 3-1134 AFTTP 3-270

Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Planning

24 Sep 18 Current

ATP 3-1136 includes the doctrinal employment of CBRN capabilities (organizations personnel technology and information) to characterize CBRN threats and hazards including toxic industrial material for the commander and the force This manual also incorporates the joint doctrine elements for combating WMD It is designed to provide operational- and tactical-level commanders and staffs with capability employment planning data and considerations to shape military operations involving CBRN threats and hazards and operations in CBRN environments


Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance and Surveillance

25 Mar 13 Under revision Expected publication 4th Quarter (Qtr) FY 20

ATP 3-1137 establishes forms modes and methods of (and tasks for) CBRN reconnaissance and surveillance It also establishes four new CBRN hazard identification levels that have been accepted by combatant commanders and the medical community for environmental samples and clinical specimens These hazard identification levels allow the conventional force to provide the commander with sample identification at higher levels of confidence This in turn allows the commander to make timely higher-level decisions that enhance force protection improve mission accomplishment and result in resource savings ATP 3-1137 establishes a sample management process and educates Soldiers on the protocols of the process from sample collection through transfer Finally it instructs Soldiers on dismounted reconnaissance operations in urban environments

ATP 3-1141 MCRP 3-372C NTTP 3-1124 AFTTP(I) 3-237

Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Consequence Management Operations

30 Jul 15 Current Under review with the creation of a new publication ATP 3-1142 Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Domestic Response

ATP 3-1141 provides commanders staffs key agencies and military members with a key reference for planning and conducting CBRN consequence management This publication provides a reference for planning resourcing and executing CBRN consequence management in support of domestic or foreign agencies responding to a CBRN incident The principal audience for this multi-Service publication consists of CBRN responders who plan and conduct CBRN consequence management operations in domestic foreign or theater operational environments to include military installations

ATP 3-1142 Mutli-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Domestic Response

TBD New publication under development

ATP 3-1142 will combine guiding principles to multi-Service forces within the CRE and conducting domestic CBRN response operations in support of DOD missions and national objectives It will focus on planning preparation and execution at the tactical level ATP 3-1142 will incorporate changes in doctrine from updated JP 3-11 JP 3-28 and JP 3-41 and explain how the WMDndashcivil support team (CST) concept of operations is integrated into the CRE structure It will incorporate key doctrinal elements from ATP 3-1141 ATP 3-1146 and ATP 3-1147

ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281

Weapons of Mass DestructionndashCivil Support Team Operations

20 May 14 Current Under review with the creation of a new publication ATP 3-1142 Mutli-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Domestic Response

ATP 3-1146 serves as the foundation for WMD-CST doctrine

ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279

Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and High-Yield Explosives Enhanced Response Force Package (CERFP) and Homeland Response Force (HRF) Operations

26 Apr 13 Current Under review with the creation of a new publication ATP 3-1142 Mutli-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Domestic Response

ATP 3-1147 contains detailed tactical doctrine and TTP and sets the foundation for the tactical employment of the CERFP and HRF

Summer 2020 33

Number Title Date StatusArmy-Only Publications

USACBRNS is the US Army proponent for five tactical-level Army-only publications

ATP 3-1124 Technical Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and High-Yield Explosives (CBRNE) Force Employment

6 May 14 Requires revision

ATP 3-1124 describes how CBRNE forces support combatant commanders through every phase of operations conducted in-theater and in the homeland This is important in educating those who are outside the CBRN community with regard to the true capabilities of the technical CBRNE force The appendixes include information about specific technical CBRNE force missions organizations capabilities and employment considerations

ATP 3-9040 Combined Arms Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction

29 Jun 17 Under revision

ATP 3-9040 provides tactical-level commanders staffs and key agencies with a primary reference for planning synchronizing integrating and executing combined arms CWMD

ATP 3-3711 Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear and Explosives (CBRNE) Command

28 Aug 18 Current

ATP 3-3711 provides doctrine to facilitate the operations and training requirements of the CBRNE command It also provides commanders staffs key agencies and Service members with a key reference on the CBRNE command for operational and tactical planning and CBRN and explosive ordnance disposal structure capabilities and principles of employment

FM 3-11 Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Operations

23 May 19 Current

Field Manual (FM) 3-11 defines the core functions of the Chemical Corps and describes how they integrate into large-scale combat operations FM 3-11 is an Army-only publication that provides doctrine for operations to assess CBRN hazards protect the force and mitigate the entire range of CBRN threats hazards and effects

Technical ManualsUSACBRNS is the proponent and approving authority for three TMs

TM 3-1132 MCRP 10-10E5 NTRP 31125 AFTTP 3-256

Multi-Service Reference for Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Warning Reporting and Hazard Prediction Procedures

15 May 17 Current Change 1 published 21 Dec 17

TM 3-1132 provides reference material for CBRN warning messages incident reporting and hazard prediction procedures

TM 3-1142 MCWP 3-381 NTTP 3-1136 AFTTP 3-282

Multi-Service Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Installation Emergency Management


TM 3-1142 addresses the installation commanderrsquos response to an incident that takes place on an installation The scope of this revision has been expanded from CBRN defense to all-hazards installation emergency management which includes the management of CBRN events The publication defines the roles of DOD installation commanders and staffs and provides the TTP associated with installation planning and preparedness for response to and recovery from all hazards in order to save lives protect property and sustain mission readiness

TM 3-1191 MCRP 3-371B NTRP 3-1132 AFTTP 3-255

Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Threats and Hazards

13 Dec 17 Current Change 1 published 14 June 2018 Change 2 published 12 Nov 19

TM 3-1191 serves as a comprehensive manual for information to help understand the CBRN environment It includes the technical aspects of CBRN threats and hazards including information about the chemistry of homemade explosives In addition to the technical information on CBRN threats and hazards it also includes basic educational information and the field behavior of CBRN hazards (including riot control agents and herbicides) The appendixes contains scientific CBRN data Change 2 adds an appendix for supplemental information on nontraditional agents


35Summer 2020

USACBRNS CATS UpdateThe table below lists the combined arms training strategies (CATSs) for which the Collective Training Division Directorate of Training and Leader Development US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School (USACBRNS) is responsible

Unit Title TOETDA Number Date Published to DTMSCBRNE Command 37800K000 5 February 2020

HHC CBRNE Command 37801K000 5 February 2020

Nuclear Disablement Team 37611KA00 5 February 2020

WMD Coordination Team 37621KA00 6 February 2020

CBRN Brigade 03492R0FF 28 March 2019

CBRN Brigade 03492K0FF 18 December 2019

HHC CBRN Brigade 03492R000 21 March 2019

HHC CBRN Brigade 03492K000 12 March 2020

HHC CBRN Battalion 03396K000 12 March 2020

CBRN Company (Area Support) 03420R300 21 May 2019

CBRN Company (Area Support) 03413K000 12 March 2020

CBRN Company (Biological) 03470R000 4 June 2019

CBRN Company (Biological) 03423K000 12 March 2020

CBRN Company (Hazard Response) 03310R000 17 May 2019

CBRN Company (Hazard Response) 03313K000 12 March 2020

CBRN Coordination Detachment 03579RA00 2 April 2019

CBRN Coordination Detachment 03453K000 13 January 2020

CBRN Reconnaissance Detachment (SF) 03520R000 5 June 2019

CBRN Reconnaissance Detachment (SF) 03817K000 12 March 2020

CBRNE Company 03323K000 12 March 2020

Legend

CATSmdashcombined arms training strategy

CBRNmdashchemical biological radiological and nuclear

CBRNEmdashchemical biological radiological nuclear and explosives

DTMSmdashDigital Training Management System

HHCmdashheadquarters and headquarters company

SFmdashspecial forces

TDAmdashtable of distribution and allowances

TOEmdashtable of organization and equipment

WMDmdashweapons of mass destruction

Note CATSs are reviewed and updated on an annual basis to ensure that they include unit input and remain current

36

Professional Military Education

Qualification training courses are listed and described in Table 1

Table 1 Qualification training courses

EnlistedNoncommissioned Officer (NCO) Qualification Training Courses

74D10 Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Specialist Course (School Code 031)

Phase I(Course 031-74D10 [R1] [dL])

Once Soldiers are enrolled in Phase I they will receive e-mail instructions from the Army Training Resources Requirements System (ATTRS) via Army Enterprise e-mail Students must complete Phase I before reporting for Phase II training A Fort Leonard Wood training certificate of completion for Blackboard must be presented as proof of Phase I completion during Phase II in-processing Soldiers who experience technical problems with Phase I should call Fort Leonard Wood Blackboard Technical Support at 1-887-208-1229 Those who experience content issues should contact Master Sergeant Jeremy Mann at 573-563-4026 or ltjeremyamannmilmailmilgt or Mr Andrew Roden at 573-563-2716

74D10 CBRN Specialist Course (School Code L031)

Phases II and III (Course 031-74D10 [R1])

These phases consist of resident training conducted at Fort Leonard Wood Missouri Soldiers must have an e-mail printout indicating that they have completed Phase I Soldiers who fail to provide the printout are returned to their units

74D 234 CBRN Transition Course (School Code L031)This is a three-phase resident course Soldiers attending the CBRN Transition Course (031-74D234[T]) must be graduates of a military occu-pational specialty (MOS) Advanced Leader Course (ALC) or Basic Noncommissioned Officer Course (BNCOC) Soldiers who have not attended ALC or BNCOC must attend the CBRN Specialist Course (031-74D10) to become 74D10 MOS-qualified Hazmat Awareness Training is now a prerequisite for all courses Training can be completed at lthttptotalforcevlcgolearnportalorggt (A common access card [CAC] is required)

74D30 CBRN ALC (School Code L031 Course 031-74D30-C45)CBRN ALC is a three-phase resident course Phase I is waived for Soldiers who possess a certificate indicating that they have completed Department of Defense (DOD)-certified hazmat training at the technician level Effective 1 October 2014 graduation from Structured Self-Development Level II is a prerequisite for attending CBRN ALC

74D40 Senior Leader Course (SLC) (School Code L031 Course 031-74D40-C46)This is a three-phase resident course conducted at Fort Leonard Wood Graduation from Structured Self-Development is a prerequisite for attending CBRN ALC CBRN SLC and the CBRN Transition Course

Officer Qualification Training Courses

CBRN Captainrsquos Career Course (C3) (School Code 031)

Phase I(Course 4-3- C23 [dL])

This branch-specific distributed learning (dL) phase consists of 75 hours of dL instruction which must be completed within 60 days before attending Phase II The successful completion of Phase I Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100200700800 Hazmat Awareness Training and Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) Phase I are required for Phase II attendance Unit trainers enroll Soldiers through ATTRS Students re-ceive e-mail instructions from the Army dL Program Hazmat awareness training can be accessed at lthttptotalforcevlcgolearnportalorggt and completed by students prior to attending Phase II Students who encounter problems should contact the US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School (USACBRNS) US Army Reserve (USAR) CBRN Sergeant Major Master Sergeant Jeremy Mann at 573-563-4026 or ltjeremyamannmilmailmilgt

Phase II(Course 4-3-C23)

This branch-specific resident phase consists of 2 weeks of training conducted at USACBRNS This phase covers chemical and biological agent effects defense concepts radiological operations consequence management live toxic-agent training and the basics of the Joint Warning and Reporting Network used within the Maneuver Control System

Phase III(Course 4-3- C23 [dL])

This common-core (CC) phase consists of 592 hours of dL instruction Unit trainers enroll Soldiers through ATRRS Students receive e-mail instructions from the Army dL Program Students must complete Phase III within 60 days before attending Phase IV The successful completion of Phase III is a prerequisite for Phase IV attendanceThose who encounter problems should contact Master Sergeant Jeremy Mann at (573) 563-4026 or ltjeremyamannmilmailmilgt

Phase IV (Course 4-3-C23)

This resident phase consists of 2 weeks of training conducted at USACBRNS The focus is on a computer-aided exercise that includes additional Joint Warning and Reporting Network and Maneuver Control System training culminating in a military decision-making process exercise using state-of-the-art battle simulation equipment


The courses shown in Table 2 are required by command and control chemical biological radiological and nuclear response element (C2CRE) chemical biological radiological nuclear and explosives enhanced response force package (CERFP) WMDndashcivil support team (CST) domestic response force and homeland response force units for MOS qualification

Table 2 Functional training courses

CBRN Responder Operations Course (School Code 031 Course 4K-F30494-F34(MC))

This 4-day course is appropriate for C2CRE members All students attending the course must be International Fire Service Accreditation Congress (IFSAC) DOD Awareness-certified before arriving Students who successfully complete the course receive certification at the operations level

CBRN Responder Technician Course (School Code 031 Course 4K-F24494-F29)

This 6-day course is appropriate for C2CRE members All students attending the course must be IFSAC DOD Awareness- and Operations-certified before arriving Students who successfully complete the course receive certification at the technician level

Civil Support Skills Course (CSSC) (School Code 031 Course 4K-F20494-28)

This 8-week course is appropriate for Army National Guard and USAR WMD-CST members Students receive advanced training in hazmat technician and incident command and CBRN survey point reconnaissance sampling operations personal protective equipment selection and certification and decontamination They also receive specialized training on a variety of military and commercial CBRN detection equipment

Note All students who successfully complete hazmat training are awarded certificates issued by IFSAC and DOD Additional copies of certificates can be obtained at lthttpwwwdodffcertcomgt

A Soldier who arrives for any resident course without having first completed all appropriate dL requirements will be returned to his or her unit without action

37

USACBRNS RC Personnel Officers (O-3 through O-5) and NCOs (E-7 through E-9) who are interested in available drilling individual mobilization augmentee

positions throughout USACBRNS should contact the USAR training development NCO

Field grade USAR officers who would like to transfer into the Chemical Corps should contact the USACBRNS Deputy Assistant CommandantndashArmy Reserve (DAC-AR) for specific branch qualification information

The 3d Brigade (Chemical) 102d Division (Maneuver Support) is currently seeking instructors for various locations An applicant should be an E-6 or E-7 should be qualified (or able to be trained) as an Army basic instructor and should have completed the appropriate NCO Education System coursework Interested Soldiers should contact the brigade senior operations NCO Sergeant First Class Yabronda A Battles at (573) 596-6205 or ltyabrondaabattlesmilmailmilgt

Contact InformationColonel Sandy C Sadler (DAC-AR) (573) 563-8050 or ltsandycsadlermilmailmilgt

Master Sergeant Jeremy A Mann (CBRN USAR Sergeant Major) (573) 563-4026 or ltjeremyamannmilmailmilgt

VACANT (Training Development NCO-AR) (573) 563-7757

VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676

VACANT (Senior Warrant Advisor-ARNG) (573) 563-5221

Sergeant First Class James W Mars (Proponency NCO-NG) (573) 563-7667 or ltjameswmarsmilmailmilgt

Sergeant First Class Walter W Espinoza (RC-LNO) (573) 596-3226 or ltmolinawespinozamilmailmilgt

Joint SLC (Course 4K-74A494-F18)This is a 4-day course for senior leaders focusing on operational- and strategic-level aspects of countering weapons of mass de-struction (WMD) Participants also receive toxic-agent training at the Chemical Defense Training Facility In addition the Joint SLC forum offers a unique opportunity for senior military leaders civilian government agency leaders and leaders representing allied and coali-tion partners to exchange ideas You are required to register for the Joint SLC through the Joint SLC action officer Mr Brad Sanders at ltbradleywsandersctrmailmilgt or (573) 528-9491 Registration through ATRRS will not guarantee a seat prospective students may be bumped from the course

CBRN Precommand Course (Course 4K0F4)

This is a 5-day course that prepares Regular Army and Reserve Component (RC) officers who have been selected for com-mand of a CBRN battalion or brigade or a CBRN position in a division Each student receives instruction in the application of Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 7-0 Training Units and Developing Leaders concepts to the battalion training management process

Note Additional information is available at lthttpswwwatrrsarmymilgt

ReferenceADP 7-0 Training Units and Developing Leaders 23 August 2012

Summer 2020

1

2 Chief of Chemical and Commandant US Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear School

4 Regimental Command Sergeant Major

5 Regimental Chief Warrant Officer

6 Commandantrsquos Reading Program

8 Facilities-Based Solutions to Fighting COVID-19 in the Barracks By Lieutenant Colonel Lisa (Reyn) Mann Chief Warrant Officer Three Travis W Henning and Warrant Officer One Maksym Zymin

11 US Army Reserve Task Force Hones Disaster Response Skills By Colonel Bill R Crouse

12 CMA A World Leader in Chemical Munitions Stockpile Storage By Colonel Michael W Cobb and Lieutenant Colonel Rodney D McCutcheon

16 Threat Detection in Your Pocket CCDC CBC Invests in Easy-to-Use Lightweight Field-Screening Tool By Dr Brian B Feeney

17 Collaboration and Modified Aquisition Strategy Lead to Quick-Turn NBCRV Upgrades By Mr Shawn Nesaw and Ms Jaimie Abell

21 Operating in Contaminated Environments Observa-tions From NTC By Captain Tyler E Barnum

23 Detecting Unknown Chemicals The Fielding of CRESS to IBCTs By Major Howard M Beardsley (Retired)

24 A Job Well Done The 90th Chemical Mortar Battalion at Remagen By Ms Christy L Lindberg

27 Army Updates CBRN Arsenal With New Radiological Detectors By Mr Sam J Campbell

28 The Desperation of the US Army to Transform in the Pentomic Era By Major Ralph E Scott

30 83d CBRN Battalion Conducts Gunnery in Times of COVID-19 By Captain Matthew R Van Arsdall and First Lieutenant Jonathan D Hellberg

31 The CBRN Professional By Ms Sharon M McCann

32 Doctrine Update35 USACBRNS CATS Update36 Reserve Component Update

PB 3-20-1 Summer 2020

Cover photograph Specialst Daisy Zimmer 221st Public Affairs Detachment










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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









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mdashDonald Martin3








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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









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Summer 2020 3


























































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mdashDonald Martin3








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Inside the RTAP

















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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020















































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mdashDonald Martin3








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Inside the RTAP

















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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020
















5Summer 2020
















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mdashDonald Martin3








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Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

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Summer 2020 25
































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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020











7Summer 2020




mdashDonald Martin3








8













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Inside an ECM

Summer 2020 13









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Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

7Summer 2020




mdashDonald Martin3








8













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Summer 2020 13









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Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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Summer 2020 25
































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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

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Summer 2020

















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Inside an ECM

Summer 2020 13









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Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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Summer 2020 25
































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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































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VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

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Summer 2020 13









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Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

















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Inside an ECM

Summer 2020 13









DAAMS

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Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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Summer 2020 25
































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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

11


Summer 2020











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Inside an ECM

Summer 2020 13









DAAMS

MINICAMS

Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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17


Summer 2020





























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23


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Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

12














Inside an ECM

Summer 2020 13









DAAMS

MINICAMS

Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















16
















17


Summer 2020





























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Summer 2020


















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23


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Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


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Summer 2020 29




















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31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

Summer 2020 13









DAAMS

MINICAMS

Inside the RTAP

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















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17


Summer 2020





























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23


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Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

















CAMIN process

Summer 2020 15


















16
















17


Summer 2020





























19Summer 2020



































21


Summer 2020


















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23


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Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































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Summer 2020 29




















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31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

Summer 2020 15


















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23


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Summer 2020 25
































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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

16
















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21


Summer 2020


















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23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

17


Summer 2020





























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21


Summer 2020


















References







23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













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Summer 2020 29




















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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020


















19Summer 2020



































21


Summer 2020


















References







23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













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Summer 2020 29




















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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

19Summer 2020



































21


Summer 2020


















References







23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













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Summer 2020 29




















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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020




















21


Summer 2020


















References







23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













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Summer 2020 29




















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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

21


Summer 2020


















References







23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













28










Summer 2020 29




















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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020











References







23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













28










Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

23


Summer 2020









24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













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Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

24












Captain Smyer

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













28










Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

Summer 2020 25
































27


Summer 2020













28










Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020






















27


Summer 2020













28










Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

27


Summer 2020













28










Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

28










Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

Summer 2020 29




















30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

30













31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

31


Summer 2020















5Ibid







29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020






29 Oct 18 Current







27 Nov 19 Current



9 Sep 16 Current







32







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020







24 Sep 18 Current













ATP 3-1146 AFTTP 3-281




ATP 3-1147 AFTTP 3-279




Summer 2020 33










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020










28 Aug 18 Current



23 May 19 Current
















35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

35Summer 2020






















Legend











36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

36



































37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020











37








VACANT (DAC-NG) (573) 563-7676









Summer 2020

Documents

pdf_53033.pdf - DVIDS